© Bukit Panjang Government High School ‘Secondary Three (Express) Physics CHAPTER 12 - LIGHT Ligh ofiradiation,tharis visible to the human eye, sp 999,792,458 m/s, and slightly slower in fitter, gives off light, while a receiver, like the eye, receives light. A beam of light is like a bundle of light fiys. 1f the light rays are coming closer and closer together, we refer to them as convergent light rays. If the light rays are spreading out, we refer to them as divergent light rays, TPlight rays are niither convergent nor divergent, then they are parallel light rays. Be cast? that gives off its own light, or a non- oe teal lea 12.1 Reflection of Light * Recall and use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection + State that, for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations Incident ray | Incoming ray that strikes the surface Reflected ray | Outgoing ray that bounces off the surface Imaginary dotted line that is perpendicular to surface at the point of incidence Normal > NOT alight ray > Taken as a reference line for angle measurement Point of Intersection point on the surface where the incident ray, reflected ray incidence _| and normal meet Angle of incidence () | Anele between normal and incident ray Angle of reflection (2) _| Ankle between normal and reflected ray ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 —Light© Bukit Panjang Government High Schoo! Incident ray Secondary Three (Express) Physics Normal 1 ‘Angle of reflection Reflected ray 72 Mirror Point of incidence 2La First Law of Reflectio surface allie in the same plane sof Reflection : The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting Second Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, G r) Example 1 Label the following in the diagrams: incident ray, reflected ray, normal, angle of incidence (i), angle of reflection (7). Also, find che angle of incidence (f) and the angle of reflection (7) (a) (b) Incident Reflected ray ray TTD. TIT ‘iffor 30° r= 30° Summary Handout Chapter 12 -Light‘© Bukit Panjang Government High School ‘Secondary Three (Express) Physics Mirror Example 2 y yd S& ‘smooth in one direction only in different directions parallel not parallel 3 ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 LightBukit Panjang Government High Schoo! Secondary Three (Express) Physics Plane Mirror ‘A pplane mirror is a flat mirror that lies in a single plane. 1 | Amage size = Object size 2 | Laterally inverted — (left-right reversal) 3 | Upright 4 | Virtmal (cannot be captured on a screen) 5 | Image distance = Object distance Example 3 Draw the plane mirror image (Ie. how it looks like if you hold it in front of a mirro#) of the following diagrams /words: LIGH T THoOII RAYS 2YAA [ace | Strud oN 2XWAA eDleYHI PHYSICS RAWKS Ray Diagrams for Plane Mirror Images |A ray diagram allows us to track the paths of light says from the object to the mirror, then to the ye. This helps us locate the position of the virtual image formed ‘The following table gives you a step-by-step ‘recipe’ for drawing ray diagrams. ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 — Light© Bukit Panjang Government High Schoo! Secondary Three (Express) Physics Patios oie froth the object Example 4 Draw a ray diagram to locate the position of each image as seen by the eye © @ Pa - im fF “o7 : * Mir Mirror () rc) Object 1, bene Object 2 a a& rH Object 1 ard oy Object 2 oa S Eye Mirror tye Mirror ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics (e) () Object / Eye Mirror Mirror Example 5 Challenging, Textbook Page 220) ‘The diagram shows a man standing in front of a bathroom mirror MM’. He did not realise that a spider was falling just in front of him until he saw its image in the mirror. The path of the falling spider is represented by a dotted line in the diagram. Locate, on the dotted line, the two points between which the image of the spider was visible 10 the man in the mirror, a x Pees fn Loge the 2 xtreme rt positions of +h2 spider (t, P _ Image, py the The line P75 paral to and Cquidistance from the Mirro’ as the line Pc path of the spider) ends of the mirror from where the reflectesl loft from +h® Spider can reach +he man's eyes. | Applications of Mirrors _ Remarks es nee = V1 | Opdcal testing for eyesight | To reduce distance required for optical testing ‘Used in shops to watch out for shoplifiers, in vehicles to check 2 | Checking of blind comers for approaching vehicles before making a tun 3 Tiseane ea To i was enor ding eset ig + Pesce To eins ws eb | s ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 — Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics 12.2 Refraction of Light Recall and use the terms for refraction, including non angle of refraction * Recall and apply the relationship sin i/ sin r = cor related problems Define refractive index of a medium in terms of the and in the medium ‘The : ‘away from thenormall Refraction is the bending of light as light passes from one to another. ee 12.2.1 Refractive Index We define the refractive index of a medium to be the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Refractive index, n c n=- whete n = refractive index of medium [no units]; Vv ©. = speed of light in vacuum [m s"]; speed of light in medium [m s" ‘Thus if the refractive index of a particular medium is large, we can say that the speed of light in the medium is slow. The medium is said to be optically dense. Example 6 The table below gives the speed of light in different media, Calculate the corresponding refractive indices of the different media ‘Air or Vacuum 3.00 * 10) Water 2.25 10" Ghass 2.00 x 10" | Diamond 1.25 < 10" 7 ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 ~ Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics 12.2.2 Refraction Light rays refract as they cross the boundary between different two different media. Sas Term Rasa Meaolan a Incident ray | Incoming ray that strikes the surface Refracted ray | Outgoing ray that passes through the surface Imaginary dotted line that is perpendicular to surface Normal > NOT alight ray Taken as a reference line for angle measurement ‘Angle of, incidence () | Angle between normal and incident ray le of reise {g__ Atle bersecn normal and refracted ray Incident ray Angle of refraction a) Refracted ray 2.Laws of Refraction First Law of Refraction: The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the surface boundary all le in the same plane. Second Law of Refraction: For two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence i to the sine of the angle of refraction r is a constant. sini —— = constant ) sinr (The Second Law of Refraction is also known as Snell's Law.) Summary Handout Chapter 12— Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics For light travelling Smpacuum/aimtoti® Optical MEUAE the cofstantraio gives the reftgerivei@@RH08f the medium. Light ray travels from air medium where (i = angle of incidence invairsy n 1 = angle of refraction in medium; sinr © ~ gfauiminimantesniony 4 sini " For light travelling instead from an optical medium to ais, the constant ratio gives a slightly different ratio, “Light ray travels from medium — air sint where i = angle of incidence in medium; 1 = angle of refraction in air, n = refractive index of medium. 1 n sinr Example 7 ~ Light ray travelling from air into optically denser medi An incident ray travels from ait into a block of glass. Given that Nyigss = 1.5 and angle of incidence i = 60°, find the angle of refraction r. Normal 1 1 1 1 ia 1 1 Incident ray idan dee cs Sint _ 1 Nytass = 1.5 Sine 1 Refracted ray . Sink gine = —— n Ses sin~'(®-6774) = 35.3% Ce (dp) = Sin6o Tg 70: S774 In general, ight rays travelling into an optically denser medium bend 1#°CreS the normal Summary Handout Chapter 12 - Light© Bukit Panjang Government High Schoo! Secondary Three (Express) Physics ‘Example 8 ~ Light ray travelling from optically denser medium into air An incident ray travels from water into air. Given that Nyater = 1.33 and angle of incidence 35°, find the angle of reftaction Tr, Normal ' Incident ray 35° ' \ i oe = S t Refracted ray in ' = 1:33 sin 35° = 0.7629 ree BAT’ In general, light rays travelling into a less dense medium bend gun fm the normal. ‘Tips: If you find it hard fo remember the correct formula to use in different contexts, you may instead choose to learn the general form of Snell's Law. Light ray travels from medium 1 — medium 2 n, sin 0, = nz sin 62 where n, = refractive index of medium 1," 6, = angle in medium 1; refractive index of medium 2; angle in medium 2. This general form always works and it does not matter if the light ray enters from the optically denser or less dense medium. It also works if light is not entering from or exiting into air (for example, light travels from water to glass)! Prove for yourself that you can get the same previous formulae starting from this general form. 10 Summary Handout Chapter 12 Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics (@) In the diagram above, mark out and label the following: incident ray, refracted ray, normal, angle of incidence, i, and angle of refraction, r. (®) Given that the speed of light in vacuum is 3.00%10" m s" and the speed of light in water is 2.2510" ms°, calculate the reftactive index of water. g Cc _ B:00x10 . nef =) V~ 2asxioe * 133 (6) Find the angle of incidence, é. 90-40° ' 50 u w (@ Find the angle of refraction, r Air — water Nn, SING, = Nysin Ay 7 = air "9 : clenser —> less lense. sin &, Nasin a sing oe sine OU ) : : , 1-5).sin =(1-0) sini Sind = sinc ( ( ) 7 Sing = Lo Sin5sp® - sin5v° ‘ 5 mo = 0-507 zo 5107T . . JA = 30.7? "A zsin” (0-510) eel = 307° 12 Chapter 12- Light Summary Handout© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics Example 11 (@) In the diagram above, mark out and label the following: incident ray, refracted ray, normal, angle of incidence, i, and angle of refraction, 7, (©) Given that the speed of light in vacuum is 3.0010" m s*, the speed of light in glass is 2.00% 10° ms’ and the speed of light in water is 2.25%10" ms", calculate the refractive index of glass and of water . Cc Cc -_— n = Naess = Ves oe Visater B00 nc = 300x108 2-o0x;o® 2-25 x o® = 150 = 133 (© Find the angle of incidence, i 4 = 90-40" = 50° (@ Find the angle of refzaction, r. - water > glass Np sin Oy = ng Sin G% U 33) sin 50° = (1:50) Sine Sinr = (33) sinso 150 = 06-6193 rz 42-9? 13 ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 ~ Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics Example 12 |A ray of light is incident on a block of glass from air. Sketch’and complete the path taken by the light ray until i exits the glass block on the other side. c Concept : less lease ~» denser (light ray ' bend tomacls normal ) olenser 7 \ess cease Clight ray bene away for normal) Incident ray “ays Lael Glass wt arrows and nanLy . Glass Notice that ar emeraent emergent 78 parelle/ t ~ te the Example 13 S incident Which matetial in the diagram below has a higher refractive index? Explain your answer. rey. Noe tak tre angle ap inuichince from air fo material B, (c) incisent ray = angle of incideate free alr to materia B ,(P) Foy the Same angle incidtae fron air into the 2 material, He angle of refraction in matarral B (u) Ts greater than +e angle 4 Uren in mater A, Cr). Since light ray will bod it forsacds ez the novmad of om, an, oleaser Inactive pesulting & ha Honi te angmee? smaller angle of refrattion, material B has 1) Evidence (Phgnemencn . “ ; : 2) Scien, Lneerarer. & higher r£fra chive index 2) sient bent 3) Dectuction 14 Summary Handout Chapter 12 Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics 12.2.3 Daily phenomena ‘You will need to be able to draw a ray diagram to depict daily phenomena of refraction of light. Bent objects ~ Objects in water, like a straw, can be seen by our eyes because they reflect light off them. These reflected light rays do not travel in straight lines to our eyes, because they are refracted and bent away from the normal at the water-air boundary. This results in the perception that straws are bent. Misperception of depth — Underwater objects appear nearer to the water surface than they actually are. Similarly, swimming pools appear shallower, all because of refraction. Note: The eye perceives light rays (from an image’) to be straight. | optically Hence thre image of object in an,olerser meclium Os seen lay the eye is ata different position from +he actuat position of the object in the medium 15, ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 ~ Light© Bukit Panjang Government High Schoo! Secondary Three (Express) Physics . 12.3 Total Internal Reflection © Explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection © Identify the main ideas in total internal reflection and apply them to the use of optical ‘fibres in telecommunication and state the advantages of their use In the previous section, less dense medium (eg. glass ait), the light ray bends away from the normal. . ce saw that when light is travelling from an optically denser medium to a Example 14, Sketch the path of the light ray for each of the different angles of incidences, and calculate the corresponding angles of refraction. . » = . ponding angl Node: Inciol ent is Ta opticelly @) ) © Aeaser medion c © vm, V eS dense Ait Air WN Ait lancer Glass j Glass } Glass 26 av (n=45 {n=1.5) (n=15) sini 1 sina 1 sing 1 sine ~ VS sino? 1 Sine = 1-S3indo” snr 15 - in 0° = 0-9642 sinr = Y, . 15 os ° = 74.6 r=0° Now, what do you get if you apply the same calculation to a situation where i = 85°? You will see that there is no angle of refraction for this incident ray. So the question becomes: what is the maximum angle of incidence in the medium for which there is a refracted light ray? We call this particular angle the critical angle. sane 40° ess lease 12.3.1 Critical angle Facielent va ‘The critical angle € is defined as the agian a a opcally denser medio Tor which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90°, When theangle of indidence in the medium is equals to the critical angle ¢; then the angle of | | @fraction is maximum at'90% so according to Snell’s Law, 16 Summary Handout Chapter 12 — LightBukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics Refracted ray, = 907 Glass (n=15) Incident ray ‘Therefore, itcan be seen thatthe értical angle is unique to-a material, depending on its feftactive ” Aside: If the light ray is in general travelling from medium 1 to medium 2 with refractive indices ‘ny and ng respectively, then the general formula for finding out the critical angle in medium 1 is, e=sin (2) a, Ne > n vs This can be easily derived from the general form of the Snel?s Law (try deriving it yourself), ny sin 8, = nz sin 62. optically med um Example 15 (@) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. Calculate the critical angle of diamond. sinc= Hh —>Cc sin” (33) > = 24-4° — (apoteto | dip.) (®) Light rays in the diamond approach the diamond-air boundary at an angle of 45°. Do the light rays getrefeted? Why?) 0, the angle of incidence exceeds +he critial angle - 12.3.2 Total Internal Reflection When the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, there can be no refraction of light. Instead, total internal reflection takes place within the medium. 17 ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 - Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics Total intemal reflection is the complete reflection of « light ray inside an optically denser medium at its boundary with an optically less dense medium, ‘When total internal reflection takes place, the boundary behaves like a all the laws of reflection will hold. Example 16 1 reflecting light, and Sketch the path of light travel after the incident ray strikes the surface boundary. (You may need to consider the exitical angle.) @ (b) 45: as: Glass ‘ {n=15) : Air 4 sing =H c= sin" (5 =) ° = 48.8°(1d.p.) . = 41-8 Since i < ¢, light will be refracted. 2 &7C, light will not be sini refracted - Instenel i+ will be sinr sibs : sings? reflected within glass and undergoes sinr 133 Total internal reflection. sinr = 52" 9405 -) Y, 1.33 = 70.1° (1d.p.) Summary Handout 18 Chapter 12 Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics Summary In order for total internal reflection to take place, 1. Light must travel from an optically denser medium to an optically less dense medium. 2, The angle of incidence (i) in the optically denser medium must be greater than the xitical angle of the medium. (i > ) When light travels from a less dense — optically denser medium, For alll values of i (0° to 90°) only refraction will occur. When light travels from a optically denser —> optically less dense medium, Ifi <¢, refraction will occur (r < 90°) If = c, refraction will occur (r = 90°) IF i> c, total internal reflection will occur (i = 7) Example 17 (a) Why do diamonds sparkle? Explain using concepts of critical angle and total internal reflection, Diamond has a_yer high cefractiv® inderind hence a very Small critical Gale, Once light enters the diamond through the top surface, it is very likely to undergo i ‘nal (ection _, The surfaces of the diamond are also. angled to cause light to internally reflect fies before exiting the diamond, mainly through the top surface, thus giving it a shiny sparkling appearance. (This is why a very well-cut diamond is most shiny and most expensive to get) sete (*b) If the diamond is placed in water instead, do you expect it to be more or less shiny? Why? The diamond will be less shiny, as the difference in refractive indices at the boundary will be significantly smallet. From the formula c = sin7? (), it can be seen that the critical angle will be much larger, thus light mys are more likely to escape from the other surfaces diamond will lose its sparkle. and the nea refractive index of reclium of = si = th Note. 5 = sin Ce © emergea © tight Cac sae) inddent Xin medio, 2 (diamond > Summary Handout Chapter 12~ Light© Bukit Panjang Government High School Secondary Three (Express) Physics Applications and medical industry. total internal reflection coating ight Signal Cable pa cal fibres over traditional copper wires “Eligher carrying capacity ~ Optical fibres carry more information. “Higher quality of transmission ~ Light signals are not interfered by external fields and experience less signal degradation. ‘Higher security - Optical fibres do not radiate signals and are impossible to tap into without cutting into the fibres. Lightweight - Optical fibres are lighter than copper wires. Flexible - Optical fibres are suitable for medical applications. 20 ‘Summary Handout Chapter 12 ~ Light© Bukit Panjang Government High Schoo! Numerical Answers to Examples Secondary Three (Express) Physics 1. (@) 30°, 30° ) 30°, 30° (©) 30°, 30° (@ 70°, 70° 2. (a) 30° (b) 60° 6. 1,00, 1.33, 1.50, 240 7, 35,3° 8. 49.7° % @= (b) 1.33 © 50° @ 35.2° 10. @- 15 (©) 50° (@ 307° i. @= (0) 15,133 50" (@ 428° 12, - 13. - 14, (@) 0° (b) 30.9° (74.6 15. (a) 244° &)- 16. - 7 a Summary Handout Chapter 12 — Light