a In this unit, students will learn how to define quadratic equation. solve a quadratic equation in one variable by factorization. solve a quadratic equation in one variable by completing square. derive quadratic formula by using method of completing square. solve a quadratic equation by using quadratic formula. solve the equations of the type ax! + bx’ + ¢ = 0 by reducing it t0 the quadratic form, Px) 28 solve the equations of the type a p(x) + o solve reciprocal equations of the type a (e +2) +b (« + 4 +e=0, solve exponential equations involving variables in exponents. solve equations of the type (x + a) (x +b) (x +c) (x+d) =k whereat+b=e+d. & solve radical equations of the types Wi) Vax+b =x +d, (i) erat Vreba\ree, (iii) iP +px+ m+ Ve +pxenaq. uwQuadratic Equation ‘An equation, which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher power, is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree. A second degree equation in one variable x of the form axttbrtc=0 , wherea# 0and a,b, ¢ are real numbers, is called the general or standard form of a quadratic equation. Here ais the co-efficient of x°, b is the co-efficient of x and constant term is c. ‘The equations x¢ - 7x +6 =0 and 3x* +4x=5 [Remember that: Ifa=0in are the examples of quadratic equations, + bx + c=0, then it reduces to ja linear equation bx +c= 0. 22 — 7x +6= 0 isin standard form but 3x? + 4n-= 5 is notin standard form, If b =O in a quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ =0, then it is called a pure quadratic equation, For ‘example x? — 16 = 0 and 4x? = 7 are the pure quadratic equations. 1.2 Solution of quadratic equations To find solution set of a quadratic equation, following methods are used: (factorization Gi) completing square 1.2(i) Solution by factorization: In this method, write the quadratic equation in the standard form as at thete=0 i) If two numbers sands can be found for equation (i) such that r+ s = b and rs = ac, then ax’ + bx +c can be factorized into two linear factors, The procedure is explained in the following examples. Solve the quadratic equation 312 — Gx =x + 20 by factorization, 3x -6r =x 420 to ‘The standard form of (i) is 3x7-7x-20=0 (ii) quadratic eq Here “7,020 and ae=3x-20=-60 As 7 and ~12 x 5 =—-60, so the equation (ii) can be writien as Bet 12x + Sx 20=0 tivity: Factorize or 3e(v—4) 45-4) =0 > (4) Gx +5) =0 Either x-4=0 or 3r+5=0, that is,xed or eS re ~ } 4 are the solutions of the given equation, “Thus, the solution set is { 3 al. ETI Solve 512 = 30x by factorization, TMP 5x = 30x Sx? -30x=0 which is factorized as Sxix-6)=0 Either Sr=0 or r-6=0 = x=0 or x=6 + .£=0, Gare the roots ofthe given equation, ‘Thus, the solution set is {0,6}. 1.2(ii) Solution by completing square: To solve a quadratic equation by the method of completing square is illustrated through the following examples. (REM Solve the equation x* - 3x ~4 = O by completing square. ‘one root i.e, X= 0. x-3r-4=0 “ ‘Shifting constant term —4 to the right, we have wadred (ii) Aalding the square of $x coefficient of x, thats, 3) 4422 1Or8 eag) Rate ( 3) 25 a eo I Fa ‘Taking square root of both sides of the above equation, we have - a5, 4 3 or x.1 are the roots of the given equation. ‘Tie. he lain setis {-1,4). @BRTITIEED Solve the equation 2x? ~ 5x -3 = 0 by completing square. ae S420 Dividing each term by 2, to make coefficient of x? equal 10 1. w-$e-feo Remember that: For our convenience, we make the co-efficient of x? equal to | in the Imethod of completing square, Shitting constant term —3 tothe ight ayes eaFxs5 a Multiply co-efficient of x with ie 3(-3)--5 Now adding ¢ 3 ‘on both sides of the equation (i), we have eR LB wes 3,2 +16 Either ‘Thus, the solution set is |=, i,1.3 pure quadratie equations. (WF NG-3=-7 ii) ) fea Solve by factorization: P-x-20=0 4-304 = 172 Et x 25 x txt (ii) (iv) (vi) Gi) tiv) wi) By? = yy- 5) 22 y= 152 x ‘Solve the following equations by completing square: Tt+2v-1=0 lit — 34x +3=0 t+ 7x20 teed 8 +5 Seed Seed Quadratic Formula: @ Gi) (iv) wid ae +de—a=0,a20 b+ mv+n= 0,140 a 2v- 195=0 seine eo ‘T(x + 2a)* + 3a? = Sa (Tx + 23a) 1.3. (i) Derivation of quadratic formula by using completing square method. ‘The quadratic equation in standard form is Dividing each term of the equation by a, we get att brec= + ato boc Pere fe wget geo a © - ‘Shifting constant term 5 to the right, we have b pate © Adding (EJon ‘both sides, we obtainstates (EP -(2P 2-8-5 uo (ob Bate Taking square root of both sides, we get P= dae 2a {we dac_ -b +h? = dac mw kw > abv? —4ac ; Thus, x == ME 0 is known as “quadratic formula” 1.3 (ii) Use of quadratic formul The quadratic formula is a useful tool for solving all those equations which can or can not be factorized. The method to solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula is illustrated through the following examples, Example 1; Solve the quadratic equation 2 + 9x= Sa? by Solution: 2+9v= Sx? The given equation in stanclard form can be written as 5x°-9x-2=0 Comparing with the standard quadratic equation ax? + by + ¢= ‘quadratic formula, ‘we observe that a=5,b=-9,ca-2 Putting the values of a, b and ¢ in [A quadratie formula cbt P= tae = oa ‘ 9) OP — 45) 2 25) _osV8 0 _92Vi_9+01 a "10 10 quadratic formula, [write the solution set of x? +. we haveeee (RTM Using quadratic formula, solve the equation oe * at Simplifying, and writing in the standard form (xt I ety Or~2) + D=0 Or? 4 Bet etd — (4) 20 2+ Ort4—w td sO or P+ 9r48=0 Here a=1,b=9,c= we have Ching quart ormai r == AP =tee 9+ OP 4x 1B 2x1 -9+Y81—32_-94 0-947 i 2 og 2 1. Solve the following equations using quadratic formula: @ 2-8 ste Gi) SP + 8x4 150 (iii) (iv) 4-14 538 wv) (vi) 3x2 + Bx +2=0 (ix) — (14m) —b2 + 214m) x0, 140jie rere % F equations, which can be reduced to a quadratic +bx240=0 [EETMTEED Solve the equation xt — 13.2 + 3 RIMM xt 1317+ 36=0 Then x4 = 9? Equation (i) becomes = 13y +36 =0 whieh ean be factorized as y= 9y-4y +3650 30-9) 4-9) = §- 90-4) =0 Either y-9=0 or y-4=0, thatis, or 2 or ead or rst? ‘The solution set is [42, 43} ‘Type (ii) The equations of the type ap(x) aay 3 ‘ EMINEM Given that 22e- 1) +7 =3 @ Let e-1=y. ‘Then the equation (i) becomes y+ =5 or 2y7#3=5y => f-5y43=0 Using quadratic formula, 5S)> Be: ‘Thus, the solution set is{t i 5. Type (i a(teg)+o (eed) ren0 or ats better? ehu+ a0 ‘An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation, if it remains unchanged, when x is replaced! by Recipracal equations of the type: Replacit xbytin axt— by! + er? bx+4=0, we have yy, fy yf «(!) -o(4) +e(t) ~0 (4) + a= 0 whichis simplified as a— bx + cx - bx’ + ax4 = 0. We get the same equation. Thus ax! — be? + cx? — bx + a =O is a reciprocal equation, The method for solving, rocal equation is illustrated through an example. (GRADED Solve the equation 2x4 Seb — 142 Sx42=0. MM 2! - Sx — de? - 5 + 2=0 ing each term by x? bot Sat dae? Sx 2 woe ge tee20%=2)-Sy-14=0 or 2?=4~Sy-14=0 2y2—Sy-18=0 2)2=9y+4y— 18 =0 oF s(2y=9)+ 22-9) =0 = Oy 9)(y+2)=0 or ye2=0 Either As 1 or rtp +250 or Pe Oee1=0 By quadratic formula, we get _ 9) ERP 42D outed am 2x2 SS 2x1 9+Ja= 16 > : or _ 9/68 ey or ee ‘Thuis, the solution set is 1, 23s 225, ‘Type (iv) Exponential equations: In exponential equations, variable oceurs in exponent. ‘The method of solving such equations is illustrated through an example. TEED Solve the equation 5!+* 4 5!=*= 26, Shera 51-696 S',5'+5!,5-=26 0 or 5.5+2-26=0 ai) Let S*=y. ‘Then equation (i) becomes Sy+3-26=0 H%S-2y=0 or Sy 26 += 0 5y?-25y-y45= Sy(y—5)— 1-5) 20 (y- Sd Gy- 1) = Either y-5=0 or SyMes! of Ste51 > xe or x=-1 ~The solution setis (+1). ‘Type (¥) The equations of the type: (x4 a) (+b) (e+ 0) (eed =k, wherea +b BATTED Solve the equation (r= 1) (+2) (4 3( +9) GMM (x — 1) +2) 0+ 8) 45) = 19 or [x= 1) + 8) [O+2) (4 5) - 19=0 Co -148=245) (2 + Fx 8) (2 + 7x + 10) 19=0 @ Let 4 Iesy Then eq. i) becomes (y~ 8) (y+ 10) - 19=0 yo+2y-80-19= ye42y-99=0 ye+ly=9y=99=0 yO# 1-99 + 1D =0 G+1DG=9=0 Either y+ 11 = or y-950 Pur y=at+ Taso xt 7x+ I1=0 or e+7r-920 Solving by quadratic formula, we have 1 af 1+ VoF-40) sg 20) 7036-74-15 ore V~ aa -725 2 = 8 2 2 1. Tne slain stis [-2EE, =L | Solve the following equations. Lo det 15 20 3 Sal@a7el2 S00 Byt+SeRr! 6. x 3)_ 1 syea(Aaa 8. xca xta 7 xea x=aa 14. 15. (r+ 1) +3) = 5) (4-7) = 192 16. (x— Ile ~2)(e— Bix + 5) + 360= 0 1.5 Radical equations ‘An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radieal equation eg. Vred=xel and r-t=yr-241 1.5 (i) Equations of the type: ar +4 =cr +d TNT Solve the equation Ino 7 = 2x+ 3. gay = 2043 @ Squaring both sides of the equation (i), we get (Bee 7 = 0x4 37 or Bee T2424 1249 Simplifying the above equation, we have 4+ 9x4 2=0 Applying quadratic formula, -92 Vie 442 2x cbt VRI= 32 _-9+ YH) _-947 = 8 awe oe? Checking: 7 =3w ich is true.sn setis{ Hh 1.5 Gi) Equations of the type ‘fx ta +x +b =r+e RTD SoWve the equation e+ 3 + ea 6 = ee i. GMM ieet-Ven ‘Squaring both sides of the equation (), we have xt3tx4642(Vreay(yreO)exd ll or 2Vie + 9ox+ 18 =-x+2 ‘Squaring both sides of the equation (ii), we get 4G Ort 18) =a or BF + 40r + 68 =0. Applying quadratic formula, we get 40 + [404368 —40 + f1600 816 6 cre) = _ 404784 40 £28 6 6 0428-12 We have x= a=ei Nxt px ta + open=@ EMI Sse equation Pat 36 P89 3. MM E56 Wy F-WyF9=3 Squaring both sides, we get yt36rys9-2 (p+ 30) +9) =9 2y+ 48 — NGF IO OTH =9 “Wye ASy +32 =—2y-36 or -2Vj2 4+ AS 324 = -2(y +18) => VP easp4 32d y 418 Again squaring both sides, we get Either -x=0 orks x= 0,3 are the roots of the equati ‘Thus, the solution set is (03) Solve the following equations. Lo We4 Sasffee 6 2 [x¥3=3x-1 3. dxsyl3rel4-3 4 3x+ 100—1= 4 5. eS 4aee Bl =e 4 00 6 1 Vil=e-fo=e=y27-2 8. 9. Perel -Viterotel 10, Vreaee be eareo=3 Verde 9 eye e deed =5wo ity tiv) Ww) wi wii) will) fix) a) "MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 1 Multiple Choice Questions — - Four possible answers are given for the following questions, answer. ‘Standard form of quadratic equation is (a) bx+c=0,b¥0 (b) attbrte=0,a40 (©) at=br.ae0 (@) ax =0,a#0 ‘The number of terms in a standard quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢ @ 1 (b) 2 © 3 @ “The number of methods to solve a quadratic equation is f@ 1 tb) 2 (c) 3 dd) 4 ‘The quadratic formula is bevlbF—dac ta 1s) the correct abt? dae @® = ) x= abe b+ 4c bayBP + dac © x= ‘la (@) x= la ‘Two linear factors of x2 — 15x + $6 are (a) (x 7)and (x+ 8) (bd) (+7) and (8) (©) (w= T)and (x~ 8) @), Gretandtia ty An equation, which remains unchanged when x is replaced byt isealled wan (@) Exponential equation (b) Reciprocal equation (©) Ratical equation (@)_ None of these An equation of the type 3° + 3?-* +6 = Qis afan (a) Exponential equation (b) Radical equation (©) Reciprocal equation (@)_ None of these ‘The solution set of equation 4x? ~ 16=0 is (a) (44) tb) (4) © (2) #2 ‘An equation of the form 2x! ~ 319 + 7x2 —3v 42 = Gis ealled a/an (a) Reciprocal equation (6) Radical equation ()_ Exponential equation (@)_ None of these Write short answers of the following questions. Solve x? + 2x=2 Solve by factorization 51° = 15x Write in standard form Write the names of the methods for solving a quadratic equation, 2 soWve (2e~ (vi) Solvey3e+ 18 =Defi equation, (viii) Define reciprocal equation. Define exponential equation. (x) Define radical equation. Fill in the blanks ‘The standard form of the quadratic equation is, : ‘The number of methods to solve a quadratic equation are__. ‘The name of the method to derive a quadratic formula is The solution of the equation ax2 + by +6 =0,a# ‘The solution set of 25:2 — 1 ‘ ‘An equation of the form 2 ~ 3.2 + 5 =0 is called alan qui The solution set of the equation. = 9 =O is. An equation of the type x +. + 12 ++ 1 =0 called an equation. A root of an equation, which do nat satisfy the equation is called root An equation involving impression of the variable under called radical equation, => i a —— > ‘An equation which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher power, is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree. * —_Asecond degree equation in one variable.x, ax + bx+¢=0 where a #0 and a, b,¢ are real numbers, is called the general or standard form of a quadratic equation. > Am equation is said to be a reciprocal equation, if it remains unchanged, when x is replaced by > Inexponential equations, variables occur in exponents. > An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical equation. > Quadratic formula for ax? + bx+¢=0,a#0 is * Any quadratic equation is solved by the following three methods. (i). Factorization Gi) Completing square ii) Quadratic formulaa In this unit, students will learn how to 2 define discriminant (b? —dac) of the quadratic expression ax’ + bx +c. 2 find discriminant of a given quadratic equation. wm discuss the nature of roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant. 22 determine the nature of roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by solving the equation determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic equation when the nature of its roots is given. find cube roots of unity. recognize complex cube roots of unity as @ and a? prove the properties of cube roots of unity. use properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems. Jind the relation between the roots and the coefficients of a quadratic equation, Jind the sum and product of roots of a given quadratic equation without solving it. 28 find the value(s) of unknown(s) involved in a given quadratic equation when * sum of roots is equal to a multiple of the product of roots, sum of the squares of roots is equal to a given number, * roots differ by a given number, © roots satisfy a given relation (e.g., the relation 24+ 5$=7 where a and Bare the roots of given equation), + both sum and product of roots are equal to a given number. define symmetric functions of roots of a quadratic equation. evaluate @ symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic equation in terms of its coefficients. woe ee w w ww a‘% establish the formula, x? -(sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0, 40 find a quadratic equation from the given roots. 2 form the quadratic equation whose roots, for example, are of the type: 2a+ I, 2B+1, where & Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation. 23 describe the method af synthetic division. 2 use synthetic division to find quotient and remainder when a given polynomial is divided by a liaear polynomial, find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the zeros of a polynomial are given, {find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the factors of a polynomial are given, solve a cubic equation if one root af the equation is given, solve a biguadratic (quartic) equation if two of the real roots of the equation are given. 28 solve a system of two equations in two variables when © ome equation is linear and the other is quadratic, * both the equations are quadratic. 2 solve the reai life problems leading 10 quadratic equations.‘On solving quadratic equations, we get differem kinds of roots, Now we will discuss the nature or characteristics of the roois of the quadratic equation without actually solving it. 2.1.1 Discriminant (3 —4ac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx +c. ‘We know that (wo roots of the equation ax? + bx + .a#0 @ ~b+ Pate |, -b- VP tae la and "la 7 ‘The nature of these roots depends on the value of the expression “b?— 4ac” which is ‘called the “discriminant” of the quadratic equation (i) or the quadratic expression ar +brte. 2.1.2 To find the discriminant of a given quadr: equation. We explain the procedure to find the diseriminamt of a given quadratie equation through the following example: GENE ris the discriminant of the following equations. @) - w-Fr+1=0 (b) 8-3043=0 (by) 343 Here a=1,b=-3,0=3 Disc. = b? - 4ac -4(1).B) -R=-3 2.13 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant. “The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +e = 0, (a #0) are bliss and its discriminant is b? ~ dac. When a, b and ¢ are rational numbers. (If? = 4ae> 0 and is a perfect square. then the roots are rational (real) and unequal ) IF? — dae’ > 0 and is not a perfect square, then the coots are irrational (eeal) and unequal (iii) IF? - 4ae= 0, then the roots are rational (real) and equal, (iv) IFb? - 4ac-< 0, then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates). 2.1.4 Determine the nature of the roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by solving the equation. We illustrate the procedure through the following examples: SS Using discriminant, find the nature of the roots of the following equations and verity the results by solving the equations. (a) ta Se4 ) Want (©) P4804 16=0 (@) Tt 48e41EMM) e-sr+5=0 Compare with the standard quadratic equation artbrtc=0 Here a=ty. and c=5 Disc. = b* = 4ac (-5)? — 4(1) (5) = 25-20=5>0 ‘As the Disc. is positive and is not a perfect square. Therefore, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. Now salving the equation x? — 5x + 5 = 0 by quadratic formula b+ = aac eA 52 GPG _54y25—-20_ 548 ~ 1) ~ 2 ~ 2 Evidently, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal, (b) 2 axe Here a=2, b=-Land c=1 Disc. = #? -4ac (12-42) (I) =1-8=-7<0 As the Disc. is negative, therefore, the roots of the equation are imaginary and unequal. Verification by solving the equation 2e-r+ =O Using quadratic formula “= . 202) 2a aVi=8_ teva a 4 Evidently, the roots are imaginary and unequal. oy e+ 8r +I 3)? = 4(1) (16) =64-64=0 the roots are rational (real) and equal‘So the roots are rational (real) and equal. @ I+ Br+1=0 Here @=7, b=8ande= 1 Dise. = 6? —dac 8) -47)(1) 64-28 = 36= (6)? “which is positive and perfect square. ‘The roots are rational (real) and unequal. ‘Now solving the equation by factors, we get Te + Bet Wet Tetxt =O Inert D+ (r+ =O (c+ DIx4 D0 Either x#1=0 or Tx# 1 =O, thatis vel oor Teel ore “Thus, the roots are (real) rational and unequal. 2.1.5 ‘To determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratie ‘equation when nature of its roots is given. ‘We illustrate the procedure through the Following example: Find , if the roots of the equation (he 3)2 — 2k I) x= (e+ 1) = 0 are equal k43)2- 2k + Dx tke =0 Here a= k+3, b==2(k +1) ande= Kk +1) AAs roots are equal, s0 Dise. = 0, that is, #23, bP=dae=0 [2+ DP-4k +3) H+ =O Ak IP H4k + 3K +I =O or AK +1) ke 14k +3) =0 = 4+ CK+4 =O or 8+ NEED=O => k+1=00 or k42=0 becFind the discriminant of the following given quadratic equations: @) 2 +3x-1=0 Gi) 6 -8r43=0 9x? = 30K +25 = (yy 4x°-7r-2=0 Find the nature of the roots of the following given quadratic equations and verify the result by solving the equations: @ 2-234 12020 i) W+3e47 20 Gi) 162 -24r+9 (ivy 32 4Te-13 For what value of & the expression Hx + 2k + 1) 4 is perfect square, Find the value of k, if the roots of the following equations are equal. @ — Qk= at 4 3k +320 Gi) 42+ K+ BEHA) =O (Bk-+2).x2 —S(k + 1) x + Ok +3) Show that the equation x2 + (mx +c}? =a? has equal roots, if sal tar) Find the condition that the roots of the equation (mx + c)? — 4ax=0 are equal. If the roots of the equation (c? = ab) x? = 24a? = be) x + (b? = ac) = 0 are equal, then a=Oora? +B? 403 = Babe. 8. Show that the roots of the following equations are rational, (i) abo). x? + Ble a).x + cla) = (a4 2b) x + 2a +h + O.x4 (a+ 20) =! 9. Forall values of k, prove that the roots of the equation ® {cep x+ 350. k#Oare real 10. Show that the roots of the equation (b= c).24 (ca) x + (a—b) =0 are real, 2.2 Cube Roots of Unity and Their Properties. 2.2.1 The cube roots of unity. Let a number x be the cube root of unity, je, x= (1)'8 or Sl = w-1 (3)- (UR =0 (x DG? +041) =0 [using a 68 = (a— 6) (a? + ab +b") Either x RaresacleyI=4 -143 -1div3 Ae eS a ‘Three cube roots of unity are 1 LEAR oy HEAT tere 129 2.2.2 Recognise complex cube roots of unity as @ and @*. aL yl 2 2 If we name anyone of these as @ (pronounced as omega), then the other is «*. We shall prove this statement in the next article. 2.2.3 Properties of cube roots of unity. (a) Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other. a3 Proof: The complex cube roots of unity are ‘The two complex cube roots of unity are We prove that fag ae (Gl aghi f ABBY tena nis @5 By tees +203 2 4 2 “Thus, each of the complex cube root of unity is the square of the other, that is, itea=#33 hen gt = any ita S3 peg gt ae. (>) Prove that the product of three cube roots of unit Proof: Three cube roots of unity are lS yg HS NS and one.()(@) (@?) = 1 or oF =1 (©) Prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. Proof: We know that = 1 > os or ‘Thus, each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. (@) Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero. ie, 1+@+@%=0 Proof: The cube roots of unity are L 4+V-3 rl-y-3 1. and 2 ANS ie are a ‘The sum of all the roots = 1+ w+ oP It Thus, 1+0+07=0 We can easily deduce the following results, that is, @ 1#0%=-0 Gi) T+@=-07 ii) @+0r==1 2.2.4. Use of properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems. ‘We can reduce the higher powers of « into 1, @and &°, @ =@P.0=(1P.0=0 OP =. aR = (1). oF =0? ef = (HP! = ("= 1Ee 3" Ls] Les] 2 2 = 20) + 20%" = 256 0 +256 «o!® = 256 [at + @'6] =256 Ko)? +(@'Y 0} =256 0? + 0] (@+o?=-1) = 256 (1) ==256 GTR Prove that 8-8 = ey) oy) wy). GAME — = 6-6 eye -w? RES x=y) (x= oy) (x= Fy) Gy) Le? — tay ~ eagy + wy?) = (ry) bx? ay (0? + 0) + (Dy) = (yb -ay CI)+y"] Gy) be pay ty] =x-y 1. Find the eube roots of -1, 8, ~27, 64. 2 Evaluate @ (l-@-0')) Gi) (1-30-30) ) O+4ordar? (iy) G+ 20-30%) G-30+ 30°) @) C1434 1-3) wi) @32). 35) (i) 7+ @~5 Gil) OB eo" 3. Prove that P48 42*=Suyz= (x4 y #2) (eH Oy + 02) (e+ OY +02). Prove that (I+ oo) (I+ 9?)(1 +c) (I+ a8)... 20 factors = 1.ax! + be +c = 0 where a, b are coefficients of x? and x respectively. While c is the constant term, 23. Relation between roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation, 7 or ie gate er pata, ‘then we can find the sum and the product of the roots as follows. Sum of the roots = a+ 6 b+ fb tae oe a 2a Product of the roots = of (bsfB= ee) (= [2 = ac = 2a 2a be = off aac)* _ 2 tb? ~ 4a) ~ da - dae W+4ac_4ac_c 4a fete If we denote the sum of roots and product of roots by § and P respectively, then Co-efficient of x a Co-efficient of x? ¢ __Constant term Co-etiicient of 23.2 The sum and the product of the roots of a given quadratic equation thout solving it. ‘We illustrate the method through the following example, GENTLE Without solving, find the sum and product of the roots of the equations. and P fa) 30 = Sr4+7=0 (b) 4de-9=0 ATT (a) Let crand be the roots of the equation 3x°-Sr+7=0 ‘Then sum of roots = a+ B= 3 tb)and f=fa2a-9 2.3.3. To find unknown values involved ina given quadratic equation. ‘The procedure is illustested through the following examples. (a) Sum of the roots is equal to a multiple of the product of the roots. B MOLD Find the value of h, if the sum of the roots is equal to 3-times the product of the roots of the equation 3x? + (96h) x + 5h=0. EAN ct &, be the roots of the equation 3x? + (9-6h) r+ 5h =0 mim onpe-to-(sH).052 Since a+ B= Hap) 6h-9 ‘Su 3Qh-3) a =3() or “Ee sh 2h-3=Sh = 2h-Sh=3 hed > he (b)___ Sum of the squares of the roots is equal to a given number. Find p, if the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 4x2 + 3px +p? =0 is unity, It @ Bare the roots of 4x2 + 3px p*=0, Galt 16° 2 6 => pale > padi © _ worthy hen mes RENTED Find fy, ifthe roots of the equation x—Ax+ 10 = 0 differ by 3. GOED be ciate stenstecsatse— hx + 10=0, (i ¢ and a@=3)="==10 or afa~3)= 10 Gi) Putting value of cr from equation (i) in equation Gi), we get hi 3) (hed hs3) (hs 3-6 HAE CHAH)-10 h+3)(h=3 . j E\G = i= 9 240, thatis, Ras = (@) Roots satisfy a given rel (c.g. 224 58=7, where a Bare the roots of a given equation). TIED Find p, if the roots a, Bof the equation x? — 5x +p=0, satisfy therelation — 2a-+5f=7. TMP Bare the roots of the equation x2 - Sx + p =0. S @ Since 2@+58=7 (Given) Put the value of f from equation (i) in equation (iii) 2a SS e=7 or -3a@=7 ~ 25, that is > a=6 (iv) -1 Use Gi) and (iv) Put the values of aand in eq. (ii) Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the equation Sx? + (7-2) x +3= 0 is equal to a given number, say A,EAM Leto. 8 be the 001s ofthe equation 3 4 $x? + (7-2) x+3=0 @ and GBA Ai and (ii) a+ B= af, thatis, = Im=10 > m=5 Without solving, find the sum and the product of the roots of the following quadratic equations. @ P-Sr43=0 (i) te Ie (ii) px -gr+r=0 (i) G+) -ar+b=0 (WY) C#m + Oem) ren= 150 (vi) 1% Smee9n=0 Find the value of kif (sum of the roots of the equation 2k? = 3x # 4k = (is twice the product of the roots. Gii)—_sum of the roots of the equation x? + (3k = 7) x # 5k = Ois 2 times the product of the roots. Find kif (i) sumof the squares of the roots of the equation 4k? + 3kv- 8 =0 is 2, Gi) sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 12 Phr +t (2k + 1) = 086, Find p, if (1) the roots of the equation x? = x +p Gi)_ the roots of the equation x2 + 34+ p—2 Find ms, if ()_ the roots of the equation x7 = 7x4 3m = 5=0 satisfy the relation 34 28 4 (Gi)_ the roots of the equation x2 + 7x + 3m~5 = 0 satisfy the relation 30r—2'=4 (ii) the roots of the equation 312 = 2x-+ 7m +2 =0 satisfy the relation Jer 3f)= 18 Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the following equations is equal to a given ‘number 4. (@)—— Qm4 32+ Im—5)e4 Bm— 10) =0 (i) 42-4 Smr-Om-17)=0 itfer by unity differ by 2.2.4.1 Define symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation Definition: ‘Symmetric functions are those functions in whieh the roots involved are such that the value of the expressions involving them remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged. For example, if fez P= 02 + B°,then SB. = P+ Pars fF Cy B24 @=@ +f) =/4@ B) [RET Find the value of o* + 87+ 3a. if aw: Also find the value of @ + +308 if a= 1, B=2. MMP When c= 2 and B=, @ + B+ 3a8= 2) +1) +32) 0) 284146515 When a= 1and B=2, @ +B +308 = (IP + 2) +311) 2) #846215 ‘The expression a + f° + Saf represents a symmewic function of and Evaluate a symmetric funetion of roots of a quadratic equation in terms of its co-efficients IF cz Pare the roots of the quadratic equation attbxtc=0, (a#0) w@ 24.2. (iy ii) en in equations ) and (ii) are the symmetric functions for the quadratic equation (i). Some more symmetric functions of two variables a Bare given below: ® +f Wy wep (ii) a (iv) oe GEE 1 az. Bare the roots of the quadratic equation petegeer=0 . (p40) then evaluate B+ a? MMP Since a. Hare the roats of px? + gx+ therefore,B+ of? = oBias py =1(-4) 20 Cae 1.@ Bare the roots ofthe equation 2x? + 3x + 4= 0, then £ find the valueof (i) a + 6? wy EMP since & Hare the roots of the equation 2x? + 3v +4 = 0, therefore, a+f=-} and op=$=2 1. Ifa flare the roots of the equation x2 + px + q=0, then evaluate e+ pf Gi) ef + oP? «iy 08 2 Af @ Bare the roots of the equation 41? —5x+ 6 =0, then find the values of ong wep cin 5 ap an Gee 3. I Bare the roots of the equation + mx+n=0 (140), then find the values of apts ep* ao eRFormation of a quadratic equation. If and Bare the roots of the required quadratic equation, let rsa and, and (x @) (eB. (at Bt aB=0 ‘hich isthe required quadratic equation in the standard form. 25.1 Find a quadratic equation from given roots and establish the formula x? — (sum of the roots) x + produet of the roots = 0. Let ay Be the roots of the quadratic equation artbxtc=0 (a#0) @ and opat . A bie Rewitecy (yas tebe Se ow -(-AcrSeo -(a+fx+aB=0 of x2 (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0 , that is, P= Sr+P=0 where 5= or Band P= of Form a quadratic equation with roots 3 and 4, — Since 3 and 4 are the roots of the required quadratic equation, therefore, $=Sum of the roots =3+4=7 P= Product of the roots = (3) (4) = 12 As 2 Se+P=0, so the required quadratic equation is? —7x+ 12= 0 2.5.2 Form quadratic equations whose roots are of the type O2HIFe GaP in E% tiv) S48 where @ are the roots of « given quadratic equation. warp fc Pare the roots of the equation 22 — 3x ~ 5 = 0, form quadratic equations having roots @) 2a+1,28+1 GD aPC g o ap 1 B 1 @ ww B+(ii) «ii i) gaol ean toy 5'=Sum ofthe roots =2ar4 1 +264 1 =2(a+ p+2=2(3)+2=5 P= Product of the roots = (24 1) (28 + 1) =4oB+2 (a+ Bye! =(Je2Q)ei =-1043 415-6 Using 7 - Sx + P=0, we have = 5x-6=0 5 = Sum of the roots = a2 +f? = (art 6? 208 ) -2(-3 215-22 2 P =Product ofthe wots = a. = (apy =(~§) 3 Using 2 -Sx+ P= By . Et” O = 4-29 +2550 we have = Sum of the roots = Adit 2 P= Product of the 018 = 59 ag=~ 5 Using 2 -Se4 P= 0 = Se 43r-2=0 e+ S= Sum of the roots [0-039 (2 a= 3) 6 BE as AP 2a ag ( aB=-3)Using x? - Sx + P=0, we have 2(Bletieo = esr 10-0 () $=Sumoftheroo1s = a+ B+ + aa f)(1+5) 0 If @ Pare the roots of the equation x2—7x +9 = 0, then form an equation whose roots are 2arand 2/7, (GAMM Since a, are the roots of the equation x2 ~ 7x +9=0, therefore, and “The roots of the required equation are 2a 2 $= Sum of roots = 2@+ 28 = 2(a+ B) P= Product of roots = (29 (28) =4aB= 4(9) = 36 Thus the required quadratic equation will be 22- Sx+ P=O, thats, 2 I4e4 3650=——4] EXERCISE 2.5 i Write the quadratic equations having following roots. (a) 45 (b) 4,9 © @ 0,-3 (e) 2-6 tay () ltit-i th) 3 +8,3-y2 2, Ife Bare the roots of the equation 12 ~ 3x46 = 0 Form equations whose roots are 11 (a) +1, 28+ 2B aa (a) aed 2B+d bb) AB © we ae aye (d) Ba (e) abate &. If @, Bare the roots of the equation x? + px + g=0. Form equations whose roots are 2m « ep ) ae 2.6 Synthetic Division Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. In fact synthetic division is simply a shorteut of Tong division method. 2.6.1 Deseribe the synthetic division method. ‘The method of synthetic division is described through the following example, Using synthetic division, divide the polynomial P(x) = Sx* +18 = 3x by x= 2. (Srl 439-34 0r-2) From divisor, Now write the co-efficients of the dividend in a row with zero as the co-el missing powers of x in the descending order as shown below idend Pix) =Sx¢+ 1 a3 + Ox? 3+ 0x20 Now write the co-efficients of x from dividend in a row and a = 2 on the left side, —a, here a=2 (SO LIA aN | (8 (Write 5 the first co-efficient as itis in the row under the horizontal line. Gi) Multiply 5 with 2 and write the result 10-under I, write the sum of | + 10= 11 under the line. Gli) Multiply 11 with 2 and place the result 22 under 0, Add O and 22 and write the result 22 under the line. Mathematics 10= fuliply 22 with 2, place the result 44 under ~3. Write 41 as the sum of 44 and. under the line, (wv) Multiply 41 with 2 and put the result $2 under 0. The sum of 0 and 82 is 82. In the resulting row 82 separated by the vertical line segment is the remainder and 5, 11, 22, 41 are the co-efficients of the quotient. ‘As the highest power of x in dividend is 4, therefore the highest power of x in ‘quotient will be 4—1 = 3. ‘Thus Quotient = Q(x) = 5x° + I Lx? + 22x +41 and the Remainder 2.6.2 Use synthetic division to (a) find quotient and remainder, when a given polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. RTT Using synthetic division, divide P(x) =x4— 22+ 15 by x41 GNP t= + 15) Fr 1) As x#l=r-(Gl),soa=-I Now waite the co-efficients of dividend in a row and and Remainder = 15 (b) find the value (s) of unknown (3), if the zeros of a polynomial are given. Using synthetic division, find the value of h. If the zero of polynomial PQ) = 32440 Th is 1, POX) = 3x2 + 4 Th and its 2eF0 is 1 ‘Then by synthetic division, Remainder =7— Th Since | is the zero of the polynomial, therefore, TsTh = h= ©) find the value (s) of unknown (5), if the factors of a polynomial are given, Using synthetic division, find the values of | and m, if x= 1 and c+ 1 are the factors of the polynomial P(x) =x + 3le2 + me~ 1 GTS ince x — | and x+ | are the factors of P(x) = 33+ 3h? tmx — 1 therefore, 1 and =I are zeros of polynomial P(x).1 3141 3lem+t i Bet Memet | Mem Since | isthe zero of polynomial, therefore remainder is zero, that is, tm wo and 1 3 mt ee t 1 el em=1 1 B=1 -3l+ma4 i] 3t=m=2 therefore, remainder is zero, that is, Gi) Putthe value of fin eq. () 3(5)+m=0 or l#m=0 > m==1 @ ND Using nis when 3 is the root of the equation, (GTP ince 3 is the root of the equation 319 — 11x? + Sx +3 =0. on, solve the equation 3x¢— 1x2 + $x +3 =0 ‘The depressed equation is 3x2— 2x. Beart (r= I+ Mx 1)=0 (= DGr+)=0 Either x-1=0 or 3r+1=0, thatis,and or fe-l > x=-} ence 3, 1 and—¢ are the roots ofthe given equation, ‘e) solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation, if wo of the real roots of the equation are given. GETED!) symhetic division, solve the equation x4 = 4942 + 36+ 252 = 0 having roots ~2 and 6. TB ince -2 and 6 are the roots of the given equation 4 49x? + 36x 4 252= 0. ‘Then by synthetic division, we get w244r-2120 v4 Den 3x-21= E+ 7) 30+ 7) 30 (+7) G-3)=0 a+T=0 or re-7 oor ‘Thus -2, 6,~7.and 3 are the roots of the given equation 1. Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the remainder, when @ +I) F+D (i) @x3 = Sr #15) + (+3) Gil) GF 48-3042) + -2) 2. Find the value of using synthetic eivisi (@ 3 isthe zero of the polynomial 2x3 = 3hx? +9 Gi) Lis the zero of the polynomial x8 ~ 2hx? + HL (ii) —1 isthe zero of the polynomial 2x3 + Shir— 23 3. Use synthetic division to find the values of J and if (@)— (e#3) and (x= 2) are the factors of the polynomial oP 4dx? + 2iet m Gi) (Ge 1yand (e+ 1) are the factors of the polynomial 83h + 2mx + 6