Timbira language

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Timbira
Native to Brazil
Region Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins
Ethnicity Timbira
Native speakers 5,000 (2005–2008)[1]
Language family
Macro-Jê
Jê
Cerrado
Jê of Goyaz
Northern Jê
Timbira
Dialects
Canela–Krahô
Pará Gavião
Krẽje
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Variously:
ram – Canela
xra – Krahô
gvp – Pará Gavião
xri – Krĩkatí
xre – Krẽje
Glottolog timb1253
Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê
languages (Macro-Jê)
̣ spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to
sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô
/ˈkrɑːhoʊ/[2] (Craó), and Canela /kæˈnɛlə/[2] (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece,
few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is
nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.

Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi-Guarani languages of the
lower Tocantins-Mearim area, such as Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, and Urubú-Ka'apór.
Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area.
Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambé and Amanajé.[3]

Contents
1 Varieties
1.1 Loukotka (1968)
1.2 Ramirez et al. (2015)
1.3 Nikulin (2020)
2 References
Varieties
Linguistic varieties of Timbira include:[4]

Canela (subdivided into Apànjêkra and Mẽmõrtũmre (a.k.a. Ràmkôkãmẽkra)), 2,500

speakers in Maranhão
Krahô, 2,000 speakers in Tocantins
Krĩkatí, spoken in Terra Indígena Krikati, Maranhão
Pykobjê, 600 speakers in Terra Indígena Governador close to Amarante, Maranhão
Parkatêjê, 12 speakers in Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará
Kỳikatêjê, 9 speakers in Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará
Krẽje, under 30 speakers in Maranhão and Pará
Loukotka (1968)
Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá (Canela) and
Krao.[5] The majority are included under Timbira:

Timbira (Canela)
Mehin, Tajé (Timbirá)
Kreapimkatajé (Krepúnkateye)
Krenjé (Krẽyé)
Remkokamekran (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime)
Aponegicran (Apáñekra)
Krenkatajé (Canella, Kenkateye)
Sakamekran (Chacamecran, Mateiros)
Purekamekran, Makamekran (Pepuxi)
Apinagé, Karaho (Carauau)
Menren (Gaviões, Augutjé – only a few words known)
Meitajé
Krao
Krahó, Krikati (Kỳikatêjê)
Piokobjé (Bucobu, Pukobje, Paicogê)
Kapiekran
Ramirez et al. (2015)
Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a dialect continuum, as
follows:[6]

Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do

Sul
Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO. Under the
Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is
recorded: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé
(Ñurukwayé). The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.

Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic,
is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô,
Gavião, and others).

Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye.

Nikulin (2020)
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This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020)
References
Canela at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Krahô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Pará Gavião at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Krĩkatí at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Krẽje at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara; Beatriz Carreta Corrêa da Silva; Maria Risolta
Silva Julião; Marina Maria Silva Magalhães. 2007. Linguistic diffusion in the
Tocantins-Mearim area. In: Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral; Aryon Dall’Igna
Rodrigues (ed.), Línguas e culturas Tupi, p. 357–374. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju;
Brasília: LALI.
Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D.
dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los
Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e
outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2),
223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
vte
Languages of Brazil
vte
Macro-Jê languages
Categories: Jê languagesLanguages of Brazil
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