SOLUTION

Solution When two or more chemically non-reacting substances are mixed and form homo-geneous mixture is called
solution.When the solution is composed of only two chemical substances, it is termed a binary solution,
Solution = solute + solvent
 Solute : Generally the component present in lesser amount than other component
 Solvent : Generally, the component present in greater amount than any or all other components
Dilute A solution in which relatively a small amount of solute is dissolved in large amount of
Solution : solvent is called a dilute solution.
Concentrat A solution in which relatively a large amount of the solute is present is called a
ed solution concentrated solution.
:
Saturated The maximum amount of solute in grams, that can be dissolved in 100 g of a solvent at
solution : a particular temperature is called solubility of the solute and such a solution is called saturated solution.
Super A solution containing more amount of solute than that required for saturation of a given amount of solvent at
saturated a particular temperature, is called a supersaturated solution. It is unstable system.
solution :
Types of
solution S Solven Solut Example
N t e
1. Gas Gas Mixture of gases, air.
2. Gas Liqui Water vapour in air, mist.
d
3. Gas Solid Sublimation of a solid into a gas, smoke, storms.
4. Liquid Gas CO2 gas dissolve in water (aerated drink), soda water
5. Liquid Liqui Mixture of miscible liquids e.g. alcohol in water.
d
6. Liquid Solid Salt in water, sugar in water
7. Solid Gas Adsorption of gases over metals, hydrogen over palladium
8. Solid Liqui Mercury in zinc, mercury in gold i.e. all amalgams
d
9. Solid Solid Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals (i.e. alloys) e.g. copper in gold.
zinc in copper.

Properties (i) A solution consists of a single phase i.e. it is a monophasic system.

of a (ii) A solution is uniform throughout, so it has uniform properties such as density refractive index, etc.
solution : (iii) Size of solute particles in a solution is of the order 10-7to 10-8cm.
(iv) The components of a solution can not be easily separated by physical methods.
(v) The properties of a solution are the properties of its components. i.e. the components do not lose their
properties when they form a solution.
(vi) The composition of a solution is not definite but can vary within certain limits.
(vii) Certain properties of solution such as density, viscosity, surface tension, boiling point, freezing point
etc.vary with the composition of the solution.
Normality(N Number of equivalents or gram equivalents of solute present in one litre of the solution
)

Molarity(M It is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in per litre or per dm3 of the solution,It is
) depends on temperature

Molarity =
Mole The ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of all the components present in the
fraction solution

Percentage The number of grams of solute is dissolved in one gram of solution is called weight fraction of the solute.
by weight :
Percent by The volume of liquid (solute) in mL dissolved in given volume of solution is called volume fraction.
volume
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(Volume
fraction) :
Parts per This method is used for expressing the concentration of very dilute solutions such as hardness of water,air
million pollution etc.It is the part of solute present in 106 part of solution.
(ppm) :

Strength of Mass of solute in gm dissolve in 1L solution

solution

Solubility Maximum amount of solute which can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at constant temperature
is solubility. Solubility is affected by nature of solute and solvent as well as by temperature and pressure
Henry Law The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase(P) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (X)in the
solution
P=KH X KH =Henery’s Constant(It depends on nature of gasand temperature KH increases with increases
temperature therefore solubility of gas decreases)
Vapour At a constant temperature,the pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid on its surface when they are in
Pressure equilibrium
Factor affecting vapour pressure:-(a)Nature of liquid (b)Temperature
Raoult’s (a)For a solution having volatile liquid:-The vapour pressure of any component at constant temperature is
Law equal to vapour pressure of pure component multiplied by mole fraction of that component in the solution.
PAαXA PA =P0AXA

(a)For a solution having volatile liquid:-At constant temperature vapour pressure of solution
containing non-volatile solute is proportional to molefraction of solvent

Dalton Law
of pressure

Ideal Ideal solution Non ideal solution

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Solution Obey Raoult law at all concentration Not Obey Raoult law
and Non ΔVmixing =0 , ,ΔHmixing,=0 , ΔVmixing ≠0 , ,ΔHmixing, ≠0 ,
Ideal No chemical reaction between liquid Aand B No chemical reaction between liquid Aand B
solution PA =P0A XA PB =P0B XB PA ≠P0A XA PB ≠P0B XB
Observed Vapour pressure= Calculated vapour Observed Vapour pressure≠Calculated vapour
pressure pressure
Observed BP= Calculated BP Observed BP≠Calculated BP
ΔSmixing >0 , ΔG < 0
Example(i)Benzene+ Toluene (ii)CCl4 and SiCl4
(iii)Phenyl Chloride and Phenyl bromide
(iv)n-Hexane and n-Heptane
(v)C2H5Br and C2H5Cl
(vi)n-butylchloride and n-butylbromide
Difference Non Ideal solution having positive deviation Non Ideal solution having Negative deviation from
Between from Raoult solution Raoult solution
Non-Ideal A-B interaction are less than A-A or B-B A-B interaction are stonger than A-A or B-B
solution interaction interaction
ΔVmixing >0 , ,ΔHmixing,>0 , ΔVmixing ≠0 , ,ΔHmixing, ≠0
PA =P0A XA PB =P0B XB PA =P0A XA PB =P0B XB
Observed Vapour pressure > Calculated vapour Observed Vapour pressure < Calculated vapour
pressure pressure
Observed BP > Calculated BP Observed BP < Calculated BP
ΔSmixing =+ve , ΔG = -ve ΔSmixing =-ve , ΔG = +ve
PA ≠P0A XA PB ≠P0B XB
Example:-(i)Ethanol and Cyclohexane (ii) Observed Vapour pressure ≠ Calculated vapour
Ethanol and Water (iii) Ethanol and Acetone pressure
(iv)Methanol and Water (v) CCl4 and Benzene Observed BP ≠ Calculated BP
(vi) CCl4 and Toluene (vii) CCl4 and Example:-(i) CHCl3 and CH3COCH3
CHCl3(viii) CCl4 and Methanol (ix)Benzene (ii) CHCl3 and C6H6 (iii) CHCl3 and C2H5OC2H5 (iv)
and Acetone (x) CS2 and Acetone (xi) CS2 and CHCl3 and HNO3 (v) CHCl3 and CH3COOH (vi) H2O
Acetaldehyde and HCl (vii) H2O and HNO3 (viii)CH3COOH and
CH3OH (ix) CH3COOH and C5H5N (x) CH3COOH
and Aniline

Relative The relative lowering of vapour pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of
Lowering of the solute present in the solution.
Vapour
Pressure

Osmosis and Diffusion:-Movement of solute particles from higher cone to lower cone.E.g. Incense stick
Osmotic Osmotic Pressure: Excess pressure which must be applied to a solution in order to prevent flow of solvent into the
Pressure solution through the semi-permeable membrane. V = nRT = Osmotic pressure R =Gas constant
Osmosis:- The phenomenon of the passage of pure solven from a region of lower concentration (of the solution) to a
region of its higher concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Reverse Osmosis: If pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied then, flow of solvent molecules is reversed, i.e.
from a higher concentration solution to lower concentrated solution. This phenomenon is called “Reverse Osmosis”. It
is used in water purification and desalination of water.
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Elevation of Difference between boiling of ΔTb m [molality]
Boiling solution containing non volatile ΔTb = Kb m
Point : solute and B.P. of pure solvent is Kb=Molal ElevationConstant
called elevation of B.P.
ΔTb = Tb – Tob

Depression Difference in freezing point of ΔTf m [molality]

of Freezing pure solvent and freezing point of ΔTf = Kf m
Point solution is called ‘Depression in Kf =Molal Depression Constant
Freezing Point’.
ΔTf = T0f – Tf

Abnormal It is diffrance in the observed and calculated molecular masses of solute.It is due to association or dissociation of
colligative solute molecules in solution.
Property
Vant Hoff’s
factor

Vant Hoff’s
factor
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HENERY’S LAW
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Vapour Pressure

Coligative Properties
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