Chapter 1 What is Grammar?

In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases and
words in a natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules and this field includes
phonology, morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics and pragmatics.

Here is an old children’s rhyme (poem) about the eight part of speech of English Grammar. It gives you
and idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it

“Every name is called a noun,

As field and fountain , street and town.
In place of noun the pronoun is stands,
As he and she can clap their hands.
The adjectives describes a thing,
As magic wand or bridal ring.
Most verbs mean action, sometime done,
To read and write, to jump and run.
How things are done the adverbs tell,
As quickly, slowly, badly, well.
The preposition shows relation,
As in the street or at the station.
Conjunctions join, in many ways,
Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase.
The interjection cries out, “Heec”
An exclamation point must follow me!”
 Chapter 2 The Capital Letter
The capital letter also called the big letter or upper-case letter,
or sometimes just as capital.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
When do you use a capital letter?
 Use a capital letter for the first letter in a sentence:
For example.
 The dog is barking.
 Come here!
 Always use a capital letter for the word I:
 I am eight ten years old.
 Shameer and I are good friends.
 Use a capital letter for the name of the of the people:
Muhammad , Ali, Farooq, Ahmed, Maryam, Arslan, Naveed
 Use a capital letter for the name of places:
National Museum, Lahore Zoo, Makkah, Madina, Lahore,
Islamabad
  Use capital letter for festivals, holidays, days of the week
and month of the year:
Eid ul Adha, Shab e Barart, Labour Day, Mother Day, September,
January.
Exercise 1
Circle the letters that should be CAPITAL. Then write the correct
letter in the above of the letter.
1. ahmed and i are good friend.
2. we are going to lahore during our summar vocation.
3. there is an interesting football game on sunday.
4. ali lives near her house.
5. september is the 9th month of the year.

Chapter 2 Parts of speech

1. THE NOUN
Definition: Noun is a name of a person, place, animal, or thing.
For examples :-
Aslam, Ali, Maryam,
Karachi, Lahore , Peshawar,
Dog, Cat, Tiger,
Chair, Car, Sun,
Gold, Silver, Copper.
‫‪Translate into English‬‬
‫ے۔‬‫حامد اچ ھالڑکا ہ‬ ‫یہ بڑی میز ہے۔‬ ‫وہ لڑکی ہے۔‬ ‫یہ پھول ہے۔‬
‫ق‬ ‫ن‬
‫ے۔‬‫و ر دراز د لڑکی ہ‬ ‫علی بہت بہادر ہے ۔‬ ‫میرا اسکول نزدیک ہے ۔‬ ‫اس کے پاس دو گیند ہیں ۔‬
‫ٹ ن‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫یہ ی ک ہ‬ ‫یہ میراگھر ہے۔‬ ‫یہ دریائے راوی ہے ۔‬ ‫سورج مشرق سے نکلتا ہے‬
‫۔‬
‫ن‬
‫وہ پ ہاڑ ب ہت بل د ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫الہور خوبصورت شہر ہے‬ ‫مریم ذہین لڑکی ہے ۔‬ ‫یہ ہوائی جہاز ہے۔‬
‫ت‬
‫ے‬‫ی ہ ب ھاری وپ ہ‬ ‫کتا وفادار جانور ہے ۔‬ ‫یہ دلچسپ کتاب ہے۔‬ ‫یہ جگ شیشے کا بنا ہوا‬
‫ہے۔‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫ن‬ ‫ق‬
‫ب ڑی ‪ ،‬بڑا‬ ‫کل ن ا‬ ‫دراز د‬
‫‪Big‬‬ ‫‪To‬‬ ‫‪Tall‬‬
‫‪raise‬‬
‫خ‬
‫بلند‬ ‫ب ہادر‬ ‫وب صورت‬
‫‪High‬‬ ‫‪Brave‬‬ ‫‪Beautiful‬‬
‫دلچسپ‬ ‫ب ن ا ہ وا‬
‫‪Interesting‬‬ ‫‪Made‬‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪2. THE PRONOUN‬‬
‫‪Definition: Pronoun is used in the place of noun.‬‬
‫‪For Example:-‬‬
‫‪I, my, mine, myself,‬‬
‫‪We, our, ours, ourselves,‬‬
‫‪You, your, yours, yourselves,‬‬
‫‪He, him, his, himself.‬‬
‫‪She, her, hers, herself,‬‬
‫‪They, their, theirs, themselves,‬‬
‫‪What, why, where, that, as,‬‬
‫‪This, that, these, those,‬‬
Each, every, either, any,
Some, all, one, none, etc
Translate into English
‫ٹ‬
‫می ں ڈاک ر ہ وں‬ ‫وہ پا ئلٹ ہے۔‬ ‫وہ نرس ہے ۔‬ ‫مریم وکیل ہے۔‬
‫ت‬ ‫ٹ‬ ‫ق‬
‫وہ و ت پرڈیو ی پر ج اے‬ ‫یہ قلم میرا ہے ۔‬ ‫وہ کتاب اس کی ہے۔‬ ‫یہ کرسیاں ہماری ہیں ۔‬
‫ہیں‬
‫فف‬
‫نان کے پ اس ل اے‬ ‫یہ ہمارا باغ ہے ۔‬ ‫اس کے کان میں درد ہے۔‬ ‫اس کے والد کا انتقال ہو‬
‫ہی ں ہ ی ں ۔‬
‫گیا ۔‬
‫ئ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫وہ می را ب ھا ہ‬
‫ی‬ ‫وہ امتحان دے رہا ہے۔‬ ‫ہمارے پاس گاڑی نہیں‬ ‫وہ فرار ہو گیا ۔‬
‫ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬
‫وہ ای ک است اد ہ‬ ‫وہ خود نہیں جا سکی ۔‬

VOCABULARY
‫ق‬ ‫فف‬
‫و ت پر‬ ‫ل اے‬ ‫درد‬
in time Envelope Pain
s
‫ن‬ ‫ف‬
‫امتحان دینا‬ ‫رار ہ و ا‬
To To escape
appear
in
exams
3. THE ADJECTIVE
Definition: Words which add good or bad aspect into the meaning
of noun or pronoun are called adjectives.
For Examples:-
Good, bad, sweet, bitter, bright, dark, white, black, lazy, clever,
intelligent, slow etc.
Translate into English
 ‫ن‬
‫مہرول سا ای ک اچ ھی لڑکی‬ ‫یہ آم بہت میٹھا ہے‬ ‫ندیم بہت سست ہے ۔‬ ‫لومڑی چا الک جانور ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬
‫خ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫وہ آج ب ہت وش ہ‬ ‫اس کی گائےکا‪ o‬رنگ سرخ‬ ‫ہرن ایک خوبصورت‬ ‫یہ درخت بہت اونچا ہے۔‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫جانور ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫احمد ب ہت ذہ ی ن ہ‬ ‫یہ بہت دلچسپ کتاب ہے ۔‬ ‫انگور کھٹے ہیں‬ ‫وہ بہت گھٹیا انسان ہے۔‬
‫خ‬
‫اس کا ا الق ب ہت اچ ھا‬ ‫آج موسم خوشگوار ہے۔‬ ‫یہ چائے بہت عمدہ ہے ۔‬ ‫اختر بہت لمبا ہے۔‬
‫ے۔ ق‬ ‫ہ‬
‫ٹ‬
‫اس کی می ض چ ھو ی‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫ٹ‬ ‫خ‬
‫یم ھا‬ ‫وش‬ ‫سست‬
‫‪Sweet‬‬ ‫‪Happy‬‬ ‫‪Lazy‬‬
‫ن‬
‫ہرن‬ ‫لومڑی‬ ‫او چ ا‬
‫‪Deer‬‬ ‫‪Fox‬‬ ‫‪High‬‬
‫خ‬
‫چاالک‬ ‫ذہ ی ن‬ ‫ا الق‬
‫‪Clever‬‬ ‫‪Intelligen‬‬ ‫‪Manner‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫ٹ‬
‫خوشگوار‬ ‫اچ ھ‬
‫ے‬ ‫گ ھی ا‬
‫‪Pleasant‬‬ ‫‪Decent‬‬ ‫‪Mean‬‬
‫چھوٹی ‪،‬‬
‫‪Short‬‬
‫چھوٹا‬

‫‪Degree of adjective‬‬
‫‪Positive‬‬ ‫‪Comparative‬‬ ‫‪Superlative‬‬
‫‪Good‬‬ ‫‪Better‬‬ ‫‪Best‬‬
‫‪Sweet‬‬ ‫‪Sweeter‬‬ ‫‪Sweetest‬‬
‫‪Able‬‬ ‫‪Abler‬‬ ‫‪Ablest‬‬
‫‪Brave‬‬ ‫‪Braver‬‬ ‫‪Bravest‬‬
‫‪Bright‬‬ ‫‪Brighter‬‬ ‫‪Brightest‬‬
‫‪Bad‬‬ ‫‪Worse‬‬ ‫‪Worst‬‬
‫‪Deep‬‬ ‫‪Deeper‬‬ ‫‪Deepest‬‬
‫‪Great‬‬ ‫‪Greater‬‬ ‫‪Greatest‬‬
‫‪Little‬‬ ‫‪Less‬‬ ‫‪Least‬‬
Much More Most
Noble Nobler Noblest
Rich Richer Richest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Translate into English
‫احمد علی سے عمر می ں بڑا‬ ‫شہرام علی سے لمبا ہے ۔‬ ‫مریم سب سے اچھی‬ ‫ارشد حامد سے زیادہ بہادر‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫لڑکی ہے ۔‬ ‫ہے ۔‬
‫ی ہ لڑکی سب سے‬
‫خ‬ ‫یہ کپڑا اس کپڑے سے‬ ‫ہمارا سکول پوسٹ آفس‬ ‫اسلم سب سے زیادہ عقلمند‬
‫ے۔‬‫وب صورت ہ‬ ‫زیادہ سستا ہے ۔‬ ‫کی نسبت زیادہ قریب ہے‬ ‫آدمی ہے۔‬
‫۔‬
‫ت‬ ‫ش‬
‫وہ ہر کا امی ر ری ن آدمی‬ ‫یہ سب سے برا رنگ ہے‬ ‫یہ مشکل ترین سوال ہے‬ ‫یہ کمزور ترین گیند ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬

VOCABULARY
‫عمر می ں بڑا‬ ‫سس ت ا‬ ‫لم ب ا‬
Old Cheap Tall
‫ق‬
‫نزدیک‬ ‫ب ہادر‬ ‫ع لم ن د‬
Near Brave Wise
‫امیر‬
Rich

4. THE PREPOSITION
Definition: A preposition is a word that join a noun or a pronoun to
another noun o pronoun conveying a meaning of position,
direction or time.
For Example:-
He came at 5 p.m.
She will go to school.
The jog jumped over the wall.
‫‪Some important prepositions which are used very frequently are‬‬
‫‪listed below:-‬‬
‫‪In, on, over, from, to, at, into, off, of, up, with, outside, inside,‬‬
‫‪behind, between, among, out, upon, about, since, for, after, down,‬‬
‫‪though.‬‬
‫‪Translate into English‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫مہارے ہ ا ھ می ں ک ی ا‬ ‫کوا درخت پر بیٹھا ہے۔‬ ‫علی اسکول سے آیا ہے۔‬ ‫ریل گاڑی شام چار بجے‬
‫ے؟‬‫ہ‬ ‫آئے گی۔‬
‫ت‬
‫وہ ی ن دن سے ب ی مار‬ ‫میں ‪ 1980‬سے کراچی میں‬ ‫میرے اس کے ساتھ‬ ‫بلی میز کےنیچے بیٹھی‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫رہائش پذیر ہوں ۔‬ ‫اچھے تعلقات ہیں‬ ‫ہے۔‬
‫پ‬
‫ے ب ھاگ رہ ا‬ ‫ے یچ ھ‬ ‫احمد ژی ا ہ‬ ‫میرا گھر دریا کے پار ہے۔‬ ‫وہ کھیلو ں کا شوقین ہے۔‬ ‫یہ گھڑیسونےکی بنی ہوئی‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہے۔‬
‫ن‬
‫اس کا ام خ ارج ہ و گ ی ا‬ ‫کمرےمیں کون ہے؟‬ ‫مٹھائی بچوں میں تقسیم‬ ‫تم کہا ں جا رہے ہو ۔‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫کی گئی‬
‫ن‬ ‫ش‬
‫توہ ریف خ ا دان سے‬ ‫اس نے شیشے کے ٹکڑے‬ ‫ندیم دس سال سے کم‬ ‫کھڑے ہو جاؤ‬
‫ع‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ل ق ر کھ ت ا ہ‬ ‫ٹکڑے کر دیئے‬ ‫عمر کا ہے۔‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫شق‬
‫کوا‬ ‫عل ق‬ ‫و ین‬
‫‪Crow‬‬ ‫‪Relation‬‬ ‫‪Fond of‬‬
‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ٹ‬
‫خارج کرنا‬ ‫ریف خ ا دان‬ ‫کڑے‬
‫‪Strike off‬‬ ‫‪Noble‬‬ ‫‪Pieces‬‬
‫‪family‬‬
‫‪5. THE VERB‬‬
‫‪Definition: A verb indicates an action or state of the subject (i.e.‬‬
‫‪noun or pronoun) in a sentence.‬‬
‫‪ No sentence is considered to be completed without a verb.‬‬
‫‪ The verbs are of two kinds:-‬‬
‫‪ The principal verb‬‬
 It is the main verb in the sentence such as. I have a book. You get
up early in the morning.
 The Auxiliary Verb (also known as helping verb)
It is used to help the principal verb such as. I have written a letter.
 Some helping verbs are given below
Is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, did, do, does, shall, will, may,
might, can, could, would, etc.
Translate into English
‫می ں کت اب پڑھت ا ہ وں ۔‬ ‫وہ خط لکھتی ہے ۔‬ ‫تم کہاں رہتے ہو؟‬ ‫پرندے آسمان پر اڑ رہے‬
‫ہیں‬
‫ئ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ش ب‬ ‫جم‬ ‫کوئل کی آواز میٹھی ہے۔‬ ‫تم کتنےب ھا ی ہ و؟‬ ‫تمہارا استاد کون ہے؟‬
‫ی ل ہد ی چ ت ا ہ‬
‫ہت‬
‫ےہی ں‬ ‫وہ ج ہلم می ں ر‬ ‫میں فوج میں شمولیت‬ ‫ہمارے پاس بہت سی‬ ‫ہم کل حیدرآباد جائیں گے۔‬
‫اختیار کروں گا‬ ‫کرسیاں ہیں‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ے ہ و؟‬ ‫ک ی ا م ی ہ کام کر سک‬ ‫کیا مجھے گھر جانے کی‬ ‫ہللا تمہاری مدد کرے۔‬ ‫وہ یہ کام کر سکتاتھا ۔‬
‫اجازت ہے؟‬
‫ت‬
‫اس کو مہناری مدد کی‬
‫ض‬
‫رورت ہی ں ۔‬

VOCABULARY
‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ہد‬ ‫عریف کر ا‬ ‫کو ل‬
Honey To Cuckoo
praise
‫ن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫مٹ‬
‫مدد‬ ‫مولی ت ا ت ی ار کر ا‬ ‫ی ھی‬
Help To join Sweet
6. FORM OF THE VERBS
 There are three forms of the verbs
o Present (First form of the verb)
o Past (Second form of verb)
o Past participle (Third form of verb)
FOR PRACTICE
Present (First Meaning Past (second Past participle
form) form) (Third form)
‫ن‬ ‫قئ‬
‫ا م کر ا‬
Abide Abode Abode
‫اٹھنا‬
Arise Arose Arisen
‫جاگنا‬
Awake Awoke Awoken
‫برداشت کرنا‬
Bear Bore Borne
‫مارنا‬
Beat Beat Beaten
‫ہونا‬
Become Became Become
‫النا‬
Beget Begot Begotten
‫شروع کرنا‬
Begin Began Begun
‫دیکھنا‬
Behold Beheld Beheld
‫جھکنا‬
Bend Bent Bent
‫باندھنا‬
Bind Bound Bound
‫کاٹنا‬
Bite Bit Bitten
‫نوازنا‬
Bless Blessed Blessed
‫پھونکنا‬
Blow Blew Blown
‫توڑنا‬
Break Broke Broken
‫تعمیر کرنا‬
Build Built Built
‫جلنا‬
Burn Burnt Burnt
‫پھٹنا‬
Burst Burst Burst
‫خریدنا‬
Buy Bought Bought
‫پکڑنا‬
Catch Caught Caught
 ‫انتخاب کرنا‬
Choose Chose Chosen
‫چمٹنا‬
Cling Clung Clung
‫آنا‬
Come Came Come
‫رینگنا‬
Creep Crept Crept
‫ج رات‬
Dare Dared Dared
‫لین دین‬
Deal Dealt Dealt
‫کھودنا‬
Dig Dug Dug
‫کھینچنا‬
Draw Drew Drawn
‫چالنا‬
Drive Drove Driven
‫کھانا‬
Eat Ate Eaten
‫گرنا‬
Fall Fell Fallen
‫لڑنا‬
Fight Fought Fought
‫پھینکنا‬
Fling Flung Flung
‫روکنا‬
Forbid Forbade Forbidden
‫معاف کرنا‬
Forgive Forgave Forgiven
‫چھوڑ دینا‬
Forsake Forsook Forsaken
‫جمنا‬
Freeze Froze Frozen
‫جانا‬
Go Went Gone
‫اگنا‬
Grow Grew Grown
‫حاصل کرنا‬
Get Got Got/gotten
‫دینا‬
Give Gave Given
‫لٹکانا‬
Hang Hung Hung
‫رکھنا‬
Have Had Had
 ‫سننا‬
Hear Heard Heard
‫چھپنا‬
Hide Hid Hidden
‫پکڑنا‬
Hold Held Held
‫بننا‬
Knit Knit Knit
‫رکھنا‬
Lay Laid Laid
‫سیکھنا‬
Learn Learnt Learnt
‫ادھار‬
Lend Lent Lent
‫لیٹنا‬
Lie Lay Lain
‫روشنی‬
Light Lit/ lighted Lit/ lighted
‫ہار جانا‬
Lose Lost Lost
‫پگھلنا‬
Melt Melted Melted
‫بنانا‬
Make Made Made
‫معنی‬
Mean Meant Meant
‫ملنا‬
Meet Met Met
‫شکر گزار ہونا‬
Owe Owed Owed
‫آزاد کرنا‬
Quit Quitted Quitted
‫اٹھنا‬
Raise Raised Raised
‫پڑھنا‬
Read Read Read
‫دور کرنا‬
Rid Rid Rid
‫بجانا‬
Ring Rang Rung
‫سواری کرنا‬
Ride Rode Ridden
‫طلوع ہونا‬
Rise Rose Risen
‫کہنا‬
Say Said Said
 ‫دیکھنا‬
See Saw Seen
‫تالش کرنا‬
Seek Sought Sought
‫بیچنا‬
Sell Sold Sold
‫بھیجنا‬
Send Sent Sent
‫غروب ہونا‬
Set Set Set
‫سالئی کرنا‬
Sew Sewed Sewn
‫بالنا‬
Shake Shook Shaken
‫چمکنا‬
Shine Shone Shone
‫گولی مارنا‬
Shoot Shot Shot
‫سکڑنا‬
Shrink Shrank Shrunk
‫ڈوبنا‬
Sink Sank Sunk
‫سونگھنا‬
Smell Smelt Smelt
‫تیزی‬
Speed Sped Sped
‫بولنا‬
Speak Spoke Spoken
‫گزارنا‬
Spend Spent Spent
‫گھومنا‬
Spin Span Spun
‫تھوکنا‬
Spit Spat Spat/ spit
‫پھیلنا‬
Spread Spread Spread
‫خراب ہونا‬
Spoil Spoilt Spoilt
‫چپکانا‬
Stick Stuck Stuck
‫کام بند کرنا‬
Strike Struck Stricken
‫کوشش کرنا‬
Strive Strove Striven
‫جھاڑنا‬
Sweep Swept Swept
 ‫تیرنا‬
Swim Swam Swum
‫جھکنا‬
Swing Swung Swung
‫پھاڑنا‬
Tear Tore Torn
‫بتانا‬
Tell Told Told
‫پھیکنا‬
Throw Threw Thrown
‫پہننا‬
Wear Wore Worn
‫جیتنا‬
Win Won Won
‫نچوڑنا‬
Wring Wrung Wrung
‫لکھنا‬
Write Wrote Written
7. THE ADVERB
Adverb add some good or bad aspect into the meaning of a verb,
adjective or another adverb:-
For Example:-
Quickly, slowly, fast, quietly, carelessly, completely, secondly,
certainly, widely, wisely, etc.
‫ت ت‬
‫وہ آہ س ہ چ ل ی ہ‬
‫ے۔‬
She walks slowly.
‫وہ تیر ڈوڑتا ہے۔‬
He runs fast.
‫اسے جلدی کریں ۔‬
Do it quickly.
‫وہ خوش باش رہ رہے ہیں ۔‬
They are living happily.
‫ اس کی اشد ضرورت ہے۔‬o‫مجھے‬
I need it badly.
‫وہ یقینا واپس آئے گی ۔‬
Certainly, she will come back.
‫اس کی کارگردگی بہتر ہی ہے۔‬
He has done fairly done.
‫علی ذہنی طور پر مضبوط ہے ۔‬
Ali is strong mentally.
 ‫وہ جسمانی طور پرکمزور ہے۔‬
She is weak physically.
‫اپنا کام ہمیشہ احتیاط سے کریں ۔‬
Always do your job carefully.
Some adverbial phrase are given below:-
Too, enough, at present, above all, off and on, for long, now and
then, as a matter of fact, very much, since, ago, before, to and fro.
Translate into English
‫ن ن‬
‫ا ہوں ے دوست ان ہ ماحول‬ ‫ریل گاڑی آہستہ آہستہ چلتی‬ ‫مالزمین کو اچھی‬ ‫انہوں نے سخت احتجاج کیا۔‬
‫می ں ب ات کی۔‬
‫ہے۔‬ ‫تنخوائیں دی جاتی ہیں ۔‬
‫ث ق‬ ‫ف‬
‫می ں اک ر او ات سی ر کے‬ ‫میں نے کافی انتظار کیا ۔‬ ‫می ری ج ی ب می ں کا یپ ی س‬
‫ے‬ ‫اس نے عقل مندی سے کام‬
‫ت‬
‫ے ج ا ا ہ وں‬ ‫لی‬ ‫ہیں‬
‫لیا ۔‬
‫قق‬
‫نح ی ت می ں وہ گ ی ا ہ ی‬ ‫ہمیں جلدی میں جانا پڑا۔‬
‫ہی ں‬

VOCABULARY
‫ن‬ ‫تن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬
‫دوست ا ا ماحول‬ ‫اچ ھی خوا کا مل ان‬ ‫اح ج اج کر ا‬
Friendly Paid To
way well protest
‫ف‬ ‫ق‬
‫اکثر اوقات‬ ‫کا ی‬ ‫ع ل م ن دی سے‬
Off and Enough Wisely
on
‫جلدی میں‬
Hurriedly

8. THE CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is the word that joins word or group of words.
For Example:-
And, but, as, because, thus, hence, therefore, as such, otherwise,
also, lest, if, though, unless, till, while, either, neither, yet,
however, moreover, nevertheless, so, than, etc.
‫‪Translate into English‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫ارش د اور علی ب ھا ی ہ ی ں ۔‬ ‫میں اسٹیشن پر گیا لیکن‬ ‫اگر تم نے محنت کی تو‬ ‫میں نے اس کو گھڑی نہیں‬
‫مجھے گاڑی نہ مل سکی‬ ‫تم پاس ہو جاؤ گے۔‬ ‫دی کیونکہ میں اس کا جانتا‬
‫نہیں تھا ۔‬
‫ت‬ ‫ن ت‬ ‫ق‬
‫اری ھرڈ ڈویژن‬ ‫چ و کہ مہ ت‬ ‫تم باقاعدگی سے سکول آو‬ ‫ئاؤ کہ ک ہی ں ج ہاز ن ہ‬
‫نو ت پر ج‬ ‫جب تک محنت نہیں کرو‬
‫خ‬
‫ے اس م ہی ں دا لہ‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫کل ج اے۔‬
‫ورنہ تمہیں جرمانہ ہو گا۔‬ ‫گے تم کامیاب نہیں ہو گے۔‬
‫ہی ں مل سکت ا۔‬
‫ن ئ ئ‬
‫نمی ں ے کو ی رعا ی ت‬ ‫اسکول آتے ہوئے اسے‬
‫ن‬
‫ہی ں کی حال کہ وہ می را‬
‫ت‬ ‫ہسپتال میں چھوڑ دینا ۔‬
‫دوست ھا ۔‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫ق‬ ‫ت ن‬
‫ب ا اعدگی سے‬ ‫ا ار ا‬ ‫رعای ت‬
‫‪Regularl‬‬ ‫‪To drop‬‬ ‫‪Favour‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫جرمانہ‬
‫‪Fine‬‬
‫‪9. TENSES‬‬
‫‪There are 3 main types of tenses that are father divided into the 12‬‬
‫‪parts as explained below.‬‬
 Indefinite

Continuous
present
Perfect

Perfect Contonuous

Indefinite

TEN SES Past

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Contonuous

Indefinite

Continuous
Future
Perfect

Perfect Contonuous

Note:-
Subjective Possessive Objective
case case case
3rd person He His Him
singular
3rd person She Her Her
singular
3rd person It Its It
singular
2nd person You Your You
singular,
plural
1st person I My Me
singular
1st person We Our Us
plural
3rd person Single His/her Him/her
singular name
3rd person Plural Their Them
plural name
 Present Indefinite Tense
‫فعل حال مطلق‬

‫اردو پ ہچ ان‬ :-
‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫غ ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬
‫ق‬
‫ عادت‬، ‫ے عل حال م طلق کہالے ہ ی ں ۔ اس کے عالہ درت‬
‫ے وہ ج مل‬
‫ے"و ی رآ ا ہ‬
‫ے" ا ہ‬ ‫ج ن ج ملوں کے آ ر می ں " ا‬
‫ت ہ وں "ے ہ ی ں " ی ہ وں " ی ہ‬
‫اور سدا سچ کو ب ھی طاہ ر کرے ہ ی ں ۔‬

Simple sentence (Affirmatives)

Structure of sentence
Subject + first form of verb + (s/es) + object.
‫ن‬
‫کام کرے واال‬
Subject
‫ج و کام ہ و رہ ا ہ و‬
Verb
‫جس پر کام ہ و رہ ا ہ و‬
Object
Where to use s and es?
when the subject is 3rd person sigular then use “s” or “es”.
Now the question is whether use “s” or “es”. The answer is
when the verb ends with (ch, sh, s, x, or z) these letters use “es ”
otherwise use only “s”.
examples
 ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬
‫ے ہ ی ں۔‬ ‫آپ کہا پ ھ‬
‫ر‬ ‫ی‬
You rea a story.
‫ہ کھ ت‬
‫ے ہ ی ں۔‬‫وہ اکی ی ل‬
They play hockey.
‫ت ت‬
‫وہ ہ ا ھ دھو ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬
He washes hands.
‫پت‬
‫ے۔‬
‫ب لی دودھ ی ی ہ‬
The cat drinks milk.
‫ن ت‬
‫وہ کھا اپ ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ی‬
She cooks food. ‫ن‬
‫خ لک ت‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ط‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ا‬
Annam writes a letter. ‫ھ ہ‬

Translate into English

‫ے۔‬ ‫وہ چ لت ا ہ‬ ‫میں بھاگتا ہوں ۔‬ ‫ ہیں ۔‬o‫پرندے چہچہاتے‬ ‫پرندے اڑتے ہیں ۔‬
‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ک‬
‫ےہی ں‬ ‫ہ م ماز پڑھ‬ ‫وہ کپڑے دھوتی ہے۔‬ ‫عمران کرکٹ ھ ی لت ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫آمنہ کھانا پکاتی ہے۔‬
‫می ں ہ میش ہ سچ بولت ا ہ وں ۔‬ ‫وہ روزانہ اخبار پڑھتا ہے۔‬

VOCABULARY
Walk Run Chirp Birds Fly Offer
Say Clothes Wash Cricket Play Food
prayers
Cook Speak Newspaper Read
truth

Negative sentence
Structure of sentence
Subject + helping Verb + not + first form of verb + object.
There are two types of helping verbs:

Helping verbs Where to use

Does He, she, it, single name

Do I, we, they, you, plural name

Examples:-
‫ت‬ ‫ن‬
You do not tell a lie. ‫ے۔‬ ‫آپ ج ھوٹ ہی ں بول‬

They do not play. ‫وہ کھیلتے نہیں ہیں ۔‬

 He does not swim. ‫وہ تیرتا نہیں ہے۔‬

The dog does not eat grass. ‫کتا گھاس نہیں کھاتا ہے۔‬

I do not drink water. ‫میںپانی نہیں پیتا۔‬

Translate into English

‫ن‬
‫می ں ج ھوٹ ہی ں‬ ‫وہ نہیں بھاگتا ہے۔‬ ‫تم دودھ نہیں پیتے۔‬ ‫ہم وقت ضائع نہیں کرتے‬
‫بولت اہ وں ۔‬
‫ہیں‬
‫ت‬ ‫نش ن‬ ‫ب ک تن‬
‫ت‬
‫ے۔‬
‫وہ ا ہ ہی ں کر ی ہ‬ ‫مچھلیاں اڑتی نہیں ہیں‬ ‫ے ہی ں ہ ی ں‬‫ے ھی ل‬
‫چ‬ ‫وہ اپنے دانت صاف نہیں‬
‫کرتا ہے۔‬
‫ن ن‬
‫وہ ہ ست ا ہی ں ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہم گاڑی نہیں چالتے ہیں ۔‬

VOCABULARY
Tell a lie Run Drink Take a Fish Fly
breakfast
Children Play Teeth Brush Laugh Drive

Interrogative sentence
Structure of sentence
Helping Verb +Subject + first form of verb + object?

Helping verbs Where to use

Does He, she, it, single name

Do I, we, they, you, plural name

Examples:-
‫سی ک ت‬ ‫ن‬
Do we learn English? ‫ےہی ں؟‬‫ک ی ا ہ م ا گریزی ھ‬

Do they drink juice? ‫کیا وہ جوس پیتے ہیں ؟‬

Does he write a letter? ‫کیا وہ ایک خط لکھتا ہے؟‬

Does the cat play with cat? ‫کیا بلی گیند سے کھیلتی ہے؟‬

Do I eat bread? ‫کیا میں روٹی کھاتا ہوں ؟‬

Do we drive a car? ‫کیا ہم کار چالتے ہیں؟‬

 ‫?‪Does the horse eat the grass‬‬ ‫کیا گھوڑا گھاس‪ o‬کھاتا ہے؟‬

‫?‪Do you meet my friend‬‬ ‫کیا آپ میرے دوست سے ملے ہیں ؟‬

‫?‪Does the parrot eat apple‬‬ ‫کیا طوطا سیب کھاتا ہے؟‬

‫?‪Do they go to Muree‬‬ ‫کیا وہ مری جاتےہیں ؟‬

‫?‪Does she recite Holly Quran‬‬ ‫کیا وہ قرآن پاک کی تالوت کرتی ہے؟‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ک ی ا م اپ ن ا سب ق ی اد کرے‬ ‫کیا تم سکول جاتے ہو؟‬ ‫کیاوہ لڑائی کرتی ہے؟‬ ‫کیا تم نماز پڑھتے ہو؟‬
‫ہ و؟‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫کت‬
‫ک ی ا م چ اول کھاے ہ و؟‬ ‫تم روزانہ کہاں جاتے و؟‬ ‫ے؟‬
‫وہ ک ی ا ہ ی ہ‬ ‫کیا تم بھاگتے ہو؟‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ک ی ا م اپ ن ا کمرہ سج اے ہ و؟‬ ‫کیا علی صبح سویرے اٹھتا‬
‫ہے؟‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫‪Lesson‬‬ ‫‪Learn‬‬ ‫‪Quarrel‬‬ ‫‪Prayer‬‬ ‫‪Say‬‬ ‫‪Rice‬‬
‫‪Eat room‬‬ ‫‪Go‬‬ ‫‪Say‬‬ ‫‪Run‬‬ ‫‪Decorate‬‬ ‫‪Getup‬‬

‫‪Present continuous Tense‬‬

‫فعل حال جاری‬

‫اردو پ ہچ ان‬ ‫‪:-‬‬

‫غ ف ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬
‫ے ہ ی ں” "رہ ا ہ وں و ی رہ ل ظ آے ہ ی ں‬ ‫ے "رہ ی ہ‬
‫ے” "رہ‬ ‫‪ ‬ان ج ملوں می ں کام کا ج اری رہ ا پ ای ا ج ا ا ہ‬
‫ے۔ ان کے آ ر می ں اک ر"رہ ا ہ‬

‫)‪Simple sentence (Affirmatives‬‬

‫‪Structure of sentence‬‬
‫‪Subject + helping verb + first form of verb + ing+ object.‬‬

‫‪Helping verbs‬‬ ‫‪Where to use‬‬

‫‪Is‬‬ ‫‪He ,She, It single name‬‬

‫‪Am‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫‪Are‬‬ ‫‪We , they , you, plural name‬‬

examples
‫می ں سکول ج ا رہ ا ہ وں۔‬
I am going to school.
‫کھ‬
‫ہ م کرکٹ ی ل رہ‬
‫ےہی ں۔‬
We are playing cricket.
‫وہ کت اب پڑھ رہ ی ہ‬
‫ے۔‬
She is reading a book.
‫وہ ای ک کار چ ال رہ ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬
He is driving a car.
‫ےہی ں۔‬
‫وہ پ ارک می ں دوڑ رہ‬
They are running in the
park.

Translate into English

‫ن‬ ‫ب‬
‫ے چ ھال گی ں لگا رہ‬
‫ےہی ں‬ ‫چ‬ ‫وہ کتاب تالش کر رہا ہے۔‬ ‫پرندےچہچہا رہے ہیں ۔‬ ‫پرندے اڑ رہے ہیں ۔‬
‫۔‬
‫ے۔‬‫وہ پڑھا رہ ا ہ‬ ‫بچی رو رہی ہے۔‬ ‫ہ م کام کر رہ‬
‫ےہی ں‬ ‫وہ پانی ال رہا ہے۔‬
‫ت‬
‫ھ‬
‫م پ ل کاٹ رہ‬
‫ے ہ و۔‬ ‫آمنہ زمین کھود رہی ہے۔‬

VOCABULARY
Jump Search Chirp Birds Fly Teach
Weep Work Bring Cut Dig

Negative sentence
Structure of sentence
Subject + helping verb + not + first form of verb + ing+ object.

Helping verbs Where to use

Is He ,She, It single name

Am I

Are We , they , you, plural name

Examples:-
‫ن‬
I am not reading a book. ‫می ں کت اب ہی ں پڑھ رہ ا ہ و۔‬

We are not playing football. ‫ہم فٹ بال نہیں کھیل رہے ہیں ۔‬
 He is not accepting my gift. ‫وہ میرا تحفہ قبول نہیں کر ہاہے۔‬

She is not doing anything wrong. ‫وہ کو ئی غلط کام نہیں کر رہی ہے۔‬

It is not raining now. ‫اب بارش نہیں ہو رہی ہے۔‬

They are not borrowing money from him. ‫وہ اس سے پیسے ادھار نہیں مانگ رہے ہیں۔‬

Translate into English

‫گ ٹ ن‬
‫چ پڑاسی ھن ی ہی ں ب ج ا رہ ا‬ ‫سورج نہیں نکل رہا ہے۔‬ ‫ستارے نہیں چمک رہے‬ ‫ہم وقت ضائع نہیں کر رہے‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہیں ۔‬ ‫ہیں ۔‬
‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬
‫وہ می ری طرف ہی ں دی کھ‬ ‫شیر جنگل میں نہیں دھاڑ‬ ‫ہ م کو ش ہی ں کر‬ ‫بچے کھیل نہیں رہے ہیں ۔‬
‫ے۔‬‫رہ ا ہ‬ ‫رہا ہے‬
‫ےہ ی ں ۔‬ ‫رہ‬
‫ن‬
‫وہ مسکرا ہی ں رہ‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہم اپنا گھر تبدیل نہیں کر‬
‫ہ ی ن۔‬
‫رہے۔‬

VOCABULARY
Ring the Rise Shine Waste look at Roar
bell
Try Children Play Smile Change

Interrogative sentence
Structure of sentence
helping verb + Subject + first form of verb + ing+ object?

Helping verbs Where to use

Is He ,She, It single name

Am I

Are We , they , you, plural name

Examples:-

Am I going to school? ‫ک ی ا می ں سکول ج ا رہ ا ہ وں؟‬

Are we playing cricket? ‫کیا ہم کرکٹ کھیل رہے ہیں ؟‬

Is she reading a book? ‫کیا وہ ایک کتاب پڑھ رہا ہے؟‬

Is he driving a car? ‫کیا وہ ایک کار چال رہا ہے؟‬

 ‫?‪Are they running in the park‬‬ ‫کیا وہ پارک میں دوڑ رہے ہیں ؟‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫ک ی ا ہ و ا چ ل رہ ی ہ‬
‫ے؟‬ ‫کیا تم سکول جا رہے ہو؟‬ ‫کیا وہ سفر کر رہا ہے؟‬ ‫کیا ہم ہوم ورک کر رہے‬
‫ہیں ؟‬
‫ت‬
‫ےہ و؟‬
‫ک ی ا م ورزش کر رہ‬ ‫کیا وہ قرآن پاک کی تالوت‬ ‫ک ی ا وہ سچ بول رہ ا ہ‬
‫ے؟‬ ‫کیا وہ کشتی میں بیٹھ رہا‬
‫کر رہا ہے؟‬ ‫ہے؟‬
‫ت‬
‫ےہ و؟‬ ‫کھ‬
‫ک ی ا م یم چ ی ل رہ‬ ‫کیا گواال دودھ بیچ رہا‬
‫ہے؟‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫‪Blow‬‬ ‫‪Go‬‬ ‫‪Travel‬‬ ‫‪Do‬‬ ‫‪Take‬‬ ‫‪Recite‬‬
‫‪homework‬‬ ‫‪exercise‬‬
‫‪Speak‬‬ ‫‪Boat‬‬ ‫‪Sit‬‬ ‫‪Play‬‬ ‫‪Milkman‬‬ ‫‪sell‬‬
‫‪truth‬‬

‫‪Present perfect Tense‬‬

‫فعل حال مکمل‬
‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬
‫مکم‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مکم‬ ‫ع‬
‫ل حا ل ل می ں کسی کام کا موج ودہ زما ہ می ں ل ہ و ج ا ا کے ب ارے می ں ب ی ان ک ی ا ج ا ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬

‫اردو پ ہچ ان‬ ‫‪:-‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫فق‬
‫ے۔‬
‫ے‪( ،‬ے) ہ ی ں آ ا ہ‬ ‫ے ہ ی ں ‪ ،‬چ کا ہ وں ی ا پ ھر ( ا ) ہ‬
‫ے ‪(،‬ی) ہ‬ ‫ے‪ ،‬چ ک‬
‫ے‪ ،‬چ کی ہ‬
‫ان روں کے آ ر می ں چ کا ہ‬

‫)‪Simple sentence (Affirmatives‬‬

‫‪Structure of sentence‬‬
‫‪Subject + helping verb + third form of verb + object.‬‬

‫‪Helping verbs‬‬ ‫‪Where to use‬‬

‫‪Has‬‬ ‫‪He ,She, It single name‬‬

‫‪Have‬‬ ‫‪I , We , they , you, plural name‬‬

examples
‫می ں آم کھا چ کا ہ وں ۔‬
I have eaten a mango.
‫ن‬
‫ہ م ے آم کھا لی‬
‫ےہ ی ں۔‬
We have eaten a mango.
‫ت ن‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ے‬ ‫م‬
You have eaten. ‫یہ‬ ‫ال‬

‫ن‬
‫ے۔‬
‫وہ ہا چ کا ہ‬
He has taken a bath.
‫ئ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ےہی ں۔‬ ‫ے سو گ‬
‫چ‬
Children have slept.
‫ن‬
‫ے اپ ن ا کام مکم‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫کر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اس‬
He has done his work. ‫یہ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ن‬
‫ہ مپ ہ چ چ ک‬
‫ےہ ی ں۔‬
We have reached.
‫ن‬
‫ےہ ی ں۔‬
‫پر دے اڑ چ ک‬
Birds have flown.

Translate into English

‫ن خ‬
‫اس ے ط لکھا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫میں اپنا کام ختم کر چکا ہوں‬ ‫ریل گاڑی جا چکی ہے۔‬ ‫وہ اسکول جا چکی ہے۔‬
‫۔‬
‫ت‬
‫ے۔‬
‫وہ دیر سے آی ا ہ‬ ‫مریم آرام کر چکی ہے۔‬ ‫علی ام حان می ں پ اس ہ و گ ی ا‬ ‫اس نے گالس توڑ دیا ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬
‫وہ اسکول چ ھوڑ چ کا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫کھیل ختم ہو چکا ہے۔‬

VOCABULARY
Gone Complete Write Break Pass Complete
To leave

Negative sentence
Structure of sentence
Subject + helping verb + not + third form of verb + object.

Helping verbs Where to use

Has He ,She, It single name

Have I , We , they , you, plural name

Examples:-
‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
I have not read this book. ‫ے۔‬
‫می ں ےی ہ کت اب ہی ں پڑھی ہ‬

He has not made a mistake. ‫اس نےغلطی نہیں کی ہے۔‬

He has not gone to Lahore. ‫وہ الہور نہیں گیا ہے۔‬

We have not opened the lock. ‫ہم نے تاال نہیں کھوال ہے۔‬

He has not taken food. ‫اس نےکھانا نہیں کھایا ہے۔‬

He has not gone to school. ‫وہ اسکول نہیں گئی ہے۔‬

Translate into English

‫ن خ ن‬
‫می ں ے ط ہی ں لکھا‬ ‫نانی اماں نے ہیمیں کہانی‬ ‫عائشہ نے کتاب واپس‬ ‫سورج گروب نہیں ہوا ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬‫ہ‬ ‫نہیں سنائی ہے۔‬ ‫نہیں کی۔‬
‫ن پ ن‬ ‫خ ن‬
‫ے‬ ‫لڑکے اسکول ہی ں ہچ‬ ‫گھنٹی نہیں بجی ہے۔‬ ‫ے۔‬
‫ڈاک ی ا ط ہی ں الی ا ہ‬ ‫سردی نہیں آئی ہے۔‬
‫ہی ں۔‬
‫ن‬
‫ناس ے می ری ب ات کو‬ ‫اس نے گیند نہیں پھینکی ۔‬
‫ہی ں س ن ا ۔‬

VOCABULARY
To tell a To set in To return To reach To To work
story water hard
the
plants

Interrogative sentence
Structure of sentence
Helping verb + Subject + third form of verb + object.

Helping verbs Where to use

Has He ,She, It single name

Have I , We , they , you, plural name

Examples:-

Has he come from Lahore? ‫ک ی ا وہ الہ ور سے آچ کا ہ‬

‫ے؟‬

Has Ali finished his work? ‫کیا علی نے اپنا کام ختم کر لیا ہے؟‬

Have they won the match? ‫کیا وہ میچ جیت گئے ہیں ؟‬
 ‫?‪Has she become a doctor‬‬ ‫کیا وہ ڈاکٹر بن گئی ہے؟‬

‫?‪Have we been absent‬‬ ‫کیا ہم غیر حاضر ہو ئےہیں ؟‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫ک ی ا ہ و ا چ ل چ کی ہ ی؟‬ ‫کیا تم سکول جا چکے ہو؟‬ ‫کیا وہ سفر کر چکا ہے؟‬ ‫کیا ہم ہوم ورک کرچکے‬
‫ہیں ؟‬
‫ت‬ ‫ن‬
‫ےہ و؟‬
‫ک ی ا م ورزش کر چ ک‬ ‫کیا وہ قرآن پاک کی تالوت‬ ‫ے؟‬
‫ک ی ا اس ے سچ بوال ہ‬ ‫کیا وہ کشتی میں بیٹھ چکا‬
‫کر چکا ہے؟‬ ‫ہے؟‬
‫ک‬ ‫ت‬
‫ک ی ا م یم چ ھ ی ل چ ک‬
‫ے ہ و؟‬ ‫کیا گواال دودھ بیچ چکا‬
‫ہے؟‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫‪Blow‬‬ ‫‪Go‬‬ ‫‪Travel‬‬ ‫‪Do‬‬ ‫‪Take‬‬ ‫‪Recite‬‬
‫‪homework‬‬ ‫‪exercise‬‬
‫‪Speak‬‬ ‫‪Boat‬‬ ‫‪Sit‬‬ ‫‪Play‬‬ ‫‪Milkman‬‬ ‫‪sell‬‬
‫‪truth‬‬

‫‪Present perfect Continuous Tense‬‬

‫فعل حال مکمل جاری‬
‫ف‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫اری‬ ‫ں‬ ‫م‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے کام کو ظ اہ ر کرت ا ے ج و ماض ی م ں ش روع ہ وا ہ و اور موج ودہ زمان‬
‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬‫ہ ع‬
‫ی ج ہ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ی‬

‫اردو پ ہچ ان‬ ‫‪:-‬‬

‫ت ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف ق‬ ‫غ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫فق‬
‫ے ہ ی ں و ی رہ کے ال اظ و ت اور م ررہ مدت کے سا ھ آے ہ ی ں ۔‬ ‫ے‪ ،‬رہ ی ہ‬
‫ے‪ ،‬رہ‬ ‫ان روں کے آ ر می ں رہ ا ہ‬

‫)‪Simple sentence (Affirmatives‬‬

‫‪Structure of sentence‬‬
‫‪Subject + helping verb + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/ for + time.‬‬

‫‪Helping verbs‬‬ ‫‪Where to use‬‬

‫‪Has‬‬ ‫‪He ,She, It single name‬‬

‫‪Have‬‬ ‫‪I , We , they , you, plural name‬‬

‫‪Since‬‬ ‫‪For‬‬
‫ق ق‬
‫م ررہ و ت کے لی‬
‫ے‬ ‫مقررہ مدت کے لیے‬
 ‫‪examples‬‬
‫می ں ای ک گھن ٹ ہ سے کت اب پڑھ رہ ا ہ وں‬
‫‪I have been reading a‬‬
‫‪book for an hour.‬‬
‫ب‬
‫ے سے کت اب پڑھ رہ ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫وہ چ ار ج‬
‫‪He has been reading a‬‬
‫‪book since 4’o clock.‬‬
‫صب ح سے ب ارش ہ و رہ ی ہ‬
‫ے۔‬
‫‪It has been raining since‬‬
‫‪morning.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪She has been singing a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫وہ صبح سے گیت گا رہی ہے۔‬

‫‪song since morning‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪He has been talking for‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫وہ ایک گھنٹے‪ o‬سے باتیں کر رہا ہے۔‬

‫‪1 hour‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪I have been teaching‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫میں اسے دو بجے سے پڑھا رہا ہوں۔‬

‫‪him since 2’o clock‬‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫فت‬
‫وہ چ ار سال سے اس د ر‬ ‫میں کئی دنوں سے تمہارا‬ ‫مالی صبح سے پھول توڑ‬ ‫دو بجے سے برف باری ہو‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫می ں کام کر رہ ا ہ‬ ‫انتظار کر رہا ہوں ۔‬ ‫رہا ہے۔‬ ‫رہی ہے۔‬
‫ئ‬ ‫گھ ٹ‬
‫اس کا ب ھا ی ‪ 2005‬سے‬ ‫میں دوپہر سے کہانی پڑھ‬ ‫ے سے سوی ٹ ر ب ن رہ ی‬ ‫وہ دو ن‬ ‫وہ دو سال سے ہماری‬
‫اس مکان می ں رہ رہ ا‬ ‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬
‫رہا ہوں۔‬ ‫جماعت میں پڑھ رہا ہے۔‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬
 ‫ہ م دل و ج ان سے ملک‬ ‫کئی ڈاکٹر اس کا عالج کر‬
‫خ‬
‫ےہی ں۔‬
‫کی دمت کر رہ‬ ‫رہے ہیں۔‬

VOCABULARY
Work Wait Pluck Snow Live Read
Knit Study Serve Cure

Negative sentence

Structure of sentence
Subject + helping verb + not + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/ for + time.

Helping verbs Where to use

Has He ,She, It single name

Have I , We , they , you, plural name

Since For
‫ق ق‬
‫م ررہ و ت کے لی‬
‫ے‬ ‫مقررہ مدت کے لیے‬

Examples: -

 The servant has not  ‫دو دن سے نوکر نہیں آرہا‬

been coming for two days ‫ہے۔‬

 The teacher has been  ‫استاد ایک گھنٹے سے پڑھا‬

teaching for one hour ‫رہا ہے۔‬

 The washer man has  ‫دھوبی صبح سے کپڑے دھو‬

been washing the clothes ‫رہا ہے۔‬
since morning
 I have not been  1990 ‫میں اس کالج میں‬
teaching in the college since ‫سےنہیں پڑھا رہا ہوں۔‬
1990

Translate into English

‫ن‬
‫ص ح سے ہی ں پڑھ‬
‫می ں ب‬ ‫دو بجے سے بارش نہیں ہو‬ ‫وہ چھے روز سے سکول‬ ‫ہم ایک گھنٹے سے بھاگ‬
‫رہ ا ہ وں ۔‬
‫رہی ہے۔‬ ‫نہیں جا رہی ہے۔‬ ‫نہیں رہےہیں ۔‬
‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫غ‬
‫وہ ا سان ہ ہی ں پڑھ رہ ی‬ ‫وپ صبح سے ہاکی نہیں‬ ‫نمر ی اں ک ی روز سے ا ڈے‬ ‫وہ دو گھنٹے سے تقریر‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہی ں دے رہ ی ہ ی ں ۔‬
‫کھیل رہے ہیں ۔‬ ‫نہیں کر رہا ہے۔‬
‫کٹ‬ ‫ہ‬
‫ے‬‫ سے ا ھ‬2015
‫م ن‬ ‫وہ بچپن سے جھوٹ نہیں‬
‫ے‬ ‫س‬
‫ا کول ہی ں ج ا رہ‬ ‫بول رہا ہے۔‬
‫ہی ں۔‬

VOCABULARY
Reading Raining Going to Running Studying Playing
school
Laying Making a Going Telling a
speech lie

Interrogative sentence
Structure of sentence
Helping verb + Subject + not + been + first form of verb + ing + object + since/ for + time?

Helping verbs Where to use

Has He ,She, It single name

Have I , We , they , you, plural name

Since For
‫ق ق‬
‫م ررہ و ت کے لی‬
‫ے‬ ‫مقررہ مدت کے لیے‬

Examples:-

Has he been coming from Lahore since ‫ص ح سے الہ ور سے آرہ ا ہ‬

‫ے؟‬ ‫ک ی ا وہ ب‬
 ‫?‪morning‬‬

‫‪Has Ali been finishing his work for two‬‬ ‫کیا علی نےدو گھنٹے سے اپنا کام ختم کر لیا ہے؟‬
‫?‪hours‬‬

‫‪Have they been winning the match since‬‬ ‫کیا وہ شام سے میچ جیت رہے ہیں ؟‬
‫?‪evening‬‬

‫‪Has she been becoming a doctor for two‬‬ ‫کیا وہ دو سال ڈاکٹر بن رہی ہے ؟‬
‫?‪years‬‬

‫?‪Have we been absent since last week‬‬ ‫کیا ہم پچھلے ہفتے سے غیر حاضر ہو رہے ہیں ؟‬

‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫گھ ٹ‬
‫ے سے ب ارش ہ و‬ ‫ک ی ا دو ن‬ ‫کیا ٹیمیں پانچ بجے سے‬ ‫کیا میں کئی سالوں سے‬ ‫کیا تم اس مکان میں ‪2005‬‬
‫ے؟‬ ‫رہ ی ہ‬ ‫کھیل رہی ہیں ؟‬ ‫اس کی مدد کر رہا ہوں؟‬ ‫سے رہ رہے ہو؟‬
‫ن‬
‫ک ی ا وہ کل سے مض امی ن لکھ‬ ‫کیا وہ چار ہفتوں سے گھر‬ ‫ص ح سے ہ اکی ہی ں‬
‫ک ی ا وہ ب‬ ‫کیا وہ نصف گھنٹے سے‬
‫ےہی ں؟‬ ‫کھ‬
‫رہ‬ ‫کی صفائی کر رہی ہے؟‬
‫ےہی ں؟‬
‫ی ل رہ‬ ‫پتنگ اراتے رہے ہیں ؟‬
‫ئ ن‬
‫نک ی ا وہ ک ی د وں سے ی ہاں‬ ‫کیا مدار ی ایک گھنٹے سے‬
‫ےہی ں؟‬
‫ہی ں آ رہ‬ ‫اپنے کرتب دکھا رہا ہے؟‬

‫‪VOCABULARY‬‬
‫‪Rain‬‬ ‫‪Play‬‬ ‫‪Help‬‬ ‫‪Live‬‬ ‫‪Writing‬‬ ‫‪Clean‬‬
‫‪Play‬‬ ‫‪Fly‬‬ ‫‪Kites‬‬ ‫‪Come‬‬ ‫‪Juggler‬‬ ‫‪Show‬‬
‫‪Tricks‬‬

‫‪Past Indefinite Tense‬‬

‫ض‬ ‫ف‬
‫ف عل ما ی م طلق‬
‫ت‬ ‫ن ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع ض ط‬
‫ل ما ی م لق کسی کام کا گزرے ہ و زماے می ن ہ و ا ی ا کر ا طاہ ر کر ا ہ‬
‫ے۔‬

‫اردو پ ہچ ان‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫غ ف ت‬ ‫ت ت ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫فق‬
‫ے ‪،‬سکا ‪ ،‬سکی‪ ،‬و ی رہ ل ظ آے ہ ی ں اس کےعالہ آ‪ ،‬ای‪ ،‬اے آوازی ں آ ی ہ ی ں ۔‬
‫اردو روں کے آ ر می ں ھا ‪ ،‬ھی ‪ ،‬ھ‬

‫)‪Simple sentence (Affirmatives‬‬

‫‪Structure of sentence‬‬
‫‪Subject + second form of verb + objects‬‬
examples
‫ئ ت‬ ‫خ‬
Sadia entered in the class room. ‫سعدی ہ کمرے می ں دا ل ہ و ی ھی ۔‬
‫ت‬
I went to school yesterday. ‫می ن کل سکول گ ی ا ھا۔‬
‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
Amir wrote a story. ‫عامر ے ای ک کہا ی لکھی۔‬
‫ئ‬ ‫تن‬
The dog jumped over the wall. ‫ے ےدیوار سے چ ھالن گ لگا ی ۔‬ ‫ک‬
‫ش‬ ‫ن‬
I saw a lion. ‫می ن ے ای ک ی ر دی کھا ۔‬
‫ت ن‬
You ate an apple. ‫م ے ای ک سی ب ب کھای ا ۔‬

Translate into English

‫ئ‬
‫وہ سی ر کو گ ی ۔‬ ‫علی نے گالس توڑا۔‬ ‫وہ اسکول گیا۔‬ ‫میں نے کتاب خریدی ۔‬
‫ن خ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ت‬
‫اس ے ط لکھا ۔‬ ‫انھوں نے ہاکی کھیلی۔‬ ‫ے۔‬ ‫م ہ سپ ت ال کی وں گ‬ ‫استاد نے احمد کی تعریف‬
‫کی۔‬
‫ہ ہ ئ‬
‫ے۔‬‫م ال ور گ‬ ‫ڈاکٹر نے مریض کا معائینہ‬
‫کیا ۔‬

VOCABULARY
Purchase Go Break Walk Admire Play
Write Go Examine

Negative sentence

Structure of sentence
Subject + helping verb + not + first form of verb + object.

Helping verbs Where to use

Did He ,She, It single name , I , We , they , you,

plural name
Examples:-
‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
You did not tell a lie. ‫آپ ےج ھوٹ ہی ں بوال ۔‬

They did not play. ‫وہ کھیلتے نہیں تھے ۔‬

He did not swim. ‫وہ تیرتا نہیں تھا ۔‬

The dog did not eat grass. ‫کتا گھاس نہیں کھاتا تھا۔‬

I did not drink water. ‫میں نے پانی نہیں پیا ۔‬

Translate into English

‫ئ‬ ‫ن‬
‫گ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ہ م چ ڑی ا ھر ہی ں گ‬ ‫تم نےکمرہ صاف نہیں کیا ۔‬ ‫ہم نے گانا نہیں گایا‬ ‫اس نے درخواست نہیں‬
‫لکھی ۔‬
‫ن‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ن ت ن‬
‫وہ گھر ہی ں آی ا ۔‬ ‫میں گالی نہیں دی۔‬ ‫ہ م ےہ ا ھ ہی ں دھوے۔‬ ‫تم نے دروازاہ بند نہیں کیا ۔‬
‫خت ن‬ ‫ت ن‬
‫م ے ی ہ کام م ہی ں‬
‫کی ا ۔‬

VOCABULARY
Go Clean Meet Sing Application Write
Come Abuse Wash Close Finish

Interrogative sentence
Structure of sentence
Helping Verb +Subject + second form of verb + object?

Helping verbs Where to use

Did He, she, it, single name, I, we, they, you,

plural name

Examples:-
‫ت‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ئ‬
Did saira like tea? ‫ک ی ا سا رہ کو چ اےپ س ن د ھی؟‬

Did we read a story? ‫کیا ہم نے کہانی پرھی ؟‬

Did they watch TV? ‫کیا انہوں نے ٹیلی وژن دیکھا ؟‬

Did he write a letter? ‫کیا اس نے خط لکھا ؟‬

Did the cat paly with the ball? ‫کیا بلی گیند سے کھیلی تھی؟‬
 Did I eat bread? ‫کیا میں نے روٹی کھائی تھی؟‬

Did you drive a car? ‫کیا تم نے کار چالئی؟‬

Did the hours run fast? ‫کیا گھوڑا تیز دوڑا ؟‬

Did you meet my friend? ‫کیا آپ میرے دوست سے ملے؟‬

Translate into English

‫ن ت‬
‫ک ی ا طل ب اے ال ی اں‬ ‫کیا تم نے کتاب پڑھی ؟‬ ‫کیا انہوں نےمیچ کھیال؟‬ ‫کیا تم نےسیب کھایا ؟‬
‫ئ‬
‫ب جا ی ں؟‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت ن نش‬ ‫ن ش ت‬
‫ک ی ا م ے ا ت ہ ک ی ا ھا؟‬ ‫کیا امجد نے خط لکھا؟‬ ‫ک ی ا مراد ے ور ک ی ا ھا؟‬ ‫کیا آمنہ نےکمرے کی‬
‫صفائی کی؟‬
‫ت ن خ‬
‫م ے در ت ئسے‬ ‫کیا عارف نے قلم خریدا؟‬
‫چ ھالن گ یک وں لگا ی ؟‬

VOCABULARY

Applications
1. To the head master for leave 1
Sir,
My father has written to say that my mother is seriously ill. I shall be grateful if you will kindly
grand me four days leave of absence from school to go home.
2. To the headmistress for leave 2
Madam,
As I am laid up fever and bad cold. I am unable to attend the school. The doctor has advised two
days complete rest. I request you to be kind enough to grant me leave of absence from school for 9 th and
10th of the month.
3. Ordering a book 4
The Manager,
AM publishers.
Lahore.
Dear sir,
I shall feel obliged if you send me the following books per passenger train.
1. Scientific grammar and composition one copy
2. High school Mathematics one copy

Your faithfully,
X.Y.Z

4. For the exemption of the school fee 6

Most respectfully I beg to say to state that I come of poor parents and cannot pay my tuition fee. Worse
still, my father has been out of employment for the last six months and there is no other earning member
of the family. As for my studies, I have always shown good result in the house examinations. I therefore
deserve the concession both on the score of the poverty and efficiencies in studies.
5. For remission of fine 7
I beg to state that I have been fined Rs. 500 for breaking desk in my class room. I assure you, sir, that
I did not break it intentionally. We were just playing about the desk when I happened to fall on it. As
it was an old and rotten desk, it gave away under my weight. I am, however, ashamed for what I have
done. I hope you will be king enough to remit the fine.
6. To head master for an urgent piece of work
My mother is seriously ill. Father is away on tour. There is no other member of the family to attend on
her. My presence at home is therefore is very necessary. Kindly excuse my absence from the school for
two days. i.e. 5th and 6th of the month.
7. For leave to attend the marriage ceremony
Most respectfully I beg to state that I have to attend the marriage ceremony of my brother. The ceremony
takes place on the 10th of this month. The marriage party will leave for the Lahore on 11 th. It is therefore
request that I may be granted leave of absence from school at least for four days i.e. 10th to 14th month.
8. For leaving certificate.
My father is under the transfer orders to Multan. The family will move on the 10 th of the month. I cannot
stay here alone. I therefor request you kindly to issue the school leaving certificate to enables me to get
admission to some school at Multan.
9. Requesting the D.C to grant a license for a revolver.
I request you to grant me a license for as a revolver for protection. The occasional raids by dacoits make it
necessary for us to defend ourselves in time of danger before the police come to our rescue. As a man of
social standing and proved loyalty to the government. I can be depended upon to use the fire- arm only in
defense.
I hope that you will be pleased to consider my request sympathetically.
 10. Application for job
The manager,
Company A.B.C,
Lahore.
Sir,
Respectfully I beg to submit that through the advertisement column of daily “JANG” Lahore I
have come to know about a vacancy of a clerk available in your factory. I offer myself as a candidate for
this position.
My particulars
Age 18 years o
Qualification intermediate with first division.
Marital status is single.
I reside a kalma chowck and factory is not far from my house. I assure you that I will serve the
organization devotedly and diligently.
Attested photocopies of my documents and certificates are attached.
Thank you.
Your obediently,
X.Y.Z

Daily used sentence

Story writing
1. The Dog and his reflection
A dog carries a piece of meat in his mouth had to walk along a plank over a stream. Looking down into
the water he saw his own reflection there. He thought that it was another dog with another piece of meat.
The greedy dog snatched at the reflection; and as he opened his mouth, the real piece of meat fell into the
stream and was lost.
Moral Lesson: Greedy people who try to take what belongs to others, often lose what they have.
2. The Fox and the Grapes
One day a hungry fox came to vineyard full of fine ripe grapes. the grapes were growing on a sunny wall.
The fox jumped as high as he could but was greatly disappointed to find all the grapes too high for him to
reach. When he found it was quite useless to try anymore, he went off saying to himself that the grapes
were sour, and he did not want them.
Moral Lesson: people often pretend that they do not like what they cannot get.
3. The Wolf and the Crane.
A wolf, when eating his dinner swallowed a bone which stuck fast in his throat. This caused him much
pain, but he could not get the bone out. He promised a great reward to any creature who would remove it.
At last a crane agreed to try. Putting her long bill down the wolf throat the crane seized the bone and
pulled it out. But when the crane asked for the promised reward the wolf said that it was quite a reward
enough that the crane had got her head safely out of the wolf’s mouth.
Moral Lesson: Some people are never grateful to those who help them.
4. The old man and his Sons.
An old man had three sons who was always quarrelling with one another. The father often told them how
foolish it was to waste time quarrelling, but they gave a little heed to him.
One he called them together. He produced a bundle of sticks and told them each to try in turn to
break it into two pieces. None of them is succeeded in breaking the bundle.
The father then untied the bundle and told his sons to break the sticks separately. This they were
easily able to do. Then he said to them “see my sons, what wonderful power there is in keeping together.
If you are joined closely, in friendship, no one can hurt you; but if you are quarrel some, people can easily
injure you”
Moral Lesson: union is Strength
5. The Lion and the mouse
One a lion was sleeping under the shade of a tree. A small mouse ran over his face and awakened him
from his sleep. He became so angry that he caught the mouse to kill it. The rat bagged for the mercy. The
lion took pity on him and let him go. After some time, the lion was caught in a trap. He struggled hard to
get out of it but failed. The mouse saw him in trouble. He began to gnaw the ropes; in a short time, the
lion was free and thanked the mouse for his timely help.
Moral Lesson: Forgiveness has its own reward.
6. The Hare and the Tortoise
Once a hare met a tortoise. He began to laugh at him for his slow pace. The tortoise took it very ill and
challenged him to run a race. The here laughed at the challenge and accepted it. Next day the race began.
The hare ran very fast and left the tortoise far behind. Then he lay under a cool shady tree to take a little
rest but soon fell asleep. The tortoise walked slowly but steadily and passed the sleeping hare. The hare
got up very late. He ran as fast as he could but failed to overtake that tortoise which had reached the
winning post before him. The hare was much ashamed and never again made fun of his friend.
Moral Lesson: Slow and steady wins the race
7. The Kindness of Rasool (PBUH)
Once the Rasool went out on a journey along with some of his companions. Birds were singing and
chirping joyfully. One of the companions of the Rasool saw a nest in a bush. It was the nest of sparrow
and there were two sparrow chicks in it. He picked up the young sparrow. All at once the sparrow came
crying and began to fly over his head. The Rasool asked his companion why the sparrows were circling
over his head. He told the Rasool that he had removed their young once from their nest.
The Rasool was greatly moved. He felt sorry for the poor little birds and advised his companion to
put back the baby sparrow in its nest at once, which he did. The sparrow felt happy and cried no more.
The Rasool was kind and affectionate not only to human being but also to all creature of the
universe. For this very reason Allah Almighty was pleased to bestow upon him the little of ‘benefactor of
all the worlds.’
Moral Lesson: The Rasool also said,” Allah will not be kind to him who is not kinds to other”
8. A Vain Stag
A stag was drinking water at a pool. He saw his reflection in its clear water. He was delighted to see his
beautiful horns and admired them. He saw his thin legs and felt ashamed of them. Just then he saw a pack
of hounds rushing toward him. He therefore left the hounds far behind. But unluckily his beautiful horns
were caught in a bush. He tried hard to free himself but in vain. The hounds were soon upon him. They
seized him and tore him into pieces.
Moral Lesson: All the glitters is not gold, or appearances ae often deceptive.
9. Bad Company
Once a rich man had a son who fell in bad company. He tried his best to set him right but in vain. One the
father brought a breakfast of apples. The boy wanted to have them. The father promised to give him all
the apples next day. In the meantime, he gave the boy a rotten apple and asked him to place it amidst the
good ones. The son did so, next day the father asked him to get the apples. But he found them all rotten in
the basket. The father said to him, “just as a single rotten apple has spoiled all the good ones similarly bad
company spoils the good boys.” The son got the point and gave up the company of bad boys.
Moral Lesson: A black sheep infects the whole flock.
10. Angle and the Carter
As a country laborer was driving his heavily laden cart along a muddy road, the wheels stuck so fast that
the horse could not draw them out of the rut. Upon this the carter fell on his knees and prayed to Allah to
come and help him. Allah sent an angel out of a cloud who said,” Do not kneel there your lazy man but
get u p and clap your shoulder to the wheel. That is the way for you to obtain assistance.
Moral Lesson: Allah helps those who help themselves.

Letters
1. To father about the progress of your study
I am working very hard in these days. I study up to 10’o clock at night. I get up again at 4.a.m and study
for three hours at a continuously. I have made up my deficiency in English, but I must work harder in
mathematic. My teachers are fully satisfied with my progress.
 2. To father asking for money and telling him why you need it.
I have spent the money you sent me last month. Now winter is fast approaching, and I need a warm suit. I
must buy a sweater too. Some is also required for purchasing few helping books. The warm suit alone
will cost about one thousand rupees. Will you therefore send me at least two thousand rupees for all these
things? I assure you that I shall be more economical next month.
3. To father about home affairs
Received your kind letter today. We are glad to hear that you are happy there and attending to your
business. We all, however, miss you very much.
All the children are in good health. They are attending school regularly. Your youngest son,
Shahram is and exception. He seldom goes to school. He is much spoiled in your absence.
Mother is keeping indifferent health. She gets low fever now and then. But there is nothing to
worry about. The doctor says it is malaria and that she will be all right after taking a few doses of quinine.
With love from all.
4. To your younger brother giving him a piece of advice.
I learn from your class teacher that you often slip away from school and neglect your studies. Worse, still
you are getting in bad company. It is very bad indeed. You must mend your ways before father comes to
know of it. I shall not tell father till we get the report about your next examinations. Please give up bad
habits, work hard and get a good report. I hope my advice shall not fall on deaf ears.
5. To your uncle thanking him for the present
Many thanks for your kind letter and valuable presents on my birthday. Your choice of fountain pen as a
present for me is simply amazing. This is exactly the thing that I needed most. The handkerchiefs are so
nice that I like them immensely. The book is wonderful I have read a few stories and found them very
interesting.
I once again thank you and my aunt for your good wishes and the precious presents on my
birthday.
6. Congratulation a friend on his success in the examination
I am glad to learn that you have passed your examination in the first division. I congratulation you most
heartily on your brilliant success. You have indeed justified our hopes. We are all proud of you.
7. Inviting a friend to a marriage
I have already sent you a formal invitation to my brother’s weddings. But I feel that only my personal
request will induce you to come. I need hardly say that my happiness wood be greatly increased by your
presence.
All at home desire that you should come a day or two earlier. Kindly intimate the time and date of
your arrival so that I may receive you at the railway station.
8. To the mother who is worried about your health.
I received your letter yesterday. I am glad to know that you are fine. I was running a fever due to bad
throat. But it was a temporary ailment. I recovered now.
You need not worry about my health. I am perfectly all right. I am taking good care of my diet and
exercise regularly. I hope that after these assurances you will stop worrying about me.
Pay my regards to all at home.
9. To your brother about the importance of the study of science subjects.
I hope this letter finds you in best of health and spirits. You have now been promoted to next class. It is
time for you to decide whether you would like to study humanities or science. The world has progressed
very much in the field of science. If we want to keep pace with it, we must keep our knowledge of science
up to date. Everyone should know the basics of science is I would advise you to study science at least up
to matriculation level.
10. To your friend congratulation her on her birthday
I am specially writing this letter to congratulation you on your birthday. I owe you a gift and you will get
it when you come to Lahore. I was going to send it to you by post but then I was informed that you plan
to come to Lahore. So, I decided to give it to you personally. I am waiting for you.
Convey my respect to aunt and uncle.
11. To your friend requesting him to lend you some books
My examination is over, and I have not much to do these days. I am thinking of improving my English.
You talked once about your fine collection of English novels and plays. I want to borrow few novels from
you. I hope that you will not refuse. I assure you that I shall take care of your books. I shall try to return
these books as early as possible.
Pay my compliment to your parents.
12. To your friend condoling the death of his mother
I have just received the news of you mother’s death. I am really shocked to hear it. She was a very noble
lady. I had special attachment to her. She loved me as her own son. But the laws of the nature are
absolute. We must bow before them.
All my sympathies are with you. I hope that you will bear this loss with patient and courage. May
her soul rest in heavens!
13. To your friend thanking him for the books he lent to you
I received the books you lent me the day before yesterday. I am grateful to you for this. I have already
started reading these and hope to return them very soon.
Thanking you again
14. To your sister thanking her for a gift
I hope that you are in good health. I received your gift of a wristwatch. On my birthday two days ago. It is
a beautiful watch. I need it badly too as I happened to lose my watch in a mishap a few days ago. I
promise that I shall take care of it. It will also help to make me punctual.
 I thank you again for this precious gift
15. To a book seller requesting him to send you some books
Dear sir,
I shall be glad if you may provide me with the following books as early as possible.
Civics for class six 1 copy
Economics for class seven 1 copy
Zuban Nama for class eight 2 copies
I hope you will allow me special concession for students. Please send these books to me by post.

Essay
1. My last day at school
The first and last days at school are of unique significance for students. While the first day at school may
cause anxiety, fear, and nervousness, the last day is surely a day of hope, confidence, and preparedness.
My last day at school is still fresh in my memory. I felt very relaxed because there was no teaching work
that day. My heavy school satchel was off my back at last. It was a big relief. I took the bus quite leisurely
and got off at the school bus stop. I made my way through small groups of school fellows, talking noisily
and a good many embracing with one another. There was silence in the atmosphere, and I felt sadness on
the faces of my friends. I found a group of more students waiting for me. They said loudly “Don’t you
remember photographs? “Oh, I do”, I replied. There were photographs of students and teachers in groups
in the lawn. Then I went straight to cafeteria. There, last with my best friend for about two hours.
Our juniors of ninth class hosted a farewell party and entertained us to variety of sweet- meat and tea.
Our worthy headmaster and teachers also participated. Formal farewell speeches were made on occasion.
A boy sang a ghazal and delighted the audience with his melodious voice. Finally, the headmaster
addressed the gathering and advised the students to work with the devotion and be well- mannered to
succeed and prosper in life. With heavy heart, I stood up and shook hand with my friends. I wanted time
to pass slowly to me. Now last day has become several years’ old memory. The memory of tangible
events of life are sweet as well as painful. Before dispersing, we thanked our juniors for their nice
farewell.
2. SPORTS AND GAMES
“One man practicing sportsmanship is far better than fifty preaching it.” Knute Rockne
Sports and games play an important role in the development of human personality. They are no less
important than food and fresh water. The developed countries like Germany, England, France, and U.S.A
have made games an essential part of education at school level. It is interesting to note that there are
nurseries and training centers for games in these countries. They admit boys and girls for necessary
training to become future athletes, gymnasts, and sportsmen.
No doubt, games and sports are becoming popular in Pakistani schools as well. The facilities, of
 course, are not adequate at present. The situation is expected to be improved soon.
The Pakistani schoolgirls and boys know fully well the meaning of the proverb “All work and no play
makes jack a dull boy”. They know that their growing bodies need regular physical exercise to keep
themselves healthy and fit.
Sports give shape and strength to the body and instill discipline and teamwork. General sports include
hunting and fishing. In ancient times these sports were used to get food, but Greeks were the earliest
people who looked at games as means of building up the body and mind. They were the earliest people
who introduced marathon and many sports. The famous Olympic games held every fourth year are the
proof of the importance of sports.
Mountaineering is becoming favorite sport of Pakistani schoolboys in summertime among the mountains
of Murree, Nathiagali, Swat, Chitral, Kaghan and Karakoram Highways.
Many school club and societies hold athletic contests. These contests include walking, jogging, jumping,
swimming, rowing, wrestling, boxing, hammer/ disc throwing, light weightlifting, riding, and gymnastics.
An athlete is trained to be perfectly fit to engage in such contests.
Moreover, hockey, football, cricket, tennis, badminton, table tennis is among the favorite organized
games in schools. All such sports and games certainly benefit both mind and body. They create
cheerfulness, discipline, fellowship, and confidence.
“If you are playing games properly, you would better know the rule”.
One thing must be kept in mind that spirit of sports and games is not to win only. The proper end of
games is bodily health and physical fitness. Sports and games also teach us to practice honesty, dignity
hard-working and other moral values.
3. MY HOUSE
“East or West, home is the best.”

A house, you know, is an important necessity. The quality of life improves when you have a house of
your own. It gives you an opportunity to turn some of your dream into reality. You decorate your rooms
according to your taste. You look after your plants and flowers with a loving care.
I live in small house not far from my school. The house is almost new. It is a little way back from the
road, and in front of it there is a small garden. It is a two-story house. A path leads from the gate to the
porch. A corner of the porch is evergreen with a lovely creeper that remains in brilliant bloom round the
year. Downstairs there is lounge which is a general living room with television. This room is used as a
reception room for guests. There is a dining room and kitchen. The drawing room with a large window
faces the front lawn.
It has three bedrooms downstairs and one bedroom upstairs. These are quite big rooms which can
accommodate three or four people. My parents stay in the upper bedroom while my two sisters, one
brother and I stay in lower bedroom. My parents’ bedroom is carpeted wall to wall and has some
 wonderfully beautiful pictures of hills.
My mother’s contribution to the room is the form of artistically designed and finely sewn curtains across
three windows that open on two-sided grass trees. The rooms of my house are not large. The largest room
is the lounge. It has windows on both ends for proper light and ventilation.
“For a man home is his castle”.
My father and I love to work in the garden. We prune the bushes once a year and in summer we get our
fruit- trees sprayed every month. My mother loves plants especially roses and I take care of them to keep
the front lawn tidy enough by using a lawn- mower. One’s own house is a blessing indeed.
“Mid pleasure and places though we may roam; be it ever so humble; there is no place like home”.
4. COURTESY
“The small courtesies sweeten life; the greater enable it”. (Bovee)
Courtesy means excellence of manners or polite behavior. It, of course, springs from good breeding and
kindness of heart. A courteous man is pleasant and polite to everybody. He observes good manners on all
occasions and always respects the feelings of others.
“A moral, sensible and well- bred man will not affront me and no other can”
When people meet, they greet one another saying, “good morning” or “good evening” according to the
time of the day. Muslims greet one another, saying, “Assalam-o- Alaikum” and they often ask about each
other’s health and wellbeing A Muslim greeting is a kind of wish, a prayer for mutual happiness, peace,
and security. The Holy Quran lays stress in this form of greeting in Al-Noor Verse 61.
If you know two persons who happen to be strangers, it is your duty to introduce them to each other. If
both are men, you introduce the younger to the older “Please meet my elder brother.........”
If both are women, but one married and the other single, you introduce the latter to the former. If one is a
man and the other is a woman, it goes without saying that you introduce the man to the woman, and the
other way round. You pronounce both names clearly if they are males and the two persons shake hands
saying, “How do you do?”
“A tree is known by its fruits, a man by his deeds. A good deed is never lost; he who sows courtesy, reaps
friendship, and who plants kindness, gathers love.”
Good manners demand that you make no attempt to jump the queue. In a crowded bus, if you are
physically fit, you give your seat to another elderly person or to someone who is blind, disable and sick.
You have
to say “Thank you” to those who are good to you. Courtesy really makes everyday life more pleasant,
more friendly, and more meaningful.
“Life is short, but that there is always enough time for courtesy.”
5. LIBRARIES
With the spread of literacy, libraries have become essential tools for learning. Public instruction is making
rapid progress everywhere in Pakistan. It is no more the privilege of the well-to-do only to acquire
 knowledge as it was not so very long ago. Twenty first century dawns with a sure promise to be a century
of peace and educational explosion.
Naturally when there is thirst of knowledge, there is also an ever-increasing demand for books and
magazines. Everybody does not have the means to buy books of all sorts. Mass education programmed is
bound to suffer adversely if there are no free libraries for students.
Libraries are of great use to students and the public. They are a necessary part of our life now. Libraries
have much more importance in our society. We can get most of the books that we need from a standard
library. Libraries contain many expensive and highly prized books. Most of us cannot buy them, but
easily borrow them from a library to our infinite benefit. For example, plenty of expensive books on
science subjects like physics and chemistry are available. Books on professional subjects like medicine
and engineering are plentiful. Poor students can get the books of their own choice from a library.
Teacher can teach well after reading different kind of books. A reader who is passionate for reading can
find books of his interest in the library.
As it is well said:
“A library is a hospital for mind.”
Our school libraries are not functioning properly. There is practically no reading or borrowing facilities.
There is no whole-time staff for librarian. Above all, there is no incentive to read general books or fiction.
The few books that may be there I the dusty old almirahs, stink awfully. This is mainly so for want of
fresh air in the stuffy, locked
cupboards. More often the books are just old titled, moth-eaten, and worn out.
Libraries obviously play an important role in creating a genuine love of books and interest in current
affairs. There reading rooms promote a spirit of discipline, research, enquiry, and fellowship. Libraries
with a variety of attractive titles have a healthy, beneficial effect on the eager mind of the students.
It is rightly said:
“If you have a garden and library, you have everything you need”.
We cannot make progress without libraries of standard quality and public reading.
6. HEALTH
“Health is wealth” is a well-known proverb often quoted by parents and teachers. When people meet, they
usually ask one another” How are you?” “How are you getting on?”
Famous saying is that
“He who has health has hope, and who has hope has everything”.
Health is precious and certainly a great blessing of Allah Almighty. Hygienic environment, personal
cleanliness, wholesome food, and a regular way of life to conducive health. Early to bed and early to rise,
meals at regular times, recreation and rest are sure to make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Young
people, who have plenty of energy, need to take vigorous athletic exercises in the fresh open air.
“Health is not a condition of matter, but of man”.
In case we are run down, overworked or dreadfully sick, we consult a doctor. He gives us a tonic or
prescribes a special diet “you are working too hard” he may say. That is what the trouble is. You cannot
go on burning the candle at both ends”.
Cleanliness is necessary for health. Dirt is the mother of ill-health and sufferings caused by filthy and
insanitary condition of life. Therefore, it is clear if we want to keep well, we must keep our bodies, our
clothes, and our houses clean. He who tries to be clean in body and dress, always has good health.
Bulwer said:
“Refuse to be ill, never tell people you are ill, never own to yourself.”
Sometimes staying at one place, year in and year out, tend to make us weary and stale. It is a signal that
what we need is complete change in our environment. If we go to some other place at the hills and
countryside, it does us a world of good. Change and fresh air are better than all the tonics in the world.
Eating out is generally avoided by health-conscious men and women. Homemade cookies are the safest
and the best in the world.
We should adopt many devices to maintain our health. Firstly, we should get up early in the morning and
go for a walk. Morning walk. Morning walk makes us active, smart, and healthy.
Marcus Valerious Martial said:
“Life is not merely to be alive, but to be well.”
7. THE MONSOON/A RAINY DAY
The rainy season visits us each round the year in July when the heat is at its height. Every man, woman,
animal, and bird wish the rain to start to give relief. The first rain of season is most welcome.
Once, in the first week of July, sky was heavily overcast, and rain clouds swept across the sky. Strong
south-westerly winds that blows over the Indian Ocean, brought the monsoon clouds which caused a lot
of rain.
South-westerly monsoon wind is refreshingly cool, and it brings relief to the gasping, heat- stricken
people. So, it did in July when the temperature rose alarmingly high. Newspapers carried reports of deaths
by heat- stroke or exhaustion and the death –toll was mounting every day. A night before it had been
oppressively hot and humid.
“Be still, sad heart and cease repining; behind the clouds is the sun shining; the fate is the common fate of
all. Into each life some rain must fall; some days must be dark and dreary”.
It was dazzling sunrise and the moist dew on the grass glittered in the sunshine. Surprisingly, the wind
rustled through tops of the trees that was just splendid. The humid heat was gone in no time. We saw the
rolling mass of black clouds across the sky. In no time it began to rain.
“After the rain cometh the fair weather”.
There was a flash of lightning, quickly followed by a clap of thunder. Large raindrops began to fall. The
moment they fell, the dry earth sucked them. It was followed by a heavy shower. In the soothing shadow
of dark clouds, the streets were turned into streams. The tree leaves sparkled in glee. Low lying areas
 were flooded. The young and the old alike ran up and down the flooded streets. There were scenes of
jubilation all around.
Roger Miller has rightly said:
“Some people walk in the rain, other just get wet”.
It rained for about one hour. Light vehicles broke down on the flooded roads. Motor- cyclists slipped and
fell in pools of water. When rain continues for day together, it causes the traffic problems on broken
roads.
There are many advantages of rain as well. Rain provides water to the fields and is responsible for
agricultural growth. The rain purifies or cleans the atmosphere by killing germs and reducing pollution.
There are always some advantages and disadvantages of everything like the rain. But, despite all, a rainy
day has its own charms. All people like it. The rainbow gave three births and left three all her lovely hues.
8. A SCENE AT RAILWAY STATION
The British invented the railway and locomotive. The rail-track was laid for the trains to connect different
towns and villages on the route. The train, drawn by heavy engine, would stop briefly for passengers at
the places called railway stations.
“Railway termini are our gates to the glorious and the unknown. Through them we pass out into
adventure....” E. M. Forsters.
We often travel by train from one city or town to another. The scene at a station before the arrival, during
the stay and after the departure of the train is quite familiar to us.
There are typical scenes at railway station. The smart, uniformed station master and his staff hurriedly
move about when some trains arrive or is about to leave. The platform is thronged with passengers, men,
women, and children. Some stay close to their piles of luggage others just walk about looking at colorful
ads. The vendors do a roaring trade.
Their brightly lit stalls or carts at different points attract passengers. There is noise and clamor all around.
Meals, fruits, books, magazines, souvenirs, and knick-knacks sell like hot cakes. The prospect of long,
arduous, and tiring journey ahead worries the passengers. In summer pitches and fans are in the great
demand. Water coolers and taps are busiest spots.
Railway workers and officials go about in their uniforms. Tickets checkers and inspectors in their white
uniforms look very active. When the trains do not arrive at the fixed time, passengers look again and
again at their watches or at the big clock at the platform. Some of them talk about the arrival of trains in
anger cursing the railway department.
Sometimes, we can witness strange disturbances on the platform. In the rush and movement, pickpockets,
get a chance of doing them
work. The coolies are seen struggling to carry the heavy baggage of passengers out of the station.
Such a bustle follows when the train pulls in at the platform. Some people pick their way politely along
the crowded platform while others bump into another as they go hurriedly from one compartment to
 another. The porters in their red shirts are seen bustling about “A hawker hurries from door to door,
crying, “The Jang”, “the news”, “The nation “and “the Nawa- e –waqt”. Such are some of the scenes at
the railway station.
9. A HOCKEY MATCH
I was delighted to witness a hockey match between Pakistan and Germany at the Pakistan stadium
recently. It was quite an interesting match. The match started in the evening at 4 O’ clock on one of
grounds of the main stadium of the city. Hundreds of citizen and outsiders had come to watch it.
Everyone was feeling happy, hopeful, and excited.
The players of both the teams showed qualities of strength, speed, stamina, agility, and mobility until the
final whistle. The two teams were playing with great effort. The Germans dominated in the beginning, but
the Pakistani players fought back and coordinated remarkably. The German made strong attempts, but our
keeper made spectacular saves. The match was suspended briefly when the home crowd fired crackers
which caused a dense smoke all around.
The Pakistani forwards kept the ball in their possession and played like a team. The only weakness,
however, was in the striking of penalty corners. The team played with full devotion. Pakistan opened its
attack mostly from the flanks, but the speed and timely interception of the Germans saved them.
Our left half took the ball from German attackers and after running up a few paces sent in a through pass
to inside left. He dispatched the ball towards the goal with a flick. Another Pakistani player who was
closely following him, trapped the ball to score the goal. It was the winning and the most memorable
goal. The Pakistani players proved practically the famous saying of Vince Lombardi that:
“Winners never quit, and quitters never win”.
It was a tremendous match. In the end, there was prize distribution ceremony. The winning team was
awarded with a trophy. There was a group photograph of the winning team. The crowd went wild at the
memorable victory of Pakistan.
10. A CRICKET MATCH
“Cricket to us was more than a play, it was a worship in the summer sun” Edmund Blunden.
A cricket match between the two leading teams is an event of great charm. It was quite interesting to
watch a match between two leading teams in the President’s Gold Cup cricket tournament. The match
started in the evening at 4 O’clock on one of the main stadiums of the city. Hundreds of local people and
outsiders had come to see the match. Everyone was feeling happy, hopeful, and excited.
The captain of both teams was present for the toss. The Rawalpindi Greens won the toss and decided to
bat first. They took brilliant start. Openers Masood and Tariq together laid a solid foundation of 121 runs
before being parted. Masood was in the top form and he hammered the D.I Khan bowlers all around the
vast field. He scored a dashing 75 runs in only 85 deliveries which included eight sizzling four and two
towering sixes. He was finally caught by Jahandad at long mid-on. Off sahir when attempting another big
hit. The D.I Khan fielders were not active enough and they dropped very easy catches quite often.
 The Greens scored magnificent 381 runs and Javed impressed the spectators with his strokes. He
shattered the rival bowlers and hit his first century in the tournament. The D.I Khan players in reply were
dismissed for just 195 runs. Some of their players cut a very sorry figure. Only Jamshed and Shakir
played brilliantly and delighted the people with their strokes and couples of towering sixes. They tried
their best to chase the target but failed. At last, Rawalpindi Greens won the tournament.
It was a fantastic match. We enjoyed it a lot. In the end, there was a prize distribution ceremony. The
winning team was given away match winning trophy. The best thing was the hands shaking of the players
of both the teams. They displayed a real spirit of sportsmanship. They presented the saying of Michael
Jordan:
“Just play, Have fun. Enjoy the game”.
11. A TRUE MUSLIM
To be a Muslim is a great blessing of Allah Almighty. It is indeed his mercy to make us believe in Allah
and His Prophets (A.S); the final one being the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). The
hallmark of a true Muslim is the magnanimity of heart.
As Allah Almighty says in the Holy Quran:
“Allah is the light of the heavens and the earth.” (Surah Al Noor)
A true Muslim believes in this verse whole – heartedly. He remains conscious that Allah knows all the
facts- even the innermost secrets of heart as Al-Aleem is one of his worthy names He believes that Allah
Almighty is the custodian of all the knowledge and man can grasp only that part of His knowledge which
Allah wills. A true Muslims spend good and the worthy things in the name of Allah. For example, A
Muslim slaughter his animal on Eid-ul- Azha in the name of Allah Almighty. He gives away his money to
the poor and the needy people as Zakat. He knows that if he gives alms to the poor secretly, it will be
hopefully enough atonement for some of his sins. He performs Hajj by spending his money.
A true Muslim is always friendly with others. He feels pride in helping others. He takes care of his near
and dear ones. He always respects the elders and loves young ones He never hurts the feelings of others.
He is also very hospitable. He never considers his guests a burden on him. He is rather than he considers
him the blessing of Allah Almighty.
A good Muslim is ever eager to seek knowledge. He always prays as.
“O my Lord! Advance me in my knowledge”.
He is clean and pure because he believes in the saying of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W):
“Cleanliness is half of the faith”
A true Muslim does his duty well. He never cheats others. He tries to attain excellence in every field of
life. He offers prayers punctually five times a day. He believes that good deeds endure for rich rewards in
the hereafter.
A true Muslim always shows the good qualities i.e. tolerance, patience, truthfulness, friendliness, bravery,
courage, modesty and above all obedience to Allah Almighty. Indeed, it is a great prestige to be a
 Muslim.
12. LIFE IN A BIG CITY
The main avenue is remarkably clean and green. There is practically no dust and its pavements are
crowded with people hurrying to and for. Traffic policemen are always on duty here and they regulate the
heavy traffic efficiently. Over a hundred thousand vehicles and half a million people pass up and down
this busy thorough – fare in a single day.
Local and foreign tourist traffic to ancient sites like Badshahi Mosque, the fort, Jahangir and Noor Jehan
Mausoleum and Shalimar Garden is also quite heavy.
Life in big city like Lahore is whirl of activities. On the other hand, broken streets, stray dogs, ill–
smelling slums, stagnation, sloppy administration soaring crimes and sickening pollution are the sore
signs of city life.
“Man’s course begins in a garden, but it ends in a city”. Alexander Maclaren
City life has its pleasure and pains, its comforts and discomforts, and its charms and horrors. Life in a big
city surely very attractive. We find high risen, multi-story buildings on the two sides of the broad and
busy roads. The shape size and colors of buildings structure is beautiful and attractive. A typical big city,
with lots of mighty shopping centers and plazas is known for the rush and pressure of shopping. Cloth in
its different sophisticated varieties is freely available in thousands of shops in and around the city.
The evening and night hours in a big city have their multifarious activities and enjoyment for the city
people and visitors in the bright dazzling light of electric bulbs and tubes.
As Emerson has rightly said:
“Cities force growth and make men talkative and entertaining, but they make them artificial.”
Life in a big city is pleasant and more purposeful on account of its educational, medical, commercial,
industrial, administrative, and legal facilities.
Daily life in a big city like Lahore is ever so busy and exciting. The busiest part of the day is called peak
hours. Peak hours are the most common in a big city. The rush of traffic in the morning, at midday and in
the early evening is at its peak. The big urban transport buses, wagons, cars coaches, private transport,
vehicles, cabs, motorcycles, tangas, and rehras pass up and down from the morning till late at night. At
peak hours, the noise of the passing traffic is so high that two persons cannot hear each other. The busiest
and terribly noisy spots in Lahore are Minar-e- Pakistan, Badamibagh, Bhati Gate, Mochi Gate, Railway
station, Regal crossing, Laxmi chowk, Ichra and Multan road.
Important buildings like the Lahore High Court G.P.O Museum Jinnah Hall, Punjab University ( Old
Campus), Masjid-e- Shuhada, the Assembly House, Wapda House, The Zoo, Al-Hamra, Jinnah Library ,
Governor House, Aitchison College, Shopping Centers and Foreign Banks are situated on the Shahra-i-
Quaid-e-Azam( The Mall).
13. VILLAGE LIFE
“A village is a hive of glass, where nothing unobserved can pass”. Charles. Spurgeon
 Village is very different from city life. It is free from the troubles and problems which we have in cities.
We find village to be quiet. No noisy factories run in the village to disturb us. The village is without the
endless traffic of cars and buses that the city contains. The noise that we have in the village is mostly that
of birds, animals and of carts moving along the dusty roads.
It is very aptly said by Minahil Urfan,
“Village is a place where you can find peace, unity, strength, inspiration and most importantly a natural
and beautiful life”
Village is most of the time remarkably quiet. A village is made up of farmhouses, mud houses, uneven
dirt lanes and ponds. There are dung hills heap of rubbish and rows of dung-cakes.
We find fresh and clean air in the village. There are open fields all around where we can breathe in clean
air. But inner parts of the village are not clean.
Inside the village, there is no vehicular traffic. Occasionally, there is a whirring tractor or squeaking
bullock cart in some of outer lanes. In some of the big courtyards, there are clusters of shady trees.
Outside the village, there is usually a big banyan tree along the pond. Village folks and some of their
cattle rest under its ample shade in summer. The minarets of the village mosque rise high above the low
skyline of the village. The “azan” is the most welcomed familiar sound in the quiet atmosphere of the
village five times a day.
There are cattle and cart-sheds, dark and ill-smelling where cows and buffaloes are kept. There are a
couple of stables for horses and a few poultry farm. The chicken, ducks and geese are free to run about in
the open places as they please. When all the birds and animals make their cries, the village is somewhat a
noisy place for a while.
The donkeys bray, the cocks crow, the hens cackle, and cluck. The ducks in the dirty drains quack, the
horses neigh, the bulls bellow, the cows mow, the dogs bark and growl, the cat meow, the owls screech at
night.
The tough farmer ploughs in his field in the morning. The harvesting time is very busiest one. Men,
women, and children work together in cutting of the crops during harvesting time. Indeed, it is a hard life.
The village folks are really the backbone of our country. They have stout hearts and strong of limbs. They
face harsh conditions in villages and around, but they never complain. As compare with big city, they
seem to have stepped back into another centuries.
Village life is not as pleasant as it should be. Village do not have many facilities which we have in cities.
In village, we cannot find hospitals and well-equipped schools. We do not have fine drainage system.
There are no stores, shops, and supermarkets in the village. Still village life has its own charms and
attractions. Overall, village life is close to nature. A poet has greatly said:
“God made the villages and manmade the town.”
14. A VISIT TO A HILL STATION
 My love of adventure comes natural to me. The degree of love varies from person to person. My
adventuresome spirit prompted me and a friend of mine suggested to visit Naran in the Kaghan valley. It
was an exciting suggestion for me which I could not refuse. One fine morning of July we left for
Abbotabad by bus and reached there in the afternoon. We stayed in a hotel there. The staff of hotel was
very kind and hospitable to us. We were allotted different rooms. As the journey was tiring, we slept
soundly for the night. Next morning, we left for Balakot. I knew a little about the earthquake that
devastated Balakot severely on October 8, 2005. So, I wanted to visit that place.
On the way, we passed by Jangal Mangal and Malam Jabba, over 20 kilometers from Mansehra. Around
Jabba there was a thick forest and the beauty of the landscape was simply breath taking. There were very
sharp, hairpin turns on the road near Batrasi. We saw the conjunction point were the river Kunhar meets
two other streams near Garhi Habibullah. The hills around looked beautiful with clouds clung round their
tops. There was a rope bridge over the Kunhar near Shohan. It was a strange experience to hear the noise
of the rushing river water at Balakot. The noise was all around. Everywhere, inside shops, houses,
mosques and out on the roads, open spaces and slopes the noise dominated. At night when I woke up, I
could hear this noise in the hotel room also. In the evening, we visited Shah Ismail Shaheed’s grave in the
outskirts of Balakot. Then we visited the city. We were told by our guide that government is making rapid
action to stabilize the city. We were very much impressed that the site plan would give a new look to
Balakot.
Then we moved towards Kaghan valley. The road to Kaghan was in a bad shape. Our guide said many
foreign tourists do not prefer to visit Pakistan because of the poor condition of roads. If the government
takes serious measurements in the construction of roads, tourists will surely visit Pakistan. The road was
high in the upper half of the high mountain slope and the river Kunhar looked like a ribbon far below.
There were many dangerous turns. Our jeep crossed about eight glaciers from Kaghan to Naran.
Naran is 7890 feet above the sea-level. It was very still in the woods around Naran. There were logs in the
river. There was a fast-flowing ice-cold stream from Saiful-Maluk Lake to the Kunhar at Naran. The sight
was really breath taking.
John Keats has rightly said:
“A thing of beauty is a joy forever”
All around there were summits and slopes and the noise of the rushing stream. The Saiful-Maluk Lake is
10537 feet above sea-level and over 12 Km from Naran. There was a huge glacier on the way up from
Naran.
It was an extremely enjoyable and unforgettable trip. We were thoroughly refreshed when we came back.
“The impulse to travel is one of the hopeful symptoms of life” (Agnes Repplier)
15. QUAID-E- AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

The bright star of the history of Pakistan is Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It was the will of Allah Almighty that
the physically weakling son of Poonjah Jinnah would one day be the founder of Pakistan. He was born in
Karachi on December 25, 1876.
After his Matriculation, he was sent to England for higher studies. He distinguished himself over there as
a keen and upright student. He qualified from the Lincoln’s Inn as a brilliant Barrister. On his return to
India, he joined the Indian National Congress. He was an ardent supporter of the Hindu-Muslim unity.
But the narrow vision of certain communal leaders disappointed him. He decided to join the Muslim
League.
He inspired the Muslims of India with his glorious vision. He worked hard for a separate homeland for
the Muslims. The odds were against him. The Hindus, the British and a section of the Muslims were
hostile to him. But he grappled with every problem. His aim was high. He soared like an eagle. He
organized the party. The Muslims rallied round him; the hostile forces had to be at a retreat.
Quaid said:
“I don’t like to take right decisions; I make them right.”
August 14, 1947 was the day of his triumph. Pakistan appeared on the map of the world. He took an oath
of his office as the first Governor General of the new country. Quaid-e-Azam was a man of great and rare
qualities of head and heart. He was a symbol of integrity and honesty. Even his worst enemies admitted
that the Quaid was unpurchaseable. This quality not only endeared him to his own people but also won
him the respect and admiration of his opponents.
Our great leader had many other great qualities. He was fearless and courageous. Everybody knew that he
always meant what he said. Once he took decision, he stood by it no matter what the difficulties were in
the way. The creation of Pakistan is the testimony to the strength of his conviction. The Quaid never
compromised over
The motto of the Quaid “Unity, Faith, Discipline” enabled the Muslims of India to achieve this goal
against the combined and staunch opposition of the British rule and the Hindu Majority. But it was
Quaid- e-Azam who translated the dream of Allama Iqbal into reality with his strong determination.
Quaid- e- Azam said:
“Pakistan should be based on the sure foundations of social justice and Islamic socialism which
emphasize equality and brotherhood of a man”
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the Quaid-e- Azam in the true sense of the word. His health had been
breaking down under a heavy pressure of work. He died in Karachi on September 11, 1948. But the
founders and heroes like him never die.
Tacitus said:
“Reason and judgment are the qualities of a leader which the Quaid had”.
1. Speak the truth
2. Do not tell a lie.
3. Live within your means.
4. Do your worst.
5. Do not back bite anybody.
6. Always travel light.
7. Hold your tongue.
8. Beware of imitations.
9. Keep to the left.
10. Don not stand on the ceremony.
11. Say your lesson.
12. Strike a match.
13. Speak your mind.
14. Do not blow your own trumpet.
15. Do not stiff necked.
16. Unlace the boots.
17. Turn off the tap.
18. Do not add insult to the injury.
19. Please thread the needle.
20. Do not give short measure.
21. Let us go to the picture.
22. Let him have his own way.
23. Do not call me names.
24. Do not be too familiar with him.
25. Drop this subject.
26. Set the table.
27. Take him to task.
28. Do not mess the accounts.
29. Do not ride a high horse.
30. Do not kick up a row.
31. Do not get on our nerves.
32. Let us call it a day.
33. The examination is at hand.
34. He is in a fix.
35. He has made a fool of me.
36. The ship is bound for Karachi.
37. The ship has weighed anchor.
38. The ship has cast anchor.
39. This does not serve my purpose.
40. His days are numbered.
41. He wants my head on the charger.
42. They are at daggers drawn.
43. You go on harping on the same string.
44. I want fair deal and not favour.
45. I do not believe on lip talk.
46. He hankers after fame.
47. I bear you no grudge.
48. I have no voice in this matter.
49. It is none of my business.
50. You simply talk rot.
51. He lacks wisdom.
52. He is my fast friend.
‫سچ ب ولو ۔‬
‫جھوٹ مت بولو۔‬
‫اپنی حیثیت میں رہو۔‬
‫جو کچھ تم سے ہو سکے کر لو ۔‬
‫تم کسی کی چغلی مت کرو۔‬
‫کم سامان کے ساتھ سفر کرو۔‬
‫اپنی زبان قابو میں رکھو۔‬
‫نقلی چیزوں سے خبر دار رہو۔‬
‫بائیں ہاتھ چلو۔‬
‫تکلیف نہ کیجئے ۔‬
‫سبق پڑھو۔‬
‫دیا سالئی جالؤ۔‬
‫دل کی بات بتاؤ۔‬
‫اپنے منہ میاں مٹھو نہ بنو۔‬
‫ضد نہ کرو۔‬
‫بوٹ کے تسمے کھول دو۔‬
‫نلکا بند کر دو۔‬
‫زخم پر نمک نہ چھڑکو۔‬
‫بریئے مہربانی سوئی میں دھاگہ ڈالیئے‬
‫کم نہ تولو ۔‬
‫آو سینما چلیں ۔‬
‫اسے اپنی مرضی پر چلنے دو۔‬
‫مجھے گالیاں مت دو۔‬
‫اسے زیادہ منہ نہ لگاؤ ۔‬
‫اس بات کو جانے دو۔‬
‫دستر خوان بچھا دو۔‬
‫اس کے کان کھینچو۔‬
‫حساب میں گڑ بڑ نہ کرو۔‬
‫بڑے میاں نہ بنے پھرو۔‬
‫واویال نہ مچاؤ۔‬
‫ہمارا ناک میں دم نہ کرو۔‬
‫آؤ اب چھٹی کریں ۔‬
‫امتحان سر پر کھڑا ہے۔‬
‫وہ مشکل میں پرھ گیا۔‬
‫اس نے مجھے بیوقوف بنایا ہے۔‬
‫جہاز کراچی جانے واال ہے۔‬
‫جہاز نے لنگر اٹھایا ہے۔‬
‫جہاز نے لنگر ڈال دیا ہے۔‬
‫اس سے میرا مقصد حل نہیں ہوتا۔‬
‫وہ چندد دن کا مہمان ہے۔‬
‫وہ میرے خون کا پیاسا ہے۔‬
‫وہ دونوں جانی دشمن ہیں ۔‬
‫تم ایک ہی راگ االپتے ہو۔‬
‫میں انصاف چاہتا ہوں رعائیت نہیں چاہتا۔‬
‫میں زبانی جمع خرچ کو نہیں مانتا۔‬
‫وہ شہرت کا بھوکا ہے۔‬
‫ ۔‬o‫مجھے آپ کے خالف کوئی رنجش نہیں‬
‫اس معاملے میں میر ی کوئی شنوائی نہیں ۔‬
‫میرا اس سے کوئی سروکار نہیں۔‬
‫تم مھض بکتے ہو۔‬
‫اس میں عقل کی کمی ہے۔‬
‫وہ میرا گہرا دوست ہے۔‬
53. I am in a hurry.
54. I am going to receive him.
55. I am feeling sleepy.
56. I am feeling giddy.
57. Two and two make four.
58. I have thought out a plan.
59. I have made up my mind.
60. I have no appetite today.
61. The patient is growing worse.
62. The doctor has declared the case
hopeless.
63. I am suffering from sure throat.
64. I am suffering from sore of eyes.
65. The doctor is felling his pulse.
66. He is hard of hearing.
67. He looks upon me as his brother.
68. He is man of word.
69. I am out of wits.
70. He is short tempered.
71. He is a confirmed rogue.
72. The milk has turned sour.
73. The eggs have gone bad.
74. He is run down.
75. This book is selling like hot cakes.
76. I have eaten to many fills.
77. You always rise to the occasion.
78. I am no match for him.
79. He misses you very much.
80. Bribery is the order of the day.
81. This quarrel is the talk of the town.
82. I must be off now.
83. He lives like a lord.
84. You invite trouble for nothing.
85. He was sacked.
86. I was stunned to hear the news.
87. He was murdered in the cold blood.
88. The motion was carried.
89. I was taken aback.
90. He was reduced to the skeleton.
91. He was accused of the theft.
92. The thief was caught red handed.
93. He was bailed out.
94. The trees were uprooted.
95. His efforts were crowned with
success.
96. He almost split his sides with laughter.
97. He heaved a deep sigh.
98. He fell flat on his back.
99. This news made my hair stand on end.
100. He spoiled the whole game.
‫مجھے بہت جلدی ہے۔‬
‫میں ان کو لینے جا رہا ہوں۔‬
‫مجھے نیند آرہی ہے۔‬
‫میرا سر چکر ا رہا ہے۔‬
‫دو اور دو چار ہہوتے ہیں ۔‬
‫مجھے ایک تجویز سوجی ہے۔‬
‫میں نے مصمم ارادہ کر لیا ہے۔‬
‫مجھے آج بھوک نہیں ہے۔‬
‫مریض کی حالت خراب ہو رہی ہے۔‬
‫ڈاکٹر نے جواب دے دیا ہے۔‬
‫میرا گلہ خراب ہے۔‬
‫میری آنکھیں دکتی ہیں ۔‬
‫ڈاکٹر اس کی نبض دیکھ رہا ہے۔‬
‫وہ کچھ اونچا سنتا ہے۔‬
‫وہ مجھے اپنا بھائی سمجھتا ہے۔‬
‫وہ وعدے کا پکا ہے۔‬
‫میری عقل ٹھکانے نہیں۔‬
‫وہ جلد چڑ جاتا ہے۔‬
‫وہ پکا بدماش ہے۔‬
‫دودھ پھٹ گیا ہے۔‬
‫انڈا خراب ہو گیا ہے۔‬
‫وہ کمزور ہو گیا ہے۔‬
‫یہ کتاب ہاتھوں ہاتھ بک رہی ہے۔‬
‫میں نے پیٹ بھر کر کھانا کھایا ہے۔‬
‫تمھیں وقت پر خوب سوجھتی ہے۔‬
‫میرا اس سے کیا مقابلہ۔‬
‫وہ آپ کو بہت یاد کرتا ہے۔‬
‫آج کل رشوت کا بازار گرم ہے۔‬
‫اس جھگڑے کا شہر میں چرچا ہے۔‬
‫مجھے اب چلے جانا چاہیے۔‬
‫وہ ٹھاٹھ سے رہتا ہے۔‬
‫تم تو یونہی مصیبت مول لیتے ہو۔‬
‫اس کو نوکری سے بر طرف کیا گیا۔‬
‫یہ سن کر میرے ہوش حواس جاتے رہے۔‬
‫وہ نہایت سرد مہری سے مارا گیا۔‬
‫تجویز پاس ہو گئی۔‬
‫میں ششدر رہ گیا۔‬
‫وہ سوکھ کر کانٹا ہو گیا۔‬
‫اس پر چوری کا الزام لگایا گیا۔‬
‫چور چوری کرتے ہوئے پکڑا گیا۔‬
‫وہ ضمانت پر رہا ہوا۔‬
‫درخت جڑھ سے اکھٹر گئے۔‬
‫اس کی کوشش پھل الئیں ۔‬
‫ت‬ ‫ہ ت ہ ت ٹ‬
‫ے لو ن کب و ر ب ن گ ی ا۔‬
‫ے س‬‫وہ س‬
‫اس نے ایک ٹھنڈی سانس لی۔‬
‫وہ چارو شانے چت گرا۔‬
‫اس خبر نے میرے رونگٹے گھڑے کر دئیے‬
‫اس نے بنا بتائے کھیل بگاڑ دیا۔‬