UNIVERSITY OF

ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

Machine Design & CAD

Lab Manual

 Department: Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

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Lab Sessions:-
L.S # 1: Study about Special Features, Advantages and application of AutoCAD

L.S # 2: Familiarize with AutoCAD interface & Cursor Options

L.S # 3: Execute Snap, Ortho & Grid Command

L.S # 4: Execute O – Snap, Line weight & Unit Command

L.S # 5: Execute “Draw” Menu commands on AutoCAD

L.S # 6: Execute “Modify” Menu commands on AutoCAD.

L.S # 7: Draw objects using Draw Menu & Modify Menu Command

L.S # 8: Study & Practice Absolute, Relative and Polar Coordinate System used in the
AutoCAD

L.S # 9: Execute Dimension Menu Commands

L.S # 10: Execute command available in Layer Menu

L.S # 11: Study & Practice Plot Command and adding Text in the drawing of AutoCAD

L.S # 12: Study & Practice the typical drawing Setup in AutoCAD

L.S # 13: Draw detailed drawing of hexagonal Nut

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L.S # 14: Draw detailed object of Journal Bearing

Lab
Report
No
(1)

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Objective:-

Study about Special Features, Advantages and application of AutoCAD

Special Features:-

Storage & Accessibility: AutoCAD files can e saved on a computer or archived in any storage
media. Software files occupy lesser storage space as compared storage space required for
keeping manually drafted paper drawings. The Software files can also be saved on any cloud
storage, from where they are easily accessible at any time.

3D View: Although it is possible to sketch 3D drawings manually, they are not as effective and
realistic as computer aided drawings. AutoCAD help model 3D objects with colors, materials
and textures to various surfaces making them vivid and easier for the user to visualize the end
product.

Revision & Modifications: Any changes in manually drafted paper drawings would require the
draftsman to draw the drawing again. AutoCAD has inbuilt tools that allow any number of
revision and changes easily and quickly.

Speed: Creating a drawing in AutoCAD is much faster than drawing manually. You can also save
your time and effort by creating re – usable block library.

Accuracy: AutoCAD enables you to draw with fractional dimensions and also define precision to
any number of decimal places which is not possible to achieve in hand – drafted manual
drawings.

Advantages:-

 AutoCAD software is the most comprehensive mechanical product design & drafting
software that cater to the various needs of the mechanical Engineering companies. It comes
with a complete set of powerful drafting and detailing tools for drafting the professionals.

 AutoCAD is a huge time saving and has friendly interface. It is easy to grasp and it can
provide you the basic exposure.

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 AutoCAD software has large set of parts and features that you can choose for your design. It
offers the powerful and quick dimensions.

 AutoCAD software is incorporation for international Drafting Standards. Compliance with

the industry standards improves the internal communication and the results in reliable
production outputs.

 AutoCAD firm can increase their productivity manifold.

 AutoCAD software automatically redraws the geometry to illustrate the dashes and the
hidden lines of parts which are blocked by the other parts in the mechanical design. It
enables you to provide vary accurate design & drawings can be created in 2D or 3D and
rotated.

 AutoCAD software offers the professional look. It has flexibility in design changes. It has
auto specification check feature. It has reduced design times cape. It also reduces the cost
factor.

 It offers the visualization of complex technical elements.

 It presents the clarity of the documentation. It is easier to apply the new ideas. It can more
accurate than hand – drawn design. It reduces the human error.

Application:-

AutoCAD as an architectural planning tool: It comes with a user – interface with built in design
layout. The layouts contain numerous templates specially designed for architectural planning
and building construction. The latest versions of AutoCAD come with analytical tools. The tools
can analyze the component of the building to troubleshoot stress and load levels of building
supports. AutoCAD enables architects to design, plan, execute and analyze the strength of
building at design stage level.

AutoCAD as an engineering drafting tool: You can use AutoCAD to draw accurate 2D drawings
for any engineering domain and also use AutoCAD to render to 3D models to help in
visualization of the end product. It is useful for Civil Mechanical and Electrical systems. It helps
engineers to design, analyze and solve design issue resulting in accurate design.

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AutoCAD as a graphic design tool: AutoCAD has innate features that enables users to plane and
map out spaces and take advantage of the space available. It can be used simultaneously with
3D Max and various other application software including animation tools.

AutoCAD in 3D printing: For a 3D print of an object, one has to choose the object, get a virtual
3D representation and then feed it to the 3D printer. A 3D print has its own advantages for
designers and this is where AutoCAD helps them.

AutoCAD in the fashion industry: Every pattern and design of Jewellery does not come by
chance; it is the result of careful planning and designing. AutoCAD has the tools necessary for
planning intricate designs for manufacture of Jewellery, toys and other delicate objects.

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Lab
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No
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Objective:-

Familiarize with AutoCAD interface & Cursor Options

AutoCAD Interface:-

AutoCAD 2015 offers a modern dark themed interface that includes:

 Quick Panel
 Ribbon
 Status Bar
 Toolbar
 Menu Bar
 View Cube
 Command Window
 Document Window or Drawing area

Although we were all used to looking at dark writing on white paper looking at a computer
screen is different. The way it is a light source, shining in your eyes. The new dark theme
interface combined with the traditional dark model space helps reduce eye strain by dimming
the light and minimizing the contrast between the drawing areas and surrounding tools.

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Cursor Options:-

The drawing cursor moves around the screen as you move the mouse. You use the cursor for
selecting points or objects within the drawing area. The appearance of the cursor changes
depending on which AutoCAD command is currently active or where you move the cursor
within the AutoCAD screen.

By default, the cursor appears as a small plus sign with a box at its center. The point at which
the cross hairs meet is the actual cursor position and corresponds to a specific point within the
AutoCAD drawing. The Box called a pick box is used to select objects within drawing.

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You can change you cursor size by adopting the following procedure:

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Also,

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Lab
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Objective:-

Execute Snap, Ortho & Grid Command

Snap Command:-

It helps in superfast drafting if the dimensions of your object are multiples of a particular
number. This is because; in snap mode the crosshair (cursor) jumps or Snaps only the distances
which are multiples of snap distances you have mentioned in the drafting settings. 

For e.g. X & Y Snap distances are set as 100 units. So the crosshair will only snap distances
which are multiples of 100 (e.g. 200, 300, 400) and so on. Hence all the objects which are
having these dimensions are drafted quickly.

1. Draw Object

2. Type SNAP command

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3. Enter snapping distance say 4.

4. Again select the line. And you will observe the cursor is move with the multiple of 4
distances.

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Ortho Command:-

Ortho command is used to draw multiple lines at right angle to each other.

Shortcut Key: F8

1. Press F8 Button and activate the ortho command & then select line command.

2. Object can be drawn according to the requirement

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Grid Command:-

The grid is a rectangle pattern of line or dots that covers the entire XY plane of the user
coordinate system (UCS). Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a
drawing. The grid helps you align object and visualize the distance between them.

1. Type GRID in the command box.

2. Enter grid Distance say 2.

3. Press Enter

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4. Before & after execution of grip command Results:

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Lab
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Objective:-

Execute O – Snap, Line weight & Unit Command

Object Snap Command:-

The Object Snaps (O-Snap) are drawing aids which are used in conjunction with other
commands to help you draw accurately. Osnaps allow you snap onto a specific object location
when you are picking a point.
For example: Using Osnaps you can accurately pick the end point of a line or the center of a
circle.

1. Draw an Object

2. Type Osnap in the command box.

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3. Press Enter & New dialogue box is open in which there is a lot of function to perform by o-
snap.

4. Select End Point, Midpoint & center & Press Enter. Then select line command. And move
the cursor on the object. The object show you end and mid point.

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Line Weight Command:-

Line weight is a property assigned to graphical objects, hatches, leader lines, and dimension
geometry that results in thicker, darker lines.

Shortcut Key: LWE

1. Draw an object.

2. Type “LWE” in the command box.

3. Dialogue box is appeared.

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4. Tick the (display line weight) then select weight of line which you want to draw then Click
OK.

5. Results

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Unit Command:-

1. Enter "Unit" in the command

2. Press Enter Button then Unit screen will appear.

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Lab
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Objective:-

Execute “Draw” Menu commands on AutoCAD.

Drawing Objects:-

The draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and circles. Most AutoCAD
drawings are composed purely and simply from these basic components.

In AutoCAD draw menu contain followings commands:

1. Line command
2. Construction line command
3. Ray command
4. Polyline command
5. Rectangular command
6. Polygon command
7. Revcloud command
8. Circle command
9. Arc command
10. Ellipse command
11. Hatch command

Line Command:-

Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using the Line command, a line can be
drawn between any two points picked within the drawing area. Lines are usually the first
objects you will want to draw when starting a new drawing because they can be used as
“construction line” upon which rest of the drawing will be based.

Toolbar:

Keyboard: Line
Shortcut: L

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Procedure:

1. Select the line command.

Or

2. Specify the point and Click ENTER.

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 3. Specify the next point or the length of line according to the requirement. And Press ENTER.

5. Final Result

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Construction Line Command:-

The construction line command creates a line of infinite length passes through two picked
points. Construction lines are very useful for creating frameworks or grids within which to
design.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: XLINE
Shortcut: XL

Procedure:

1. Type XL on the command and Click ENTER.

2. Specify a Point by selecting any one of it [Hor, Ver, Ang, Bisect, and Offset]: (Point numeric
Value)

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3. Pick a second point and press ENTER. Final result is obtained

Rectangular Command:-

The rectangular command is used to draw a rectangular whose sides are vertical and horizontal.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: RECTANGLE
Shortcut: REC

Procedure:

1. Select the Rectangle command.

Or

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2. Specify the first point’s say (10, 10)

3. Specify the second point’s say (10, 10)

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Polygon Command:-

The polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3 sides up to 1024 sides.
This command requires four inputs from the user, the number of sides, a pick point from the
centre of the polygon, whether you want the polygon inscribed or circumscribed and then a
pick point which determines both the radius of this imaginary circle and the orientation of the
polygon. The polygon command creates a closed Polyline in the shape of the required polygon.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Polygon
Shortcut: POL

Procedure:

1. Select the Polygon command.

2. Enter Number of Sides i.e. 4(Tetragon), 5(Pentagon), 6(Hexagon), 7(Heptagon), 8(octagon)

etc.

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3. Specify Center of polygon or [Edge]

4. Press ENTER after selection of Center or Edge. Now you have two options. Recommended
option is to select ‘inscribed in circle’.

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5. Enter a radius and Press ENTER.

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Circle Command:-

Along with line and polygon command it is also a very frequently used in drawings. It is actually
used to make circle of different radius according to the requirement. In the AutoCAD, there are
6 ways to draw a circle.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: CIRCLE
Shortcut: C

Procedure:

1. Select circle command.

Or

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2. Give coordinates to indicate the center of the circle. And Press ENTER

3. Give Radius to draw a circle.

4. Final result by giving radius = 5

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5. You can also draw a circle by other ways. Such as circle command give you three extra
sources to draw a circle. For example; 2P which use two points on the circumference and 3P
which used three point on the circumference to draw a circle.

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Arc Command:-

The arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are numerous ways to define an
arc; the default method uses three pick points, a start point, a second point and an end point.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: ARC
Shortcut: A

Procedure:

1. In the AutoCAD, there are many types of arc commands. In which each command is used
according to the given design situation.

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2. Select 3 Point arc command. First specify first point, then second point and end point of arc.

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3. Select [Start, Center,End] arc command. The method is same as first, so first you have to
select the start point then center and then end point. The arc will be created.

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4. Select [Start, Center, angle] arc command and execute in a similar way as given in the point
3.

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5. You can also draw arc by other given option in a similar manner. So, the following are the
conclusion of procedure to draw an arc:

1. First select Start or center point according to the selection.

2. Then select Start, center or end point according to the selection.
3. At last, select angle, end, direction or length according to the direction.

Hatch Command:-

It is used to fill an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern or fill. It also specifies
a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: HATCH
Shortcut: no shortcut

Procedure:

1. Write “Hatch” in the command box. And Press ENTER.

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2. There is a new dialogue box is open in which he will ask you to select the object or pick the
points.

3. In the upper Side of tool bar a new menu is open related to HATCH CREATION. In which you
select different shading elements.

4. Select a shading area and just RIGHT click in the area where you want to shade.

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Lab
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Objective:-

Execute “Modify” Menu commands on AutoCAD.

Modify Commands:-

1. Copy command
2. Move command
3. Mirror command
4. Offset command
5. Array Polar command
6. Rotate command
7. Scale command
8. Stretch command
9. Trim command
10. Extend command
11. Break command
12. Chamfer command
13. Fillet command
14. Explode command

Copy Command:-

The copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any drawing object or
objects which you have previously created. Copy is very useful and time – saving command
because you can create very complex drawing elements and then simply copy them as many
times as you like.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: COPY
Shortcut: CP

Procedure:

1. Write CP on the command box.

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2. Select object.

3. Specify Base point or displacement

4. Specify second point of displacement

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5. Final Results

6. You can also create multiple copy of a subject at a time.

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Move Command:-

The move command works in a similar way to the Copy command except that no copy is made,
the selected object is simply moved from one location to another.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Move
Shortcut: M

Procedure:

1. Write MOVE in the command box. Press ENTER key.

2. Select the object. And Press ENTER.

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3. Select the base Point. Press ENTER

4. Select the second point and press ENTER

5. Final Result

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Mirror Command:-

The mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing by picking them and
then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line using two points.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Mirror
Shortcut: MI

Procedure:

1.Enter Mirror command in the command box.

2. Select Object first. And Press ENTER.

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3. Specify first point of the mirror line. Press ENTER

4. Specify second point on the base line. Press ENTER

5. Now one question is appeared. (Delete source object => yes/No).

You select just NO.

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Offset Command:-

Offset is probably one of the most useful commands for constructing drawings. The Offset
command creates a new object parallel to or concentric with a selected object.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Offset
Shortcut: O

Procedure:

1. Enter offset (O) command in the command box.

2. Specify Offset distance. And Press ENTER

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3. Select Object to offset.

4.Specify a point on side to offset.

5. Press ENTER

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Fillet Command:-

The fillet command is a very useful tool which allows you to draw an arc between intersecting
lines.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Fillet
Shortcut: F

Procedure:

1. Draw a object

2. Select fillet command.

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3. Select first object or a side

4. Click on the “Radius” given in the command box. And given Fillet radius

5. Select Second object. And press ENTER.

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6. Final Results

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Chamfer Command:-

The Chamfer command enables you to create a chamfer between any two non – parallel lines
as in the illustration below or any two adjacent Polyline segments.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Chamfer
Shortcut: CHA

Procedure:

1. Draw a object

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2. Select Chamfer command.

3. Select first object or a side

4. To apply Chamfer, you may select one of those given Properties [Distance, Angle, method]: if
you select distance then assign numeric value to the distance. Press ENTER.
After ENTER, once again add distance of chamfer and then Press ENTER button.

5. Select the second line. Click ENTER

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6. Results

Trim Command:-

The trim command can be used to trim a part of an object. In order to trim an object you must
draw a second object which forms the “cutting edge”. Cutting edges can be lines, rays, circles,
arcs or ellipse. Block and text cannot be trimmed or used as cutting edge.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Trim
Shortcut: TR

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Procedure:

1. First draw an object.

2. Select the area by draw a line or arc, which you want to trim.

3. Select TRIM command. And Press the ENTER

button.

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4. When you will press the ENTER key, and the mouse pointer place on the trim area then it will
show you a cross red sign. Now, you just Press the ENTER key. The object at that place is trim.

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5. Final Result

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Array Polar Command:-

The polar array works in a similar way to the rectangular array. The main difference is that
rather than specifying the number and offset for rows and columns, you must specify a center a
center point and the total number of objects in the array (including the original.

Toolbar:

Keyboard: ARRAYPOLAR
Shortcut: no shortcut

Procedure:

1. Draw an object.

2. Select ARRAYPOLAR command.

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3. Select object. Press ENTER.

4. Specify the center point. And Press ENTER

5. A new dialogue box is open in the upper menus.

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6. In the new dialogue box is totally related to polar array. In this box you change the items just
or the no. of object which you want to create in the given object.

7. Final results of diagram

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Path Array Command:-

To evenly distribute object copies along a path or a portion of a path, Array polar command is
used.

Toolbar:

Keyboard: Arraypath
Shortcut: No

Procedure:

1. First draw the path.

2. Draw object, which you have to be copy on the path.

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3. Type or select path array command.

4. First select the object.

5. Select Path Curve.

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6. Final Result:

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Rotate Command:-

The rotate command allows an object to be rotated about a point selected by the user.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Rotate
Shortcut: RO

Procedure:

1. First draw an object.

2. Type “RO” on the command box.

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3. Select object which you want to be rotate.

4. Specify Base Point.

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5. Adjust yourself the rotating object according to requirement.

6. Final Result:

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Scale Command:-

The scale command can be used to change the size of an object or group of objects.

Toolbar:
Keyboard: Scale
Shortcut: SC

Procedure:

1. First draw the object and show its dimension on it.

2. Type “SCALE” on the command box. Press ENTER

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3. Select the object & Press ENTER.

4. Select the Base point.

5. When you will select the base point then he will ask you to enter Scale factor. [Scale factor is
used to double the size of object with some proportion]. Here i enter the scale factor = 2.

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6. There is another option (Reference) which is used to increase the size of object without any
proportion.

7. Select “Reference” then he will ask you to add Reference. Then reference is same which the
length of object is. Here length is 7 so i put reference = 7. Press ENTER.
After that you will add the required length.

8. Final result of Scale Command (Reference)

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Lab
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Objective:-

Draw objects using Draw Menu & Modify Menu Command

Practices:-

Figure 1: Practice 1

Figure 2: Practice 2

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Figure 3: Practice 3

Figure 4: Practice 4

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Figure 5: Practice 5

Figure 6: Practice 6

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Figure 7: Practice 7

Figure 8: Practice 8

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Lab
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Objective:-

Study & Practice Absolute, Relative and Polar Coordinate System used in the AutoCAD

Absolute Coordinate System:-

Absolute coordinates refers to a Cartesian System that uses X, Y, and sometimes a Z-axis to

establish a point some distance from a common origin. For example: the picture shows an
origin point of (0, 0) and the absolute coordinate from that point is (8, 7) making it 8 along the
X-axis and 7 along the Y-axis.

1. Select “Line”. Give First point say (2, 2)

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2. Specify End point by giving (5, 4)

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Relative Coordinate System:-

Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative coordinates when you
know the location of a point in relation to the previous point.

To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate value with @ sign. For example:
entering @ 3, 4 specify a point 3 unit along the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last
point specified.

1. Select “Line”. Give First point say (2, 2)

2. Specify End point by giving (5, 4)

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3. For next line (Relative) give point (@, 3, 2)

4. Result

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Polar Coordinate System:-

This system defines points by a distance and an angle. The distance refers to the distance from
the origin and the angle refers to the angle from a line that starts in the origin and goes right
(see figure below). The angle increases as it moves counter clockwise around the origin:

1. Select line command & specify (2, 2)

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2. Specify Next point (6.4 < 45)

Practice Session:-

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Lab
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Objective:-

Execute Dimension Menu Commands

Dimension Menu commands:-

It contains:

 Linear Dimension
 Angular Dimension
 Aligned dimension
 Arc Length Dimension
 Radius Dimension
 Diameter Dimension
 Modify Dimension

Linear Dimension:-

1. Draw Object

2. Select Linear dimension

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3. Result

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Angular Dimension:-

1. Draw Object

2. Select angular dimension

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3. Select arc, circle or line

4. Select second line

5. Result

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Aligned Dimension:-

1. Draw Object

2. Select aligned dimension

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3. Result

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Radius Dimension:-

1. Draw Object

2. Select Radius dimension

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3. Select the object

4. Results

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Diameter Dimension:-

1. Draw Object

2. Select Diameter dimension

3. Select the object

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4. Results

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Modify Dimension:-

Shortcut Key: dimstyl

1. Draw an object

2. Type “DIMSTYL” then new dialogue box is opened.

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3. Go to modify

4. Go to Text

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5. You can change the color by going on Symbols & arrows

6. After changing the entire thing when we click OK then we will see the size of dimension
plus arrow size changed.

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Lab
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Objective:-

Execute command available in Layer Menu

Layer Menu Commands:-

1. Turn off Layers

2. Isolate
3. Freeze
4. Lock
5. Turn all layer on
6. Un-isolate
7. Unfrozen
8. Unlock
9. Layer Properties

In layer menu commands there are different option in one single TAB. In the drawing to
differentiate our lines (center, hidden, dimensioning and border), we use layer command. It can
generate each layer for reach different line.

Procedure:

1. First draw an object

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2. Select the layer properties.

3. A new Tab will be open which is called Layer Manager Properties.

3. In this tab you will create new layer by just click on the new layers.

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4. When you will click on the new layer then a new layer line is shown on the bar where you
change its name, its color and its line types. For line type, when you click on it a new tab is open
where you click on the load and find you line type here.

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5. Similarly, you can create Center line and dimension line and border line.

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6. To close this window, just click on the (x) sign

7. These layers can be applying on the object one by one. The result is given below:

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Lab
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Objective:-

Study & Practice Plot Command and adding Text in the drawing of AutoCAD

Plot Command:-

In AutoCAD to print called PLOT. So when you finish drawing you can print to the printer in the
form of formats (JPG, PNG, etc).

Preparations for the PLOT drawings are as follows:

 Made a drawing
 Installed the printer (plotter) or virtual printer

Finished drawing (or part of the drawing) you can PLOT in several ways:

 from MODEL (selected view)

 from LAYOUT (selected view)

If you're drawing after Plotting (printing) is not in color and have a Plotter (printer), color
settings, see the Layer for plotting. The respective settings you can adjust the Thickness of the
Lines on the printed drawing. So look at the Plot Style Manager to customize settings for your
Plotter.

For the very initial print shop drawings on A4 or A3 paper or some other format securities with
requirements that are listed at the beginning should be positioned in the Model or
Layout (whichever you want to print).

After positioning in one of these modes it is necessary to run the command => “Page Setup”
and in accordance with the positioning we have one of the following dialog windows. The first
mode is a MODEL and the second mode LAYOUT1 (see images below). It is necessary to click
the Modify button.

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After clicking on the Modify button appears, you are one of the dialog windows.
For MODEL and LAYOUT and apply the following settings need.

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Printer or Plotting from the Mode:

1. Make a drawing

2. Type “PLOT” and press ENTER. A new screen will appear.

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3. Select Printer and then click on “Center the plot”

4. Go to “Plot area drop down list” and select “Window”. When we select window, plot
screen disappear then you select your drawing. And after selection dialogue box comes back.

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5. Go to Preview…

6. Object changed in the form of JPG.

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7. Print this picture by click on the printer sign at the upper left corner of the toolbar.

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Lab
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Objective:-

Study & Practice the typical drawing Setup in AutoCAD

Practices:-

Figure 1: Practice 1

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Figure 2: Practice 02

Figure 03: Practice 03

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Figure 4: Practice 4

Figure 5: Practice 5

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Lab
Report
No
(13)

Page | 121
Objective:-

Draw detailed drawing of hexagonal Nut

Procedure:-

1. Draw hexagon.

2. Apply “xl” command.

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3. Mark the center of Hexagon. And Draw circle of 2.5 radius at its center.

4. Draw another circle such that which touch the each wall of hexagon.

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5. Again use “xl” command and draw construction line as shown in the figure:

6. Trim extra lines.

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7. Offset the upper and lower base of front view at 1.

8. Mark the diagonals and take midpoint of front view in horizontal direction.

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9. Trim the extra lines

10. Make arc inside the upper portion of the front view

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11. Trim extra lines.

12. Make its Mirror in the downward direction.

13. Erase extra lines.

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14. Results:

Page | 128
Lab
Report
No
(14)

Page | 129
Objective:-

Draw detailed object of Journal Bearing

Procedure:-

1. First draw the front view.

Length = 120 mm
Thickness = 20 mm
small circle = 30 diameter
Large circle = 66 diameter

2. Draw Top view.

Page | 130
3. Draw Side View

4. Results:

Page | 131