HHHH

No Name ID No.

1. Yonas Belay…………………………………………………………..SOI/R/078/10
2. Yosef Dessie………………………………………………………….SOI/R/003/10
3. Abebe Yechale………………………………………………………..SOI/R/009/10

4. Melak Alebachew……………………………………………………SOI/R/047/10
5. Getasew Tadele…………………………………………………………..SOI/R/035/10
6. Hawiltu Walie ………………………………………………………….. SOI/R/033/10
7. Abdullaziz Oumer………………………………………………………….. SOI/R/093/10
8. Dinkinesh Kolicha …………………………………………………………... SOI/R/143/10
9. Tsedeniya Tekilu…………………………………………………………….. SOI/R/188/10
10. Yote Ayele …………………………………………………………… SOI/R/169/10
WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

1/. Why do we need virtual reality and list some of

virtual reality devices?
 Virtual Reality (VR): is the use of computer technology to create a simulated
environment.
 Virtual Reality’s most immediately-recognizable component is the head-
mounted display (HMD). Human beings are visual creatures, and display
technology is often the single biggest difference between immersive Virtual
Reality systems and traditional user interfaces.
 Major players in Virtual Reality include HTC Vive, Oculus Rift and
PlayStation VR (PSVR)
Virtual reality (VR) refers to a computer-generated simulation in which a
person can interact within an artificial three-dimensional environment
using electronic devices, such as special goggles with a screen or
gloves fitted with sensors. In this simulated artificial environment, the user
is able to have a realistic-feeling experience.
6 Exciting uses for virtual reality
We’re here to answer all your questions and introduce a few other ways VR
technology can be applied across a range of fields:

1. VR in Military
The military in the UK and the US have both adopted the use of virtual reality in
their training as it allows them to undertake a huge range of simulations. VR is
used in all branches of service: the army, navy, air force, marines and coast guard.
In a world where technology is adopted from an early age and children are
accustomed to video games and computers, VR proves an effect method of
training. VR can transport a trainee into a number of different situations, places
and environments for a range of training purposes. The military uses it for flight
simulations, battlefield simulations, medic training, vehicle simulation and virtual
boot camp, among other things. VR is a completely immersive, visual and sound-
based experience, which can safely replicate dangerous training situations to
prepare and train soldiers, without putting them at risk until they are ready for
combat. Likewise, it can also be used to teach soldiers some softer skills, including
communication with local civilians or international counterparts when out in the
HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 1
WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

field. Another of its uses includes treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
for soldiers who have returned from combat and need help adjusting to normal
life situations; this is known as Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET). A key
benefit for using virtual reality technology in the military is the reduction in costs
for training.

2. VR in Sport
VR is revolutionising the sports industry for players, coaches and viewers. Virtual
reality can be used by coaches and players to train more efficiently across a range
of sports, as they are able to watch and experience certain situations repeatedly
and can improve each time. Essentially, it’s used as a training aid to help measure
athletic performance and analyse technique. Some say it can also be used to
improve athletes' cognitive abilities when injured, as it allows them to experience
gameplay scenarios virtually. Similarly, VR has also been used to enhance the
viewer’s experience of a sporting event. Broadcasters are now streaming live
games in virtual reality and preparing to one day sell virtual tickets to live games
so that anyone from anywhere in the world can ‘attend’ any sports event.
Potentially, this could also allow for those who cannot afford to spend money on
attending live sports events to feel included as they can enjoy the same
experience remotely, either for free or at a lesser cost.

3. VR in Mental Health
As mentioned briefly before, VR technology has become a primary method for
treating post-traumatic stress. Using VR exposure therapy, a person enters a re-
enactment of a traumatic event in an attempt to come to terms with the event
and heal. Likewise, it has also been used to treat anxiety, phobias and depression.
For example, some patients with anxiety find meditating using VR to be an
effective method to manage stress reactivity and boost coping mechanisms.
Virtual reality technology can provide a safe environment for patients to come
into contact with things they fear, whilst remaining in a controlled and safe
environment. This is just one of the ways virtual reality can have a real positive
impact on society.

4. VR in Medical Training

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 2

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

Due to its interactive nature, medical and dental students have begun using VR
to practice surgeries and procedures, allowing for a consequence free learning
environment; the risk of inflicting harm or making a mistake while practicing on
real patients is eliminated. Virtual patients are used to allow students to develop
skills which can later be applied in the real world. Using VR technology in the
medical industry is an effective way to not only improve the quality of students in
training but it also presents a great opportunity to optimise costs, especially since
health services are continuously under pressure with tight budgets.

5. VR in Education
VR uses for education don’t stop at the military or medical field, but extend to
schools with virtual reality also adopted in education for teaching and
learning situations. Students are able to interact with each other and within a
three-dimensional environment. They can also be taken on virtual field trips, for
example, to museums, taking tours of the solar system and going back in time to
different eras. Virtual reality can be particularly beneficial for students with
special needs, such as autism. Research has found that VR can be a motivating
platform to safely practice social skills for children, including those with Autism
Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Technology company, Floreo, has developed virtual
reality scenarios that allow children to learn and practice skills such as pointing,
making eye contact and building social connections. Parents can also follow along
and interact by using a linked tablet.

6. VR in Fashion
A lesser-known use of VR is in fashion where it has actually been having
quite a profound impact. For example, virtual simulations of store
environments can be extremely useful for retailers to design their signage
and product displays without fully committing to the build like you would in
the real world. In the same way, appropriate time and resources can be
allocated for the build of the store layout. Some popular brands that have
already begun implementing VR in their business include: Tommy Hilfiger,
Coach and Gap. VR uses for these big names encompass offering a 360-
degree experience of fashion shows and allowing customers to try on
clothes virtually.
HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 3
WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

What are the devices used in virtual reality?

Increasingly, virtual reality environments are experienced through VR headsets, or

goggles. These can be dedicated headsets, like the Oculus VR system and the HTC
Vive. Alternatively, a headset adaptor and mobile app software can turn a
smartphone into a 3D display, like Samsung's Gear VR system
What are the different types of virtual reality
devices?
The best VR headset for 2021
 Oculus Quest 2. The best standalone VR. $299 at Amazon.
 HP Reverb G2. The highest-resolution PC VR headset. $600 at HP.
 Valve Index. Best PC VR to explore the future of VR controllers. $999 at
Steam.
 Sony PlayStation VR. Still worth it for the games. $350 at Best Buy.
 HTC Vive Cosmos. Could be a flexible, modular system.

How information stored and processed in

2/.
computers?
Information processing, the acquisition, recording, organization,
retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the
term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically.
In popular usage, the term information refers to facts and opinions
provided and received during the course of daily life: one obtains
information directly from other living beings, from mass media, from
electronic data banks, and from all sorts of observable phenomena in the
surrounding environment. 
Information processes are executed by information processors. For a given
information processor, whether physical or biological, a token is an object, devoid
of meaning, that the processor recognizes as being totally different from other
tokens. A group of such unique tokens recognized by a processor constitutes its
basic “alphabet”; for example, the dot, dash, and space constitute the basic token
alphabet of a Morse-code processor. Objects that carry meaning are represented
by patterns of tokens called symbols. The latter combine to form symbolic

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 4

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

expressions that constitute inputs to or outputs from information processes and

are stored in the processor memory.

Information processors are components of an information system, which is a class

of constructs. An abstract model of an information system features four basic
elements: processor, memory, receptor, and effector (Figure 1). The processor
has several functions: (1) to carry out elementary information processes on
symbolic expressions, (2) to store temporarily in the processor’s short-term
memory the input and output expressions on which these processes operate and
that they generate, (3) to schedule execution of these processes, and (4) to
change this sequence of operations in accordance with the contents of the short-
term memory. The memory stores symbolic expressions, including those that
represent composite information processes, called programs. The two other
components, the receptor and the effector, are input and output mechanisms
whose functions are, respectively, to receive symbolic expressions or stimuli from
the external environment for manipulation by the processor and to emit the
processed structures back to the environment.

Structure of an information system.

The power of this abstract model of an information-processing system is provided
by the ability of its component processors to carry out a small number of
elementary information processes: reading; comparing; creating, modifying, and
naming; copying; storing; and writing. The model, which is representative of a
broad variety of such systems, has been found useful to explicate man-made
information systems implemented on sequential information processors.

Because it has been recognized that in nature information processes are not
strictly sequential, increasing attention has been focused since 1980 on the study
of the human brain as an information processor of the parallel type. The cognitive
sciences, the interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of the human mind,
have contributed to the development of neurocomputers, a new class of parallel,
HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 5
WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

distributed-information processors that mimic the functioning of the

human brain, including its capabilities for self-organization and learning. So-
called neural networks, which are mathematical models inspired by the neural
circuit network of the human brain, are increasingly finding applications in areas
such as pattern recognition, control of industrial processes, and finance, as well as
in many research disciplines.

Elements of Information Processing

Humans receive information with their senses: sounds through hearing; images

and text through sight; shape, temperature, and affection through touch; and
odors through smell. To interpret the signals received from the senses, humans
have developed and learned complex systems of languages consisting of
“alphabets” of symbols and stimuli and the associated rules of usage. This has
enabled them to recognize the objects they see, understand the messages they
read or hear, and comprehend the signs received through the tactile and olfactory
senses.

The carriers of information-conveying signs received by the senses are energy

phenomena—audio waves, light waves, and chemical and electrochemical stimuli.
In engineering parlance, humans are receptors of analog signals; and, by a
somewhat loose convention, the messages conveyed via these carriers are called
analog-form information, or simply analog information. Until the development of
the digital computer, cognitive information was stored and processed only in
analog form, basically through the technologies of printing, photography, and
telephony.

Although humans are adept at processing information stored in their memories,

analog information stored external to the mind is not processed easily. Modern
information technology greatly facilitates the manipulation of externally stored
information as a result of its representation as digital signals—i.e., as the
presence or absence of energy (electricity, light, or magnetism). Information
represented digitally in two-state, or binary, form is often referred to as digital
information. Modern information systems are characterized by
extensive metamorphoses of analog and digital information. With respect to
information storage and communication, the transition from analog to digital

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 6

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

information is so pervasive as to bring a historic transformation of the manner in

which humans create, access, and use information.

How is Information in a Computer Stored?

Using computers, laptops, tablets and mobile phones concerns storing, retrieving
and transferring information in an efficient way. Data is represented on modern
storage media using the binary numeral system.

All data stored on storage media – whether that’s hard disk drives (HDDs), solid
state drives (SSDs), external hard drives, USB flash drives, SD cards etc. – can be
converted to a string of bits, otherwise known as binary digits. These binary digits
have a value of 1 or 0, and the strings can make up photos, documents, audio and
video. A byte is the most common unit of storage and is equal to 8 bits.

All data in a computer is stored as a number. For example, letters become

numbers; the Complete Works of Shakespeare is around 1250 pages in print,
contains 40 million bits, with one byte per letter, totaling five megabytes (5MB).
Photographs are converted to a set of numbers that indicate the location, color
and brightness of each pixel. Whereas convention numbers use ten digits (0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), binary numbers use two digits to represent all possible values.
The conventions numbers 0-8 translate into binary numbers as: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100,
101, 110, 111 and 1000. With binary numbers, any value can be stored as a series
of items which are either true (1) or false (0).

Binary data is primarily stored on the hard disk drive (HDD). The device is made
up of a spinning disk (or disks) with magnetic coatings and heads that can both
read and write information in the form of magnetic patterns. In addition to hard
disk drives, floppy disks and tapes also store data magnetically. Newer laptops, as
well as mobile phones, tablets, USB flash drives and SD cards, use solid state (or
flash) storage. With this storage medium, the binary numbers are instead stored
as a series of electrical charges within the NAND flash chips. Because all data is
made up of a string of binary numbers, just one number out of place can cause a
file to become corrupt.  

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 7

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

3/. Write and discuss about different types of display

device and display technology.

What do you mean by display devices?

A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or
tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind
people). When the input information that is supplied has an electrical signal the
display is called an electronic display.

How many types of displays are there?

There are generally two types of touchscreen LCD displays; Resistive and
Capacitive.

What are the types of display devices?

 Display and their Types- Current, Emerging Display Technologies. Display is
a device used to present visual information.
HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 8
WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

 Video Displays.

VIDEO DISPLAY TYPES

 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
  Electron gun shoots beam of electrons toward the back of monitor
screen
 It is coated with chemical dots called phosphors glow when electrons
strike them
 Beam of electrons scans the monitor from left to right, and top to
bottom in a raster pattern to create the image.
 Trio of dot phosphors is grouped in triangle for each hardware picture
element
 Electron beam returns regular to each phosphor to sustain the glow.
 More dots better quality
 Dot pitch
 Measurement between the same spot in two vertically
adjacent dot trios
 Expressed in millimeters or dots per inch
 Dot pitch tells “sharpness”
 Software-pixel placement is limited to hardware’s transistor
placement
 Resolution
 Number of pixelsused to draw the screen.
 Higher resolutions = more information in the same
screen area.
 indicate rows and columns of pixels on screen


 Electroluminescent Display.
Electroluminescent display is a flat panel display that works on the principle of
electroluminescence. Electroluminescence is a phenomenon where materials can
emit light in response to the electric current. To make use of this phenomenon,
electroluminescent display uses gallium arsenide (GaAs) as an electroluminescent
material. The basic structure of electroluminescent display consists of electrode
layers at the top and bottom. Active Matrix, Thin Film and Thick Dielectric are the
three types of electroluminescent displays.

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 9

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

Advantages

 Thin and compact.

 Good writing speed.
 Low voltage operation.

Disadvantages

 Low efficiency.
 High cost.
 High voltage drivers.

 Electronic Paper.
Electronic Paper also known as e-paper is a term for display technologies
resembling a paper. The popularity of the display is due to its contrast,
thickness, readability and flexibility.
E Ink is now one of the popular e-paper display technologies. It was developed by
E Ink Corporation and today they are used by different companies in their
products and e-readers. E Ink displays are made of some tiny capsules which
consist of black and white particles. With the help of electricity either the black or
white particles rise up towards the capsule and thereby change the color of the
pixel. In order to make an e-ink display, first the ink is printed to a sheet made of
plastic which acts as the front plane of the e-ink display. The plastic sheets are
thereafter laminated onto the active-matrix backplanes forming the e-ink display.
To control the pattern of the pixels in the display, controllers and integrated
circuits are added.

Advantages

 Less power.
 Easy to read at outdoors.

Disadvantages

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 10

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

 Can’t display full videos.

 Cannot be read in dark.

 LED Display.
It is a type of display that uses light emitting diodes. This flat panel display is
today used in many applications like to display traffic signs, displays of
railway stations, television display etc. One of the largest LED display in the
world is located in China, which is 500m long. Also, the largest LED
television is the Center Hung Video Display at Cowboys Stadium. This
television has dimensions of 49m x 22m.

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

This display generally depends upon the light modulating properties of
liquid crystals.  The low power consumption makes it good to use in all
types of electronic equipment’s that are battery powered. LCDs are
electronically modulated and are made of liquid crystals which are arrayed
in front of the light source to produce images in color.

 Plasma Display.
 Plasma Displays is one of the display technologies that provides large
screen sizes and better flat screen presentation. Good image qualities are
one of its characteristics. Basically, plasma screens compose of large
number of cells sandwiched between the panels made of glass. Between
the glass panels there are will get charged and excites neon and xenon gas
within each cell. When the gas gets excited, it creates plasma and releases
the UV light and thereafter releases the phosphor electrodes which are
located on the sides of the cell.  When these electrodes come back to the
original state, light is emitted.
 Plasma panel displays text or graphics using the light from large number of
tiny plasma cells. Each pixel is made up of three sub cells which emit red,
green and blue lights for color display. Plasma display is thinner than its CRT

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 11

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

counter parts and wider display panels can be created using plasma
technology.
 Plasma is an ionized gas containing free-flowing ions and electrons. Under
normal condition, gas inside the chamber is neutral. Plasma is created by
applying very high voltage across the electrodes on the sides of the gas
chamber. Structure of a single plasma cell is shown in the figure.
 When a voltage is applied between two electrodes, free electrons are
introduced into the gas. These free electrons collide with the electrons in
the gas atoms. Electrons will get enough energy to break its bond,
therefore, more free electrons and positive ions are created.
 Random movements of charged particles increase the rate of collision and
therefore, more and more charged particles get released. Each exited
electron after some time go back to the lower energy state by emitting
energy in the form of photons.   
 Xenon and Neon are most commonly used gases to make plasma. When
they are excited, photons are created in UV range. Ultraviolet rays are
invisible to human eye and therefore Electrons then move towards the
positive charged area and similarly positive ions move towards the
negatively charged area.  they need to be converted into visible spectrum.
For which ultraviolet photons are guided to hit a phosphorus layer on the
surface of the gas chamber. Incident ultraviolet rays excite
 phosphorus electrons to a higher energy state. The electron later returns to
the ground state and releases energy in the form of photon in visible
spectrum.

A large number of tiny plasma cells are arranged in a matrix format. Each cell is
addressed by grid structure (rows and columns) of long electrodes which reaches
both sides of the cell. When voltage pulse is applied across any two electrodes,
gas cell at the intersection electrodes are excited.  

Ultraviolet photons in each cell interact with phosphor material coated on the
inside wall of the cell to emit photons in the visible spectrum. In a small fraction
of a second, thousands of such cells are excited to display a particular graphics on
the screen. Since each pixel lights individually, no separate back light is required
for plasma display.  

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 12

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

In today’s smart world, people are carrying smart devices all over the places
they visit. Wherever people are they are surrounded or accompanied by
display devices, such as smart phones, tablets, notebooks and advertising
screens. Different devices use different display technologies to enrich
devices facilities. Here in this paper, various popular display technologies
have been explained in brief.
 A display is a computer output surface and projecting mechanism that
shows text and often graphic images to the computer user, using a cathode
ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode, gas plasma,
or other image projection technology.
Sometimes abbreviated as FPD, a flat-panel display is a thin screen display
found on all portable computers and it was the new standard for desktop
computers few years back. Instead of utilizing the cathode-ray tube
technology, flat-panel displays use Liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology
to make them much lighter and thinner when compared with a traditional
monitor. The picture shows an example of flat-panel display. We can
separate flat-panel displays into two categories: emissive displays and none
missive displays. The emissive displays (or emitters) are devices that
displays, and light-emitting diodes (LED) are examples of emissive displays.
None missive displays (or no emitters) use optical effects to convert
sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. The most
important example of a none missive flat-panel display is a liquid- crystal
device (LCD).
LCDs are commonly used in systems, such as calculators and laptop
computers. These non-emissive devices produce a picture by passing
polarized light from the surrounding or from an internal light source
through a liquid- crystal material that can be aligned to either block or
transmit the light. A liquid crystal display consists of an array of tiny
segments (called pixels) that can be manipulated to present information.
The main advantage of LCD is size. There is no huge picture tube. The
drawbacks with LCDs are viewing angle, contrast ratio, and response time.
Plasma panels, also called gas discharge displays, are constructed by filling
the region between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that usually
include neon. A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on one glass
panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons is built into the other glass panel.
Firing voltages applied to a pair of horizontal and vertical conductors cause

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 13

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

the gas at the intersection of the two conductors to break down into a
glowing plasma of electrons and ions. Picture definition is stored in a
refresh buffer, and the firing voltages are applied to refresh the pixel
positions (at the intersections of the conductors) 60 times per second.
In LED, A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the pixel positions in the display,
and picture definition is stored in refresh buffer. As in scan-line refreshing of a
CRT, information is read from the refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels
that are applied to the diodes to produce the light patterns in the display

 Long Service Life

 Good environmental performance
 Low heat generation
 Low Power
 Many Color Choices
 Sensitive to Voltage Spike
 Heat dissipation in some applications
 Not true full spectrum White LED (unless tri-color)
OLED means Organic Light Emitting Diode. As the name indicates that it relies on
organic materials. Organic Light Emitting Devices (OLED) emit light from active
luminescent material in each display pixel. There is various type of OLED like
PHOLED (phosphorescent OLED), TOLED (Transparent OLED), FOLED (Flexible
OLED), WOLED (White OLED), AMOLED (Active-matrix OLED). OLED’s basic
structure consists of organic
materials positioned between the cathode and the anode, which is
composed of electric conductive transparent Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The
organic materials compose a multi-layered thin film, which includes the
Hole Transporting Layer (HTL), Emission Layer (EML) and the Electron
Transporting Layer (ETL). By applying the appropriate electric voltage, holes
and electrons are injected into the EML from the anode and the cathode,
respectively. The holes and electrons combine inside the EML to form

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 14

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

excitons, after which electroluminescence occurs. The transfer material,

emission layer material and choice of electrode are the key factors that
determine the quality of OLED components. Fig.2 OLED Display Structure
 Vibrant color
 High Contrast
 High Viewing angle
 Rapid Response Time
 Full motion videos
 Low Cost
The full form of AMOLED is Active-Matrix OLED. It has better display quality,
thin form factor, and lower power consumption. In this display technology
a very thin film has been used which was coated with several organic
electroluminescent compounds. The whole technology is too dealt with the
pixel quality of the displays. As of now this display technology has been
implanted very successfully in small screens like in smart phones. This
technology is not only very affordable, but also available with improved
quality picture. In very near future AMOLED will be used for bigger screens.
The active-matrix OLED in AMOLED technology produces a light after it is
properly electrically activated. It requires a continuous flow of electricity
and that is controlled by two TFTs. The benefit of this technology over
others is immense. AMOLED technology consumes lesser power and also
the refresh rate is very high than other counterparts. The response time of
touch displays developed using this technology is far better compared to
others. In future it is going to be used not only in portable electronics
devices, but also in large screens such as more than 50 inches. Already
several big names in the electronics world have started using an AMOLED
including Samsung.
 Wide Temperature operation
 Fast Response
 High and constant Gamut color
 Wide viewing angle

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 15

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

 Peak brightness
 Low power consumption
 Very slim design
OLED is an emerging display technology that enables beautiful and efficient
displays and lighting panels. Thin OLEDs are already being used in many
mobile devices and TVs, and the next generation of these panels will be
flexible and bendable. When we talk about flexible OLEDs, it's important to
understand what that means exactly. A flexible OLED is based on a flexible
substrate which can be either plastic, metal or flexible glass. The plastic and
metal panels will be light, thin and very durable - in fact they will be
virtually shatter-proof.
The full form IPS is In-Plane Switching. It is a technology that addresses the
two main issues of a standard twisted nematic (TN) TFT display: color and
viewing angle. With IPS, the crystals are aligned horizontally to the screen
rather than vertically, and the electrical field is applied between each end
of the crystal molecules –termed a lateral electric field. In this way, the
crystals are kept parallel to the electrode pair, and thus the glass substrate
of the screen. The liquid crystal molecules are not anchored to the lower
glass substrate, so move more freely into the desired alignment. Fig.3 IPS
Display Structure
Curved screens theoretically provide a larger field of view and a more
“immersive” experience. To really get those benefits, you’d need a massive
100-inch screen, and you’d need to be sitting close to it. That might give
you a more “cinematic” experience. But you probably don’t want a TV that
huge, and you probably don’t want to sit that close. If you have a smaller
TV like most people do, a curved display really doesn’t make sense.
In this paper various display technologies have been discussed from the
past to till now. Each technology has some disadvantage and advantage
which are discussed briefly. One can use the technology based on the
necessity.

 display and address electrodes which form the grid. Electrodes intersect at
a particular cell will get charged and excites neon and xenon gas within

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 16

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

each cell. When the gas gets excited, it creates plasma and releases the UV
light and thereafter releases the phosphor electrodes which are located on
the sides of the cell.  When these electrodes come back to the original
state, light is emitted.
 Plasma panel displays text or graphics using the light from large number of
tiny plasma cells. Each pixel is made up of three sub cells which emit red,
green and blue lights for color display. Plasma display is thinner than its CRT
counter parts and wider display panels can be created using plasma
technology.
 Plasma is an ionized gas containing free-flowing ions and electrons. Under
normal condition, gas inside the chamber is neutral. Plasma is created by
applying very high voltage across the electrodes on the sides of the gas
chamber. Structure of a single plasma cell is shown in the figure.
 When a voltage is applied between two electrodes, free electrons are
introduced into the gas. These free electrons collide with the electrons in
the gas atoms. Electrons will get enough energy to break its bond,
therefore, more free electrons and positive ions are created. Electrons then
move towards the positive charged area and similarly positive ions move
towards the negatively charged area.  
 Random movements of charged particles increase the rate of collision and
therefore, more and more charged particles get released. Each exited
electron after some time go back to the lower energy state by emitting
energy in the form of photons.   
 Xenon and Neon are most commonly used gases to make plasma. When
they are excited, photons are created in UV range. Ultraviolet rays are
invisible to human eye and therefore they need to be converted into visible
spectrum. For which ultraviolet photons are guided to hit a phosphorus
layer on the surface of the gas chamber. Incident ultraviolet rays excite
phosphorus electrons to a higher energy state. The electron later returns to
the ground state and releases energy in the form of photon in visible
spectrum.

 Construction of Plasma Display.

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 17

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

A large number of tiny plasma cells are arranged in a matrix format. Each cell is
addressed by grid structure (rows and columns) of long electrodes which reaches
both sides of the cell. When voltage pulse is applied across any two electrodes,
gas cell at the intersection electrodes is excited.  

Ultraviolet photons in each cell interact with phosphor material coated on the
inside wall of the cell to emit photons in the visible spectrum. In a small fraction
of a second, thousands of such cells are excited to display a particular graphics on
the screen. Since each pixel lights individually, no separate back light is required
for plasma display.  

What are display technologies?

I. INTRODUCTION In today’s smart world, people are carrying smart
devices all over the places they visit. Wherever people are they are
surrounded or accompanied by display devices, such as smart phones,
tablets, notebooks and advertising screens. Different devices use different
display technologies to enrich devices facilities. Here in this paper, various
popular display technologies have been explained in brief.
 A display is a computer output surface and projecting mechanism that
shows text and often graphic images to the computer user, using a cathode
ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode, gas plasma,
or other image projection technology.

II. FLAT PANEL DISPLAY Sometimes abbreviated as FPD, a flat-

panel display is a thin screen display found on all portable computers and it
was the new standard for desktop computers few years back. Instead of
utilizing the cathode-ray tube technology, flat-panel displays use Liquid-
crystal display (LCD) technology to make them much lighter and thinner
when compared with a traditional monitor. The picture shows an example
of flat-panel display. We can separate flat-panel displays into two
categories: emissive displays and none missive displays. The emissive
displays (or emitters) are devices that displays, and light-emitting diodes
(LED) are examples of emissive displays. None missive displays (or no
HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 18
WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

emitters) use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other
source into graphics patterns. The most important example of a none
missive flat-panel display is a liquid- crystal device (LCD).

III. LCD DISPLAY LCDs are commonly used in systems, such as

calculators and laptop computers. These non-emissive devices produce a
picture by passing polarized light from the surrounding or from an internal
light source through a liquid- crystal material that can be aligned to either
block or transmit the light. A liquid crystal display consists of an array of
tiny segments (called pixels) that can be manipulated to present
information. The main advantage of LCD is size. There is no huge picture
tube. The drawbacks with LCDs are viewing angle, contrast ratio, and
response time.

IV. PLASMA DISPLAY Plasma panels, also called gas discharge

displays, are constructed by filling the region between two glass plates with
a mixture of gases that usually include neon. A series of vertical conducting
ribbons is placed on one glass panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons is built
into the other glass panel. Firing voltages applied to a pair of horizontal and
vertical conductors cause the gas at the intersection of the two conductors
to break down into a glowing plasma of electrons and ions. Picture
definition is stored in a refresh buffer, and the firing voltages are applied to
refresh the pixel positions (at the intersections of the conductors) 60 times
per second.

V. LED DISPLAY In LED, A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the

pixel positions in the display, and picture definition is stored in refresh
buffer. As in scan-line refreshing of a CRT, information is read from the
refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are applied to the diodes
to produce the light patterns in the display.

5.1 ADVANTAGES:
 Long Service Life

 Good environmental performance

 Low heat generation

 Low Power

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 19

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology
 Many Color Choices

5.2 DISADVANTAGES:
 Sensitive to Voltage Spike
 Heat dissipation in some applications
 Not true full spectrum White LED (unless tri-color)

VI. OLED DISPLAY OLED means Organic Light Emitting Diode. As the
name indicates that it relies on organic materials. Organic Light Emitting
Devices (OLED) emit light from active luminescent material in each display
pixel. There are various type of OLED like PHOLED (phosphorescent OLED),
TOLED (Transparent OLED), FOLED (Flexible OLED), WOLED (White OLED),
AMOLED (Active-matrix OLED). OLED’s basic structure consists of organic
materials positioned between the cathode and the anode, which is
composed of electric conductive transparent Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The
organic materials compose a multi-layered thin film, which includes the
Hole Transporting Layer (HTL), Emission Layer (EML) and the Electron
Transporting Layer (ETL). By applying the appropriate electric voltage, holes
and electrons are injected into the EML from the anode and the cathode,
respectively. The holes and electrons combine inside the EML to form
excitons, after which electroluminescence occurs. The transfer material,
emission layer material and choice of electrode are the key factors that
determine the quality of OLED components. Fig.2 OLED Display Structure

6.1 ADVANTAGES
 Vibrant color
 High Contrast
 High Viewing angle
 Rapid Response Time
 Full motion videos
 Low Cost

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 20

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

VII. AMOLED DISPLAY The full form of AMOLED is Active-Matrix

OLED. It has better display quality, thin form factor, and lower power
consumption. In this display technology a very thin film has been used
which was coated with several organic electroluminescent compounds. The
whole technology is too dealt with the pixel quality of the displays. As of
now this display technology has been implanted very successfully in small
screens like in smart phones. This technology is not only very affordable,
but also available with improved quality picture. In very near future
AMOLED will be used for bigger screens. The active-matrix OLED in
AMOLED technology produces a light after it is properly electrically
activated. It requires a continuous flow of electricity and that is controlled
by two TFTs. The benefit of this technology over others is immense.
AMOLED technology consumes lesser power and also the refresh rate is
very high than other counterparts. The response time of touch displays
developed using this technology is far better compared to others. In future
it is going to be used not only in portable electronics devices, but also in
large screens such as more than 50 inches. Already several big names in the
electronics world have started using an AMOLED including Samsung.

7.1 ADVANTAGE
 Wide Temperature operation
 Fast Response
 High and constant Gamut color
 Wide viewing angle
 Peak brightness
 Low power consumption
 Very slim design

VIII. FLEXIBLE DISPLAY OLED is an emerging display technology that

enables beautiful and efficient displays and lighting panels. Thin OLEDs are
already being used in many mobile devices and TVs, and the next
generation of these panels will be flexible and bendable. When we talk
about flexible OLEDs, it's important to understand what that means exactly.

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 21

WSU School of Informatics Department of Information Technology

A flexible OLED is based on a flexible substrate which can be either plastic,

metal or flexible glass. The plastic and metal panels will be light, thin and
very durable - in fact they will be virtually shatter-proof.

IX. IPS DISPLAY The full form IPS is In-Plane Switching. It is a

technology that addresses the two main issues of a standard twisted
nematic (TN) TFT display: color and viewing angle. With IPS, the crystals are
aligned horizontally to the screen rather than vertically, and the electrical
field is applied between each end of the crystal molecules –termed a lateral
electric field. In this way, the crystals are kept parallel to the electrode pair,
and thus the glass substrate of the screen. The liquid crystal molecules are
not anchored to the lower glass substrate, so move more freely into the
desired alignment. Fig.3 IPS Display Structure

X. CURVED DISPLAY
Curved screens theoretically provide a larger field of view and a more
“immersive” experience. To really get those benefits, you’d need a massive
100-inch screen, and you’d need to be sitting close to it. That might give
you a more “cinematic” experience. But you probably don’t want a TV that
huge, and you probably don’t want to sit that close. If you have a smaller
TV like most people do, a curved display really doesn’t make sense.

XI. CONCLUSIONS In this paper various display technologies have

been discussed from the past to till now. Each technology has some
disadvantage and advantage which are discussed briefly. One can use the
technology based on the necessity.

HCI Assignment prepared by Group-6 Students pg. 22