Design, Simulation and Implementation of an

Audio Amplifier
A semester project report submitted
TO
Dr ASIF IMRAN
BY

HAIQA TANVEER FA19-BEE-003

RUKHSAR CH FA19-BEE-039
(GROUP 2)

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus

july 2021
 Acknowledgement

First of all thanks to ALLAH Almighty who gives us the courage and His blessings to do
this project. Without His blessings nothing is possible. Allah is very towards us throughout
the project.
We are thankful to Dr ASIF IMRAN (CUI Sahiwal) for providing us the opportunity to
work on this project and provide us the technical and moral support during the project.

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 Abstract
For an excessive period, Class A and Class AB were the only amplifier classes that are com-
patible with high quality audio systems. This is because valves were the single active device,
and Class B amplifiers generated masses of distortion which made them barely acceptable
for numerous purposes. Construction of Class AB amplifiers are initiated to overcome zero
crossing distortion in Class B amplifiers commonly called as Crossover Distortion. In order
to develop an amplifier with the low distortion of the Class A configuration along with the
high efficiency output of Class B configuration is to build an amplifier circuit which is a
combination of the previous two classes resulting in an advanced type of amplifier called
Class AB amplifier. This paper describes the design and the construction of the Class AB
audio amplifier.

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Contents

1 Introduction 4
1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 CLASS AB 5
2.1 Class AB AMPLIFIER BIASING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 OPERATING POINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 METHODOLOGY 7
3.1 LIST OF COMPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 WORKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 DESIGNING 8
4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 PCB LAYOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4 RESULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5 CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 CONCLUSION 11
5.1 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 DISTRIBUTION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Audio amplifier is an electronic circuit that amplifies the input audio-signals which frequency
and power are insufficient to use. In other words, audio amplifiers are the electronic circuits
amplifies the input signals applied to input of the system.Amplifiers types can be divided
into some classes i.e Class-A, Class-B, Class-AB and Class D.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main purpose of the project is to design an audio amplifier with desired volume and
power levels and reduce its total harmonic distortion (THD) as low as possible.In this
project, amplifiers in terms of structures of output stage are in interest. Amplifiers in terms
of output stages are Class-AB.
There are two main benefits of Class-AB Amplifiers. First advantage is that sound quality
of Class-AB is close to Class-A amplifiers. Second advantage is efficiency of Class-AB
amplifiers is almost equal to Class-B.

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1:Block Diagram

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Chapter 2

CLASS AB

2.1 Class AB AMPLIFIER BIASING

In pursuance of eliminating crossover distortion, Class AB amplifier is introduced and the
biasing is adjusted to exceed the base emitter voltage, VBE of the complementary transis-
tors in this type of amplifier. Class AB amplifier is built by biasing the voltage of both
switching transistors into slight conduction in an ordinary Class B push-pull stage am-
plifier, regardless of whether input signal is present. The conduction of both transistors
simultaneously is guaranteed by the minimal biasing arrangement. The 0.6 to 0.7V dead
band which is created during the occurrence of crossover distortion in Class B amplifiers
is significantly lowered by applying acceptable biasing. Several methods of pre-biasing the
transistor devices are available such as implementing a voltage divider network, a current
mirror (a series connected diode arrangement) and a preset voltage bias. Thus, Class AB
amplifier is concluded basically as a Class B amplifier with “Bias”.

2.2 OPERATING POINT

Quiescent point is expected to locate marginally above the VCE cut-off.

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 Figure 2:Class AB Q-Point Cutoff

The value of Q point voltage, VCEQ is halved the power supply, VCC. The saturation
current, IC(sat) is calculated by dividing VCEQ with RL. The transistors are forward biased
with Q point current ICQ.Base-emitter junction of the two complementary transistors are
slightly forward biased.

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 LIST OF COMPONENT

1. Power Supply or Battery
2. Operational Amplifier
3. Tansistors(NPN, PNP)
4. Diode 1N4007
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors
7. Osilloscope

3.2 CONSTRUCTION
Let us consider a basic amplifier circuit with a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). BJT is of
two different types N-P-N and P-N-P based on the type of semiconductor material chosen.
In the above circuit, we have considered common emitter with N-P-N type. By connecting
the resistors across the input and the emitter terminal along with that a resistor must also
be connected across the output. Capacitors and the presence of the resistor in the circuit
make the transistor to get biased properly. Once it will be done the amplification of the
signal task will become efficient and simpler.

3.3 WORKING
The basic principle involved in the working of these amplifiers is that the applied input
signal must be applied at the junction that must be forward biased. The output can be
collected across the junction of reverse bias. The accurate measurement of the signal can
be obtained through the above way. The input side through which the signal is applied
consists of a low value of resistance. The minimum amount of change in the input can
produce an extreme change at the output.

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Chapter 4

DESIGNING

4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3:Circuit Diagram

Figure 4:Output

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4.2 PCB LAYOUT

Figure 5:Layout

4.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 6:Hardware

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4.4 RESULT

Figure 7:Input and Output relation

4.5 CALCULATION

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Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION
In pursuance of developing an audio amplifier with low distortion of the Class A configura-
tion along with the high efficiency output of Class B configuration is to build an amplifier
circuit which is a combination of the previous two classes. Many circuit stimulations are
performed using Proteus to estimate output of circuit designs.

5.2 REFERENCE
[1] Boylestad R. L and Nashelsky L., Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,Pearson Edu-
cation,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2009.
[2] Wen S.H and Yang C.C, A 5.2mW, 0.0016 THD up to 20kHz, Ground-Referenced Au-
dioDecoder with PSRR-enhanced Class-AB 16 Headphone Amplifiers, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan,
2012.
[3] Athab H.S and Shadhu Khan P.K, ,A Cost Effective Method of Reducing Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) in Single-Phase Boost Rectifier, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia Uni-
versity, 63100 cyberjaya, Malaysia, 2007.

5.3 DISTRIBUTION CHART

Both members do equal work.
RUKHSAR CH (FA19-BEE-039) Collect data from different source.And verify the result of
circuit theoretically.
HAIQA TANVEER (FA19-BEE-003) Make report and design circuit on software.

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