Table of Contents

1 Title..........................................................................................................................................1
2 Objectives.................................................................................................................................1
3 Pattern.......................................................................................................................................1
3.1 Function of pattern............................................................................................................1
3.2 Conditions of pattern material...........................................................................................1
4 Design of pattern......................................................................................................................1
5 Types of pattern........................................................................................................................2
5.1 Solid/ single Pattern..........................................................................................................2
5.2 Split Pattern.......................................................................................................................2
5.3 Match Plate Pattern...........................................................................................................3
5.4 Sweep Pattern....................................................................................................................3
5.5 Gated Pattern.....................................................................................................................4
5.6 Loose Piece Pattern...........................................................................................................4
5.7 Cope and drag Pattern.......................................................................................................4
5.8 Follow Board Pattern........................................................................................................5
5.9 Shell Pattern......................................................................................................................5
5.10 Skeleton Pattern................................................................................................................6
6 Allowance in the pattern...........................................................................................................6
6.1 Shrinkage allowance.........................................................................................................6
6.1.1 Liquid shrinkage........................................................................................................7
6.1.2 Solid shrinkage..........................................................................................................7
6.2 Machining allowance........................................................................................................7
6.3 Draft/ taper allowance.......................................................................................................7
7 Conclusion................................................................................................................................8
1 Title
To learn about types of pattern.

2 Objectives
• To get familiar with different patterns used in casting.
• To understand the functions of pattern.

3 Pattern
In casting, pattern is a model or replica of the object to be manufactured around which moulding
sand is packed to get a mould of desired shape and size.

3.1 Function of pattern

 A pattern is used in the mould cavity for the purpose of making a casting.
 Pattern contains projections known as core pins.
 It should be made properly and having a good finished and clean surface which reduces
casting defects.
 Proper constructed patterns minimize overall cost of casting.

3.2 Conditions of pattern material

Pattern material should be
 Easily worked, shaped and joined.
 Light in weight.
 Strong, hard and durable.
 Available at low cast.
 Resistance to wear and abrasion.
 Dimensionally stable and unaffected by variations in temperature and humidity.
 Resistance to corrosion and to chemical reactions.

4 Design of pattern
The patternmaker decided where we setup core, gating system, sprues and riser are placed.
 Sprue is placed on the pattern and box is filled with sand. The liquid metal is introduced
into the mould through sprue.

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 Fig 01: Sprue Pins

 Riser is also place on the pattern where it is used as reservoir of molten metal inside the
mold to ensure that mold cavity is properly filled up.

 Gating system is placed with runner. When the liquid metal is run through runner it will
be come outside through the gate.

5 Types of pattern
There are following types of pattern which are given below
 Solid/ single piece pattern
 Split pattern
 Match plate pattern
 Sweep pattern
 Gated pattern
 Loose piece pattern
 Cope and drag pattern
 Follow Board pattern
 Shell pattern
 Skelton pattern

5.1 Solid/ single Pattern

It is the simplest form of pattern that is made without any kind of joints, partings and loose
pieces. It is inexpensive and generally used for large casting of simple product.

Fig 02: Solid Pattern

5.2 Split Pattern

It is used for making complex or complicated shape casting. It is split along the dividing surface.
This type of pattern is dividing into two parts. One half of the pattern is moulded into drag and
the other half is moulded into cope section. The two halves of the pattern must be aligned
properly by making use of dowel pins.

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 Fig 03: Split Pattern

5.3 Match Plate Pattern

In match plate pattern, each half of the patterns are attached opposite side of a plate. The gates
and runner are also attached to the plate. Both side of the patterns are lock. The metal material
used in pattern.

Fig 04: Match Plate Pattern

5.4 Sweep Pattern

It consists of a wooden board with the outer contour similar to the casting form. The wooden
board is fixed to a metal rod and rotated about metal road as the axis of rotation, for getting a
complete mould cavity. This pattern is used for large castings of circular sections.

Fig 05: Sweep Pattern

5.5 Gated Pattern

It consists of many gates and runner. Material is running through runner and extract from gate. It
is used when large number of small castings are required.

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 Fig 06: Gated Pattern

5.6 Loose Piece Pattern

In loose piece pattern, loose piece of pattern is attached to the pattern during moulding and
remains in the mould when we lift off the pattern and it is removed separately.

Fig 07: Loose Piece Pattern

5.7 Cope and drag Pattern

It consists of two halves; one is cope and the other is drag. Both are moulded separately and then
assembled to make the complete mould. They are used for very large castings.

Fig 08: Cope and Drag Pattern

5.8 Follow Board Pattern

Follow board pattern is used for casting which are week structure portion and that type of casting
need some support for avoiding breakage during the moulding process. The support of weak
portion is given by means of board that will closely attach with mould.

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 Fig 09: Follow Board Pattern

5.9 Shell Pattern

It made up of two halves which are correctly aligned together by dowel pins. it is used for large
symmetrical casting such as pipes and gutter fittings. It consists of hollow construction

Fig 10: Shell Pattern

5.10 Skeleton Pattern

It is made up of wooden strips and is filled with loam sand rammed. It is used for large castings
such as turbine housings which have hollow construction.

Fig 11: Skeleton Pattern

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6 Allowance in the pattern
There are following allowance in the pattern that are given below
 Shrinkage allowance
 Machining allowance
 Draft/ taper allowance

6.1 Shrinkage allowance

There are two kinds of shrinkage
 Liquid shrinkage
 Solid shrinkage

6.1.1 Liquid shrinkage

It is reduction in volume when the metal is changing from liquid to solid during solidification
process at solidus temperature.

Fig 12: Liquid Shrinkage

6.1.2 Solid shrinkage

It is reduction in volume when the cast metal is cooled. it is due to loses temperature in solids.

6.2 Machining allowance

 It is a good allowance given to casting to compensate the amount of material that is going
to be lost in machining or finishing the casting.
 If this allowance is not given, the product which is coming from casting is undersize after
machining.
 The amount of this allowance depends on the size of casting, methods of machining and
the degree of finish.

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 Fig 13: Machining Allowance

6.3 Draft/ taper allowance

 It is also a good allowance that is given to all vertical surfaces of pattern so that
withdrawal of the pattern become easier.
 The normal amount of taper on the external surfaces varies from 10 to 20 mm/mt.
 On interior holes and recesses which are smaller in size, the tapper should be around
60mm/mt.

Distorted Casting Taper Casting

Fig 14: Draft/ tapper

Allowance

7 Conclusion
We understand the difference between pattern and casting. The main difference between them is
their dimensions. The Pattern is slightly larger in size as compared to casting because a pattern

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