Faculty of Oriental Studies

Faculty of History

MPhil in Modern South Asian Studies

MSt in Modern South Asian Studies

CORE COURSE
2013-4

THEMES IN THE HISTORY AND CULTURE

OF SOUTH ASIA

Readings and Classes

General Reference Works

Crispin Bates, Subalterns and Raj: South Asia since 1600 (2007)
S. Bose & A. Jalal, Modern South Asia (1998)
B and T Metcalf, A concise history of India (2002)
Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot, India Before Europe (2006)
Gordon Johnson, Cultural Atlas of India (1995)
F. Robinson, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of South Asia (1989)
C.A. Bayly, The Raj, India and the British 1600-1947 (1990)
CA Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (1998)
Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947 (1989)
D. Kumar & M. Desai eds. Cambrige Economic History of India vol 2 (1983)

Journals
Modern Asian Studies
Journal of Asian Studies
Indian Economic & Social History Review
South Asia
Economic and Political Weekly
JSTOR: online archive for articles
The Hindu online, especially Frontline fortnightly magazine.

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Note: How to use this list
For each week’s reading, you should aim to read all of the starred items on each
weekly list. You should also select one of the sub-topics listed for each week’s reading,
and read more extensively from within that list. At each weekly seminar, students will be
asked to share their findings in a short 5-10 minute presentation.

You will in addition be asked to write three full essays on subjects of your choice from
these lists, two to be written in the Michaelmas Term, and one to be written in the Hilary
Term. You will have an individual one-hour tutorial for each of these three pieces of
written work.

The Core Course is intended to help you in three ways.

For students taking the MPhil in Modern South Asian Studies, it is a preparation for
the Core Course component of the Qualifying Examination to be taken at the end of the
Trinity Term of your first year. In this Qualifying Examination, you will be asked to
write three one-hour essays.

For students taking the MSt in Modern South Asian Studies, it is a preparation for the
take-home examination paper which will be issued on Friday of 4th week of Hilary Term.
This examination requires you to write one essay of 5,000 words, which must be
submitted to the Examination Schools by noon on Friday of 8th week of Hilary Term.

For students on both courses, your work for this paper will give you exposure to a wide
range of themes and periods in the modern history of South Asia, to help you make an
informed choice of topic for your dissertation. The classes, essay writing and tutorials
will help you develop your skills in analysis and exposition, and provide enable your
tutors to monitor your progress and give you help tailored to your specific needs.

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 MICHAELMAS TERM

WEEK 1: EARLY MODERN SOUTH ASIA: CONTEXTS

(Perkins & Dudney)

Questions
(i) What significant changes marked the coming of the ‘early modern’ in India?
(ii) How far was ‘early modernity’ in South Asia reflected in new literary genres and
intellectual frameworks?

Primary source
*Wheeler M. Thackston, (ed.), The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor.
Oxford University Press 1996, ‘Events of the Year 932’ (1525-6), pp. 311-362.

Debates
*Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South
India (2001) chs. 7-8
*Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincialising Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical
Difference (2008) ch. 1.

(i) Societies and economies

*John F Richards, The Mughal Empire (1993) 1-58.
*Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot India Before Europe (2006)’, ch 6: Expanding
political and economic spheres, 1550-1650’: 152-85.
David Washbrook, ‘India in the early modern world economy: modes of production,
reproduction and exchange’ in Journal of Global History, 2, (2007): 87-111.
Ashin Das Gupta and MN Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (2000)
Introduction and ch. 5
*Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ‘Connected Histories: Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early
Modern Eurasia’ in Modern Asian Studies 31, 3, (1997), 735-762.
_____. ‘Intra-Asian Elite Migration and Early Modern State Formation’, Journal of
Asian Studies (1993)

(ii) Intellectual histories

Stephen Frederic Dale, ‘Steppe humanism: the autobiographical writings of Zahir al-Din
Muhammad Babur, 1483-1530’ in International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, no. 1,
February 1990, pp. 37-58.
Sheldon Pollock, ‘New Intellectuals in seventeenth century India’ in Indian Economic
and Social History Review, 38, 1, (2001): 1-31
Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Indo-Persian Travels In The Age Of
Discoveries, 1400-1800 (2007), Introduction
Rosalind O’Hanlon, ‘Speaking from Siva’s temple: Banaras scholar households and the
Brahman ‘ecumene’ of Mughal India’ in Rosalind O’Hanlon and David Washbrook (eds),
Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives (2011)

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WEEK 2: EMPIRES AND STATES IN EARLY MODERN INDIA

(Perkins)

Questions
(i) Did the success of the Mughal state rest on the common frameworks that it imposed,
or on the degree to which it was able to accommodate cultural difference and regional
identities?
(ii) How far did Indian political elites share a coherent theory of ‘virtuous government’ in
early modern India?
(iii) Is it meaningful to talk about ‘religious community identity’ in early modern India?
(iv)How far does the study of the body and of norms for comportment amplify our
understanding of Mughal political culture?

Primary sources
*Velcheru Narayana Rao et al (eds), ‘A New Imperial Idiom in the Sixteenth Century:
Krishnadevaraya and His Political Theory of Vijayanagara’ in Sheldon Pollock (ed),
Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia (2011)

Debates
*History and Theory 46 (2007) Forum: ‘Textures of Time’
Essays by Pollock and Velcheru Narayana Rao et al.

(i) The Mughal Empire and Regional Societies

Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds) The Mughal State 1526-1750 (1998): 1-
71.
John Richards, The Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press (1993): 58-93.
______. Kingship and Authority in South Asia (1998): ch 7, ‘Rajput Loyalties during the
Mughal Period’
*Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot India Before Europe (2006) chs 6 and 8.
Richard Eaton, A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives (2005): chs
4-5.
______. India's Islamic traditions, 711-1750 (2003): 1-36 (Introduction).
Stewart Gordon, ‘Zones of Military Entrepreneurship in India’ in Stewart Gordon,
Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India, 1500-1700
(1994): 182-208.
______. The Marathas 1600-1818 (1993), chs 2-3, 38-90
*Velcheru Narayana Rao et al (eds) Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka
Period Tamilnadu, chs. 3-4.

(ii) Political thought and intellectual cultures

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*CA Bayly, Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in
the Making of Modern India (1998): 11-30.
Kum Kum Chatterjee, ‘History as self-representation: the recasting of a political tradition
in late eighteenth century eastern India’, in Modern Asian Studies, 32, 4, (1998)
Sheldon Pollock, The Ends of Man at the End of Pre-Modernity (2005) ‘Artha:
Rajadharmasastra and the End of Political Theory’: 63-78
Muzaffar Alam, The Languages of Political Islam. India 1200-1800. (2004), ch. 2:
‘Sharia, Akhlaq and Governance’, 26-80.
Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ‘The Making of a Munshi’ in Comparative
Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 24.2.(2004): 61-72.
SAA Rizvi, Religious and Intellectual History of the Muslims in Akbar’s Reign (1975):
ch. 9: ‘Religious and political thinking of Abu’l Fazl’: 339-372
V. Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ‘Notes on political thought in medieval and
early Modern South India’ in Modern Asian Studies, vol. 43, Part 1, January 2009.

(iii) Religious relations and identities

*CA Bayly, ‘The Pre-history of “Communalism”? Religious conflict in India, 1700-
1860’, in Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical government in the
Making of Modern India. (1998): 210-37
Cynthia Talbot, ‘Inscribing the Self, Inscribing the Other: Hindu-Muslim Identities in
Pre-Colonial India’ in Richard M. Eaton. India's Islamic traditions, 711-1750. (2003):
84-117
Richard M. Eaton. India's Islamic traditions, 711-1750. (2003): Introduction, 1-36.
______. ‘Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States’ in David Gilmartin and Bruce
Lawrence (eds), Beyond Turk and Hindu: rethinking religious identities in Islamicate
South Asia (2000): ch. 10: 246-81.
Eleanor Zelliot, ‘A Medieval Encounter Between Hindu and Muslim: Eknath’s Drama-
Poem, Hindu-Turk Samvad’ in Richard M. Eaton. India's Islamic traditions, 711-1750.
(2003): 64-82
Stewart Gordon, ‘Maratha Patronage of Muslim Institutions in Burhanpur and Khandesh’
in Richard M. Eaton. India's Islamic traditions, 711-1750. (2003): 327-338.
Muzaffar Alam, ‘The Mughals, the Sufi Shaikhs and the formation of the Akbari
Dispensation’ in Modern Asian Studies, vol. 43, Part 1, January 2009.

(iv) Gender, household and social norms

Ruby Lal, Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World (2005) ch 6.
*Rosalind O’Hanlon, ‘Kingdom, household and body: history, gender and imperial
service under Akbar’, Modern Asian Studies (2007): 887-922
______. ‘Manliness and Imperial Service in Mughal North India’ in Journal of the
Economic and Social History of the Orient, 42, 1, 1999.
JF Richard, 'Norms of Comportment among Imperial Mughal Officers' in Barbara
Daly Metcalf (ed.), Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian
Islam (1984).

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 WEEK 3: REGIONAL STATES AND SOCIETIES c. 1660-1800
(Perkins)

Questions
(i) How were effectively did the regional states of eighteenth century India come to
terms with their new commercial and military environments?
(ii) Why did modes of history-writing emerge as such a prominent literary genre in later
pre-colonial India?

Primary source
*The Ajnapatra, or Royal Edict. (Principles of Maratha State Policy) Ramachandrapant
Amatya, 1716. SV Puntambekar (ed.), Journal of Indian History, viii, 1929, 207-233.

Debates
*Seema Alavi, The Eighteenth Century in India (2002), Introduction.

The eighteenth century background

*PJ Marshall, The Eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution or Revolution?
(2003) Introduction, 1-36
C.A. Bayly, Indian Society & the Making of the British Empire (1988) chs 1-2, 7-78.
*Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age, (1999), ch 2, ‘The “Brahman Raj”: kings and service people, c. 1700-1830’,
pp. 64-96.

(i) Regional states and their environments

Kate Brittlebank, Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu
Domain (1995).
*CA Bayly, ‘The Rise of the Corporations’ in PJ Marshall(ed), The Eighteenth Century
in Indian History: Evolution or Revolution? (2003) ch. 6: 137-71.
J.R. McLane, Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal chs 1-4 and Conclusion
Rajat Datta, Society, Economy and Market: Commercialisation in Rural Bengal, 1760-
1800, (2000), ch. ‘The Agrarian Economy and the Dynamics of Commercial
Transactions’.
Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab,
1707-48 (1987) esp. conclusion
Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India
(1994), chs 2-3, 23-81.
S. Gordon The Marathas (1993), Conclusion
J.L. Gommans, The Rise of Indo-Afghan Empire 1710-80 - introduction, chapter 1 and
conclusion (a study of the Pathan Muslim-ruled Rohilla states)

(ii) History-writing and intellectual cultures

*Kum Kum Chatterjee, ‘History as self-representation: the recasting of a political
tradition in late eighteenth century eastern India’, in Modern Asian Studies, 32, 4, 1998

6
Prachi Deshpande, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India,
1700-1960. (2007) chs 1-2
Sumit Guha ‘Speaking Historically: The Changing Voices of Historical Narration in
Western India’ in American Historical Review, 109, no. 4, (2004), 1084-2004.
Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Textures of Time:
Writing History in South India 1600-1800 (2003) ch 1. Introduction: A palette of
histories, 1-23; ch. 5, ‘Tarikh, Caritra, Bakhar’, 184-249.
Cynthia Talbot, Pre-Colonial India in Practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval
Andhra (2001), ‘The Kakatiyas in Telugu Historical Memory’ 174-207.
Khurshidul Islam and Ralph Russel, Three Mughal Poets: Mir, Sauda, Mir Hasan (1969),
esp. ‘The Eighteenth Century Background’, 1-36.

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WEEK 4: COMMERCE AND WAR, 1760-1820 (Dudney)

Questions
(i) How and why did the East India Company move from trade to political dominion in
India, c. 1750-1820?
(ii) ‘British India was created by Indians’.

Sources
*Arthur Wellesley, ‘Memorandum on the Marquess Wellesley’s Government of India
(1806), reprinted in Michael H. Fisher, The Politics of the British Annexation of India
1757-1857, (1993) 175-82.

Debates
*Robert Travers, Ideology and Empire in eighteenth century India. (2007)
*Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: a Study in Nineteenth-Century Liberal
Thought (1999)

(i) East India Company Expansion: debates

*P.J. Marshall, “Reappraisals”, South Asia, 19, 1. 1996
*D. Washbrook, ‘Progress and problems: South Asian Economic and Social History c
1720-1860’, Modern Asian Studies, xxii, 1998, 57-96.
______. ‘The Transition to Colonialism in South India 1770-1840’ in Modern Asian
Studies (2004)
C.A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication
in India, c. 1780-1870 (1996), chs. 2 – 4
_____. ‘The British military-fiscal state and indigenous resistance in India, 1750-1820’ in
CA Bayly, Origins of Nationality in South Asia (1998): 239-75
_____. Indian society and the making of the British Empire (1998) chs 2-3
*____. ‘The first age of global imperialism 1760-1830’, Journal of Imperial and
Commonwealth History (1998)

7
HV Bowen, ‘British India 1763-1813: The Metropolitan Context’ in PJ Marshall (ed.)
The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (1999): 530-51.

(ii) Indian society and the Company: accommodations and resistances

Richard Barnett, North India between Empires: Awadh, the Mughals and the British
1720-1801 (1987) ch. 3 and Conclusion.
PJ Marshall, Bengal: The British Bridgehead. Eastern India 1740-1828 (1987) chs 1-3
Veena Sachdeva, Polity and Economy of the Punjab during the Late Eighteenth Century
(1993)
Irfan Habib (ed.), Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernisation under Haidar
Ali and Tipu Sultan, (1999)
*Rajat Kanta Ray, ‘Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy’ in PJ
Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (1999):
508-29.
______. The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of
Indian Nationalism (2003).
L. Subramanian, ‘Banias and the British: The Role of Indigenous Credit in the Process of
Imperial Expansion in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century’ in Modern Asian
Studies, 21, 3, (1987): 437-510.
______. Indigenous capital and imperial expansion: Bombay, Surat and the West Coast
(1996)
S. Alavi, The Sepoys and the Company. Tradition and Transition in Northern India
1770-1830. (1995) chs 2-3

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WEEK 5: THE COMPANY’S STATE AND INDIAN SOCIAL

CHANGE, c. 1780-1860 (Perkins)

(i) Was there an “Age of Reform” in this period? What if anything was “reformed” in
India’s social, economic or political life between 1830 and 1850?
(ii) How far did Indians contribute to the construction of ‘colonial knowledge’?
(iii) Why did print spread so rapidly through Indian society under the Company’s state?
(iv) Why did the East India Company fail in its aim of ‘modernising’ India’s regional
economies?

Sources
*BC Robertson, The Essential Writings of Raja Rammohan Ray (1999)

Debates
*CA Bayly, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire
(2012) ch. 2
*Partha Chatterjee, The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power,
2012), ch. 5.

8
(i) The ‘Age of Reform’
*CA Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (1988) ch 4. ‘The
consolidation and failure of the East India Company’s State’: 106-35.
______. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British
Expansion 1770-1870 (2002)
Radhika Singha, A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India (1998)
_____. ‘Providential Circumstances: the Thugee campaign of the 1830s and legal
innovation’, Modern Asian Studies 27, 1 (1993): 83-146.
T.R. Metcalf, Aftermath of Revolt (1995)
L. Mani, ‘Contentions Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India’ in K. Sanghari
and S. Vaid, Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial India (1989).
_____. Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India (1998)
Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (1995), ch. 2: Liberalism and Empire’: 28-52.
John Rosselli 1974 Lord William Bentinck. The Making of a Liberal Imperialist 1774-
1839 (1974) 180-236.

(ii) Orientalism and colonial ‘knowledge’

CA Bayly, ‘Orientalists, Informants and Critics in Benaras, 1790-1860’ in Jamil Malik,
ed. Perspectives of Mutual Encounters in south Asian History, 2000
*______. Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in
India, 1780-1870 (1996) chs 7-8
Michael S Dodson, ‘Re-Presented for the Pandits: James Ballantyne, ‘Useful Knowledge’
and Sanskrit Scholarship in Benares College during the Mid-Nineteenth Century’,
Modern Asian Studies 36, 2 (2002): 257-298.
*Bernard Cohn, ‘The Command of Language and the Language of Command’ in Ranajit
Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies IV (1985), 276-329.
David Ludden, ‘Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledge’ in
Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds.), Orientalism and the Post-Colonial
Predicament (1993), 250-278
Nicholas B. Dirks, ‘Colonial Histories and Native Informants: Biography of an Archive’
in Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds.), Orientalism and the Post-Colonial
Predicament (1993), 279-313.
William Pinch, ‘Same Difference in India and Europe’ in History and Theory, 38, 3
(1999): 389-407
Eugene Irschick, Dialogue and History: Constructing South India 1795-1985 (1994) chs
2-3
P.J. Marshall, The British Discovery of Hinduism in the 18th Century (1970)

(iii) Print and the creation of a colonial ‘public sphere’

*CA Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication
in India, 1780-1870 (1996) chs 5-6
______. Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the
Making of Modern India (1998) chs. 2-3
Jamal Malik, ed. Perspectives of Mutual Encounters in south Asian History, (2000): 97-
127, chs. by Minault and Masnud.

9
C. Ryan Perkins ‘From the Mehfil to the printed word: public debate and discourse in late
colonial India’ in Indian Economic and Social History Review, 50, 1 (2013)
Phillip B. Wagoner, ‘Precolonial Intellectuals and the Production of Colonial
Knowledge’ in Comparative Studies in Society and History (2003), pp. 783-814..
Sumit Sarkar, ‘Calcutta and the ‘Bengal Renaissance’ in Sukanta Chaudhuri, Calcutta
the Living City, (1990): 94-105.
Richard Fox Young, Resistant Hinduism: Sanskrit Sources on Anti-Christian Apologetics
in Early Nineteenth Century India (1981)
Christopher Minkowski, ‘The Pandit as Public Intellectual: the controversy over virodha
or Inconsistency in the Astronomical Sciences’ in The Pandit: Traditional Scholarship in
India, ed. Axel Michaels, (2001): 79-96.

(iv) Economy and Society to 1857

Burton Stein (ed.), The Making of Agrarian Policy in British India 1770-1900, (1992):
Introduction, 1-32.
CA Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, ch. 5, ‘The Peasant and
the Brahman: Consolidating ‘Traditional’ society’: 136-168.
______. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British
Expansion 1770-1870 (2002) chs 5-7
Asiya Siddiqi, Economic Change in a North Indian State: UP 1800-1833 (1973)
Sumit Guha Agrarian Economy of the Bombay Deccan 1818-1941 (1985) chs 2-3
______. Environment and Ethnicity in India (1999)
*D. Washbrook, ‘Economic depression and making of ‘traditional’ society in colonial
India 1820-55’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3, (1993): 237-63
_____. ‘Law, state and agrarian society in colonial India”, Modern Asian Studies 15, 3,
(1981): 649-721.
PJ Marshall, Bengal: The British Bridgehead. Eastern India 1740-1828 (1987) chs 4-5
Sugata Bose, Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770 (1993): 38-
79

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WEEK 6: COLONIAL SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: CASTE,

CLASS AND GENDER (Perkins)

Questions
(i) What did colonial officials /colonial ‘orientalists’ think caste was? Did they ‘invent’
caste?
(ii) Is class a relevant category for understanding Indian history in the colonial period?
(iii) Why did the social condition of India women feature so prominently in public
debate over the course of the nineteenth century?
(iv) What have been the strengths and weaknesses of the history writing of the Subaltern
Studies’ group?

Primary source

10
*Munshi Kali Prasad and Srivastava Dusre, The Kayastha Ethnology: being an enquiry
into the origin of the Chitraguptavansi and Chandrasenavansi Kayasthas (1877): 1-9 and
26-30.

(i) Caste
*McKim Marriott and Ronald ‘Towards an ethnosociology of south Asian caste systems’
in Kenneth David (ed.), The new wind: changing identities in South Asia, (1977).
*Susan Bayly Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age (1999), chs 1,3 and 5.
William Pinch, Peasants and Monks in British India (1996) chs 3-4 and Conclusion, pp.
81-150.
Nandini Gooptu, The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth Century India (2001)
chs. 1, 6, and 7
Karen Leonard, Social History of an Indian Caste, The Kayasths of Hyderabad (1978):
chs 4-5, 11
David Rudner, Caste and capitalism in colonial India: the Nattukottai Chettiars (1994),
ch. 3 and Conclusion: ‘Social Structure as Social Investment’.
L. Carroll, ‘Colonial perceptions of Indian society and the emergence of caste(s)
associations, Journal of Asian Studies 37 (1978) 233-55.
C. Baker & D. Washbrook, South India: Political Institutions and Political Change
1880-1940 (1975): ch. by Washbrook, ‘The Development of a Caste Organisation in
Southern India’.
Oliver Mendelsohn and Marika Vicziany, The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty
and the State in Modern India (1998) chs 1,3
Nicholas B. Dirks, ‘Castes of Mind’, Representations (1992), 1-23.
______. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (2001)
Rosalind O’Hanlon, ‘The Social Worth of Scribes: Brahmins, Kayasthas and the Social
Order in Early Modern India’, in Indian Economic and Social History Review, XLVII, 4
(Oct-Dec. 2010)

(ii) Class
Sanjay Joshi, Fractured Modernity: The Making of a Middle Class in Colonial North
India (2001)
Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories
(1995), ch. 3: ‘The Nationalist Elite’: 35-75.
*Rajnarayan Chandavarkar ‘Workers’ Politics and the Mill Districts in Bombay between
the Wars’ in Modern Asian Studies, xv, 3, (1981): 603-47.
_____. Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India: Business strategies and the working
classes in Bombay, 1900-1940 (1994) chs 1,9.
_____. Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India c.
1850-1950 (1998) chs 2, 9
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working Class History: Bengal 1890-1940 (1989) ch 6
and Conclusion.
Sumit Sarkar, Writing Social History (1997), ch. 8, ‘Kaliyuga, Chakri, Bhakti’: 282-357.
Chitra Joshi, Lost Worlds: Indian Labour and Its Forgotten Histories (2003)

11
Prashant Kidambi, The Making of an Indian Metropolis: Colonial Governance and
Public Culture 1890-1920 (2007)
Tithi Bhattacharaya, The Sentinels of Culture: Class, Education and the Colonial
Intellectual in Bengal (2005), ch. 1

(iii) Gender
Geraldine Forbes, Women in Modern India (1996): chs 1-2
*Tanika Sarkar Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religion and Cultural
Nationalism (2001) Intro; ch. 1,6
Barbara Daly Metcalf, Perfecting Women: Maulana Ahsraf ‘Ali Thanawi’s Bihishti
Zewar (1990) esp. Introduction
G. Minault Secluded Scholars: Women's Education and Muslim Social Reform in
Colonial India (1998)
K. Sanghari and S. Vaid, Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial India (1989) chs by
Chakravarti, Mani, Chatterjee.
L. Mani Contentious Traditions: the debate on sati in colonial India (1998) chs 1-4
J. Krishnamurti Women in Colonial India: Essays on Survival, Work and the State.
(1989) chs by Clark and Kishwar
P. Uberoi (ed.) Social Reform, Sexuality and the State (1996) chs 4, 12
B. Ray (ed) From the Seams of History: Essays on Indian Women (1995) ch 3
BR Nanda Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity ch 3
R. O'Hanlon A Comparison between Men and Women (1994), Introduction

(iv) Subaltern Studies

R. Guha, ed. Subaltern Studies, vol. 1, introduction by Guha; volume 3, chs by Amin and
Hardiman; volume 7, ch by Guha, esp. pp. 91-120.
_______. Subaltern Studies: A Reader 1986-1995 (1999)
*Vinayak Chaturvedi, Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial (2000), chs. by
Bayly, Pandey and ch. 14 by Sarkar.
David Ludden, Reading Subaltern Studies: critical history, contested meaning and the
globalization of South Asia (2002)
Ato Quayson, Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice or Process? (2000) ch. 2
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Habitations of Modernity: Essays in the Wake of Subaltern Studies
(2002), chs. 1-2

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WEEK 7: COMMUNITY AND IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH

CENTURY RELIGIOUS CULTURES (Dudney)

Sources

Debates

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*CA Bayly, ‘The Pre-history of “Communalism”? Religious conflict in India, 1700-
1860’, in Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical government in the
Making of Modern India. (1998): 210-37
*Gyanendra Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India (1990)

Questions
(i) Has any historian convincingly explained what was new about ‘communal’ conflicts
in India under colonialism?
(ii) What if anything was “Hindu revivalism”; who attempted to revive or reform
Hinduism during the 19th- and 20th-centuries, and what difference did it make?
(iii) How far were cultural influences external to India significant in the development of
political identities amongst India’s Muslims before the First World War?
(iv) What linguistic, cultural and political factors contributed to claims that Hindi should
be India’s ‘national’ language during the colonial period?

(i) Religious community identities: debates and theories

William Gould, Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia (2012) chs 1-2
Sandria B. Freitag, Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence
of Communalism in North India (1989)
Gyanendra Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India (1990),
Introduction
Katherine Prior, ‘The State’s Intervention in Urban Religious Disputes in the North
Western provinces in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Modern Asian Studies 26, 1, 1993,
179-203.
Peter van der Veer, Religious Nationalism, Hindus and Muslims in India (1994) chs 1- 2,
1-77.

(ii) Hindu revivalism in theory and political practice

*K. Jones, Arya Dharm: Hindu consciousness in nineteenth century Punjab (1976)
W. Radice, Swami Vivekananda and the Modernization of Hinduism (1998)
J.T.F. Jordans, Dayananda Saraswati: His Life and Ideas (1978)
*William R. Pinch, Peasants and Monks in British India (1996) ch. 3
Gyanendra Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India (1990)
chs 3, 5-6.
N. Gooptu, “The urban poor and militant Hinduism in early 20th-century UP”, Modern
Asian Studies 31, 4 (1997): 879-918.
A. Yang, ‘Sacred Symbol and Sacred Space in Rural India: Community Mobilisation in
the ‘Anti-Cow-Killing’ Riot of 1893’, Comparative Studies in Society & History, 22, 4,
(1980): 576-96.
Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: culture, identity and diversity
in the Sikh tradition (1997)

(iii) Reform, revival and separatism in Indian Islam

*Faisal Devji, ‘Apologetic Modernity’ in Modern Intellectual History, vol. 4, no. 1, April
2007.

13
*S. Freitag, ‘The roots of Muslim separatism’ in E. Burke & I. Lapidus, Islam, Politics
and Social Movements (1998)
Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics, 1885-1930 (1991)
F.C.R. Robinson, Islam and Muslim History in South Asia (2001), chs 8-9
_______. Separatism Among Indian Muslims (1974)
A. Jalal, ‘Exploring Separatism’ in Jalal & Bose (eds), Nationalism, Democracy &
Development (1998)
F. Shaikh, Community and Consensus: Muslim Representation in Colonial India 1860-
1947 (1989)
Barbara Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860-1900 (1982)
Francis Robinson, Islam and Muslim History in South Asia (2001) chs 3-4
David Lelyveld, Aligharh’s First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India (1996)
chs. 2, 8
*Asim Roy and Howard Brasted (eds), South Asia Special Issue: Islam in History and
Politics: A South Asian Perspective (1999) Intro by Roy and Brasted; ch. by Roy
R. Ahmed, The Bengal Muslims, 1871-1906: a quest for identity (1981)

(iv) Language and religious cultures

Christopher R. King. One language, two scripts: the Hindi movement in nineteenth
century north India. (1994)
*_____. ‘Forging a new linguistic identity: The Hindi Movement in Banaras, 1868-1914’
in Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance and Environment, 1800-
1980 (1989), 179-202.
Vasudha Dalmia, The Nationalisation of Hindu Traditions: Bharatendu Harischandra
and Nineteenth Century Banaras (1997), pp. 146-221.
David Lelyveld, ‘Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani’ in Orientalism and the
Postcolonial Predicament, eds. Carol A Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (1993),
189-214.
Francesca Orsini, The Hindi Public Sphere, 1920-1949: Language and literature in the
Age of Nationalism (2002)
K Jones (ed), Language Controversies in British India
Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, Early Urdu Literary Culture. (2001)

*******************************************************

WEEK 8: EARLY NATIONALISM TO 1914 (Perkins)

Questions
(i) Were there any coherent themes in the way that different Indians ‘imagined’ the
Indian nation before the First World War?
(ii) What and who did the early Congress represent, and why did it become so much
more radical after c. 1890?

Sources
*MG Ranade, Rise of the Maratha Power (1900), ch. 3, ‘How the seed was sown’, 18-26.

14
Debates
*Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincialising Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical
Difference (2000) chs. 5-8.

The ‘modernity’ of nationalism: debates

*CA Bayly The Origins of Indian Nationality: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the
Making of Modern India (1998) 1-18
Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories
(1995), ch. 5, ‘Histories and Nations’: 95-115
Rajat Kanta Ray, The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality before the
Emergence of Indian Nationalism (2003), ch. 1, ‘Nationalism and Patriotism’.
Sugata Bose, ‘The spirit and form of an ethical polity: a meditation on Aurobindo’s
thought’ in Modern Intellectual History, April 2007.

(i) Imagining the ‘Indian nation’: early nationalism to 1914

*CA Bayly The Origins of Indian Nationality: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the
Making of Modern India (1998) 63-128
______. ‘Origins of swadeshi (home industry). Cloth and Indian society 1700-1930’ in
______. Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire
(2012) ch 9: ‘’Communitarianism’: Indian liberalism transformed, c. 1890-1916.’
T. Guha-Thakurtha, The making of a new Indian art. Artists, aesthetics and nationalism
in Bengal 1850-1920 (1992) ch. 6: ‘The contest over tradition and nationalism: different
aesthetic formulations for ‘Indian’ painting’: 185-225.
Vasudha Dalmia, The Nationalisation of Hindu Traditions: Bharatendu Harischandra
and Nineteenth Century Banaras (1997) chs 5-6
Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age, (1999): ch. 4: ‘Caste and the modern nation: incubus or essence?’ pp. 144-
86.
C. Watt, ‘Education for National Efficiency: Constructive Nationalism in North India,
1909-1916’, Modern Asian Studies, 31, 2 (1997): 339-74.
Tanika Sarkar Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religion and Cultural
Nationalism (2001), ch. 5, ‘Imagining the Hindu Rashtra’.
S. Bose, ‘Nation as Mother: Representations and Contestations of India in colonial
literature’, in S. Bose & A. Jalal, Nationalism, Democracy & Development (1998).
Farzana Shaikh, Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial
India, 1860-1947 (1989) chs. 3-4
Ayesha Jalal, ‘Striking a Just Balance: Maulana Azad as a Theorist of Transnational
Jihad’ in Modern Intellectual History, vol. 4, no. 1, April 2007.

(ii) The politics of early nationalism

*Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia: History, Culture and Political
Economy (1998), ch. 11, ‘A Nation in the Making?’ 107-125
J. Gallagher, G. Johnson, A. Seal, eds. Locality, Province & Nation, especially chapters 1
&5
J. McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (1977)
Mushirul Hasan, Nationalism and Communal Politics 1885-1930 (1991)

15
Francis C.R. Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims (1993), chs. 1-4
*Christopher Pinney, “The tiger’s nature but not the tiger: Bal Gangadhar Tilak as
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi’s counter-guru”, in Ritu Birla and Faisal Devji (eds.),
Public Culture, vol. 23, no. 2 (2011), pp. 395-416.
R.I. Cashman, The Myth of the Lokmanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra
(1975)
G. Johnson, Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian
National congress 1880-1915 (1973)
CA Bayly, The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad 1880-1920 (1973) chs 4-5
D.A. Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency 1870-
1920 (1976), ch. 5, ‘The Emergence of Provincial Politics’
S. Gopal, British Policy in India 1860-1914 (1965) ch. on Curzon
Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903-1908 (1973)
Bipan Chandra, The Rise & Growth of Economic Nationalism in India

**********************************************

HILARY TERM

WEEK 1: NATIONALISM AND ITS CONTRADICTIONS IN

INTERWAR INDIA (Perkins)

Questions
(i) Was the Indian National Congress a ‘mass’ movement at any point in the 1930s?
(ii) How far did a coherent vision of national community underlie the thinking of India’s
nationalist leadership?

Primary Sources
*MK Gandhi, Hind Swaraj and other writings, (ed. Antony J Parel, 1997)
* Jawaharlal Nehru, “Ahmadnagar Fort,” “The Quest” and “ The last phase:
consolidation of British rule and rise of nationalist movement,” in The Discovery of
India
*S. H. Manto, “It Happened in 1919”, in Kingdom’s End and Other Stories

Debates
*Dipesh Chakrabarty, ‘Khadi and the Political Man’ in Chakrabarty, Habitations of
Modernity: Essays in the Wake of Subaltern Studies (2002)
*Faisal Devji, “In praise of prejudice”, in The Impossible Indian (London: Hurst, 2012)

(i) Interwar nationalism

16
Shahid Amin, Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura 1922-1992 (OUP, 1996)
*Barbara Metcalf, “Observant Muslims, Secular Indians: The Political Vision of
Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, 1938-57”, in Chakrabary, Majumdar and Sartori
(eds.), From the Colonial to the Postcolonial: India and Pakistan in Transition (OUP,
2007), pp. 96-118
R. B. Fox, Gandhian Utopia (Beacon, 1989)
*Shruti Kapila, “Gandhi before Mahatma: the foundations of political truth”, in Ritu
Birla and Faisal Devji (eds.), Public Culture, vol. 23, no. 2 (2011), pp. 431-448.
B.R. Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress and the Raj ch. 3
William Gould, Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India
(2004) ch. 2: ‘Congress and the Hindu Nation: symbols, rhetoric and action’, 35-85.
R. Guha (ed) Subaltern Studies vol. I (1982) ch. by Pandey; vol. III (1984): chs by Amin
and Hardiman; ch. VII, ch. by Guha, esp. pp. 91-120
F. Robinson, Islam and Muslim History in South Asia (2001) ch. 9
R. Chandavarkar Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State
in India c. 1850-1950 (1998) ch 8

(ii) Imagining the national community

*CA Bayly, Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in
the Making of Modern India (1998), chs. 4, 6
*_______ Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire
(2012) ch 10: ‘Inter-war: Indian discourse and controversy, 1919-1935’.
Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age (1999) ch. 6.
Antony J Parel, Gandhi’s Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony (2006)
William Gould, Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India
(2004) ch. 2: ‘Congress and the Hindu Nation: symbols, rhetoric and action’, 35-85.
Partha Chatterjee, Nationalism in the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse?
(University of Minnesota Press, 1993), chapters on Nehru and Gandhi

**********************************************

WEEK 2: THE POLITICS OF PARTITION (Dudney)

Question
What, if anything, can the history of ideas contribute to our understanding of the
trajectories leading to India’s Partition?

Primary Sources
Rajinder Singh Bedi, “Lajvanti,” in Annual of Urdu Studies, vol. 5 (1985)
*S.H. Manto, “The Assignment”, in Kingdom’s End and Other Stories
*Nathuram Godse, Why I assassinated Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Surya Bharti
Prakashan, 1998). Other editions of this text bear the title May it Please Your Honour

17
Debates
Vazira Zamindar, The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees,
Boundaries, Histories (Columbia, 2010)
*Ashis Nandy, “Final encounter: the politics of the assassination of Gandhi”, At the
Edge of Psychology: Essays in Politics and Culture (New Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 1991)
Gyanendra Pandey, “The three partitions of 1947,” “Disciplining difference” and
“Constructing community,” in Remembering Partition (Cambridge, 2001)
Anil Seal and Ayesha Jalal, ‘Muslim Politics between the Wars’ in Modern Asian
Studies, (1981)
*David Gilmartin, ‘Partition, Pakistan, and South Asian History: In Search of a
Narrative’, Journal of Asian Studies (1998)
M. Hasan, India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilisation (1993) ch. by Hasan
_______. Inventing Boundaries: Gender, politics and the partition of India (2000)
Urvashi Bhutalia, The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India (2000)
A. Ray, ‘High politics of India’s partition’, Modern Asian Studies (1990)
Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947 (1994)
L. Brennan, ‘UP Muslims’, Modern Asian Studies (1984)
I. Talbot, ‘Deserted collaborators’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
(1982)
______. ‘1946 Punjab Elections’ Modern Asian Studies (1980)
______. Freedom’s Cry: the popular dimension in the Pakistan movement and Partition
experience (1996)
Essays in History Today (1997)

**********************************************

WEEK 3: THEMES IN THE HISTORY OF INDEPENDENT INDIA

(Perkins)

1. Politics and the state

Question
How well has India’s democracy served its citizens?

*Uday Mehta, “Indian Constitutionalism: The Articulation of a Political Vision”, in

Chakrabary, Majumdar and Sartori (eds.), From the Colonial to the Postcolonial:
India and Pakistan in Transition (OUP, 2007), pp. 13-30
*Ritu Birla, “Capitalist Subjects in Transition”, in Chakrabary, Majumdar and Sartori
(eds.), From the Colonial to the Postcolonial: India and Pakistan in Transition (OUP,
2007), pp. 241-60
Gyanesh Kudaisya, “Aryavarta, Hind, or Uttar Pradesh: The Postcolonial Naming and
Framing of a Region”, in Chakrabary, Majumdar and Sartori (eds.), From the Colonial
to the Postcolonial: India and Pakistan in Transition (OUP, 2007), pp. 263-86
Crispin Bates, Subalterns and the Raj (2007), chs 12-15, 17-18

18
Nivedita Menon and Aditya Nigam, Power and Contestation: India Since 1989 (Zed
Books, 2007)
Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: the History of the World’s Largest Democracy
(2007)
Ben Zachariah, Nehru (2004)
Javeed Alam, Who Wants Democracy (2004)
Partha Chatterjee (ed), State and Politics in India (1997), chs. by Manor and Brass
Atul Kohli, The Success of India’s Democracy (2001)
_______. ‘The politics of economic growth in India’ in EPW, April 2006 (2 parts)
M. Hasan, Legacy of a Divided Nation. India’s Muslims from Independence to Ayodhya
(1997)
A. Varshney. ‘Is India becoming more democratic?’ in Journal of Asian Studies (2000)
PK Chibber and JK Petrocik, ‘Social cleavages, elections and the Indian Party system’ in
Zoya Hassan (ed.), Parties and Party Politics in India (2002)
Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity
(1995)
Joya Chatterjee, The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947-67 (2007)
D. Rothermund, Liberalising India: Progress and Problems (2006)

2. The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism

Question
What factors have fostered the growth of the parties of the Hindu right in India?

*Peter Van Der Veer, “The Victims’ Tale: Memory and Forgetting in the Story of
Violence, in ed. Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber, Identity and Self-Determination
Suketu Mehta, Maximum city: Bombay Lost and Found (2004) ch. 2.
*Faisal Devji, “Attacking Mumbai”, in Jeevan Deol and Zaheer Kazmi (eds.),
Contextualising Jihadi Thought (2011)
Stuart Corbridge and John Harriss, Reinventing India: Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism
and Popular Democracy (2000)
Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State and
Politics in India (1997) ch. by S. Bose
Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern
India (1999)
Thomas Blom Hansen and Christophe Jaffrelot, The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics
in India (1998)
A. Rajagopal, Politics after Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the
Public in India (2001)
N. Gopal (ed), Democracy in India (2001) ch. by Jaffrelot
David Ludden, Making India Hindu: Religion, Community and the Politics of
Democracy in India (1996) intro and chs by Basu, Sarkar
Tanika Sarkar and Urvashi Butalia (eds), Women and Right-Wing Movements (1995) chs.
by Sarkar, Basu and Banerjee
Ratna Kapur and Brenda Cossman, Subversive Sites: Feminist Engagements with Law in
India (1996) ch. 4

19
Ward Berenschot, Riot Politics: Hindu-Muslim Violence and the Indian State (2011)
Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi, Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim
Violence in India (2012)

3. Caste, society and politics

Question
Why has caste continued to be such a potent force in independent India?

Oliver Mendelsohn and Marika Vicziany, The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty

and the State in Modern India (1998)
Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age (1998) chs 7-9
M. Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (1991)
Christophe Jaffrelot, India’s Silent Revolution: the rise of the lower castes in north India
(2003)
_______. ‘Rise of the OBCs in the Hindi Belt’, in Journal of Asian Studies (2000)
Atul Kohli, The Success of India’s Democracy (2001), ch. by Weiner
Gail Omvedt, Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist
Tradition in India (1993) chs. on caste movements
_______. Dalit Visions: the anti-caste movement and the construction of an Indian
Identity (1995)
Bernard Bate, Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in
South India (Columbia, 2009)
*D. R. Nagaraj, The Flaming Feet and Other Essays: The Dalit Movement in India
(Permanent Black, 2010), chapters 1, 5-8
*Gauri Viswanathan, “Conversion to Equality”, in Outside the Fold: Conversion,
Modernity and Belief (Princeton, 1998)

4. Gender and politics

Question
Do women’s movements in India share a common agenda?

*Veena Das, “The Act of Witnessing: Violence, Gender and Subjectivity”, in Life and
Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary (California, 2007)
Leslie J. Calman, Towards empowerment: women and movement politics in India (1992)
Chs. 2-5 and conclusion
Bina Agarwal, A field of one’s own: gender and land rights in South Asia (1994), ch. 9
Tanika Sarkar and Urvashi Bhutalia (eds), Women and Right-Wing Movements (1995)
chs. by Sarkar, Basu and Banerjee
John S. Hawley, Fundamentalism and Gender (1994), chs, by Awn and Hawley
Radha Kumar, The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of the Movement for
Women’s Rights and Feminism in India, 1800-1990 (1993) chs. 6-12
Peter de Souza (ed,) Contemporary India: Transitions (2000) ch by Niranjana
Gail Omvedt, Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist
Tradition in India (1993) chs. 4, 9

20
Mala Sen, Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry Death and Female Infanticide in Modern India
(2001)
Geraldine Forbes, Women in Modern India (1996)

*******************************************************

WEEK 4: THEMES IN THE HISTORY OF INDEPENDENT

PAKISTAN (Dudney)

Primary Sources
Mohammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, chapters 5 and 6.
(http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/index.htm)

M. Iqbal, “Presidential address to the 25th session of the All-India Muslim League,
Allahabad, 29 December 1930”, in Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal, compiled
and edited by Latif Ahmed Sherwani (Lahore: Iqbal Academy, 1977 [1944], 2nd ed.,
revised and enlarged), pp. 3-26.
(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html)

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali, “Now or never”, in G. Allana, Pakistan Movement Historical

Documents (Karachi: Department of International Relations, University of Karachi, nd
[1969]), pp. 103-110.
(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html).

M. A. Jinnah, Address by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah at Lahore Session of

Muslim League, March, 1940 (Islamabad: Directorate of Films and Publishing, Ministry
of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1983), pp. 5-23.
(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lahore_1940.html

M. A. Jinnah, “Presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan”, Karachi,

August 11, 1947, in G. Allana, Pakistan Movement Historical Documents (Karachi:
Department of International Relations, University of Karachi, nd [1969]), pp. 407-411.
(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_assembly_1947.h
tml).

M. A. Jinnah, “Address in Dacca, 1948”, in The Nation's Voice, Vol. VII: Launching the
State and the End of the Journey (Aug. 1947 - Sept. 1948), ed. by Waheed Ahmad
(Karachi: Quaid-i-Azam Academy, 2003), pp. 243-258.
(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html)

Question
‘Democratic failure in Pakistan is the most enduring legacy of Partition and
Independence in 1947’

21
Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan (2005)
Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (2005 ed.)
Ayesha Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia (1995)
_____. The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan’s Political Economy of
Defence (1990)
R. Sisson, War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh (1990)
Veena Kukreja, Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises (2003)
Hassan Abbas and Jessica Stern, Pakistan’s Drift to Extremism: Allah, the Army and
America’s War on Terror (2004)
Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (2006)
Shuja Nawaz, Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within (OUP, 2008)
Ayesha Siddiqa, Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (Pluto, 2007)

Question
Can Pakistani politics and political thought be seen as an inheritance of colonial rule?

Muhammad Qasim Zaman, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam (Princeton, 2002)

*Naveeda Khan, Muslim Becoming: Aspiration and Skepticism in Pakistan (Duke, 2012),
chapters 2 and 3
*Aamir R. Mufti, “Secularism and minority: elements of a critique”, in Social Text, no.
45 (1995), pp. 75-96.
*Andrew Sartori, “Abul Mansur Ahmad and the Cultural Politics of Bengali
Pakistanism”, in Chakrabary, Majumdar and Sartori (eds.), From the Colonial to the
Postcolonial: India and Pakistan in Transition (OUP, 2007), pp. 119-36
David Gilmartin, Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan (OUP, 1989),
chapter 6

**********************************************

22