ASSIGNMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Submited to : Professor Dr.Zahid Masood

Submitted By : Hamza Rasool

ROLL No : 17042
Class : 4th year MBBS
Rai Medical College , Sargodha

Q1. Maternal Mortality Rate.

Answer: "MMR stands for Maternal Mortality Rate "
The number of maternal deaths in a given period per population of women who
are of reproductive age

Numerator: Maternal deaths

_____________________________ × 100000
Denominator:. Women of reproductive age.

Current MMR of Pakistan = 186 per 100,000 live births

Q2 . INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)

Answer: INFANT MORTALITY RATE is denoted by "IMR".
It is the ratio of infant deaths registered in a given year to the total number of live
births registered in the same year and usually expressed as per 1000 live births.
An infant is a child under one year of age.
IMR = Total no of deaths of children less than 1 year of age at a place during
one year
__________________________________________ × 1000
Total no of live birth in the same year

Current IMR of Pakistan = 57 per 1000 live births .

Q3. Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

Answer: CFR is the proportion of persons who die from a specified disease
compared to the total number of people diagnosed with the disease for a
particular period
Number of deaths among persons with disease
CFR = ________________________________________________ × 100
Number of persons with the same disease

Q4. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Answer: The average number of children that would be born to a woman by the
time she ended childbearing age if she were to pass through all her childbearing
years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year

Total Number of Child births registered in

the given year
TFR = __________________________________________ × 1000
Total number of women aged 15 to 45 years

Q5. Hospital Bed Occupancy Rate.

Answer: Hospital BED OCCUPANCY RATE
It is the ratio of occupied beds to the total available beds during a period.

Average Daily Census

Bed Occupancy = _______________________ × 100
Total No. of beds

This is an index of the extent of utilization of hospital beds. Ideally, the bed
occupancy should be 85% to 90%. Less than 80% reflects on the reputation of the
hospital. Reflects on quality of care. Working culture in the hospital.

Q6. What is Crude Birth Rate?

Answer: The number of live births per 1000 people in a population. It does not
take into account the age and sex structure of the population.
Total number of births
CBR = ______________________ ×1000
Total population

Current CBR of Pakistan = 28.8 per thousand

Q7.Crude Death Rate

Answer: Crude Death Rate: Number of deaths in an area in a year per 1000
population counted at midyear .

Total No. of Deaths from all causes in 1 year

CDR = _____________________________________________ ×1000
No. of persons in the population at mid year

Example: Assume a population of 1,00,000 of whom, 20 are sick with the disease
X and in that year 18 die from the disease X and total deaths from all causes is 36.
Crude Death rate = 36 per 1 lac population

Adjusted Rate
■ Specific rates are standardized to a control population and are summarized to
produce an adjusted rate
■ Used to compare rates of entire populations taking into account differences in
population structure (e.g., age, gender, race or other variables)
■ Adjusted rates can be compared if they are calculated using the same standard
population

Q8. CAUSE-SPECIFIC RATE

Answer:
Cause-Specific Rate = Mortality (or frequency of a given disease)
__________________________________________
×100000
Population size at midpoint of time period
Example:
Cause-specific mortality rate (age group 25-34) due to HIV in 2003 =
1,588/39,872,598 = 4.0 per 100,000

Q9. Attack Rate (AR).

Answer: It is the cumulative incidence during an outbreak Expressed for the
entire epidemic period, from the first to the last case.
New cases of a specified diseases reported
during an epidemic period
AR = _________________________________________ ×100
Population at start of the epidemic period

Q10. Secondary attack rates

Answer: Secondary attack rates are defined as the number of exposed persons
developing the disease within the range of the incubation period following
exposure to a primary case

new cases of a specified diseases among

contacts of known cases
SAR = _______________________________________ ×100
Size of contact Population at risk
Q11. INCIDENCE
Answer: It is the number of new cases occurring in a Defined population during
specific period of time.
New case in defined population
Incidence = _______________________________ × 10 n
Total population at risk over
specified duration of time

i.e 10n = 102 = 100

10n = 103 = 1000

It refers to:
• Only new cases
• In specific population
• During a given period
• No influence on duration of disease

It is used for:
• Efficiency of prevention
• Control of disease
• Short-term planning.
Q12. PREVALENCE
Answer: It is the total number of all individuals who have an attribute or disease
at a particular time divided by population at risk of having. Attribute or disease at
his point.
Old cases + New case in
defined population
Prevalence = _______________________________ × 10 n
Total population at risk over
specified duration of time
It refers to:
• Both new and old cases
• In specific population
• At a given time
• Has influence of duration of disease
Its types are:
A) Point Prevalence
B) Period Prevalence