BIO270 TUTORIAL 4

1. Explain conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin (4m)

- Pepsinogen and HCL are secreted into the lumen of the stomach.
- HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin.
- Pepsin then activates more pepsinogen, starting a chain reaction.
- Pepsin begins the protein digestion.

2. Explain the hormonal control of digestion (8m)

Enterogastrone Gastrin Secretin Cholecytokinin

-Stimulates
-Stimulates release
pancreas to
- Inhibit peristalsis -Stimulates gastric of digestive
release sodium
and acid secretion juices production. enzymes from
bicarbonate,
by stomach, -From stomach pancreas and bile
neutrilize acid
slowing digestion. and reculates via from gale bladder.
chyme from
-secreted by bloodstream back -Triggered by
stomach.
duodenum. to stomach. amino acids or
-secreted by
fatty acids.
duodenum.

3. Explain on the digestion reactions for the following (site of digestion and

conversion process) (10m)

i. Carbohydrate
- Mouth : starch and glycogen will be converted to a smaller polysaccharides and
maltose via the assistance of salivary amylase.
- Small intestine have two sites that is lumen where the polysaccharides is
converted to maltose and disaccharides by the action of pancreatic amylase. And
the second one is brush border where the maltose and disaccharides are
converted to monosaccharides by the act of disaccharides thus enter the blood
capillary in villi and transported to the liver via hepatic portal.

ii. Lipid
- From fat globule, it will be emulsified by the bile salt and convert to fat droplets.
- Fat droplets that coated with bile salts will be converted to micelles that contain
free fatty acid,monoglycerides and bile salts by the act of pancreatic lipase which
hydrolise the fat droplet into micelles. The micelles then will be converted to
cyclomicrons and transported out of epitellial cells into lacteals and carried away
by lymph.

iii. Protein

-in the stomach, will be converted to large polypeptides or polypeptides by the

act of enzyme pepsin.
-in the lumen of small intestines, the large polypeptides will be converted to
smaller polypeptides by the act of pancreatic trypsin and chemotrypsin. Smaller
polypeptides is then converted to small polypeptides by the act of pacreatic
carboxypeptides.
-meanwhile in brunch border of small intestine, the small polypeptides will be
converted to amino acid by the act of dipeptidases, carboxypeptidases and amino
peptidases thus enter the blood capillary in villi and transported to the liver via
hepatic portal.

iv. Nucleic Acid

- occur in the lumen of small intestine and brunch border of small intestine where

the DNA/RNA will be converted to nucleotides by the action of pancreatic

nucleases and the nucleotides will be converted to nucleosides by the act of
nucleotidases. The nucleosides on the other hand will be converted to
nitrogenouse bases, sugars and phosphates by the act of nucleosidases and
phosphatases.