Module 1.1 Arithmetic Fractions Types of Fractions 1, Proper Fractions. Proper fractions may be defined as fractions less than 1 For example 142 Sp ae a ete 2'3'8'°7 2. Improper Fractions. These are fractions which are greater than 1 For example: 75 7 B S.2,4,5 etc 3'3' u's 3. Mixed Numbers. These include whole numbers and vulgar fractions. For example: 1 43 44 6 15, 25,65, 272 22. 6 7 ee 4. Forall fractions, the number above the bar is called the numerator and the number below the bar is called the denominator. 5. Simplest Form. The simplest form of 3 is : Fractions can be expressed in simplest form by dividing numerator and denominator by equal numbers until they will not divide further. For example 8 2 12° 3 denominator by 4) in simplest form (after dividing numerator and Working with Fractions 6. Cancelling. The process of dividing numerator and denominator by equal values is called cancelling, For example: Module 1.1 Arithmetic 17 Total Training Support Lid 2 Copy 20127. 10. 1-8 Converting. To convert mixed numbers to improper fractions, multiply the whole number by the denominator and add to the numerator. For example: 22 = 13 5 5 To convert improper fractions to mixed numbers, divide the numerator by the denominator to give a whole number - the remainder gives a new numerator. For example: Cancelling. Cancelling improper fractions involves exactly the same process as cancelling vulgar fractions. For example: 7 and & 2b, Multiplication (a) Express all mixed numbers as improper fractions (b) Cancel vertically if possible (c) Cancel across the multiplication sign if possible {d) Multiply numerators together, multiply denominators together (e) Ifthe result is an improper fraction, convert to a mixed number () Check that your answer is in the simplest form Examples: 2 2,4 _8 Mg oXT a 304 1 (2) dain Ss 22 = 2 = it AA Division (a) Convert all mixed numbers to improper fractions (b) Invert the fraction you are dividing by (©) Proceed as for multiplication. Module 1.1 Acithmetic Total Training Support Lis “© Capynight 2072Examples: a) (2) (3) 3 =~ 3, 12 _ 7 LZ 8.48.3, 2 = @,1 22 4 7 4° 7 4 x, 16 3 304 3 a? a7 8 2 8,8 28,8 Lh et #5 5 { 11. Mixed Multiplication and Division (a) _ Invert all the fractions preceded by a division sign (b) ‘Treat the calculations as multiplication only. Example: Beate iSaZ 2,2 4 2 7 4 2 7 -7y 2,2 You only tur upside down the fraction a*9*7 you are dividing by, i.e. the fraction after 4 4 the division sign L2H 2 i 12 Express all fractions as mixed numbers in lowest terms ‘Add the whole numbers together To add the vulgar fractions, you must convert each fraction so that their denominators are all the same. This is done by finding the lowest common ‘multiple (LCM) of the denominators. Module 1.1 Arithmetic 19 Total Training Suppor Ltd © Copyight 201213. Examples: 1 2 ) 4 -2 o 4 2 @ ° a 5 3 ea+t 543 8 4 12 8 ag 4 SH1049 2342 24 24 =3e1) = Note: If your addition of fractions results in an improper fraction, you must convert this to a mixed number as shown in example (2). ‘Subtraction ‘The same basic procedure should be used for subtraction as for addition Examples: 8 2 2 4 8.2.2 2 (1) 3 6 a &.14 = 21+2.4 3 7 3 7 a4 M212 42 24 21 3 (3) -= 8) 4 =34 4:8 12 4 1244-9 ‘As numerator (4 - 9) give a negative 12 value, one whole unit has to be 12 <0 16-9 converted to D before the 12 subtraction of fractions is carried out. Module 1.1 Arithmetic Teta Training Support Ute "@ Copyreht 201214. — Mixed addition and subtraction can be carried out exactly as above. Examples: 1 67 , 43 6-749 1 4b -5t 432 22+ S:T8 12, (45 Sap * 8G 2 = 22 3 2 24-13 44h = 54 S21848 a 4° "3 24 = 44 243-1848 tT 24 4 15. Remember that your final step in any calculation must be to simplify (cancel fractions) Example: 9 12+18-15 +12. = 2+ = 10 20 218 = 2 20 4 Module 4.1 Arithmetic Total Teeinng Suppor Lis © Copyigt 2012Intentionelly Blank Module 1.1 Arithmetic ‘otal Trlnng Support Ltd © Copyright 2012Worksheet 1. Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions: 4 3 24 al b) 3 ce) 215 @) 5st @) (a) (b) a (c) 3 (a) 5 (e) 2. Convert the following improper fractions to mixed numbers: 1 24 53 210 99 a by) I a) — 2 (a) 3 Or (c) 7 (d) 4 © | 3. Multiply and simplify the following: 6 14 2 oly 42 2,3, 10 a) Sx bo) £ x at x 1d 1exix BD 7% 45 OM exp ete TEX EX 4. Divide and simplify the following: 338 2 1 ap Seo b) 3 oe) 9b @ 40 * 25 © 33 @ 8 5. Evaluate the following @ oxox wm 72x83 | Meatyrt 0° 6” 14 5°24” 8 29°84 6. Add the following fractions and mixed numbers 2,3 3,14,2 2,3,4 oases by Se 242 +544 MO 37 O gtrt3 | stars 1,4,4,4,4 1,7 @ t+tets tit e) 3t+ J O g* states © 33 * 46 7. Subtract the following: 1.3 3 2 51 -e by 15 12-22 (a) 2°75 (b) 4 (co) 3 7 42 a 2-2 e (d) “7 (e) Module 1.1 Arithmetic 113 Tela Training Support Lis © Copyrignt 20128. Evaluate the following: 4-14 Module 1.1 Arithmetic “otal Training Support Lt ‘@ Copynght 201220 3 108 146 15 = — d 1 a) 7 b) Q c) 3 ) 25 e) 7 2 a) 32 py at oc 7t a) sat eg) 128 3 5 7 2 8 4 1 3. = 2 = a 4 b) » 4 5 1 4. a2 by 12 3 ) 3 ) é c) 5 ay b) 12 °) 2 8 2 14 13, 9 9 1 F d) 1 3 SMe) 2D ag) 5G 9 413, 26 6 2 2 - 26 & a2 ne i ee 61 5 4 3 19 = -2 2s 3 419 8 8) 4D ») 7 9 9 4%) 5 ) 55 5 5 5 aa 3 1 - ait rs Dt Mag 9 Toy Module 4.1 Arithmetic 145 ‘otal Trainng Support Ltd © Copyignt 2012{Intentionally Blank Module 1.1 Arithmetic ‘otal Training Suppor Lic ‘© Copyght 2012Decimals Working with Decimals 1 Decimals are a very important and particular set of fractions. They are fractions whose denominators are powers of 10, i.e. 10, 100, 1000, 10000 etc (do not be concerned about the meaning of ‘powers of 10, you will deal with this later in the course). Decimals are not written in the usual fraction form, but in shorthand using a decimal point. Examples: a) = 04 b) =~ =0.01 cc) — = 0001 10 700 1000 7 7 d) 5— = 57 e) 63 = 63.07 J 10 ) 100 If you have difficulty in relating decimals to fractions, the following table may help. Tuousanos | HunpReos | TENS: UNITS Tents | HuNDREDTHS | THOUSANOTHS: 7 7 i 1000 100 10 1 70 00 7000 5 3 4 6 7 9 2 ‘The number in the table is §346.792, it consists of 5 thousands, 3 hundreds, 4 tens, 6 units, 7 tenths, 9 hundredths and 2 thousandths. The number of digits after the decimal point is called decimal places. Examples: a) 27.6 has one decimal place b) 27.16 has two decimal places ) 27.026 has three decimal places d) 101.2032 has four decimal places In addition of decimals, particular care must be taken to ensure that decimal points are in line. Example: Evaluate 27.3 + 0.021 + 68.3 273 0.021 + 683 95.62% Module 1.1 Arithmetic 17 Teta Training Support tts © Copyiight 20125. Similarly, in subtraction, ensure that decimal points are in line. Example: Evaluate 27.3 - 4.36 27.3 27.3.can also be - _436 written as 27.30 22.94 6. When multiplying decimals, ignore the decimal point until the final answer is obtained, then count the number of decimal places in both the numbers being multiplied. This is the number of decimal places in the answer. Example: Evaluate 27.3x9.31 Note: Total of 3 decimal places, 254 163 Answer = 254,163 (3 dpl.) Note: It does not matter which you multiply first (ie. the 9, the 3 or the 1) providing ‘00 is. placed before the answer when multiplying out the 100's (in this case the 9) and ‘0’ is, placed before the answer when multiplying out the 10's (in this case the 3) So the above calculation could have looked like this: 273 931 273 8 190 245 700 254 163 ‘The answer is the same 7. _ Indivision, itis easier to divide by @ whole number than by a decimal. To make the divisor (the number you are dividing by) into a whole number, move the decimal point a specific number of places to the right. You must then also move the decimal point in the dividend (the number you are dividing into) to the right by the same number of decimal places. Example: Evaluate 24.024 + 4.62 We have moved the decimal point 2 places in both the 2402.4 + 462 divisor and the dividend, but the answer is unaltered 5.2 = 462)2402.4 2310 924 924 An approximate answer could be calculated as follows: 24.024 . 24 . 462° 5 118 Module 1.1 Arithmetic Total Training Suppor Lid ‘Copy 2012