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D O C H IE II T IM G A N H
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C A U SE AND E F F E C T
Intermediate Reading Practice

Patricia ackert
Kim Thu chu giai

NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA - THONG TIN

 CAUSE AND EFFEC T

CONTENT

To the Instructor

Unit I Explorers
'' 1. Burke and Wills - Across Australia 3
2. Alexandra David - Neel - A French Woman in Tibet 10
1 3 . Vitus Bering - Across Siberia to North America 19
4. Robert Scott - A Race to the South Pole 27
5. Mary Kingsley - Victorian Explorer 38

Unit II W orld Issues

■G). World Population Growth 51
2. Changes in the Family " 63
3. Women and Change 72
C Rain Forests 82
5. Green peace 4 91

Unit III A M ishm ash (A Hodgepodge)

7^ The Roadrunner 103
2. Afraid to Fly " 112
3. Handwriting Analysis 122
4. Skyscrapers 133
5. Left - Handedness 142

Unit IV Science
1. A Biosphere in Space 153
2. Volcanoes 162
3. Snow and hail 173
4. Photovoltaic Cells - Energy source o f the Future 181
5 Biological Clocks 191

in
CAUSE AND EFFEC T

Unit_V M edicine and Health

1. Headaches 203
2. Sleep and dreams ‘ 212
3. The Common Cold 222
4. CPR 232
5. Blushing and Shyness -V 241
T ests w ith a n sw ers 251
 Unit
EXPLORERS I

A LA SK A

\ (J>rK
v/ ' ------'

B u r k e
a n d Vitus
W ills Bering’
Robert Scott

NEPAL _
M ary J/jAlexandra
K.ing*siey INDIA A David-Neel
1
These rough notes and ou r dead bodies must tell the tale.
Robert Scott's Diary
 BURKE AND WILLS-
1
ACROSS AUSTRALIA
Australia is a huge country, and the out-back very large
(the Australian word for the interior o f the country)
is desert. Some years it rains only 8 centimeters in Change into, become
the outback, but other years rainstorms turn the
desert into sandy swamps.
Until the eighteenth century, only aborigines 100 years
lived in Australia. These are tall, thin, brown­
skinned people, the first people in Australia. When
Europeans went there to live, they built towns on
the coast. However, by the 1850s, people began
thinking more about the interior.
In 1860, Robert O'Hara Burke, a police officer
from Ireland, was chosen to lead an expedition
across the continent from south to north. He took
with him William John Wills and 1 1 other men,
camels, horses, and enough supplies for a year and a
half. They left Melbourne for the Gulf of
CarpeHaria on August 20, winter in the southern
hemisphere. half of the earth
The expedition had problems from the
beginning. Burke had no experience in the outback.
The men fought and would not follow orders. Twice
they left some o f their supplies so they could move
faster, and later sent one o f the men, William
Wright, back for them.
Finally, a small group led by Burke moved on
ahead o f the others to a river named Cooper's Creek

interior (n) [in'tiorio] : vi'ing d a l ben tro n g

expedition (n) [.ckspi'di/n] : choc tlidin lueti
hemisphere (n) [’hemisfio] : b an c a n
hug e(adj) [hju:d3] : l on g Urn

3
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

and set up their base camp. They were halfway across

the continent, but it was summer now, with very hot
weather and sandstorms.
They waited for a month for Wright, and then
Burke decided that four from his small group, with 3
months' supplies, should travel the 1250 kilometers to
the north coast as quickly as possible. They told the
others to wait for them at Cooper's Creek.
The journey across the desert was very difficult,
but at the end o f January they reached the Flinders
River near the Gul f o f Carpentaria.
They started their return journey, but now it was
the rainy season and traveling was slow and even
more difficult than their trip north. They did not have
enough food, and the men became hungry and sick.
Then one o f them died. Some o f the camels died or
were killed for food.
Finally, on April 21, they arrived back at
Cooper's Creek, only to find that no one was there.
The rest o f the expedition left the day before because
they thought Burke must be dead.
The three men continued south, but without
enough food, both Burke and Wills died. Aborigines
helped the last man alive, and a s e ar c h p a r t y found search = look for/party
him in September 1861. He was half crazy from
= a group of people
hunger and loneliness.
There were many reasons that the expedition did
not go as it was planned, it had an inexperienced
leader, the men made bad de cisions, some did not
follow orders, and they did not get a l o n g . But they
were the first expedition to cross Australia, and
noun for decide be
Burke and Wills are still known as heroes of
exploration. friendly, not fight

sand storm (n) [siendsto:m] : bao cat

search party (n) [so:Lf] ; m ot d m tun h e m
aborigine (n) [,a;bo'rid3in] : tho dan
get along (v) [get e’b r | ] : lioa licrp, doan ket

4
 explorers

A. V ocabulary

In this book, difficult words are repeated several times in the exercises.
These words are also repeated and reviewed in other lessons. It is not
necessary to list new English words with their meanings in your own
language. You will learn them just by practicing. In each lesson, when you
read the text the first time, underline the words that you don't know. Then
you can give yourself a test when you finish the lesson, look at the words
you underlined and see if you understand them. If you don't know them yet,
this is the time to memorize them.
In the vocabulary exercises in this book, write the correct word in each
blank.Use each word only once. Use capital letters where they are necessary.

exploration /I decision ^hemisphere 4ex Per'ence

(j continents ^ ahead expedition Ccentury
^aborigines 5Sets along 2-base ^Qheroes

1. Please decide what you want to do. You must make a _________________ .
2. In baseball, a player hits the ball and runs to first_____________________.
3. The dark- skinned first Australians are c a ll e d ________________________ .
4. Do you have a n y _______________ as a secretary, or is this your first job?
5. Kumiko ______________ well with everyone. She is always nice and
never fights with people.
6. The years 1900 - 1999 are the twentieth_______________.
7. Tom saw some c h il d r e n ______________o f him in the street while he was
driving home, so he slowed down.
8. Asia is in the n o r th e r n ______________ .
9. Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South
America are the s e v e n ______________.
10. People who win in the Olympic Games a r e __________ in their countries.

Continent (n) ['kontinont] : chan luc ,lnc clia

decision (n) [di'si3n] : sirquyet dinli
experience (n) [iks'pieriens] : kinli ngliiem
hero (n) [’hierou] : anh hung

5
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT
h tQ Q Q

B. V o c a b u l a r y
Do this exercise like Exercise A
chosen jexpedition experience ^exploration
^'huge 1 interior Gjourney ^party
searching Jsupplies /jswamps upturned into

1. Burke and Wills led a n ______________into the interior o f Australia

2. Christopher Columbus w a s ______________ for a ne w wa y to go to India
3. Canada is a ______________country, one o f the biggest in the world.
4. Birds like to live i n ___________ because there is a lot o f water and food
5. We use one kind of paint for t h e ______________ o f a house and another
kind for the exterior.
6. It is a l o n g ______________from Melbourne to London.
7. A s e a r c h ______________was sent to find Burke and Wills' expedition.
8. Most o f the earth has been explored. Now we are in the age of space
______________ , searching for more information about the stars, the
moon, and other planets besides earth.
9. The secretary ordered paper, pens, and o t h e r _____________ for the office
10. Carlos started to study hard a n d ______________ a good student.

C. T r u e / False
Write T if the sentence is true, write F if it is false. If a question is false,
change it to make it true, or explain why it is false.
An asterisk (*) before a question means it is either an inference or an
opinion question. You cannot find a sentence in the text with the answer.
You have to use the information in the text and things you already know and
then decide on the answer.
_______L The first Europeans in Australia built villages in the outback
because there were too many aborigines on the coast.
_______2 .1 he Burke and Wills expedition crossed Australia from south to north.
_____ *3. December is a summer month in Australia.

supply (n) [so'plai] : ngtion tai Ira, vien tro

exterior (n) [cks'tiorio] : ben ngoai
exploration (n) [, ekspb:'rci/n] : s tf llidm liieu
p lan et (n) ['plicnit] : I,an li n ull
6
EXPLORERS

_______4. Much o f the interior o f Australia is swampy all year long.

______ 5. Eleven men crossed Australia with Burke and Wills.
_______*6. Burke and Wills did not have enough food for their journey back
to Cooper's Creek because the rain slowed them down.
______*7. The aborigines could help the last man alive because they
understood how to live in the desert.
________ 8. Burke was a good leader for this expedition.

D. C om prehension Questions

Answ er these questions in complete sentences. An asterisk (*) means it is

either an inference or an opinion question. You cannot find the exact
ans wer in the text.

1. Where did the first Europeans live when they went to Australia?
*2. Why were camels good animals for this expedition?
3. Why did the men leave some o f their supplies behind them?
4. Why was it difficult to travel in the interior o f Australia?
5. What happened to some o f the camels?
6. Na m e two reasons why this expedition had so many problems.
*7. Do you think Burke and Wills should be called heroes of exploration? Why?

E. M ain Idea

What is the main idea o f paragraph 4 (lines 20-25)?

1. Robert Burke led this expedition.

2. The expedition had many problems.
3. Burke had no experience in the outback.

swampy (adj) ['swompi] : lay loi

leader (n) ['li:do] : ngifcri dan dan

7
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. Tw o-w ord Verbs
English has many two-word verbs. Each o f the two words is easy, but when
they are put together, they mean something different. There is often no way
to guess what they mean. You have to learn each one. Learn these and then
fill in the blanks with the right words. Use the right verb form.

turn into - changc into, become

get along (with) - not fight, be friendly
break down - s t o p going or working (often about a car)
call on - when someone, usually a teacher, asks someone to speak
put away - put something in the place it belongs.

1 Our washing machine _____ t________ yesterday and I couldn’t finish

washing my clothes.
2. Tommy and his little brother don't ______________ very well. They fight
about something almost every day.
3. Ali knew the answer when the t e a c h e r ______________ him.
4. It was rainy this morning, but now' it h a s ______________ a beautiful day.
5. Mary doesn’t us ually______________ her clothes. She just leaves them on
a chair or the bed.

B. Articles (a, an, the)

There are so many rules about articles that it is easier just to get used to them
by practicing than to learn all the rules. However, you will learn a few of the
rules later in this book. Here are some sentences or parts o f sentences from
the text. Put an article in the blank if it is necessary.

1. Other years rainstorms turn____________ desert into sandy swamps.

2. Until eighteenth century, only aborigines lived
in Australia.

turn into (v) [to:n ’intu:, ’into] n o lien

break down (v) [brcik] hong
put away (v) [put o'wei] cat di
call on (v) [ko :1 on] glie tham
8
 explorers

3. Iii I860, _____________ Robert O'Hara Burke, ______________ police

officer from Ireland was. chosen to lead _______________ expedition
across______________ continent from south to north.
4. He took with him William John Wills, __________ eleven other men,
_____ c a m e l s . __________ horses, and enough supplies for________
year and___________half.
5. expedition had___________problems from__________ beginning.
6. men fought and would not follow___________ orders.

C. C on text C lues

It is not necessary to look up every new word in the dictionary. You can
often tell what the word means from the sentence it is in, or from the
sentence after it. For example, the word aborigines in line 6 is explained in
the next sentence. What are aborigines?
Always look for this kind o f sentence when you are reading. Don't look
up the word in your dictionary.
Here are some sentences from the other four lessons in this unit. Tell
what each word in bold print means.

1. She started working as a journalist, writing articles about Asia and

Buddhism for English and French magazines and newspapers.
2. Scott took ponies (small horses) and a few dogs.
3. She helped to start anthropology, the study o f people's customs and
lives, in Africa.
4. Europeans bought ivory, which comes from elephants, and other things
from Africans.
5. She met trad ers there, European men who bought ivory and other things
from Africans and sold them things from Europe.
6. M ission aries went to Africa to teach Christianity.

journalist (n) [’d3e:nelist] n lia b a o

pony (n) [’pouni] n g i/a c o n
anthropology (n) [,icn()re'p.'>lod3i] n h d n c lu in g h o c
ivory (n) ['aivori ] ngu ro i
missionary (n) ['mi/nori] n g ifd 'i t ru y e n d u o
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

ALEXANDRA
DAVID - NEEL - A FRENCH
WOMAN IN TIBET 2
Tibet has been a secret and mysterious country to
the rest o f the world for several centuries, it is on a high, flat land
high p la te au in Asia, surrounded by even higher lines between countries
mountains, and only a few foreigners were able to
cross its b o r d e r s until recently.
One o f these foreigners was a French woman
named Alexandra David-Neel (1868-1969). She
traveled by herself in India, China, and Tibet. She
studied the Buddhist religion, wrote articles and books
about it, and collected a nc ie nt Buddhist books. She very old
also became a Buddhist herself
Alexandra always said she had an unhappy
childhood. She escaped her unhappiness by reading got away from
books on adventure and travel. She ran away from
school several times and even ran away to England
when she was only sixteen.
She was a singer for several years, but in 1903 she
started working as a journalist, writing articles about
Asia and Buddhism for English and French magazines
and newspapers. The next year, when she was thirty-
seven. she married Philippe-Fran^ois Neel. It was a
strange marriage. After five days together, they
moved to different cities and never lived together again.

plateau (n) [’pLctou] c a o n g tty e n

border(n) [’b . v d n ] b ie n g u n
ancient (adj) ['em/ ont] co
Buddhism ui) [ 'budi st] duo phot

10
 EXPLORERS

Vet lie supported her all his life, and she wrote him Yet but/supported
hundreds o f letters full of details about her travels. ga'.t her money to live on

She traveled all over Europe and North Africa, but

she went to India in 1911 to study Buddhism, and then
her real travels began. She traveled in India and in Nepal
and Sikkim, the small countries north o f India in the
Himalaya Mountains, but her goal was Tibet. She
continued to study Buddhism and learned to speak
Tibetan. She traveled to villages and religious centers,
with only an interpreter and a few men to carry her
cam p in g equipment. For several months she lived in a
cave in Sikkim and studied Buddhism and the Tibetan
language. Then she adopted a fifteen-year-old Sikkimese
boy to travel with her. He. remained with her until his
death at the age o f fifty-five.
For the next 7 years she traveled in remote areas of
China. These were years o f civil war in China, and she 0° C or
was often in danger. She traveled for thousands of colder
kilometers on horseback with a few men to help her,
through desert heat, sandstorms, and the rain, snow, and
freezing temperatures o f the colder areas.
In 1924, David - Ne el was fifty-six years old. She
darkened her skin and dressed as an old beggar. She
carried only a beggar's bowl and a backpack and traveled
through hot lowlands and snowy mountain passes until
not allowed
she reached the border of Tibet. Because she spoke
Tibetan so well, she was able to cross the border and
reach the famous city of Lhasa without anyone knowing
that she was European and forbidden to be there. It not allowed
was often freezing cold, and sometimes there wasn't
enough food. Sometimes she was sick, and once she nearly

support (v) [so'p v t] c u n g c a p . lo t n o

goal (n) [goul] n in e d ic l i
cave (n) [ke.v] lia n g d o n g
besmear (n) f'bceol ngitt'ti a n .xin

11
 CAU SE AN D EFFECT

died. This was the most dangerous o f all her journeys, but she search for
reached her goal and collected more information about nc« information
Tibetan Buddhism.
She returned to France in 1925. She spent several years
writing about her r e s e a r c h and adventures and translating
ancient Tibetan religious b o o k s . When she was sixty-six, she
returned to China and the Tibetan border area for 10 years
In 1944, the Second World war reached even that remote
area, and at the age o f seventy-six she walked for days,
sometimes without food, until she was able to reach a place
where she could fly to India and then home to France. She
continued writing and translating until she died, just 7 weeks
before her 101st birthday.
Most explorers traveled to discover and map new places.
David-Neel went to do research on Buddhism. She said that
freedom was the most important thing in life for her, and like
many other explorers, she lived a dangerous, exciting, free life.

A. Vocabulary
Write the correct word in each blank. Use each word only once and use
capital letters if they are necessary
civil war temperature freezes border
mysterious article ancient discovered
caves journalist remote forbidden
equipment adventure beggars plateau
1. It would be a g r e a t ___ to travel in Tibet on horseback.
2. There is an interesting ___ in the newspaper today about Tibet.
3. You can f i n d ______________ asking for money in most countries
4. When Ali got to his car, h e ______________ that he had a parking ticket.
5. Some ancient North American Indians lived in_________ . Others built houses.
6. Smoking i s __________ in the front rows in airplanes.

research (n) [ri'se:t/, ’ri:so:t/] s it lighten cihi

translate (v) [tr<cnz'lcit] d ic li. p h ie n d ic li
remote (adj) [ri'mout] heo la n It, ,\u xrii
exciting (n) [ik'saitiri] hi'fng ih ii

12
 EXPLORERS
7. When w a t e r _____________ it turns into ice.
8. Did you bring all the sports ____________ for our picnic?
9. The Himalayas are on the _ between China and India.
10. A collects information and then writes articles about it
for magazines and newspaper.
1 1. The language o f ____________ Egypt was different from the modern
Egyptian language.
12. The united States had a between the northern and
southern states from 1861 to 865.

B. V ocabulary

Rem embe r to underline the words you don't know as you read the text and
then test yourself when you finish the lesson.
plateau escaped area mysterious
details surrounded support journalist
yet - research border religion
adopted - temperature remote frozen

1. It's hot today. What is t h e ____

2. Northern Siberia i s ______________ from Russian cities.
3. A ______________ noise woke me up in the middle o f the night.
4. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson ______________ a baby because they couldn’t
have any children o f their own.
5. What is y o u r ______________ ? Are you a Christian?
6. Most English paragraphs have a main idea and supporting_____________.
7. Parents u s u a l l y ______________ their children until the children finish
school. The parents pay for everything the children need.
8. Dr. Garcia is d o i n g ______________ for space exploration.
9. Tibet is a remote cou ntry ,______________ tourists go there now.
10. A m a n ______________ from prison last night. He is dangerous.
1 1. Our house is ______________ by big trees.
12. Tibet is on a ______________ north o f the Himalayas.
13. There are a lot o f apartment buildings in t h e _________around the university.

surround (v) [se'raund] : bi bao boc

frozen (pp) (of past participle) [fri:z] : b i dong bang
mysterious (adj) [mis'tieries] : liuyen bi
religion (n) [ri'l id3 on] : ton giao

13
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

C. M ultiple C h oice
Circle the letter o f the best answer. An asterisk (*) means it is an inference
or opinion question, and you cannot find the answer in a sentence in the text

1. Alexandra David-Nee! went to Asia t o ______________ _

a. study Buddhism
b. lead an expedition
c. adopt a son
2. When she was a child, she read to______________ .
a. become a Buddhist
b. escape her unhappiness
c. learn about Europe
3. After she got m ar r ie d , ______________ .
a. she lived in Europe with her husband for several years
b. her husband supported her
c. her husband traveled in Europe with her
*4. It is possible that s h e ______________
a. took photographs during her travels
b. had a car w he n she lived in a cave
c. spoke Tibetan to her Indian friends
5. The country she wanted most to visit w a s ______________ .
a. India
b. China
c. Tibet
6. Her travels in C hi na were dangerous b e c a u s e ______________ .
a. there was a civil wa r
b. she was traveling on horseback
c. she was a beggar

adopt sb (v) [o'd.Tpt] : chain, m idi ai

dangerous (adj) ['dcind^ros] : ngny hiein

14
EXPLORERS

7. David-Neel said t h a t ______________.

a. she wasn't afraid o f danger
b. freedom was very important to her
c. she wanted her husband to travel with her

D. C om prehension Questions

Always answer the comprehension questions with complete sentences.

1. Why is Tibet a mysterious country?

*2. Why did Alexandra run away from school?
3. What is a journalist?
4. Why was her marriage strange?
5. What did she do when she was living in a cave?
6. What does rem ote ureas mean?
7. Why didn't the Tibetans know she was a foreigner?
8 What kind o f work did she do after her last trip0
*9. Do you think she lived a free life? Why?

E. M ain idea

What is the main idea o f paragraph 3 (lines 14-18)?

1. Alexandra read books on travel and adventure.

2. Alexandra ran away from school several times.
3. Alexandra had an unhappy childhood.
 CAUSE A N D EKFECI

WORD STUDY
A. W ord Forms

Choose the right word form for each sentence. Use a word from line I ir|
sentence 1, and so on. Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns

Verb Noun Adjcctive A d verb

1. mystify mystery mysterious mysteriously

2. surround surroundings
3. beg beggar
4. religion religious religiously
5. adventure adventurous adventurously
6. supply supply
7. equip equipment
8. adopt adoption
9. discover- discovery
10. decide decision decidedlv

1. I saw an exciting television program last night. It was a ___________ .

2. Dan drove so fast on his vacation trip that he hardly saw h i s __________
3. Small children often ___________ to go with their parents when the
parents go out at night.
4. Alexandra David-Neel was a very woman
5. David-Neel was also v e r y ________
6. The company was unable t o _____ most o f the things we ordered.
7. The Browns are going t o ________ their truck with a telephone
8. It is very difficult t o ____________children in the United States today.
9. Captain James Cook is famous for t h e _________ o f many Pacific islands
10a.Sometimes it is difficult to make a g o o d ________ on a difficult problem.
1Ob.David-Neel was a adventurous woman. There is no question about it.

beg (v) [beg] xin an

equip (v) [i'kwip] trang bi
d isc ove r(v ) [dis'kAve] khdin phd

16
 EXPLORERS
B. Articles
\ and an are used to show that the noun after it is one o f a group.
John Burke was an explorer. (He was one o f all the explorers in history.)
Maria is a student. (She is one o f all the students in the world.)
There is an apple in the refrigerator. (Tliis is one of all the apples in the world.)

The is used to show the noun is one special, particular, specific noun or nouns.
John Burke and William John Wills were the first explorers to cross
Australia.
Maria is the best student in the class.
There is an apple in the refrigerator. (We know that we are talking about
the refrigerator in our kitchen.)
Put the right article in the blanks.
1. Australia i s ___________ huge country.
2. The USSR i s ___________ largest country in the world in area.
3. journalist who wrote this article is a friend o f mine.
4. David-Neel w a s ___________ journalist.
5. Would you please c l o s e ___________ door?
6. Her office i s ___________ first one on the left.
7. professor called you today, but 1 don’t know who it was.
8. Wh o w a s ___________ worst teacher you ever had?

C. C o m p ou n d W ords
Compound words are common in English. They are two words put together, and
the meaning o f the compound word is related to the meaning o f the two words.
Th e y are not like two-word verbs where the meaning is different from the
meaning o f each word by itself.

Put these compound words in the right blanks.

horseback sandstorm snowstorm keyhole

mailbox sidewalk doorbell weekend

horseback (n) [’h x s b i e k ]

mailbox (n) [meil’boks]
doorbell (n) [’doibel]
keyhole (n) [’ki:houl]

17
 CA U SE A N D EFFKfl

Barbara couldn't drive to her parents’ last week because there was a
___________ and it was very cold
Abdullah looks in h i s __________ every day and he usually finds a Icttcrl
A ___________ is a place for people to walk at the side o f the street.
When you unlock a door, you put your key in the ___________ .
T h e ___________ rang, and Susan went to answer the door
Did you ever g o ___________ riding?

D. Context Clues
You can often guess the meaning o f a word from the sentence even if thf
sentence doesn't explain the word exactly. For example, in the next lesson. J
sentence says *They lost a lot o f their food when one o f the ships sank ini
storm. "What could a storm do to a ship so that the food was lost? The shij
probably went down into the water to the bottom o f the ocean When yo<
can guess easily what the word means from the sentence, don't look up th|
word in your dictionary .
Now practice w ith these new words from the next lessons. Circle the letter 01
the best meaning of the bold word
I Please w rite your co m p l e te name, not just your fa m ik name
a. first b. whole c. first and last
2. David-Neel had to go to China first in ord er to go to Tibet
a. to b. by c. for
3. This book includes lessens on explorers, science, and medicine.
a. has in it
b. has complete information
c. has only
4. On my last flight to London, there was a delay o f three hours because ofl
bad weather. 1 waited in an airport restaurant.
a. danger b. line c. wait
5. After three weeks at sea, the sailors were happy to go ashore in Singapore
a. for the weekend b. to the land c. swimmingCr
6. After the decade o f 1990-1999. it will be the twenty-first century ,
a. 100 years b. 10 years c. 50 years

complete (adj) [kom'pli.t] d a y du Jinan clnnli

in order to do st (v) dc la m gi
include (v) [in'klu:d] b an goin, kt'in then
delay (v) [dl'|ci] H i Ik k J ii

18
 VITUS BERING - ACROSS
SIBERIA TO NORTH AMERICA
In 1733, the most complete scientific
expedition in history up to that time left St.
Petersburg (now called Leningrad), Russia, to
explore the east coast o f Siberia and discover if Asia
and North America were joined. The scientists
planned to report on everything: the geography,
climate, plants, and animals, and the customs and
languages o f the Siberian people.
The expedition had to cross Siberia in order to
reach the Pacific Ocean. Vitus Bering, the leader o f
the whole expedition, left St. Petersburg with almost
600 people. The group included a few scientists, to
skilled workers of all kinds, soldiers, and sailors.
Alexei Chirikov left later with most o f the scientists
and tons o f supplies.
It took 7 years for Bering’s and Chirikov's
groups to cross Siberia. They traveled mostly in flat- *iac* ‘n
bottomed boats on the rivers. Bering's group spent a
year in Tobolsk where they built a ship and explored
the Ob River. They continued to Yakutsk where
they spent 4 years. Yakutsk was only a small
village, so they had to build their own buildings
because there were so many people in the
expedition. They also built boats and explored the
Lena River. Then they moved o?Tto Okhotsk on the
eastern coast. It took two more years to build ships
so they could explore and map the east coast.
Bering made careful plans, but there were always
problems.. For example, they lost a lot o f their food
when one o f the ships s a n k in a storm. But finally.

report (v) [ri’po :t] llid n g b o o . b a o c a o

supplies (n) [so'plaio] IlfCfllg 11nfc
fiat - bottom (n) ['flict'botomd] c o d a y being (tliu yen )
ship (n) [/ip] tan

19
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT
Q Q

their two ships started for North America. They had went to the bottom of
only one summer instead of two years for their the ocean
explorations because o f the many problems and delays.
And summers are short in the north.
There was more bad luck. There were storms, and
the two ships were s e p a r a t e d , but at last the sailors on moved apart
Bering’s ship saw mountains a short distance across
the sea. This proved that North America and Asia
were two separate continents.
Their problems continued. Their water supply was
low, but when the men went ashore in Alaska, they got
water that was a little salty. Many o f the men were
sick from scurvy, a disease caused by the lack o f not enough of or none
vitamin C. When they drank the salty water, they
became even sicker. Then they started dying, one after
another.
As the ship sailed south, back toward Okhotsk, it
became lost in storms. Finally, a storm drove it onto a
small island, and the men knew their ship could not
sail again. They were in a place with no trees, but
there were birds and animals for food, and fresh water
to drink. However, it was too late for many o f them.
Men continued to die from scurvy, and on December
8, 1741, Bering died and was buried on the island
which is now named for him. When spring came, the
few remaining men were able to build a small ship
from the wood in the old one and leave the island.
By this time, the Russian government had lost
interest in the North Pacific. Bering's reports were sent
back to St. Petersburg and forgotten. Decades one decade = ten vears
later, people realized that Bering was a great explorer.

sink (v) [sir|k] : dam , chi in

instead of (adv) [in’stcd] : thay the
separate (v) ['scpret] : tacli bier, rieng le
lack of s t(v ) [lack] : thieu cat gi
de c ad e (n ) ['dekeid] : thqp m en , thap ky
20
 EXPLORERS

His expedition gathered important scientific

information about the interior o f Siberia, made maps
o f the eastern coast, and discovered a new part o f
North America. Today we have the Bering Sea
between Siberia and Alaska to r em i nd us o f the make us remember
leader o f this great scientific expedition.

A. V ocabulary

complete realize included delay

distance bury gather history
remind sink separate lack

1. They could see something in the ___________ , but they couldn't tell
w hat it was.
2. Did you study t h e __________ o f your country in school?
3. Mr. and Mrs. Baker drive to work in __________ cars because they
work in different places.
4. P l e a s e _____________me to buy some bread, or I might forget.
5. In some restaurants, the waiter's tip i s ____________ in the bill. In others
you leave it separately.
6. You should do t h e _________ lesson foi tomorrow's homework. Do
all the exercises.
7. There will be a short while the chemistry professor gets
the equipment ready.
8. He didn't what time it was, and he got to class late,
9. Wood doesn't in water. Rocks do.
10. Burke's expedition failed partly because o f his of
experience in the Australian outback.

great (adj) [grcit] i f dai

remind (v) [ri'maind] iihdc nliri
bury (v) ['bcri] chon car
realize (v) [’riolaiz] nhdn ra
distance (n) ['distpns] khodng cdcli

21
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

B. Vocabulary
climate in order to bury gathered
custom ashore fresh skilled
complete decade vitamin scurv\

1. Ali is studying English go to an American university.

2. In many countries it is the__________ to _______people whe n they die.
3. A n n _______________ up her books and papers and left the library
4. caused by the lack o f vitamin C, was a problem on ships
on long trips.
5. North Africa has a desert
6. A century is 100 years. A is 10.
7. Electricians and mechanics are _______________ workers.
8. After a half hour in the water, the children s w a m _______ and dried off
9. People cannot drink sea water. They n e e d ______________ water
10 . C is found in oranges.

C. Vocabulary Review: Definitions

Match the words with their meaning.
1. h em i s p h e re _________________ a. not fight
2. border b. find
3. forbidden _ c. high flat land
4. get along_ d. inside
5. research _ e. half o f the earth
6. p l a t e a u ___ f. not allowed
7. d i s c o v e r _ g. 100 years
8. a n c i e n t ___ h. writer for magazines
9. turn i n t o __ i. search for new information
10. journalist j. very old
k. become
I. line between two countries
custom (n) ['kAstom] tap c/iidn, p in ing tin
ashore(adj) [o'J.r] Iren her
scurvy (n) [’sko:vi] benh thicu \ Hamm C
gathered up (v) Cg^o] gom la i

22
 EXPLORERS
9 Q Q Q Q Q Q U
D. T r u e/F alse
Write T if the sentence is true, F if it is false, and NI if there is no
information in the text. Change the false sentences to make them true, or
explain wh y they are false.
_______ I . Bering left St. Petersburg ahead o f chirikov.
_______ 2. It took them 7 years to cross Siberia because they were traveling
on horseback.
_______ 3. Vitus Bering was from St. Petersburg.
_______ 4. Bering spent 2 years exploring the east coast o f Siberia.
_______ 5. Bering's and Burke’s expeditions were similar.
_______ 6. Bering's men found Eskimos in Alaska.
7. Scurvy is caused by a lack o f vitamin C.
_______ 8. Alaska belonged to the United States at the time o f Bering's expedition.

E. C om p reh en sion questions

Try to answe r the comprehension questions in your own words instead of
using the exact words from the text.
I. wh y was this called a scientific expedition?
2 What did the men on the expedition do in Tobolsk?
3. Wh ere did they stay longer, in Tobolsk or Yakutsk?
4. W hy did the expedition have to build boats?
5. How did the two ships get separated in the Pacific Ocean?
6. W hy did the men on the island continue to die even when they had food
and water?
*7. Is scurvy a problem on ships today? Why or why not?
*8. Wh en Bering's expedition returned to St. Petersburg, were they
wel co med as national heroes? Why or why not?

F. M ain Idea
What is the main idea o f paragraph 3 (lines 17-29)?

1. It took 7 years to cross Siberia.

2. Th e expedition explored two rivers.
3. The expedition built their own village in Yakutsk.

similar (adj) ['similo] : tuang t i f , giong iilicui

belong to (v) [b i'b r| ] : thuoc ve
even (adv) ['i:vt>n] : lluhn chi

23
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. Reading
How carefully should you read? How fast should you read? These questions
have different answers. Sometimes you have to read slowly and carefully.
Other times you read fast, and other times you read at a regular speed

How would you read these things? Use these answers:

а. slowly and carefully. b. at a regular speed c. fast
(Students may have different answers.)

1. a letter from your parents

2. the text o f these lessons
3. the homework for a difficult science class
4. the newspaper
5. a magazine article on an interesting person
б. an exciting mystery story
Some students like to read a whole text quickly for the general idea
Others like to start at the beginning and read each sentence carefully. You
can choose the best way for you to start reading a lesson. After that,
probably you need to read the lesson two or three times. When you come to
a word you don’t know, read the sentence again, or even three times, to help
you remember the word. It is never necessary to memorize sentences or
paragraphs. This is not the way to study reading.
If the text is very difficult for you. read the first paragraph two or three
times, then the second, and so on. Then read the whole text from beginning
to end. Then \ o u might want to read it all again.
You will probably want to read the complete text again after you ha\e
finished the whole lesson. Then test yourself on the vocabulary words that sou
underlined when you first read the text and learn the words you don't know.

B. W ord Forms: Verbs

How do vou know which form of a uord to use? This information will help \ou
Eveiy sentence must have a verb. There are often clues that tell \ou
what form o f the \ e r b to use.

24
EXPLORERS

Put the right verb form in these blanks. Explain why you chose each form.
(lead) Did Bering an expedition across Siberia?
(leave) 2. The expedition St. Petersburg in 1973.
(study) 3. Bob i s _______ about explorers,
(learn) 4. Nadia has ____ a lot o f words this week
(help) 5. Can y o u ______ me with this exercise?
(give) 6. The teacher a lot o f homework every day.
(sleep) 7. Mr. Gorder was at midnight last night,
(travel) 8. They are going to in Europe next summer.

C. Prepositions
Prepositions are difficult. The best way to learn how to use the right
preposition is by practicing. Write the prepositions in these sentences from
the text.
I. 'i1'_______1733, the most complete scientific expedition in history.
<7.s______ that time left St. Petersburg.
2. The scientists planned to report_____ ______ everything.
The expedition had to ciObS Siberia____________ order to reach the
Pacific Ocean.
Vitus Bering, the leader _________ the whole expedition, left St.
Petersburg __________ almost 600 people.
5. They traveled mostly_ flat-bottomed boats the rivers,
6. They had only one summer instead « ;______two y e a r s _______ their
explorations b e c a u s e _________ the many problems and delays
7. At last the sailors ______ Bering’s ship saw mountains a short
distance the sea.^
8. They were a place no trees, but there were
birds and animals food.
9. this time, the Russian government had lost interest
_____________the North Pacific.
10. It discovered a new p a r t _____________North America.

midnight (n) [’midnait] i u fa item

sailor (n) ['scilo] lim y tli li
government (n) [’gAvnmont] cliinli phit

25
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
Q Q Q Q flfl

D. Context Clues
The words in the Context Clues exercises are always words in the next
lesson. Circle the letter o f the right answer.

1. Isamu's English is not very good. He frequently makes mistakes,

a. quickly b. often c. never

2. Oil, gas, and wood are all kinds o f fuel,

a. something to burn for heat
b something to make cars go
c. something to build ships from

3. David - Neel walked for days when she was seventy-six years old. She
was often exhausted.
a very hungry b. very tired c. very old

4. Jean was in an automobile accident and injured her leg.

a. Hurt b. stepped on c. stood on

5. At times Neel became sick from the food she ate.

a. Usually b. sometimes c. at different hours

6. Burke's expedition had terrible problems and several men died,

a. large b. Interesting c. very bad

7. We know about Burke's expedition because he wrote in a diary every day.

The search party found it.
a. a notebook about what happened every day
b. a cassette recording about what happened every day
c. a book about a person's life

frequently (adv) [’fri:kwentli] thtfdng xuyen

fuel(n) [fjuol] nhien lieu
exhausted (adj) [ig'zo:stid] kiet si(c
injure (v) ['ind3e] bi thifcrng
26
 ROBERT SCOTT - A RACE
TO THE SOUTH POLE 4
Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian, was the first person
to reach the South Pole. Robert Scott, and Englishman,
arrived at the South Pole a month after Amundsen and
died on the return jo urney to his ship. Yet, strangely
enough, Scott became a hero and Amundsen did not.
Captain Robert Scott (1868-1912) was an English
Na vy officer. He led an expedition to Antarctica in 1901-
1904 for a British scientific organization called the Royal
Geographical Society. His group traveled farther south
than anyone else had ever done, and he gathered
information on rocks, the weather, and climate, and made
maps. When he returned to England, he was a national
hero.
A few years later he decided to organize another
expedition. He said he wanted to make a complete
scientific study o f Antarctica, but he really wanted to be
the first person at the South Pole. He took three doctors,
several scientists, and other men with him.
They sailed on a ship named the Terra N ova in June
1910, but whe n they reached Australia, they learned that
Amundsen was also on his way to the Pole.
Amundsen and Scott were very different from each
other and made very different plans. Amundsen planned
everything very carefully.

journey (n) ['d3e:ni] chuyen di

organization (n) [.ZKgenai'zei/n] to clu'fc
geographical (adj) [d3ie'gra;fikol] (thugc) dia ly
rock (n) [rok] da tang
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

He took sleds and dog teams as the great Arctic

explorers did Scott took ponies (small horses), and a
few dogs, but he planned to have his men pull the
sleds themselves for most o f the trip On other
expeditions, as some dogs became weak, the men
killed them for food for themselves and the other dogs.
Amundsen did this too, and it helped him reach the
Pole, but later people callcd him "dog eater". Scott
would not eat dogs, and this was one reason he died on
this expedition.
There were other differences between the two
expeditions. Amundsen sailed 100 kilometers closer to
the Pole than Scott did. Scott also had the bad luck o f
having very bad weather - days of blizzards and strong storm with wind and sncw
winds, it was often - 4 0 nC (minus 40 degrees Celsius).
Scott and his men built a building as their base
camp near the ocean's edge and spent the winter there.
They used sleds and ponies to carry a ton o f supplies
farther inland to a place that they named the ( )ne I on toward the interior
Depot. When spring came, a few of the men started
ahead of the others with motorized sleds to leave
supplies along the way. However, after only a few days
the sleds broke down and the men had to pull them.
A few- days later Scott started for the South Pole
with a few men. The whole jo urney was very difficult.
Scott and his men either walked and skied through
deep snow or over ice and uneven ground, the climate
was too difficult for the ponies and they all died.
There were frequent snowstorms. Sometimes the men often
couldn t leave their tents for several days because o f
blizzards.

sled (n) [sled] x e trucrt tuyet

blizzard (n) [’blizod] trail bdo tuyet
inland (n) [’mlend] ddt hen

28
 EXPLORERS
&Q 9Q &Q
When Scott was 260 kilometers from the Pole, he
sent all but four men back to the base camp. This was
probably his most serious mistake. He had a tent big
enough for four people and only enough food and fuel
for four, but now there were five. Also, one men had left
his skis behind with some of the supplies. He had to walk
in the snow, and this slowed down the whole group.
On January 17, 1912, Scott and his men reached
the Pole, only to find a tent and the Norwegian flag.
They were not the first people to reach the South Pole.
They had lost the race.
The next day they started the 1300-kilometer
j ou rne y back to their base camp, pulling their heavy
sleds full o f supplies. The trip back was worse than on
their way to the Pole. They became weak from hunger.
At times the whiteness everywhere made them blind, sometimes
Their fingers and toes began to freeze and two o f the
men fell and injured themselves. They never had ^
enough fuel to keep warm in their tent. They became
e x h a u sted , and it was more and more difficult to pull very tired
the sleds.
Finally, one men died. Then another became so
weak that he knew he was endangering the lives o f the
others. One night he left the tent and never returned.
He walked out into the blizzard and died instead of
holding back the other three.
Every day Scott described the terrible journey in
his diary. On March 21 the three remaining men were
only 20 kilometers from the On? Ton Depot, but
another (jlizzard kept them in their tent. On March 29
they were still unable to leave their tent. On that day,
Scott wrote his last words in his diary.

slow down (v) [e'lou daun] : lam chain lai

unable to do st [An'eibl] : khong the lam gi
serious (adj) [’sierios] : ngliiein trong

29
 CAUSE A N D EFFEC

A search party found the three bodies 8 months later.

They also found Scott’s diary, excellent photographs o f the
expedition and letters to take back to England. The search
party left the frozen bodies where they found them.
Today the building at the base camp is still there. Inside
there are supplies, furniture, and things that belonged to the
men. They are left just the way they were when Scott's
expedition was there. New Zealand takes care o f the building
and its contents.
Robert Scott's name lives on as a great explorer o f
Antarctica, the last part o f the earth that people explored. He
was not the first to reach the South Pole, and he and his men
died because of his bad planning, but he is remembered as
one of the great heroes o f exploration.

A. Y'ocabulary
organization each other sleds inland
pony blizzard br ea kd ow n exhausted
blind frequent fuel at times
1. A ____________ is a storm with wind and snow.
2. Scott and his men slept close t o _____________in a small tent.
3. A ____________ is a small horse, not a young horse.
4. People who grow up near the sea are often unhappy if they have to mo\1

5. A _____________ person cannot see.

6. There a r e _____________ storms in the Bering Sea in winter In summn
there are not as many.
7. Most American universities have a foreign student ____________ . Ai|
students are welcome.
8 ____________ Burke rode horseback At other times he walked
9. People n e e d ___________ _ to cook and to heat their homes
10. Children in Canada like to ride downhill on their

take care of st (v) : q u a n tu m

live on (v) : song dtfu vao
at time (adv) : thinli tliodug

30
 EXPLORERS
B. Vocabulary

tent terrible serious exhausted

broke down fuel injured diary

1. We got home very late because our c a r ____________ .

2. T o m _____________himself at work and had to go to the hospital.
3. Some students are v e r y ________ about learning English.
4. Some people like to write in a _ ________every day about the things'
they do and think.
5. Last summer our family went camping in the mountains. We slept in
a_____________ .
6. Ali stayed up all night to study for a test. He w a s _________ in the morning.
7. There was a _________fire in an old apartment building, and 10 people died.

C. Vocabulary Review: Antonym s

Match the words with their opposites.

1. huge ______ a. in back of

2. experienced b. swamp
3. get a l o n g __ c. modern
4. forbid _____ d. fight
5. complete e.together
6 . include ____ L incomplete
7. ahead _____ g. leave out
8. separated _ 4b inexperienced
9. interior __ ^ i. escape
10. lack j. allow
ancient k. small
Lexterior
m.have

t ent (n ) [tent] le u v d i, ta n g b a t
terrible (adj) ['terobl] k l iin l i k illin g
forbid (v) [fe'bid] cam. ngan cun

31
 CAUSE AND EFFEC

D. M ultiple Choicc
1 The first person to reach the South Pole was____________
a. English b. French c. Norwegian
2. Scott was mainly interested i n _____________
a. being the first person at the South Pole
b. collecting information about the rocks in Antarctica.
c. learning about the weather and climate in Antarctica
*3. Amundsen's expedition ate dogs because_____________
a. this is a custom in Norway.
b. it was a way for the men to have fresh meat
c. there was no other food.
*4. Scott's expedition had to t r a v e l _____________.
a. a shorter distance than Amundsen's.
b. the same distance as Amundsen's.
c. farther than Amund sen ’s
*5. January is a _____________ month in Antarctica.
a. summer b. fall c. winter
6. Scott's trip to the Pole was difficult. The trip back w a s __
a. more difficult
b. about the same
c. much easier
*7. Scott and his men became exhausted because _________
a. they didn't have enough fuel, and they could never get warm
b. the sun on the snow blinded them
c. they didn't have enough food and had to pull the heavy sleds
8. We know the details about Scott's expedition because_________
a. he sent reports back to the English government
b. he kept a diary, and the search party found it
c. he wrote detailed letters back to England

interested in st [’intristid] lu'fng tlu'i vert cat gi

interested in doing st [’du:ir|] liifng tint lam gi
blind (v) [blaind] lam clio nut
report (n) [ri'po:t] boo can
32
EXPLORERS

E. C om p reh en sion Questions

* I . Scott and Burke led expeditions in very different climates. What was
similar about their expeditions?
2. Explain one serious mistake that Scott made.
*3. Why did Scott travel from his base camp to the Pole in January?
4. Why did one man walk out o f the tent into the blizzard and not return?
5. Why was it difficult for the men to pull the sleds on the trip back from
the Pole?
6. Why couldn't the three men travel the last 20 kilometers to One Ton
Depot?
*7. Was Scott a hero o f exploration? Give a reason for your answer.

F. M ain Idea
What is the main idea o f paragraph 7 (lines 46-55)?

1. moving supplies inland

2. getting ready to ski to the South Pole
3. bad luck with motorized sleds

33
 CAUSE AN D EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. W ord Forms: Nouns
There are three places in a sentence that always have a noun (or a pronoun):
the subject, the object o f a verb, and the object of a preposition

Subject verb object o f the verb object o f a preposition

Neel rode a horse to Tibet.
The expedition took food for the animals.
A storm drove the ship onto an island.

The subject is usually at the beginning o f a sentence. The object o f the verb
is usually right after the verb. It answers the question, "What?" The object of
a preposition conies after the preposition
There might be adjectives and other words to describe these nouns.
Neel rode a large black horse to Tibet.
The large scientific expedition took a lot o f food for their animals.
A bad storm drove the large sailing ship onto a small island.
Write the correct word form in the blanks. Use a word from line one in
sentence one, and so 0 11 . Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns.
Verb Noun A djective Adverb
1. inch de inclusion inclusive inclusively
2. separate separation separate separately
3. bury burial burial
4. realize realization
5. remind reminder
6. inform information (un) informative (un) informatively
7. organize organization organizational organizationally
8. injure injury injurious injurious!}
Did you a description o f your dormitory when vou wrote to
your family?
2a. A m a d o u ' s ___________ from his family is difficult for him. but he wants
to study at a foreign university.
2b. Write your two compositions 011 _______ pieces o f paper. Do them

description (n) [dis'knpfn] s ir m o to

dormitory (n) [’d.rmitri] kv tin w/ si 11I1 \w it
composition (n) [.knmpo'zi/n] bin hum

34
 EXPLORERS

3. Mr. Byrd died yesterday and they are going to him

tomorrow. His is tomorrow.
4. After Ms. Cook got home, she she had forgotten to mail her
letters.
5. Ms. Barber put a on the refrigerator for her children to do
their homework.
6. Kumiko asked the teacher for about the city buses. The
teacher gave her a schedule that was very
7a. An in Melbourne chose Burke to lead an expedition across
Australia.
7b. The first meeting o f the new club will be an meeting.
8. Chris was in an accident, but luckily he didn't receive a n y ____________ .

B. T w o - W o r d Verbs

run out o f - use up, not have any more

work out - exercise
slow down - go more slowly
speed up - go faster
live on - have enough money for necessities

1. Cars have to ___________ when they enter a city. When they leave the
city, they can ___________ again.
2. A lot o f people like to go to a gymnasium and ___________ . This
exercise is good for them.
3. The Lopez family adopted two children. Now they can't ___________ the
money Mr. Lopez earns.
4. Scott's men were hungry because they had almost _______________food.

run out o f st (v) [rAn aut d v ] : can kiet, liet sgcli cdi gi
work out (v) [wo:k, aut] : tieii lianlt, lam
speed up (v) [’spiid'Ap] : tang toe do

35
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

C. Finding the Reason

Here are some sentences about the explorers you have read about. Give a
reason for each statement. The first one is done for you.
Statem ent Reason
1. Scott and his men were cold all the time. They didn't have enough fuel.
2. Scott went to the South Pole.
3. Neel studied Tibetan in India.
4. Bering's expedition lost a lot o f their food.
5. Bering took scientists with him.
6. Burke died on his expedition.
7. Burke took camels on his expedition.
8. The world knows about Burke's and
Scott's expeditions.

D. Context Clues

1. When Scott returned from his first expedition to Antarctica, he gave

lectures to organizations. People wanted to hear about his journey.
a. movies that he took in Antarctica
b. speeches that give information
c. long articles full o f information from his diaries
2. Mr. Mora told his son, "Stop fighting with your sister. If you don't
behave, you'll have to go to bed right now.
a. stay awake b. act correctly c. slow down
3. A wool sweater is much warmer than a cotton or polyester one.
a. cloth made from animal skin
b. cloth from a plant
c. cloth from sheep's hair

lecture (n) [’lekt/o] : bai dien tliuyei

behavior (n) [bi'heivjo] : c u x i'rle p lie p
wool (n) [wul] : long

36
 EXPLORERS

4. It is am azing that a woman was able to travel all over the interior o f
china and Tibet by herself.
a. very surprising b. terrible c. frequent

5. Maria has a very bad attitude toward learning English. She thinks that if
she just listens in class, she can learn everything she needs. Outside o f
class, she just wants to have fun.
a. equipment
b. way o f thinking
c. good experience

amazing (adj) [e'meiziri] : lain kinli ngac

attitude (n) [';etitju:d] : thai do

37
 MARY KINGSLEY -
VICTORIAN EXPLORER 5
Mary Kingsley spent 18 months exploring West
Africa between 1893 and 1895. The two books she
wrote and the lectures she gave back in England about educational speeches
her travels helped to change the way Europeans thought
about their African colonies. Kingsley also helped to
start anthropology, the study o f people's customs and
lives, in Africa. We must understand something about
English life at that time in order to understand how
very surprising
amazing this was.
Mary Kingsley was born near London in 1862 and
grew up while Victoria was queen o f England. At that
time women were expected to stay at home, take care o f
their husbands and children, and behave like ladies.
Mary’s father was a doctor and her mother was his
cook. The parents got married only four days before
Mary was born. Her father spent most o f his time
traveling in far of f countries, and he hardly ever came
home. Her mother was never well and spent her life in
her bedroom with all the curtains closed. O f course
Mary had to take care o f her, so Mary never married.
She never went to school either; she had to educate
herself.
When both her parents died in 1892, Mary took
the money they left her and went to visit the Canary
Islands o ff the coast o f West Africa.
She met traders there, European men who bought
rubber ivory, which co m e s from ele phants, and other

give back (v) ['give' bu_‘k] gift ve

colony (n) ['koleni] tluioc dm
grow-up (v) [’grounAp] Ion leu, trUO'ng llianli
curtain (n) [’ke:tn] rein cifa

38
EXPLORERS

products from Africans and sold them things from

Europe. She returned to England and studied to do
useful scientific work in West Africa. During her first
trip o f 6 months back to West Africa and her second
one o f nearly a year, she collected fish for the British
Museum. Much more important, she gathered
information about African customs, law, and religion.
European men had been exploring Africa for
years. Each explorer took large amounts of equipment,
food, and other supplies and needed many Africans to
carry them. The Europeans had guns and used them
when there was trouble. Kingsley traveled with only six
Africans to help her. She slept in village houses and ate
what the Africans ate. She had a gun, but she never shot
anyone. She always wore a white cotton blouse and a
long wool skirt. She was usually the first white woman
the villagers had ever seen, but they accepted her as a
friend because o f the way she traveled. She was able to
ask them all kinds o f questions about their lives and
later wrote detailed scientific descriptions of African
customs. She also wrote beautiful descriptions o f the
slow-moving rivers, the sounds o f the African night,
and the beauty o f the African forest.
At that time there were three groups o f Europeans
in Africa. They were the traders, the people working for
the colonial governments and missionaries who went to
Africa to teach Christianity. They all believed that
Europeans were superior to other people. They
believed either that Africans were wild or that they
were childlike. The English missionaries believed
Africans and Europeans were brothers because
they were all Go d’s children, but they also believed that

product (n) [’p r j d e k t ] : s o n p lia m

accept (v) [ek'scpt] : c h a p iilia n , J o n g y
detailed (adj) ['di:tciId] : m o t cach c h i t ie )
superior (adj) [su:’pierie>] : ro t h o n

39
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

Africans were inferior because they were not.

Christians. The missionaries thought that the Africans'
false religion made them live inferior lives, but if they
started wearing European clothes, learned English,
forgot their old ways, and became Christians, they
could become better people. The other Europeans
believed that Africans were inferior and less intelligent
than white people.
As Mary Kingsley gathered information about
African customs, she learned that their religion was the
center o f their lives. Their religion and customs, even
the ones that seemed very strange to Europeans, all Fit
together in a logical way. She believed that if
Europeans tried to change African religion or any o f
their other customs, the Africans' lives would be worse
than before However, she also believed that Africans
could not learn technology and could never move into
the modern world. As she wrote and lectured about her
ideas, the men working in the colonial governments
learned from her. and tSe governments became better.
When Kingsley reached a village, she usually said,
"It's only me". She said it so often that villagers started
calling her "Only Me" because they thought is was her
name. She was European, so the Africans treated her like
a European and not like a woman. She had much more
freedom than she had when she was at home in England.
In 1900, Kingsley went to South Africa to help in the
hospitals during the Boer War, but she planned to return
to West Africa. However, in a short time she became sick
and died at the age o f 37. She was buried at sea.
Mary Kingsley was a Victorian woman. She became
an explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and author. Toda>

inferior (adj) [in'fiene] : (hup kein lum

40
 EXPLORERS

it is not easy for a woman to be even one o f these things. In

Kingsley's time it was almost impossible, but she was all of
them. Her books started a change in West African history
because they helped change the attitudes o f the Europeans
toward the Africans in their colonies. Her great knowledge
o f African customs helped start the anthropological study
o f Africa. She was an amazing woman.

A. Vocabulary
products educated anthropology colony
lecture ivory missionary behave
childlike superior treats inferior
1. Mona is the best student in the class. She i s __________ to all the other
students. They a r e _____________to her.
Pierre is Canadian, but he didn't go to school in Canada. He w a s __________
in France.
3. Professor Allen will give a ____________ today about his research on fish
that live in caves.
4. A ____________ tries to get people to change their religion.
5. Some people are born with inferior intelligence. They a r e ____________
all their lives. They never act like grownups.
6 . Japan produces cars, televisions, computers, and o t h e r ___________
7. Carlos a l w a y s _____________older people politely.
8 . Hong Kong is a British______________
9. Susan is going to s t u d y _____________

B. V ocabulary
behave trade accept rubber
wool ivory attitude technology
amazing product anthropology logical
1. T h e twentieth century' is the age o f _________ . We have computers and
other amazing machines.

a u t h o r (n) [’o:0e] : tac gia

impossible (adv) [inVp^sabl] : kliong the
childlike (adj) [’t/aildlaik] : nlitf li e con
r u b b e r (n) [YAbo] : cuo sit

41
 CAUSE AN D EFFECT

2. Fanners raise sheep for their meat and ____________ in new Zealand,
Europe, and other areas o f the world.
3. When we study the history o f the world, the importance o f ____________ _
between countries is clear.
4. People make beautiful things from________which comes from elephants.
5. Isamu says the reading book is too easy for him, so he never studies. Vet
he always gets bad grades. This is not ____________ thinking If he
changes h i s _____________, he can get good grades.
6. Sometimes c h i l d r e n _____________badly in school
7. comes from trees and is used to make tires for cars and trucks
8 It i s ____________ that today people in some remote areas know nothing
about the rest o f the world.
9. When you live in another country, you have t o _____________the people
and the customs there. You cannot change them.

C. V oc a bu la ry

beggar surrounded temperature civil war

delayed in order to sink ashore
decade organization tent terrible
1. The soldiers_____________the building so no one could escape
2. Every year s h i p s _____________ in storms.
3. The snow s t o r m __________ us 3 hours because we had to drive very slowly.
4. A ____________ asks people for money or food.
5. OPEC means t h e _____________ o f Petroleum Exporting Countries
6. Did you ever sleep outdoors in a _____________?
7. There has been a _____________ in Lebanon for several years Different
groups o f Lebanese are fighting among themselves.
8. Sometimes the summer_____________in Antarctica is - 40°C.
9 A ____________ forest fire burned thousands o f hectares o f trees
10. A ______ islOvears.

grade (n) [greid] : diem

truck (n) [trAkj : xe rJi
civil war (n) ['sivl w;>:] : noi cliien
temperature (n) [’temproLfo] : nhiei do

42
 EXPLORERS

I). True/False
_________ I . Mary Kingsley spent a total o f 2 years exploring in West Africa.
_________ 2. Mary had to educate herself.
________ 3. Traders buy and sell things.
_________ *4. European explorers sometimes shot Africans.
_________ *5. A long wool skirt and white blouse are good clothes for
exploring in West Africa.
_________ 6. Kingsley took a lot of equipment with her because she was
doing scientific research on fish.
_________ *7. English missionaries believed that all people are God's children.
_________ 8. The West African religion was the center o f all their customs.
_________ *9. Kingsley believed that Africans could not learn technology.
_________ 10. Kingsley became sick and died in West Africa.

E. C om prehension Q uestions
1. What was a woman's life like in Victorian England?
2. How did Mary Kingsley tell others about her research in Africa?
3. Why didn't she go to school?
■4 W here did she gel the money to go to the Canary islands?
5. What are traders?
6. What are missionaries?
7 What is a colony?
8. How were Kingsley's expeditions different from the expeditions of
European men?
9. How did Kingsley do her research?
10. What did Kingsley believe about trying to change African customs?
I I . How did her books help change West African history?

F. Main Idea
What is the main idea o f paragraph 9 (lines 98-102)?

1. Kingsley worked in a hospital in South Africa.

2. Kingsley died in South Africa in 1900.
3. Kingsley was buried at sea.

equipment (n) [rkvvipmoni] : iliici bi

technology (n) [tck'n.'tlod^i] : k \ fluid!, coug nyhc
 CAUSE AN D EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. Articles: The
Some geographical locations include the in the name.
1. Certain countries (Note: Most countries do not include the in the name),
the United States of America or the United States or the L'-S-A. or the U.S.
the Union o f Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union or the USSR
The United Arab Emirates
The United Kingdom
The Philippines
The N etherlands
2. Major points on the earth:
the North pole
the South pole
the Equator
3. Plurals o f islands, lakes, and mountains:
the Canary Islands
the G r e a t Lakes
(lie H i m a l a y a M o u n ta i n s
4. Oceans, seas, rivers, canals, deserts:
the Pacific Ocean
the Bering Sea
the M ississippi River
the Suez Canal
the Sahara desert.
5. Continents, most geographical areas, most countries, and single islands,
lakes, and mountains do not have the in the name.
Asia
W estern Europe but the M iddle East
England
Bering Island
Lake G eneva
M ount Everest
equa tor (n) [l'kweito ] cltfang xich Jao
mountain (n) ['mauntin] niii
ocean (n) [’eO/n] Jat clucmg
desert (n) [di’zo:t] sa mac
44
EXPLORERS

Write the in the blanks if it is necessary.

1. Panama Canal joins____________ Atlantic Ocean and
__________ Pacific Ocean.
2. This canal used to belong t o ___________ United states.
3. Kuwait is near ______ United Arab Emirates and
___________ Saudi Arabia.
4. Germany,__________ Belgium, and_____________Netherlands
are i n _____________Europe.
5. Lake Geneva is i n ___________ Switzerland.
6. Where a r e ___________ Madeira Islands?
7. Poland is n e a r ___________ USSR.
8. Jordan is i n ___________ Middle East.
9. Amazon River is in ___ South America

B. W ord forms: Nouns

These are some common noun suffixes:
- er, r, -or: reminder, beggar, advisor
- ist: scientist
- mciit: equipment
- ion, sion, - tion, - ation: religion, decision, separation, realization
- y: discovery
- ity: electricity.
- ness: happiness
- ance: acceptance
Put the right form o f the word in each sentence.

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

1. trade trade
trader
2. produce product (un) productive (un) productively
production
3. accept acceptance (un) acceptable (un) acceptably
4. (mis) behave (mis) behavior
5. educate education (un)educated
6. treat treatment
7. amaze amazement amazing amazingly
8. colonize colony colonial
colonist

45
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

I . Japan and Saudi Arabia___________ with each other.

2a. M e x i c o ' s ____________o f oil is higher this year than last.
2b. It i s ___________ to translate each lesson into your language. This is not a
good way to study English.
3. Your ho mework is n o t ___________ because the teacher can ’t read it.
4. The children are on their good________ because they are going to a party
5. is very important for everyone.
6. The b o s s ___________ Ann very badly during the meeting.
7. Ali looked w i t h __________ at the tall buildings in New York. They are
________ high.
8. P r a n c e ____________North Africa in the nineteenth century.

C. P r e p o s i t io n s
Write the correct preposition in the blanks.
1. Anthropology is the study ~ people's customs and lives.
2. We must understand something yj_____ English l i f e ___________ that
t i m e ____________order to understand how amazing this was.
3. that time women were expected to stay _____ home,
take c a r e __________ their husbands and children, and behave like ladies.
4. her mother spent her life ^ -______ her bedroom all the
curtains closed.
5. Ma ry took the money they left her and went to visit the Canary Islands
'If,______ the c o a s t ____________West Africa.
6. She studied to do useful scientific w o r k ____________West Africa.
7. her first trip r 1 6 months and her second one
__________ 18 months, she collected fish___________the British Museum
8. They accepted her as a friend because_____________the way she traveled
9. They all believed that Europeans were superior________ o t h e r people.

D. Scanning.

When you want to find just one detail in a text, it is not necessary to read
carefully. You sc an instead, that is, you look as quickly as possible until you
find the information.

m use um (n) [mju:'ziom] : bdo tang

scientific (adj) [,saion'tifik] : co tinlt klioa hoc

46
EXPLORERS

Find these answers by scanning. Write short answers (not complete

sentences). Write the number of the line where you found each answer.
1. When was Mary Kingsley born?
2. What did she wear on her expeditions?
3. What did Africans call her?
4. How old was she when she died?
5. When did her parents die?
6. Why did missionaries go to Africa?
7. Who was queen when Kinsley was bom?
8. What was the name o f the war in South Africa in 1900?
9. Kinsley was an explorer. What else was she?

E. C ontext Clues
1. What is the answer when you add these figures: 739,526, and 43?
a. numbers b. kilometers c. kilos
2. Petroleum, iron, rich farmland, and coal for making electricity are all
natural resources.
a. anything people can use.
b. anything people make
c. anything from nature that people can use
3. What is the best method to learn a language?
a. lesson b. way c. composition
4. When two crowded trains run into each other, this is a disaster. When
heavy rains cause a river to flood a village, this is also a disaster.
a. anything terrible caused by people
b. anything terrible caused by nature
c. anything terrible that happens
5. A s h o r t a g e o f food in a poor country can cause people to die o f hunger.
a. poor farmland
b. npt enough
c. plants that are not tall enough

figure (n) [Tigo] : so

resource (n) [ri'so:s] : ngiion (kliodng son)
method (n) [’meOad] : phuang plidp
disaster (n) [di'za:ste] : llidm lioa
shortage (n) [7o:tid3] : sirklian hiem

47
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

6. A few tickets for the basketball game are still available, but you should
buy one as soon as possible before they are all sold out
a. You can get one.
b. They didn't make any.
c. These tickets are too expensive.
7. When we meet a group o f people from another country, it is easy to think
that they are all alike; they look similar and think in the same way. But
this is not true. Each one is really an individual.
a. part o f a group
b. a different, separate person
c. similar to the other people in the family.

basket ball (n) [’ba:skitbo:l] . b o n g ro

available (adj) [o'veilebl] : san co
expensive (adj) [iks’pcnsiv] : ddt do
alike (adj) [o'laik] : giong nliu

48
 Unit
WORLD ISSUES II

49
O u r responsibility is to protect the Earth for a million years.
- R obert H unter,
one of the organizers of Greenpeace

50
 WORLD POPULATION
1
GROWTH
Is the world overpopulated? How many people
can the earth support? Should countries try to limit number of people in an area
their population? These are serious questions that
governments, international organizations, and
individuals must think about. individual = one person
The population o f the world has been increasing
faster and faster. In 10.000 B.C. there were probably
only 10 million people. In A.D. 1 there were 300
million. It took 1750 years for the population to reach
625 million, a little more than double the A.D. 1
figure. In 1850, only 100 years later, the population number
had nearly doubled again, with a figure o f 1130
million. In 1950, the figure had more than doubled to
reach 2510 million. In 1985, only 35 years later,
there were 4760 million people. By 2000, the world's
population is expected to be over 6 billion.
Seventy - five percent of the world's populationjjyg.
in Third World countries. This means that most people
are poor and are unable to give children a good life.
Does the earth have enough natural resources to
support f h k many n ifTprpnt scientists give
different answers to this question. Some say that
there are enough resources to support more than 6
billion people, but the problem is distribution. The
richest countries, with a small percentage^of the
world's population, use most o f the resources. If
these resources could be distributed equally, there
would be enough for everyone.

population (n) [,popju'lci/n] dan so

growth (n) [grouO] sit phat trien
individual (n) [,indi'vidjuel] cd iilian
expect ( v ) [iks'pekt] • mong d id , cho rang

51
 CA USE AN D EFFECT

Other scientists say that we must limit population

growth because our resources are limited. Only 10
percent o f the earth's land can be used for farming and
another 20 percent for raising animals. It is possible to
increase the amount of farmland, but only a little.
Some land in developing countries can be more
productive if people start using modern farming
m e t h o d s , but this will not increase worldwide ways
production very much.
We all know that there is a limited amount o f
petroleum. T here are also limits to the amounts o f iron
(Fe). silver (Ag). gold (Au). and other metals. There is
a limit to the water we can use - most o f the earth's
water is salt water, and most o f the fresh water is
frozen at the North and South Poles.
Evefrsome o f the world's "natural" di sa s te rs are terrible things that happen
partly":aused by overpopulation. We all know about
the terrible famine, with thousands of people dying o f
hunger, in Ethiopia in the 1980s. I he famine area o f
Ethiopia used to be forested. Forests hold water in the
ground, but in Ethiopia too many people cut down too
many trees for firewooc. In only 20 years, the forests
were gone. At the same time there were several years
without rain and farmland became desert. There was
no food and people died o f hunger.
It is difficult to say how many people the earth
can support, but it will help everyone if we can limit
population growth before serious shortages develop.
The problem is how to do it.
Each individual must decide to help limit
population. Each person must decide how many children

distribution (n) [,distri'bju:/n] sit plu'nt p h iu

raising (v) ['reizirj ] chan nuoi
amount of st [o'maunt] so htitng i r
metal (n) [’mctl] kitn loai
cut down (v) [kAt daun] : chat phu
52
 WORLD ISSU E S

to have. But there are many reasons that people want to have
several children. Some people, because o f their religion,
believe that they must accept every child that God sends
them. In countries where many children die before they can
grow up, people think they need to have several children.
Then the parents will have someone to take care o f them
when they are old. In some countries it is very important to
men that they have sons instead o f daughters. They want to
keep having children until they have several sons.
Research has repeatedly shown that the average Third
W orld woman has more children than she wants. Among the
wom en who do not think they have too many children, half
o f them do not want any more: thev think they already have
enough. However, although millions o f women in the world
want to limit the size o f their families, they know o f no safe
w ay to have fewer children. Safe birth -control methods for
family planning are not available to them.
G overnm ents and international organizations can
p r o v id e sale, inexpensive birth-control methods. Individuals give
can decide to use them. Then the world population growth
can decrease instead o f continuing to increase.

A. V o c a b u la r y
)
limit ^figures method shortage
control increases raise disaster
although provide ’overpopulated resources
1. most journalists studied journalism in college, some older
writers never attended a university.
2. Can you explain t h e ___________ for changing salt water to fresh water?
3. The num ber o f injuries from automobile accidents___________ every year.
4. Some countries are poor because they have very few natural____________ .

several (adv) [’scvrol] : m ot vdi

average (n) ['.cvond3] : tiling binh
although (adv) [/kIWhi] : m ac ill)
d ecrease (v) ['di: kri :s] : Idm yiiim
 C AUSE A N D EFFECT

5. The Red C ross helps when there is a

6 These are all : 1.75,293
7. Some governm ents _______ scholarships so people can attend
university.
A lack o f rain can cause a w a t e r ___________
China lias a billion people. Is i t ___________ ?
10 There is a ___________ o f 20 minutes for this short test Students must
turn in their papers at the end o f 20 minutes.

B. V o c a b u la r y
control international ' metals average
decreasing ind iv id lj a I distribution famine
limit raised available population
What is the ________ o f your country? Is it increasing?
2 ___________ are one kind o f natural resource.
3. The population o f Ireland is ___________ . There are few er people now
than 10 years ago.
4. I lie ________ o f 8. 5. 9. 3. and 6 is 6.2.
5. Some children behave badly and their parents c a n 't _________ them
6 . Coffee is in Central and South America
7. When there is a in a country, other countries send sood for
to the hungry people.
8. Every person in the class is a different kind o f
9. People build houses o f the materials that are__ in the area.
The United N ations is an organization.

V o c a b u la r y R e v ie w

ea ch other
freqttefrt+y ^nrrounded adventure
exhausted c iv i l w a r yet ashore

s c h o la rs h ip (n ) ['s k n lo / ip ] hoc bong

attend ( v ) [ o ’tend] ilium gia
fa m in e (n ) [T a jm in ] nan dot
a d v e n tu re (a d j) [o d 'v c n t/ o] m a u h ie m
54
 WORLD ISSU E S

1. Mr. Rossi was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ after driving for 10 hours.

2. O u r children had a wonderful ^ _________. They went camping in
Canada, slept in a ___________ , and helped cook their food outdoors
over an open fire.
3. Typing is a very useful______ for, students. They can learn by practicing.
4. The world is overpopulated, ______ people keep having large families.
5'. Alice injured her eyes in an accident. Now she is _____ .
6. There was a terrible ____________ in Spain in the 1930s. Almost a
million people died.
7. Som e composition teachers have the students keep a ____________ .
8. M exican and African students have to speak English to ____________ .
9. T h e children the man who was giving away free candy.
10. G len __________ goes to the movies on weekends.

W O R L D P O P U L A T IO N
D ate Population
10,000 B.C 10,000,000
I A.D 300,000,000
1750 A.D 625,000,000
1850 A.D 1,130,000,000
1950 A.D 2,510,000,000
1985 A.D 4,760,000,000
2000 A.D 6,600,000,000

W O R L D P O P U L A T IO N BY R E G IO N
South Asia 32%
East Asia 26%
Europe
Africa
Latin America
USSR
Northern America
Oceania
useful (adj) [*ju:sfl] lien loi, lulu ich
overpopulation (n) [ 'o u v e ^ p j u 'l c i / n ] sit qua tdi ve dan so
activity (n) [ick'tiviti] hoot dong
give away (v) [’givo'wei] plidn phoi, cho, pliat

55
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

THE W ORLD'S LARG EST C O U N T R IE S IN PO PU L A T IO N

0 500 Million I Billion
China 1,060.000.000
India 731.000,000
USSR — 272. 000. 000
USA 234,000,000
Indonesia 161,000,000
Brazil 131,000,000
Japan ■■■■ 119,000.000
Bangladesh 97,000.000
Pakistan “ ■ 95.000.000
Nigeria 85,000.000
M exico ■■ 76,000.000
West G erm any *■' 62,000.000
Vietnam ■■ 57,000,000
Italy — 56,000,000
United Kingdom ■■ 56.000.000
France — 55.000.000
Philippines m 53,000,000
Thailand m 51,000,000
Turkey ■■ 49,000.000
Egypt m 46,000,000
Iran ■ 42,000,000
South Korea ■■ 41,000,000
Spain _ 38.000,000
Burma ■ 37,000,000
Poland ■ 36,000,000

D. Multiple Choice
For the rest o f the book, there are no asterisks (*) before any questions. You
have to decide if the answ er is in one o f the sentences, or if \ o u have to
figure it out for yourself. In this exercise, use the text, the chart, and the
graphs to answ er the questions.

I. There were alm ost_______as many people in the world in 1 9 8 ' as in 1950
a twice b. three tim es c. four times

56
 WORLD ISSUES

2. Between 1985 and 2000, the world population will______________

a. more than double
b. be more than three times as large
c increase by nearly two billion
3. A bout__________ percent o f the earth's land can be used for raising food.
a. 10 b. 20 c. 30
4. A ______________is som etim es a natural disaster.
a. Plane accident b. forest fire c. ship sinking
5. In the Third W o rld ,______________ women want more children.
a. most b. some c. no
6. Safe birth - control m ethods a r e _____________ .
a. usuallv expensive
b. not available for some women
c. never used by religious people
7 . are the same size
a. The USSR and.the U.S.
b. Britain and Italy
c. Burma and Poland
8 . is the region with the largest population.
a. Africa b. South Asia c. The USSR
9. I n ______________the population o f the whole world was about the same
as the population o f China today.
a. 1750 b. 1850 c. 1950
10. T he country o f _________ has the same population as Canada and the U.S.
a. India b. Russia c. Indonesia

E. C om prehension Q u estion s
Use the text, charts, and graphs to answer these questions.

1. Do more people live in developed or developing countries?

2. Explain the problem o f distribution o f natural resources.

p e rc e n t(n ) [pe'scnt] plidii tram

a c c id e n t(n ) [’ivksidont] tin nun
forest (n) [’f^rist] rung
region (n) [’ri:cL3on] klut vifc

57
 C A U SE AN D EFFECT

3. Can the am ount o f farmland be increased?

5. W hy can't we use most o f the earth’s water?
6. W hich European countries are among the world's largest?
6. How m any people can the earth support?
7. Give two reasons that people have big families.
8. Do most Third World women want a lot o f children?
9. W hat w as one o f the causes o f the famine in Ethiopia?
10. W hat region o f the world has the smallest p o p u lation9
1 1. Do you think your country has too m any people? G ive a reason for your
answer.

F. M ain Idea
W hat is the main idea o f paragraph 2 (nines 6 - 17)? W rite it in a sentence.

farm land (n) [’fa:m l 2end] d dt c an li tdc

am o n g (adv) [e'mAr)] g itfa , H o n g so
cause (n) [ko:z] ngiiyen iilid n
reason (n) ['n:zn] ly do

58
WORLD ISSUES

WORD STUDY
A. W ord Form s: A djectives
Adjectives describe nouns. They are usually before the noun. Sometimes
they are alone after the verb be.
These are serious questions.
These questions are serious.
The participle form o f a verb, past or present, is often used as an adjective.
The past participle is the third form o f the verb; for example, talk, talked,
talked and freeze, froze, frozen. The present participle is the - ing form o f
the verb; for example, talking.
The world is overpopulated
Increasing population is a problem.
W rite the correct word forms in the blanks
V erb Noun A djective Adverb
1. history' historical historically
2. shortage short
3. disaster disastrous
4. distribute distribution
5. populate population
6. care care careful/careless carefully/carelessly
7. use use useful/useless usefully/uselessly
8. individual individual individually
9. nation national nationally
1. A nne likes to read novels.
2a. The secretary was o f paper and had to order some. She
didn't have enough.
2b. There was a o f cofTee because thousands o f coffee trees in Brazil froze.
3. A famine is for a country.
4. The professor always the test papers as soon as the bell rings.
5. W hat is the o f your country?

novel (n) ['n.Tvol] : lieu tliuyet

professor (n) [pre'fcso] : gido sif
test (n) [test] : stf thi ugliiem

59
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

6. If you a r c ______________ when you write your com position, you will
probably get a good grade. If you w rite______________ . you ma> fail.
7. A sled is______________ if you live in Kuwait.
8. The kind o f car a person buys is a n ______________ decision. Each person
must decide______________
9. Baseball is t h e ______________ sport in the United States.

B. T w o - W o r d V e r b s
cut down - cut dow n a tree, for example
figure out - find the answer
m akeup - think o f a new story or idea
hang up - end a telephone conversation
clear up - clouds disappear and the sun comes out
1. It was rainy and cloudy this morning, but now it is starting to__________.
2. The big old tree in our front yard is dead. We have to_________ it_________ .
3. I c a n 't ______________ the answ er to this math problem.
4. When Tom finished talking to his friend on the phone, he said
"Good-bye" and then ______________ .
5. Mr. H a se g a w a ______________ funny stories to tell his children

C. Irregular V erbs
Memorize these verb forms. Then put the right form o f a verb in the blanks.
Sim p le Past Past P articip le
freeze froze frozen
forbid forbade forbidden
sink sank sunk
shoot shot shot
1. The law______________ driving over 40 kilometers an hour on side streets
in the city. You can drive 60 or 75 on main streets.
2. A small sailboat hit a rock a n d ______________ .
3. food is quick and easy to cook.
4. Bob went hunting a n d ______________ a bear.

disappear (v) [,dise'pie] bieu m at

cloud (n) [klaud] m ay
yard (n) [ja:d] sail
hunting (n) [’hAntiri] su sa n ban

60
WORLD ISSU E S

D. A rticles
Put an article in the blank if one is necessary.
1. I s ______________ world overpopulated?
2. How many people c a n _____________ earth support?
3. These are ______________serious questions that ______________ people
must think about.
4 . different scientists g i v e ______________different answers to
these questions.
5. One o f ______________ problems i s ______________distribution.
6. richest countries, w i t h ______________small percentage o f
_________ world's population, use__________ most o f _________ resources.
7. It is possible to increase_____________ amount o f ____________ farmland,
but o n l y ______________ little.
8. We all know that there i s ____________ limited amount o f _____________
petroleum.
9. We all know about ______________terrible famine, with______________
thousands o f people dying o f ______________hunger, in______________
Ethiopia i n ______________ 1980s.
E. C on text C lues
1. Saudi Arabian society is very different from Japan’s. People dress
differently in the two countries. Religion is very important in Saudi Arabia
but it isn't in Japan. Holidays are different. Homes are different. Most
Japanese live in large cities. Most Saudis do not. The languages are different.
The life o f w om en is different.
a. the way people spend their time
b. everything about the life in a country
c. the life o f each individual woman.
2. The aborigines have been, in Australia for 10,000 years. Their a n c esto rs
probably cam e from South Asia.
a. people in the family a long time ago
b. people in the family in the future
c. great - grandparents

society (n) [so'saieti] : xa hoi

different (adj) [’difrent] : khac nliau
ancestor (n) [’iensiste] : to tien

61
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

3. Elaine is an electrician. She e a r n s 12 dollars an hour.

a. works
b. is paid for working
c. pays
4. All has a difficult problem to solve for his engineering class,
a. write b. read c. figure out

62
 CHANGES IN THE
FAMILY 2
Sociologists study society and how it is organized.
They study what a society believes and how it is
changing. They explain how people behave, but not how
they ought to behave.
Almost every society is based on the family. Some
societies have a nuclear family. In the nuclear family the
parents and children live together in one house. Other
societies have an extended family. In this kind o f family
there are grandparents, parents, children, uncles, and other
relatives all living together. In some societies there are
tribes. A tribe is a group o f extended families who have
the same ancestors. In North and South America, the
mem bers o f an Indian tribe speak the same language. Each
tribe in Africa has its own language too. In Saudi Arabia
and the other G u lf countries, the tribes all speak Arabic.
Sometimes the power o f the extended family or the
tribe is based on the land that they own.
Everybody in a family knows how to behave as a
family member. Children learn how to act like grownups
by watching the adults in their family. They learn how a
father or mother should behave. Everyone knows what the
corrcct behavior is, and relatives like to talk about this. "Is
Kum iko acting the way a m other Should act?" "Does
Abdullah behave in the right way for a husband?''.
It is hard to look at research about the family with
our minds instead o f our feelings. Each person is part o f a

sociologist (n) [.sousi'olod^ist] : iilid xd hoi hoc

believe (v) (bi'Ii:v] tin tuang
nuclear (adj) [*nju:klie>] thuoc hat nliaii
extended (v) [iks'tcnd] mar rong
tribe (n) [traibj be5 lac, bo toe

63
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

family and a society and knows what a family should be like. It

is hard to realize that one kind o f family can fit a society very
well, even if it is very different from the family in our society .
Throughout history there have been slow changes in the
family and family life, but today the family is changing
quickly. This change causes m any problem s for the society
and the individual.
One o f the major reasons for this fast change in the family
is the change in how people earn their money, today more and
more people work in factories that make automobiles, furniture,
clothes, and thousands o f other products. Fewer people work on
farms or make products at home. People work in industry'
instead. This change is called industrialization. The ownership
o f land in an industrial society is not as important as it was
when people lived in villages.
For decades young people have been leaving farms and
small towns to go to cities and w ork in factories. T hey often
find a wife or husband in the city instead o f m arrying
som eone J ro m their village. They start their own family
aw ay from their old home. T hese young people often have
m ore money than the old people in their family.
In village life, young people w ent to the old people with
their questions and problems. T he old people had lived a
long time and had more know ledge. Flowever, as young
people moved to cities, got m ore education, and learned
technology, they discovered that the old people in their
family did not have all the answ ers to their questions about
life. Their new lives in the city were too different from
village life. Also, in some countries, the governm ent started
to make laws about things the tribe used to decide.

thro u g h o u t(a d v ) [Oru:’aut] : xu yen xudl

earn m oney [e:n ’mAni] : kiem lien
factory (n) ['fickteri] : nlia m ay
industry (n) [’indostri] : cong ngltiep
knowledge (n) [’n:>lid3] : liien biei. kien thuc

64
 WORLD ISSUES

Life continued to change, and the children o f these

young people discovered that their city parents didn't always
have the answers either. Life was changing too fast.
Since the end o f World W ar II, industrialization has
been increasing very fast throughout the world. This is
causing family life to change faster too Societies are losing
their extended families. M ore married couples want their
own home where they can live with their children.
The West has had nuclear families instead o f extended
families at least since the Industrial Revolution. The
Industrial Revolution started in England around 1760, when
people changed from m aking things by hand to making them
in factories.
Western families are changing too. When people get a
good education and good jo b s, they can improve their lives.
T hey realize that if they have fewer children, they can"give
them a better life. N ow more wom en work outside the home,
and they delay having children. The size o f families gets
smaller. In the United States, some o f these small nuclear
families move several times, each time earning more money
and improving their lives. Som e young couples don't see
their parents very often. They don't think it is necessary to
invite their parents to live with them when they are old.
Many o f the old parents don't want to live with their grown
children either.
As Third World countries industrialize, they find they
are having the same problem s that Western families have. If
a country modernizes and industrializes fast, the family
changes fast. Many old people want life to continue as it
was. Young people want to move ahead and change. These
different ideas can cause problem s in the family.

make law (v) ['m eiko b : ] : tao lndr

continue (v) [ken'tinju:] : tiep tuc
revolution (n) [,rcve'lu:/n] : citoc cach m ang
improve (v) [im 'pru.v] : c ai tien
industrialize (v) [in'dAstrielaiz] : cong ngltiep hoa

65
 CAUSE AN D EFFECT

We can learn about these changes in the family from

sociologists and understand w hy problem s are developing. It
is helpful for us to understand what is happening to our
societies, but each individual family must try to solve its
problem s for itself.

A. V ocabulary
individual solve earn revolution
throughout ancestors industrial industry
tribes extended nuclear sociologists

1. The family is larger than the _ f a m ily .

2 . There have been some civil wars betw een different African____________
living in the same country.
T h e ____________ o f everyone in C anada came from other countries. The
Indians were the first to arrive.
4. How much money does a secretary_____________ ?
5. If every _________ in the world told the governm ent he or she
wouldn't fight, we w ouldn’t have any more wars.
Japan is a n _____________nation It has both heavy and light____________ .

B. V ocabulary

extend industrial earn solve

m em ber factory sociologist throughout
revolution societies tribe relatives

1. M aria is from Mexico, but she has s e v e r a l ____________ in California.

Three o f her aunts live there with their families.
2. Sam works in an airplane________________ .
3. Karl is a _____________ o f the International Students Organization.
4. A does research about throughout the world.

developm ent (v) [di'velepiri] sif phdt m e n

solve (v) [solv] gidi quyei
a u n t( n ) [a:n t] cd. gi

66
 WORLD ISSU ES

5. Governments the world are trying to______________the

problems in their country.
6. The Russian______ was in 1917. There was a complete change in government.
C. V ocabulary Review
Match each word with its definition
blizzard a. small horse
2. inland _ b. buying and selling
3. w o o l __ c. worse than
4. p o n y ___ d. stop running or working
5. overeat e. a kind o f cloth
6. inferior f. a bad snow and w ind storm
7. trade g. missionaries
8. break down h. exercise
9. superior i. anthropology
10. work out j. away from the ocean
k. cat more than you should
I. better than
1). T ru c /F n ls c
__________ 1. Sociologists te us how people should behave so they can
improve their society.
______________ 2 . M embers o f a tribe all have the same ancestors
3. Each individual learns how to fit in the family and society
by copying the people around her or him.
4. The family is changing fast because o f industrialization.
'5. In many countries, the life o f young people is very different
from the life o f their grandparents.
6 . The West had extended families until the twentieth century.
7. When a country modernizes fast, the family changes fast
8 The Industrial Revolution was a civil war in England.
.

People fought about the ownership o f land.

9. As countries industrialize, the family size decreases.

try to do st (v) [trai] co gang lam gi

c h a n g e (n ) [t/cind3] su tliay ddi
ove re a t(a d j) fouvor'i:t] bo 1 l hue
industrialization ( 11 ) [in,dAstriolai'zci/n] su cong ngltiep hod

67
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

E. C om prehension Q uestions
1. W hat is a nuclear family?
2. W hat is a tribe?
3. Why can't the old people in a family alw ays help young people solve
their problem s?
4. When did industrialization start increasing throughout the world?
5. W hy do many American families move several times?
6. Is your country already industrialized, or is it now developing industries?
7. In your country, is the family life o f your friends different from the
famiK life o f your grandparents when the\ were \o u n g ° G i\c two
examples.

F. M ain Idea

W hat is the main idea o f paragraph 2 (lines 5 - 1 8 ) ? Write it in a sentence.

68
 WORLD ISSUES

WORD STUDY
A. W ord Form s: A djectives
These are some common adjective suffixes: -able, -al, -ful, -ive, - less, -
like, -ou s, -t, -y
Put the right word forms in the blanks.
V erb Noun A djective Adverb
society social socially
2. industrialize industry industrial
J. earn earnings
4. tribe tribal
5. control control (un) controllable (un) controllably
6. limit limit limitless
(un) limited
7. logic (il) logical (il) logically
8. fame famous
9 distance distant
10. storm storm s to n m

1. Industrialization causes s e r i o u s _________ problems in a country.

2. M any Third World countries are trying hard t o ____
J. Mr. and Mrs. Novak have to spend all o f t h e i r ___ _to support
their family.
4. There have been m a n y _____________ wars in Africa.
5. A tire blew out and the car was It went out o f
and hit a tree.
6. Som e people think there is a (n) amount o f petroleum in the
world, but some day we will run out.
7. Pat figured out the problem by using _
8. Pele was a _____________soccer player.
9. Alexandra David -N eel visited mysterious areas o f the world.
10. weather caused serious problems for Vitus Bering.

control (n) [kon'troul] s i f d ie t / k l u e n

fam ous (adj) [’fcimos] u d i t ie n g
logic (n) [ 'b d 3 ik ] lu f p ly

69
 C A U SE A N D EFFECT

B. P repositions
Put a preposition in the blanks
1. Almost every society is b a s e d ____________ the family.
2. some societies there are tribes.
3. North America, the members _____________ an Indian tribe
speak the same language.
4. Som etimes the pow er _____________the family or the tribe is based
_____________the land that they own.
5. Children leam how to act_________watching the adults________ their family.
6. It is hard to look _____________research _____________ the family
_____________our m inds in s te a d _____________our feelings.
7. One _____________ the m ajor reasons _____________ the fast change
______ ______ the family is industrialization.
8. dccades young people have been leaving farms to go
_____________cities and w o r k _____________factories.
9. They start their ow n f a m ily _________________ their old hom e.
10. The Industrial Revolution was when people c h a n g e d __________ making
things____________hand____________making them _____________ factories.

C. Sum m arizin g

A su m m ary is a short description o f all the important information in a

paragraph or text. A sum m ary o f a paragraph is usually ju s t one sentence. A
sum m ary o f a com plete reading text has a few sentences.
Choose the sum m ary sentence for these paragraphs.
1. Paragraph 1 (lines 1 - 4 ) .
a. Sociologists study how a society is changing.
b. Sociologists study society.
c. Sociologists study how people behave.
2. Paragraph 2 (lines 5 - 18).
a. Societies have extended and nuclear families and som etim es tribes.
b. A nuclear family is small, and an extended family is much larger.
c. Almost every society is based on the family, either nuclear or extended.

base on st (v) [beis j n ] : can c if vao

learn how to do st [le:n] : hoc cdcli lain gi
leave (v) [li:v] : di dot, c h tty in di

70
 WORLD ISSUES @ @ ^

3. Paragraph 4 (lines 22 - 30)

a. Everyone learns how to behave as a parent.
b. Everyone learns how to behave from other family members
c. Children learn how to behave by watching adult family members.
4. Paragraph 6 (lines 38 - 42)
a. The family is changing fast today, and this causes problems.
b. When families change, it causes problems for the individual.
c. The family is changing faster today than before.
5. Paragraph 7 (lines 43 - 52)
a. One cause o f this change is working in factories,
b O ne cause o f this change is owning land,
c. O ne cause o f this change is industrialization.

D. C on text Clues
•J
I . Dean grew up on a farm, and he plans to study agriculture. Then he
wants to buy a farm o f his own.
a. biology b. farming c. sociology
2 Dean's family has a small farm. They have two fields o f wheat, one o f
corn, and se \eral o f vegetables. They use another field lor their cows and
horses.
a. a garden
b. the area o f a farm where grass or other plants grow
c. the place where farmers keep their a n i m a l
3. Mr. Martin has a good job. He trains new workers for McDonald's. They
have to learn how to do their jobs before they start work.
a. teaches b. travels c. rases i
4. Ann has to prepare for her parents' visit to her apartment. She is going
to clean and then buy food so she can cook dinner.
a. telephone b. invite c. get ready
5. Am adou is supposed to give a report in class today. He didn't prepare,
however, so he decided not to go to class.
a. should b. might c. can

m em ber (n) [’m cm bo] : tlianli vien

adult (adj) [';vdA!t, o’dAlt] : trKdiig tlianli
agriculture (n) [’;cgrikAlt/o] : ndng ngltiep
field (n) [ti:ld] : canh Jong
prepare (v) [pri'pco] : chiu'in hi

71
 WOMEN AND CHANGE
Womeji hold up half the sky. This is an old Chinese
saying. However, research shows that perhaps women do
more than their share o f "holding up the sky".
In 1975, the United Nations organized the Decade for
Women. In 1985. it published a report on the conditions
and rights o f wom en throughout the world.
Some o f the news in the report is very good. For
example. 90 percent o f all countries now have official
organizations to improve the lives o f women. More than
half the countries have laws to protect the rights o f women.
Ninety percent o f the countries have passed laws to give
women equal pay for equal work. W H O (W orld Health
Organization) and UN IC EF (United Nations Children's
Fund) have program s to improve the health o f people in
Third World countries, especially wom en and children.
H alf o f the w om en in the world now have birth - control
methods available Fort) - one percent o f the children in
school now are girls, a big change from the past, because in
many countries education was not available to girls.
The report also has bad news. Although most countries
have official organizations to improve women's lives, many
o f these organizations don't do anything. Fifty percent o f
the world's population are wom en, but in nearly two -thirds
o f all working hours the work is done by women. They do
most o f the dom estic work, for example, cooking and
washing clothes. M illions also work outside the home.
Women hold 35 percent o f all the world's jobs. For this
work, they earn only 40 to 60 percent as much as men, and
o f course they earn nothing for their domestic work.

publish (v) ['pAbli/] : xuut bun

protect (v) [pro'tckt] : bun \ e
equal (adj) ['i:kwel] : cony b u n %
birth-control m ethod ['ba:Oke>n'troul 'mcfled] : k e /to u c h Imu m ii / i Je
72
WORLD ISSUES

Only 6 percent o f places in government are held by

wom en. Sixty percent o f the people who can't read and
write are women. It is these illiterate women who are the
most frig h te n e d o f trying to improve their lives. Being afraid
illiterate doesn't mean they are not intelligent. It does mean
it is difficult for them to change their lives.
In developing countries, where three fourths o f the
world's population lives, women produce more than half o f
the food. In Africa, 80 percent o f all agricultural work is farming
done by women. There are many programs to help poor
countries develop their agriculture. However, for years
these programs provided money and training for men and gave
not for women. N ow that the UN report is published, this is teachin"
changing. International organizations and programs run by
developed nations are starting to help women, as well as
men, improve their agricultural production.
In parts o f Africa, this is a typical day for a village usual
woman. At 4:45 a.m. she gets up, washes, and eats. It takes
her a half hour to walk to the fields, and she works there
until 3:00p.m. She collects firewood and gets home at 4:00.
getting ready
She spends the next hour and a half preparing food to cook.
Then she collects water for another hour. From 6:30 to 8:30
she cooks. After dinner, she spends an hour washing the
dishes and her children. She goes to bed at 9:30 p.m.
In Pakistan, wom en spend 63 hours a week on
housework. In Italy, 85 percent o f mothers who work
outside the home also do all o f the housework. Their
husbands never help them.

dom estic work (n) [do'mcstik wo:k] : cong viec ncn tio
frighten (v) ['fraitn] : kliiep so, liocing so
provide (v) [pre'vaid] : cinig cap

73
 C A U SE AND EFFECT

This is 0 11 1v a small part o f the information in the UN

report. Will this report help change the life o f w o m e n 1
Should there be a change? A rc w om en s u p p o s e d to do the should
housew ork9 Should they work outside the home? Will the
UN report help improve women's lives? Do they need
im provem ent? Different people have different answ ers to
these questions.
The family is changing r a p id ly in many societies Anv ^asI
change in the family affects wom en. Any change in the
lives o f women affects the family and the society.
G overnm ents have already passed some laws affecting
w om en because o f the UN Decade for W omen. T h e UN
report will affect the changes now happening in the fainil>
and societv.

A. V ocabu lary

provides prepared published official

agriculture illiterate training supposed to
affect rights protected domestic

1. W hat book c o m p a n y _____________ this book?

2. Are y o u _____________for the big test tomorrow ?
3- A_____________ worker does a family's housework.
4. Hot and cold w e a th e r _____ ________people in different wavs
5. Firefighters need_____________ before they can put out fires
6. Caves____________ some people from the weather thousands o f vears aco
7. In som e countries, schools must give ____________ exam s at the end of
the vear. In others, each teacher writes an exam
8. You a r c _____________come to class on time
WORLD ISSUES

B. V ocabulary

share frighten illiterate right

agriculture training protect field
as well as domestic rapidly typical

1. The children started fighting because one took more than his
o f the cake.
2. Some m o v ie s _____________children so they can't sleep.
3. The world's population is increasing __ _______ .
4. Marge helped her friend finish her work. This was ____________ o f
Marge. She helps people a lot.
5. is another word for farm ing.
6. _________ to enough food, a place to live, medical
Everyone has t h e ________
care, and an education.
7. People who can't read and write are
8. There are some hoi'bes> in the behind the farmhoi^

C. V ocabulary R eview
M atch the words with their meaning.

r e l a ti v e __ a. person who studies society

2. individual b. pass things out ctiLt
3. population c. get larger
4. increase _ d. get smaller
5. sociologist e. number
6. method __ f. person
7. shortage e? g. number o f people in an area
8. distribute h. way
9. disaster _ i. natural resources
10. decrease _ j. family member
1 1. figure __, k. frequent
I. not enough
m terrible happening

75
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

H O U R S IN A W O M A N S D A Y IN D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R IE S

M E N ’S A N D W O M E N 'S W O R K IN A F R I C A
P ercentage o f Total
W ork in Hours
M en W om en
Cuts down forests, prepares f i e l d s ............................................... ....95 ......... ............... 5
Turns the soil ............................. ....70 ......... ............... 30
Plants seeds and cuttings ............................. ....50 ......... ............... 50
Hoes and w eeds ............................. ....30 ........ ............... 70
Gathers crops ............................ ....40 ........ ............................. 60
Carries crops home ............................. ....20 ................ .............................80
Stores crops ..................................................... ....20 ................ ............................. 80

Processes food crops ..................................................... . . . . 10 ........ ............................. 90

Sells the extra crops ..................................................... ....40 ................ ............................. 60

Carries water and fuel .... 10 ........ ............... 90

Cares for dom estic anim als ............................. .50 ........ ............... 50
Hunts .. .90 ........ ............... 10
Feeds and cares for the familv 5 ............ 95
SO U R C E : UN Handbook, on W omen in Africa.

76
WORLD ISSU E S

D. M u ltiple C hoice
Use the text and the charts to answer these questions.
1. In Africa, a village woman spends a b o u t ____________ o f her day farming.
a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 1/2
2. The Decade for W omen was organized by____________ .
a. UNICEF
b. the World Health Organization
c. the United Nations
3. o f all countries have official organizations to improve the
life o f women.
a. All but 90 percent b. Half c. All but 10 percent
4. The average wom an e a r n s ____________ the average man.
a. more than b. the same as c. less than
5. in the world are literate.
a. More men than women
b. More wom en than men
c A b o u t t he sam e n u m b er o f w o m en and men

6. In A f r ic a ,_____________o f the farm work is done b) men

a. 80 percent b. 50 percent c. 20 percent
7. A typical w om an in a developing country s p e n d s ____________ collecting
firewood daily.
a. 1 hour b.2 hours c. 1/2 hour
8. An African village man does about half o f t h e ____________ .
a. w eeding b. planting c. hunting
9. S o m e _____________programs are changing because o f the UN report.
a. agricultural b. water c. industrial
10. In Africa, v illa g e _____________carry most o f the crops, water, and fuel.
a. men b. women c. children

official (adj) [e'fi/l] clu'nli lliitc

the same as litong tit
literate (adj) [’1i tori t] biet chit
crop (n) [kop] niiia mang
weed (v) [wi:d] lam co

77
 C AUSE A N D KFFECT

E. C om prehension Q u estion s

I What does "wom en hold up half the sky " mean?

r I r-1

How many countries have laws to protect the rights o f w om en '

Do you know any older women who are illiterate0 If \ o u do. win didn't
they go to school?
4. Give a reason why som e w om en work more hours than men
5. Why do you think m ost Italian men don't help with the housework?
6- Is it easy to change the life o f w om en in the society0 Give a rca>on for
your answer.
7 In your country, is the life o f a young wom an todav different from the
life o f young w om en 50 years ago? Give two examples

F. M ain Idea
W h a t is the m a in id ea o f this reading text? Write one or tw o sentences

78
WORLD ISSU E S

W O R D STUDY
A. Scanning
Scan the reading text to find these answers. Write the answer and the num ber
of the line where you found the answer.

1. What percentage o f jobs are held by women?

2. What percentage o f government jo b s are held by women?
3. What percentage o f countries have laws about equal pay?
4. In Africa, what percentage o f farm work do women do?
5. How many hours a day do Pakistani women spend doing housework?
6. When was the Decade for W omen?
7. What percentage o f women have birth-control methods available?
8. What percentage o f children in school are boys?

B. W ord Form s
There is alw ays a noun after an article. There might be an adjective before
the noun.

W omen do mobt ol the hou se w o rk .

An illiterate p e rs o n cannot read or write.

V erb Noun A djcctivc Adverb

1. publish publication
publisher
2. protect protection (un) protected
protective protectively
j. (il) literacy (il) literate
4. frighten fright frightening frighteningly
5. agriculture agricultural agriculturally
6. provide provision
7. train training
8. type typical typically
9 prepare preparation
10. affect effect (in) effective (in) effectively

I N ew sw eek is a p opular_____________.
2a. The police p r o v id e _____________ for the people in a c o u n tr).

79
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

2b. W orkers in dangerous jo b s w e a r _____________ clothing

3. Few people are________in Japan. The educational system is very strong
4. Ms. Baker had a ____________ experience last night. A strange man was
in her house when she got home from w ork late
5. Very few people work in _____ _______ in northern Russia It is not an
_____________area.
6a. The teachers w i l l ____________ food for the party.
6b. Explorers have to take a lot o f _____________w ith them.
7. You have to ___________ to be a police officer. ___________ is
necessary.
8. What _____________o f student are you? Are you a ____________ college
student? A good s tu d e n t_____________studies a lot.
9. It is difficult to give a speech without_____________
10. Exercise has a good _____________on the muscles. If you cxercise
_____________, you will have strong muscles.

C. A rtic les
Put articles in the blanks if they are necessary.
1. This i s _____________old Chinese saying.
2. In 1975_______United Nations organized_________ Decade for Women
3. Some o f _____________news i n _____________ report is very good.
4. For example, 90 percent o f a l l __________ countries how h a v e _______
official organizations to improve__________ lives o f ___________women.
5. Forty-one percent o f ____________ children i n ___________ school now art
_______girls.
6. millions also work o u t s i d e ____________ home
7. Sixty percent o f ___________ people who can't read a r e __________women
8. In_____________Africa, 60 percent o f all agricultural work is done b\
______________ women.
9. In___________ Africa, this is______________typical d a \ f o r ___________
village woman.
10. This is only______ small part o f______ information in_________ UN report

strange (adj) [streind^] : la, xa la. ky la

n ecessary (adj) [’nesiseri] : can thief
m u scle (n) [’mAsl] : c a bap
outside (v) ['autsaid] : ben ngoai
WORLD ISSU E S

D. C o n n e c t in g W o rd s
Use the w ord b u t to connect a sentence from the second colum n with one
from the first column. Make one complete sentence.
1. Some o f the news in the report is good. a. Only 41 percent go to school.
2. H alf o f the world's children are girls. b. They use the most natural
resources.
3. Many women work outside the home. c. It can be increased only a little
4. Rich countries have the fewest people. d. Some o f it is bad.
5. It is possible to increase the amount e. Most o f it is salt water.
o f farmland.
6. There is enough water in the world. f. Their husbands don't help
them with the housework.
E. C o n te x t C lu e s
1. The N orth Pole is in a cold reg io n o f the earth.
a. tem perature b. frozen c. area
2. A nim als su c h as lions, hippopotamuses, and elephants live in Africa,
a. for exam ple b. how ever c. although
3. Babies are tiny when they are bom .
a. h a lf grow n - b. very small c. ancient
4. T w enty - five is a q u a r t e r o f one hundred.
a. o n e - f o u r t h b. o n e - t h i r d c. one - h alf
5. We get b e e f and milk from cattle.
a. c ow s b. sheep c. goats
6. Miss Li no lo n g e r lives in Hong Kong. She moved to Taiwan.
a. shorter b. plans to c. not any more

salt (n) [so:lt] m uoi

such as [sALf] vi du nliU
tiny (adj) ['taini] nlio be
quarter (n) [’k w j:te ] m ot plian ti(
cattle (n) ['kictl] gia site

81
 RAIN FORESTS 4
Tropical rain forests are found in the Am azon
area
region. Central Am erica, parts o f Africa, and parts
o f South and Southeast Asia. These are thick forests
with trees 45 meters high. These huge trees have brini
their first branches about 10 meters above the
ground. Below the trees there is another level o f
plants - many kinds o f smaller trees, bushes, and
flowers.
Each level o f the rain forest is its own world.
The lower level is protected by the trees above. The
temperature and hum idity (the amount o f w ater or
moisture in the air) stay about the same in the lower
level. There is not much sunlight. In the upper level
the sun, rain, and wind change the tem perature and
humidity often.
It is am azing to find that there is an animal
world in the upper level. There are monkeys,
eaMr.•/•>•■!■
members o f the cat family, birds, and insects such a-, fy te e
as bees, bu tterflies, and m any kinds o f flie s. There such as - •A j i r c r
are also other anim als that usually live on the
ground-mice, ants and even earth w o r m s.
This upper level o f the forest is thick with
plant life because the trees are covered with other
plants. Most plants get nutrients from the ground
through their roots These plants in the upper level root)
take their nutrients from the trees they live on and food
from the other plants that die there.

tropical (adj) ['tnpikl ] : lltitoc nliict dm branch (n) [ b ra n t/l : ranhjilidnli

level (n ) [’levl] : cap do bush (n) [bu/] cay tliup. bin ram
hum idity (n) [hju:'miditi]: si(am ifot moisture (adj) [’moist/a]: am tan
insect (n ) ['msckt] : con tiring nutrienl (n) ['nju tnont] d ull Jm h ditf'mR
82
WORLD ISSU E S

The animals need "streets" so they can move along the

upper level without going down to the ground. In order to
travel in this upper level, they make paths along the branches
o f the trees. A researcher found a path that stretched for 18
meters in one tree. One kind o f tiny ant makes a path only 3 very small
millimeters wide.
N ow h u m a n s are destroying the earth's tropical rain people
forests. About 100,000 square kilometers are being destroyed
every year. About one-fourth o f the destruction comes from noun for destroy
people cutting down trees for fuel. Another quarter is 1/4
destroyed when people cut down trees to make grassland for
their cattle. People cut down the rest o f the trees so they can
sell the wood or start farms.
The world needs more food, and it seems like a good
idea to clear the rain forests and use the land for agriculture.
Land that can support these huge, thick forests must be very
rich in nutrients. But it isn't. This is another surprising thing
about rain forests.
Most o f the land in tropical rain forests is very poor.
The plants are able to live because o f all the dead leaves and
other parts o f the plants that fall to the ground. This carpet o f
dead plants provides nutrients for the living plants.
When the land is cleared for agriculture, there are no not any more
longer any plants left to die and provide nutrients for living circle
plants. The cycle is broken. Agriculture is not successful
because the land cannot support it. Trees cannot grow again
because the carpet o f dead plants is gone. The land becomes
empty and useless.
Is this important? What does it matter to a Japanese
businessman, a French fanner, or an Arab student that people
are destroying rain forests thousands o f kilometers away?

path (n) [pa:0 ] loi rnon

stretch (v) [strct/] keo ddi
destroy (v) [di'strru] pha liny, luiy diet
no longer (adj) [’b r |g e ] klidng con

83
 C AUSE A N D EFFECT

Do you ever take m edicine? Do you w ear running

shoes? Do you use envelopes when you mail letters?
Rain forests make these things possible.
Rain forests cover about 7 percent o f the earth's
area, but they have 100,000 kinds o f plants, probably
h a lf o f all the kinds o f plants on earth. T w enty percent o f
our different kinds o f m edicine com es from rain forests.
The glue on an envelope and in shoes co m e s from
tropical plants. Rain forests provide m aterials for
hundreds o f other products.
Rain forests are also very important to the world's
climate. The Am azon rain forest alone receives about 30
to 40 percent o f the total rainfall on the earth and
produces about the sam e percentage o f the world's
oxygen (O). N o one know s how the decreasing size o f
the world's rain forests will affect the earth's climate.
Saving our rain forests is an international problem.
One country or even a few countries cannot solve the
problem alone. The nations o f the world must work
together to find a solution before it is too late.

A. V ocabulary
bush path branch such as
humans q uarter no longer solution
insects tiny level roots
destruction cattle tropical humidity

1. Flies, ants, and bees are e xam ples o f

2. An insect is a animal.

m edicine (n) [medsin] : //;//re­ glue (n) [g Iu :] ho dan

solution (n) [se'lu:/n] : giai p h d p root (n) [ru t] gdc, re
fly (n) [ flai] : con rtioi move up (v) [mu v] difa len
bee (n) [bi: ] : con ong

84
WORLD ISSU E S

3. When students do well in their English classes, they move up to the

next___________ .
4. Masako had to leave the university and go home. She i s ______________
studying English.
5. can work together to save rain forests.
6 . Anne and Ken like to walk on a_ along the river in the evening.
7. A______________ is part o f a tree.
8. A _ is a plant that grows lower than a tree,
9. are cows.
10. M alaysia is a _____________ country. The temperature and the_
are both high there.
. We must find a to the problem o f overpopulation.
12 . The __________ o f most plants are below the ground.
B. V ocabulary
fly cycle nutrients path
ant bee moisture region
o x y g e n (O ) such as butterfly earthworms
stretch glue quarter no longer

The_ and are all insects.

2. A is a circle.
3. Humans need to eat the right food in order to get the right____________ .
4. M ost o f North Africa is a desert____________ .
5. Carol needs s o m e _____________to fix a broken plate.
6. People in Latin Am erican c o u n tr i e s _____________Ecuador, Peru, and
Venezuela speak Spanish.
7. The Andes M o u n ta in s _____________from Colombia to Chile.
8. A is one-fourth.
9. Most live under the ground.
10 The amount o f ________ in the air is called humidity.
II is necessary for life.

fly (v) [flat] bay

butterfly (n) ['bAteflai] con bu&ni
earthworm (n) ['o:0w o:m ] giiin ddt
cycle (n) [’saikl] elm ky

85
 CAUSE AN D EFFECT

C. V ocabu lary R eview

rubber ivory treat colony
attitude although average metal
famine industry revolution extended
nuclear tribes frightened field

1. There are two kinds o f families,___________ and

2. The Indian in the A m ericas cam e from Siberia
3. Mr. Green has an excellent about visiting a foreign country.
He wants to learn everything about it that he can.
4. You don't have to like everybody, but you should everyone
the right way.
5. Joe doesn't like to fly, he is going to Hawaii on his vacation.
6 . Tires are m ade from
7. Most com es from elephants.
8. The United States was a B r i t i s h _____________ until 1776. Then the
A m e ric a n _____________ made it a separate country

D. T ru e/F alse/N o Inform ation

________ 1. Some rain forests are not in the tropics.

________ 2. There is more change in w eather in the upper level o f a rain
forest than in the lower.
________ 3 . In the upper level, some plants support the life o f the other
plants.
________ 4. Plants get nutrients through their branches.
________ 5. people destroy about 20,000 square kilometers o f tropical rain
forest every year so they can burn the wood

v a c a tio n (n ) [ 'k x t a ie n ] Ly nghi

tire (n ) [ ’taio ] top it ’

86
 W ORLD ISSUES

________ 6. The land in tropical rain forests is rich.

________ 7. Tropical rain forest land can support forests, although it
cannot support agriculture.
________ _8. Material from rain forests in used to make cassette tapes.
________ _9. Earthworms make paths on the branches o f trees in rain forests
________ _10. There are rain forests in Brazil.
________ _11. Rain forests have 100,000 kinds o f plants.

E. C om prehension Q uestions

1. H ow is the weather in the lower level o f a rain forest different from the
w eather in the upper level?
2. W hy is it amazing to find mice and earthworms in the upper level?
3. W here do most plants in the upper level get their nutrients?
4. W hy do people cut down trees in rain forests?
5. W here do plants in the lower level get their nutrients?
6. W hat happens to the land when the trees are cut down?
7. W hy are rain forests important to the world's climate?
8. W hat are some other reasons they are important to all o f us?

F. M ain Idea

1. W hich sentence is the main idea for paragraph 3 (lines 16-22)?

2. W rite your own sentence for the main idea o f paragraph 12 (lines 72-79).

m aterial (n) [mo'tieriol] nguyeii lieu

87
 C A U SE A N D EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. Noun S u b stitu tes
Find each word and decide what it is a substitute for. It is usually a substitute
for one word, but it might be for a whole sentence.
Example: In 1975, the United N ations organized the D ecade for
W omen. In 1985, it published a report.

It is a substitute for the U nited N ations.

1. page 82, line 3 these
2. 27 their
3. page 83, line 28 they
4. 29 there
5. 30 they
6. 50 it
7. 50 this
8. 61 it
9. 64 this
10. page 84, line 73 they

B. C a u s e a n d E ffect
M atch the causes in the first colum n with the effects in the second column.

Cause E ffect
1. The upper level is thick with plants a. The w eather d o e sn ’t change
much in the low er lev eI.
2. The trees are all cut down. b. They make paths with branches.
3. A carpet o f dead plants provides c. The land cannot support
nutrients. agriculture.
4. A nim als want to travel in the upper d. Tropical plants can live
level. on poor land
5. The lower level is protected by the e. Tropical land becom es
upper level. useless.

88
 WORLD ISSU E S # @ ^

C. A rticles
Put an article in each blank it if is necessary.
1. B e l o w ____________ trees there is another level o f plants.
2. Each level o f _____________forest is its own world.
3. temperature and humidity (_( amount o f water
or_____ moisture in air) stay about same.
4. In_____ upper level, sun, rain, and wind
change________ _tem perature a n d __ humidity often.
5. It is amazing to find that there is animal world in
_____________upper level.
6. M ost plants g e t _______nutrients from ground through their roots.
7. These plants in upper level take their nutrients from
trees they live on and f r o m _______ __ other plants that die there.
8. researcher found_______ j)ath that stretched f o r ______
18 meters in one tree.
9. O ne kind o f ________tiny ant makes path only 3 millimeters wide.
D. W ord Form s
V erb Noun A djective A dverb
1. tropics tropical
2. humidity humid
3. moisture moist
4. human (in) human (in) humanly
humanity
5. destroy destruction destructive destructively
6. solve solution
7. endanger danger dangerous dangerously
endangered
8. (in) ability (un) able ably
(dis) ability
9. (dis) appear (dis) appearance
10. own ow ner
ownership

ground (n) [graund] dat

tree (n) [tri: ] cay, cay go
plant (n) [pla:nt] : cay xanli, thuc vat
wide (n) [waid] do rqng

89
 C AUSE A N D EFFECT

1. Indonesia is in t h e _____________.
2. It's hot a n d _____________today.
3. It's humid today and my skin i s _____________■
4a. beings must work together to solve the world s problems.
4b. Some prisoners want to escape because the jailers treat th em _________
5. War is _____________It takes human life and ______________cities,
villages, and agricultural land.
6. Dan finally figured out t h e _____________to his math problem.
7. The tropical rain forests o f the world are _____________ T hey are in
_____________o f being destroyed.
8a. Is the United N ations_____________to improve the life o f w om en?
8b. Deafness and blindness are exam ples o f a physical_____________ .
8c. T he_________ to speak English is a problem for an international businessman.
9. T h e ____________o f 100,000 square kilom eters o f rain forest a year is a
serious problem.
10. W ho is t h e _____________ o f that beautiful M ercedes Benz?
E. C on text C lues
1. Tom has books, pencils, a radio, a cup, some cassettes, and several other
ob jects on his desk.
a. books b. things c. w riting materials
2. There are plants that contain poison in both deserts and rain forests. If
you eat one, you will get sick or even die.
a. a kind o f medicine.
b. a plant that can live on poor land
c. som ething that can kill you
3. When the teacher gave 15 pages o f hom ew ork, the students protested.
a. said they didn't like it
b. asked what the page num bers were
c. asked for more
4. Don't dress up for the party tonight. Just w ear your o r d i n a r y clothes,
a. best b. oldest c. usual

prisoner (n) ['prizne] : ngu&i tii,lit nhan

jailer (n) ['decile] : cai ngiic
physical (adj) [Tizikl] : th h o c the cliat
poison (n) ['pDizn] : cliat doc
protest (v) ['proutcst] : plidn dot

90
 GREENPEACE
The environm ent is everything around us, both
5
natural and made by humans. A m ajor problem in
the world today is the destruction o f the natural
environment.
This is a com plicated problem. We burn fuel, and complicated *
this causes air pollution. We throw aw ay millions o f simple, easy

plastic bags, containers, toys, and other o b jects. These things

stay in the environment; they are not like paper or wood
that slowly disappear. We have made thousands o f new
chemicals. Factories that make or use chemicals always
have chemical wastes. These are often poisonous, and
they stay in the environment.
Since 1945, several countries have been testing
nuclcar bom bs in the air and underground. The
explosions in the air cause nuclear fallout. The fallout
causes cancer and kills animals and people. N ow there
are nuclear power plants to make electricity. These
produce dangerous wastes and have accidents that can be
very dangerous.
T he increase in the world's population means that
we need more food. We also use more wood, metals, and
other natural resources.
Individuals, governments, and international
organizations worry about this problem and try to find
solutions. Greenpeace is one nongovernmental,
international organization that works to save the
environment.

complicated (adj) ['komplikeitid] pliuc lap

nuclear bom b (n) [’nju:klie b.tm] bom hat nhan
explosion (n) [iks'plouc3n] s u no
non-governm ent (n) [.non .gAvon'm cntl] pin cliinli pliu

91
 C A U SE A N D EFFECT
@@@@@
G reenpeace was organized in 1971 in V ancouver,
British Colum bia, on the west coast o f Canada. It was
organized because the United States was testing bom bs
on A m chitka Island in Alabka. T hese were A m erican
tests, but they were very near Canada. W hen G reenpeace
protested the tests, other people becam e interested. A
ye a r later, the testing was stopped because o f the
protests.
Next, m em bers o f G reenpeace sailed to the South
Pacific to protest where France does nuclear testing on
M oruroa, an island halfw ay between Chile and Australia.
In 1973, the French stopped testing, but they started
again in the 1980s. In 1985, a G reenpeace ship w as in
N ew Zealand on its way to M oruroa again som eone
w orking for the French governm ent put a bom b on the
ship, and it sank. The explosion killed one man.
G reenpeace also tries to save animals. Every year
hunters kill thousands o f baby seals in N o rw a y and
C anada and sell the skins to m ake coats. M em bers o f
G reenpeace sail to the area and stand betw een the
hunters and the seals. W hen ships hunt w h a le s ,
G reenpeace sails to the area, and then the m em bers go in
small boats between the whaling ships and the whales.
M any countries put their chemical and nuclear
w astes in the sea. Although the seas and oceans are huge,
we are beginning to pollute them with ou r wastes.
G reenpeace is trying to protect the seas.
G reenpeace believes that all f o rm s o f life on earth kinds
depend on each other. All the form s o f plant and animal
life fit together in the environm ent. We need all o f them.

kill (v) [kil ] : giet d ie t

seal (n) [si:1] : hai cdu
whale (n) [weil] : ca voi
depend on st (v) [di'pend] : phu thuoc vao

92
WORLD ISSU E S

Greenpeace also believes that there is a limit to all o f our

natural resources. We need to take care o f them and use
them carefully. We need to protect the earth for our
children.
Greenpeace works in two ways. It uses direct
action; that is, it sends a ship directly to where people are
hunting whales or seals. It sails into the area where
France is testing bombs. Its actions are always
n o n v io le n t; Greenpeace never fights or kills or hurts peaceful
anyone. It always works in a peaceful way.
When other people hear about this direct action
from newspapers, magazines, or television, they become
worried about the problem too. Then some o f them try to
make their government take action to solve the problem.
Greenpeace also uses indirect action. It does
research on chemicals, pollution, and nuclear wastes. It
uses this research to try to make governm ents change
their laws.
G reenpeace also tries to educate people. It works
with other organizations and shares its research and
information. It makes Films about environmental
problems. It gives lectures in schools.
W here does Greenpeace get its money? Ordinary
people in Europe, North America, Australia, and New
Zealand give money. Some people also work for
G reenpeace without receiving any pay.
G reenpeace believes that we must all learn to live in
peace, not j u s t with other humans, but with all the
beautiful anim als on earth. We must work now to protect
the future o f the earth, or it may be too late.

nonviolent (adj) [,non ’vaielent] : kliong co bao lire

direct (adj) [di'rekt] : true tiep
chemical (n) [’kemikl] : hod cliat
pollution (n) [pe'lu:/n] : o n h iim
waste (n) [weist] : cliat tliai
93
 C A U SE A N D EFFECT

A. V ocabu lary
poisonous nonviolent depend on explosion
nuclear chemicals whales object
wastes bombs forms direct
1. A _____________bomb is more dangerous than other bombs.
2. The USSR and the United States have thousands o f n u c l e a r _________ .
3. M any organizations have _____________protests against nuclear bombs.
T hey are peaceful.
4. A nuclear bomb causes a t e r r ib le _____________.
5. Chem ists have m ade thousands o f n e w _____________
6. Som e chem icals are _____________.
7. T he _____________ from nuclear plants are dangerous.
8. Som e_________ o f life, such as dinosaurs, have disappeared from the earth.
9. Some organizations try to change the laws o f the country. Others take
action to produce change.
10. Can I _____________ you to take me to class every day? Will you ever
forget to pick me up?
B. V ocabu lary
form ordinary environm ent protest
poisonous com plicated object explosion
w hales pollution seals wastes
1. and _____________ are animals.
2. A i r _____________ is a serious problem in M exico City.
3. Factories pollute the _____________.
4. people in many countries _____________ because their
governm ents have nuclear bombs.
5. Doris had a strange ____________in her hand. I didn't know what it was.
6. Engineers have to solve _____________ problems.

poisonous (n) [’poize n e s] doc hai

o b je c t(n ) [’obd3ikt] vat the
dinosaur (n) [daine's:>:r] khiing long
forget to do s t( v ) [fo'get] quen lain gi

94
WORLD ISSU E S

C. V ocab u lary Review: A ntonym s

Match the words that mean the opposite.
1. warlike ________________________ ____a. literate
2. be supposed to _________________ ____b. slowly
3. typical ________________________ ____c. increase
4. illiterate _______________________ ____d. underpopulated
5. i n d iv id u a l ______________________ ____e. peaceful
6. no longer ______________________ ____f. unusual
7. rapidly ________________________ ____g. rights
8. huge ___________________________ ____h. shouldn't
9. h u m i d ______________________________i. training
10. decrease ______________________ j. group
11. overpopulated ________________ k. tiny
I. still
m. dry
D. M u ltiple C hoice
1. T he environm ent is _____________.
a. natural b. madte by people c. both a and b
2. Poisonous chemicals p o llu te ____________ .
a. air and water b. wastes c. explosions
3. N uclear testing can cause ____________ .
a. cancer b. chemicals c. both a and b
4. G reenpeace started as ____________ organization.
a. an A m erican b. a European c. a Canadian
5 . tests nuclear bombs in the South Pacific.
a. France b. N ew Zealand c. Australia
6. G reenpeace tries to p r o te c t ____________ .
a. w haling ships that are far from the land
b. seals that are killed for their skins
c. people w ho have cancer from nuclear tests

environm ent (n) [in'vaieronment] : m oi truang

pollute (v) [pe'lu:t] : lam o nhiem
cancer (n) [’kumse] : u n g th u

95
 C AUSE A N D EFFECT

7. Greenpeace believes t h a t _____________ .

a. all kinds o f life depend on each other
b. direct action is the only w ay to solve problem s
c. people cannot m ake their governm ents change
8. Greenpeace is _____________ .
a. violent only w hen it is necessary
b. violent if the hunters or w halers are violent
c. never violent.
9. Greenpeace gets its m oney f r o m _____________ .
a. ordinary people
b. official governm ent organizations
c. other organizations.

E. C om prehension Q u estion s

1. N am e two ways that we are destroying the environm ent.

2. W hy are nuclear pow er plants dangerous?
3. W hy are we using ou r natural resources faster than we used to?
4. W hy was G reenpeace organized?
5. W hy has G reenpeace gone to the South Pacific?
6. W hat are three things that G reenpeace tries to protect?
7. W hy does G reenpeace take direct action?
8. H ow does G reenpeace try to educate people?
9. Do you think the pollution o f the environm ent is serious? Give a reason
for your answer.

F. M ain Idea

1. Write a sentence that gives the main idea for paragraph 3 (lines 1 4 - 2 1 )
2. W hich sentence is the main idea o f paragraph 8 (lines 49 - 5 6 ) ?

violent (n) [’v a ielent] : bao life

ordinary (adj) ['oirdeneri] : thong thuang
educate (v) ['edju:keit] : giao due
96
WORLD IS S U E S ® ® @ ^ @

WORD STUDY
A. S um m arizin g
Which sentence is the summary o f the paragraph?

1. Paragraph 2 (lines 5 - 1 3 )
a. The pollution o f the environment is a complicated problem.
b. Chem icals and waste products pollute the earth.
c. Factories pollute the environment.
2. Paragraph 11 (lines 70 - 76).
a. G reenpeace uses nonviolent direct action.
b. G reenpeace alw ays works in a peaceful way.
c. G reenpeace tries to stop nuclear testing.
3. Paragraph 14 (lines 86 - 9 0 )
a. G reenpeace m akes Films and gives lectures.
b. G reenpeace shares its research.
c. G reenpeace tries to educated people.

B. C on n ectin g W ords
Use and to connect a sentence from the first column with a sentence from
the second colum n. M ake one complete sentence, and use a comm a before
and.

1. Som e chem icals are poisonous. a. Fallout causes cancer.

2. N uclear explosions cause fallout.
3. There are m ore people in the world.
4. G reenpeace was organized to stop
nuclear testing in Alaska.
5. Someone put a bom b on their ship.
6. M embers o f G reenpeace sail to the
areas where men kill seals.
7. All forms o f life fit together in the
environment.
b. We need all o f them.
c. They stay in the environment.
d. The testing was stopped.
e They stand between the men
and the seals.
f. M ore people use more o f our
natural resources.
g. The explosion killed a man.

share (v) [-fee] : chia se

fallout (n) [Totl'aut] : bui phong xa

97
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

C. T w o - W ord V erbs
check in - tell the airline that you are there for the flight or tell the
hotel you are there for your room,
drop out - stop going to school
get through -fin ish
put back - put som ething w here it w as before or where it belongs
think over - think about carefully
1. I can’t give you may answ er right away. I have to ____________ it
. I'll tell you next week.
2. You have to_____________at the airport 45 m inutes before your flight
leaves.
3. Did you _____________with yo u r hom ew ork yet?
4. David didn’t finish college. He _____________ after his second year.
5. Please _____________ the f o o d _____________ in the refrigerator. Don’t
leave it out on the table.

D. C om poun d W ords
Use a word from the first colum n and one from the second colum n to make a
co m pound word.
1. dow n a. work
2. far b. land
3. rain c. land
4. fall d. hill
5. h a lf e. fall
6. house f. ground
7. grass g. o f f
8. under h. out
9. farm i. way

ch e ck in (v) [t/ek] lam tliu tuc dang ky

drop out (v) [ 'd o p 'a u t ] bo hoc giua chung
put back (v) [put b<ek] cat
think over (v) [Oink] suy xel
98
WORLD ISSU E S

E. C on text C lues

1. T he cou p le next door to us has tw o children.

a. tw o people7 b. a husband and wife c. a few

2. Stop talking im m ediately. T his is a test.

a. in a few minutes b. right now c. soon

3. Bod received a video tape recorder as a gift from his parents on his
birthday.
a. present b. m oney c. package

4. This textbook has a variety o f exercises.

a. vocabulary b. few c. several different kinds

5. W e will have the class picnic even though the weather isn't very nice.
a. T he w eather isn't nice, so we won't have the picnic.
b. T he weather isn't nice, but we'll have the picnic anyway.
c. W e won't have the picnic because the weather isn't nice.

im m ediately (adj) [i'mi :dj otli] ngay lap tuc

g ift(n ) [gift] qua tang
variety (n) [vo'raieti] s u pliong phu
even though (adv) ['i:vein Ctoitl m ac du

99
 A MISHMASH Unit
(A HODGEPODGE) JH
 The world is so full of a n u m b e r of things,
I'm su re we should all be as happy as kings.
- R obert Louis Stevenson

102
 THE ROADRUNNER 1
Beep Beep! People all over the world laugh at
roadrunner cartoons, but the real bird is almost as funny
as the cartoon.
The roadrunner lives in the desert region o f the
southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is a
bird, but it can only fly about as much as a chicken can.
People gave it its name because they usually see it
running across a road, but o f course it spends more time
among the plants in the desert than it does on roads.
The roadrunner is quite a large bird - about 45
centimeters long and 25 high. People laugh when it
runs because it looks so funny. It holds its head straight
out in front and its tail sticks Straight out in back. It
takes long steps and can run 30 kilometers an hour.
It eats an am azing v a rie ty o f food. Although it different kinds
eats plants on ce in a w h ile , it is mostly a meat eater. sometimes

M ost o f its diet is insects, but it also catches birds,

mice, and other small animals. It is even brave enough
to catch tarantulas, sn a k es, and black widow sp id ers.
In the spring a male roadrunner begins looking for
a female as a mate. W hen he finds one, he gives her
presents - a snake to eat or a twig (a tiny branch o f a
tree) to use in building a n e s t. Then they build their
nest, the female lays eggs, and they raise their young.

laugh at sb (v) ['la: ft] : cu&i nhao ai

funny (adj) [’fAni] : nuc cuai
once in a while (adv) : tliinli tlioang
snake (n) [sncik] : con ran
n e s t( n ) [nest] : to(cliiin)
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT
LI
Roadrunners can also becom e friendly with people
One c o u p le in Arizona feeds a pair o f roadrunners which wife and husband
come one at a time every day and m ake a noise outside the
window. If som eone doesn't give the bird a piece o f
hamburger im m e d ia te ly , the bird knocks on the window right now
with its b e a k .
In early spring, the bird doesn’t eat the meat itself. It
carries the meat to its nest to feed its young. Later on it
brings the young bird to the house to beg for food itself.
beak
When the w om an whistles, the bird com es running.
W hen the man walks out the drivew ay, the roadrunner
walks along behind, like a dog or cat.
Another couple feeds a pair o f roadrunners which go
right into the house. They will stand on a chair or table
and watch television, and they seem really interested in
what is happening on the program. In the spring, the male
som etim es brings gifts to the couple - a leaf or twig for
building a nest, or an insect.
In winter, w hen nighttime tem peratures in the desert w in g
can be 20°C colder than during the day, the w eather isn't
warm until the m iddle o f the morning. T he roadrunner has
an unusual way o f keeping warm in this cold weather. In
the early morning, the roadrunner stands with its back to
the sun. It holds out its w in g s and lifts the f e a t h e r s on its
upper back. There is a dark spot on the skin under these
feathers. This spot collects heat from the sun and warms
the bird's body. The bird doesn't need to use a lot o f
f e a th e i
energy to keep warm the way most birds do.

beak (n) [bi :k] : m o (cliim ...)

shy (adj) [ / ai] : xd u ltd
whistle (v) [’wisl] : 11ityI sao
s p o t(n ) [spot] : cham ,not
energy (n) ['cnecUi] : u d n g h fou g
driveway (n) ['draivwei] : cluditg xe hoi tu cong vao tiha

104
A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

Some people in M exican villages use roadrunner meat

as medicine. They believe that because roadrunners can eat
poisonous animals and not die, their meat should be good
for human sickness.
Maybe we shouldn't laugh at the roadrunner. Even although
though it looks funny when it runs, it has developed a special
way to keep warm, and it can eat poisonous animals. It can
even make friends with humans. It fits into its environment
very well, and it isn't important that it looks funny.

A. V o c a b u la ry
variety diet male female
mate knock driveway feathers
even though snakes immediately whistled
gift special stick out couple

1. Some are dangerous, but most are not.

2. A connects the garage and the street.
3. There is a large _____________ o f food in a supermarket.
4. A woman is a , and a man is a
5. The class is going to the m useum ___________ it is raining a little, and
we have to walk.
6 . T h e ______________in C hina is based on rice and vegetables
7. Birds have______________ .
8. Bill______________ for a taxi and one stopped..
9. Animals look for a ______________ in spring.
10. Mr. and Mrs. G order are a married
11. If you hear the fire alarm, leave the building___
12. Joan received a car from her parents as a_ when she
finished college.

m ake friend (v) [m eik frend] ket ban

num ans (n) ['hju:men] lo a i ngudi
m ate (n) [meit] ban
stick out for st (v) [stick]

105
 C A U SE A N D EFFECT

B. V ocab u lary
knock programs spot once in a while
spider wing stick out energy
diet special feather immediately
even though snake nest variety

An airplane has a on each side so it can fly.

2 . When I heard a at the door, I went to answer it.
3. Mary w atches television a lot, but she only goes to the m ovies_
4. An insect has six legs; a__________________has eight.
5. D on't__________________ your tongue; it is very impolite.
6 . Jean has a _____ on her new white jeans, and she can't get it out.
7. What television __________ do you like to watch?
8 . We burn w ood, gas, coal, and oil for_________
9. Birds build a __________________in the spring.
10 There w as a m eeting for new students during the first
week o f classes.
C. V ocab u lary R eview
Match the w ords with their definitions.
1. prepare __________________________ a. print and distribute books
2. l i t e r a t e ____________________________ b. should
3. b u s h ______________________________ c. one-fourth
4. cattle _____________________________ d. get ready
5. publish __________________________ e. for exam ple
6. region ____________________________ f. low plant
7. non violent _______________________ g. can read and write
8. cycle h. area
9. be supposed to i. tropical
10. such a s ______ j. cow s
11. quarter______ k. dom estic
12. object ______ I. peaceful
m. circle
n. thing
k n o c k (v ) [nok] : go cua
special (adj) [’spe/1] dac biet
to n g u e (n ) [tAr|] : luoi
bum (v) [bAm] dot

106
A M ISHM ASH (A HODGEPODGE)

D. T ru e/F alse
_______ 1. The roadrunner runs around the desert looking for food.
_______2. Roadrunners live only in M exico and the United States.
_______3. The female gives the male gifts in the spring.
_______4. A roadrunner is afraid o f people and stays away from them.
_______5. This bird can learn to depend on people.
_______6. A big difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures
is typical in the desert.
_______7. A roadrunner uses a lot o f energy keeping warm in winter.
_______8. The roadrunner is a typical bird.

E. C om prehension Q uestions
1. What does a roadrunner eat?
2. Why does a male give gifts to the female?
3. Explain why the roadrunner is an unusual bird.
4. Why do people laugh at the roadrunner?
5. Explain how the roadrunner gets warm in the winter.
6. Do you think sick people will get better if they eat roadrunner meat?
Explain your answer.
7. Do you think it is a good idea to feed wild animals? Give a reason.
8. Explain how a roadrunner fits into its environment.

F. M ain Idea
Many paragraphs have a sentence that gives the main idea. It can be in
different places in a paragraph.

1. Which sentence is the main idea o f paragraph 4 (lines 17-22)?

2. Paragraph 10 (lines 51 - 62)?
3. Paragraph 11 (lines 63 - 67)?
4. Paragraph 12 (lines 68-74)?

looking for (v) ['lukir|fo:] : tim k ie m

keep warm (v) [k i:p w o :m ] : giifa'm
typical (adj) [’tipikl] : die)i liinli
unusual (adj) [Anju:3ul] : khong binli thuang

107
 C AUSE A N D EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. W ord Form s
N ouns are often used to describe other nouns. T he m eaning is different than
when the adjective form o f the same word is used.
Cuba had a literacy program in the 1960 s.
A literate person can read and write.
In which sentence in this exercise does a noun describe another noun?

Verb N oun A d jective A d verb

1. environm ent environm ental environmentally
2. complicate com plication (un) com plicated
3. pollute pollution (un) polluted
4. Waste w aste wasteful wastefully
5. explode e xplosion explosive explosively
explosive
6. d e p e n d (o n ) (in) dependence (in) dependent (in) dependently
7. (non) violence (non) violent (non) violently
8. vary variety various
variation
9. specialize specialty special especially
specialist
10. know know ledge (un) known (un) knowingly
know ledgeable knowledgeably
I .W ater pollution is an problem
2a. A disease can cause which m ake the person even sicker.
2b. This is a problem, and I c a n ’t find the solution.
3. Are there any rivers left in the world?
4. Some products from factories can be reused.
5. A bomb on a G reenpeace ship. The bom b was made o f
6. Gandhi led India’s movement.
7. There has been a lot o f in Northern Ireland for several years.
in d ependence(n) [,indi'pcndons] : sifdoclap
solution (n) [se'lu:/n] : giai phap
reused (v) [,ri:'ju:z] : tut d ie
several (adv) [’scvrol] : vdi

108
A M ISHM ASH (A HODGEPODGE)

8a. T he amount o f rainfall in the Australian desert_________________ . Some

years there is only a little and other years a lot.
8b. A supermarket sells a large_______________ o f products.
8c. The true/false/no information exercises are a ___________ on the
true/false exercises.
9a. M ost d o c to r s ______________after they learn general medicine.
9b. Some words a r e _____________difficult to remember.
IOa.Barbara is v e r y ______________about birds. She knows a lot about them.
I Ob.The effect that cutting down rain forests will have on the world's climate
i s ______________.
10c. John would n e v e r______________ hurt his friend's feelings.

B. P re p o sitio n s
1. People a l l __________ the world la u g h __________ roadrunner cartoons.
2. The roadrunner lives___________ the desert r e g io n __________the United
States and Mexico.
3. It spends more t i m e __________ the p l a n t s __________ the desert than it
d o e s ___________ roads.
4. O n c e ___________ a while it eats plants.
5. In the spring a male roadrunner starts looking_________________ a mate.
6. Roadrunners can also become frie n d ly _______________ people
7. T he birds come o n e __________ a time and make a n o i s e _____________
the w i n d o w .
8. T he bird knocks_________ the w i n d o w ____________ its beak
9. T hese birds go r ig h t ______________ the house.
10. They seem really in te r e s te d __________ what is h a p p e n in g ___________
the program.
11 . winter, nighttime temperatures____________ the desert can
be 20°C colder than__________ the day.
12. the early morning, the roadrunner s ta n d s _____________ its
back the sun.

rainfall (n) ['reinfo:l] : lu g n g m u a

effect (n) [i'fekt] : srfanh liuting
noise (n) [noiz] : tieng on

109
 C AUSE A N D EFFECT

C. Sum m arizin g
W hich sentence is the sum m ary?

1. Paragraph 4 (lines 17 - 22)

a. It eats a large variety o f food.
b. It eats both plants and meat.
c. It eats a large variety o f food, both plants and meat.
2. Paragraphs 6 through 9 (lines 29 - 50)
a. R oadrunners follow people, ask for food, and watch television.
b. Roadrunners can become friendly with people
c. Roadrunners som etim es bring gifts to people
3. Paragraph 10 (lines 51 - 6 2 )
a. Tem peratures are much colder at night than during the day.
b. A roadrunner has an unusual way to keep warm in winter.
c. A roadrunner collects heat from the sun through a black spot on its back.

D. C on necting W ords
C onnect a sentence from the first colum n with one from the second column
using even though.

1. A roadrunner fits into its environment,
2. Greenpeace tries to stop nuclear testing,
3. Rain forests cannot support agriculture.
4. Population is increasing rapidly.
5. Women do most o f the domestic work.
a. They have 100,000 kinds o f plants.
b. It is sometimes dangerous.
c. They work outside the home.
d. Half the world’s women have birth
- control methods available.
e. It looks funny when it runs.

E. C o n t e x t C lu e s
1. The television program I watched last night was boring. It was so slow that I
turned it off.
a. uninteresting b. interesting c. exciting

back (n) [b<ek] : lung (ngi(di)

boring (adj) ['bo :rir|] : buon te

110
A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

2. When the beautiful young woman saw Dracula coming toward her, she was
terrified.
a. very happy b. very frightened c. very unhappy

3. Some people are afraid o f insects, but most o f them can't h a rm you

a. hurt b. run away from c. fly onto

4. After the passengers boarded the plane, they put their bags under the seats
and fastened their seatbelts.
a. left b. saw c. got on
5. If you want to buy some stamps, you'd better rush. The post office closes in
5 minutes.
a. walk b. hurry c. get some money

terrified (adj) ['tcrifaid] lioang so

harm (v) [h a:m ] lam thuang ton
board (v) [bo:d] leu (m ay bay)
rush (v) [rA /] chqy nhaiili

111
 AFRAID TO FLY 2
Have you e v e r flow n? Did you fly to another
country to study English? How do you feel about
flying?
People w h o have to fly all the time for business
usually find it b o r in g . People w ho fly only once in a boing * interesting
while are excited. H ow ever, some people feel only terror = strong fear/board
terror w hen th ey board an airplane. They suffer = get on
from a phobia, an illogical fear.
If you are a fraid o f poisonous spiders, it is
logical. If you are afraid o f all spiders, even
harmless ones, this is a phobia because it is illogical.
Some people have phobias about heights, being shut
up in a small area, or being in a large open area. It is not dangerous
not logical to be afraid o f these things when there is
no danger, but a p h o b ia is not logical.
Fear o f flying is another phobia. We always hear
about a plane crash, but we don't hear about the
millions o f flights every year that are safe. Riding in
a car is thirty tim es m ore dangerous than flying, but
most o f us are not afraid every tim e we get into a car.
It is not logical to be afraid o f flying, but research
shows that a b out 12 percent o f people have this fear.
People with a phobia about flying are afraid for
one or m ore reasons. They are afraid o f heights. They
avoid high places, and if they are in a high-rise
building, they don't look out the 30 windows.

terror (adj) [’tero] : kinh lioang

suffer from (v) ['sA fe from] : chin dung
phobia (n) ['floubie] : s o lidi
fear (n) [fie] : s u s o liai
harmless (n) ['ha:m lis] : s u vd hai
A M ISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

They might be afraid o f being in an enclosed place like

an elevator or a tunnel on a highway. When they get on an
airplane, they can’t get out until the end o f the flight, and the
flight might last several hours.
Maybe they are afraid o f the crowds and all the noise
and people rushing around at an airport. This especially hurrying
bothers older people.
Some people are afraid o f the unknown. They don't
understand the technology o f flying and can't believe that a
huge airplane can stay up in the air.
Others are afraid o f loss o f control. They need to
control every situation they are in. When they drive a car,
they have some chance o f avoiding an accident. In a plane,
they have no control over anything. It terrifies them to
give up control to the pilot and the rest of the crew.
For some people, a fear o f flying is not important
because they don't really need to fly. But what about
someone who works for an international company? What
about an entertainer who has to sing in twenty different
places in a month? These people have to fly if they want to
continue in their profession.
There is help for these people. There are special
classes in which people learn how to control their fear.
They probably can't lose it, but they can learn to control it.
Then they can fly when they need to, even though they
probably won't enjoy it.
The class visits an airport and leams how airplane
traffic is controlled and how planes are kep in safe
condition. A pilot talks about flying through storms, the
different noises an airplane makes, and air safety in general.

enclosed (adj) [in'klouz] : bi kliep kin, bi nlio't lai

tunnel (n) ['tAnl] : dudng ham
loss o f control (v) [los ov ken'troul] : m at ti( cliu
situation (n) [.sit/u'ei/n] : tilth trang
crew (n) [kru:] : phi hanh doau

113
 C A U SE A N D EFFECT

The class learns to do relaxation exercises, and the

people talk about their fear.
Next, the class listens to tape recordings o f a ta k e o ff
and landing, and later the people ride in a plane on the
ground around the airport. Finally they are ready to take a
short flight.
The instructors o f these classes say that betw een 80
and 90 percent o f the people w ho take them are successful.
T hey still have their phobia, but they learn to control their
fear.

A. V ocabulary
terror height fear rush
situation crew tak e o ff tunnel
harm board phobia enclosed

1. The people who work on airplanes and ships are called t h e ___________ .
2. Tom found h im se lf in a d iff ic u lt________ and he didn't know what to do.
3. A_____________is an illogical fear o f something.
4. is a very strong word for fe a r .
5. is the feeling you have when you are afraid.
6. When you are in a hurry, you__________________.
7. Some dogs bite, but most o f them w o n 't _______________ anyone.
8. Passengers check in at the airport. Then they______________ the plane.
9. A f t e r _________ , the airplane crew usually brings around drinks and food.
10. Some people becom e terrified when they are in a n ___________ space.
11. What is t h e ______________ o f the tallest building in your city?

re la x a tio n (n) [,ri:l< e k 'sci/n ] : s u nghi ngcn

ta k e o ff(n ) ['t c ik 'D : f] : s u cat cdnli
in s tru c tio n (n ) [in 's t r A k / n ] : s u clii dan
s u c c e ss fu l (adj) [s e k 's e s fl] : tlianli cong

114
 A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

B. Vocabulary
boring suffer tunnels losses
terrified profession bother board
last instructor crash avoid

1. M any people in A f r ic a ______________from hunger.

2. Anne w a s ______________when she saw the car coming straight at her.
3. What is y o u r ______________? Are you a doctor?
4. Ali's company suffered so many__________ that he went out o f business.
5. A n _______________ is a teacher.
6. A p l a n e __________________ usually kills a lot o f people.
7. David's composition had very few mistakes, but it was_________ to read.
8. When you have a cold, try t o ______________giving it to your friends.
9. There are several ______________ under the rivers. They connect
Manhattan Island to the other parts o f N ew York.
10. Please d o n 't _______________ me now. I'm busy.
11. How long does this c l a s s _______________ ? An hour or less?

C. Vocabulary Review
Cross out the word that does not belong with the other two.

1. Stick out, diet, cut down

2. once, couple, pair
3. feather, knock, wing
4. plateau, cloud, mountain
5. even, even though, although
6. often, sometimes, once in awhile
7. pollution, surroundings, environment
8. three - quarters, two - thirds, 40 percent
9. ant, butterfly, bee
10. re la tiv e s , fe m a le s, ancestors.

suffer (v) ['sAfe] : chin dung

mistake (n) [nns'teik] : Idi

115
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

D. M ultiple Choice
1 . usually think flying is boring.
a. People who fly once in a w hile
b. People who fly often
c. People who have a phobia about flying
2. A phobia i s _____________
a. harmful b. illogical c. chemical
3. A b o u t ______________percent o f people are afraid to fly.
a. 6 b. 12 c.15
4. A person with a fear o f enclosed places doesn't like______________
a. walking on a path b. high places c. being in a tunnel
5 . especially bother old people.
a. C row ds at airports b. High-rise buildings c. Spiders
6. A fear o f flying is not important to some people because____________
a. they are entertainers
b. they don't need to fly
c. they can take a class about flying
7. T h e instructor o f a class for people w ho are afraid o f f ly in g ________ .
a. explains about airplane crashes
b. learns to relax
c. takes them to an airport
8. M ore t h a n _______________ percent o f people w ho take these classes arc
successful.
a. 12 b. 80 c 90

harm ful (adj) [’hcrm ful] : co liai

entertainer (n [,ente»'tcine ] ngiidi giai tri
relax (v) [ri’laeks] . uglii ngcn
airplane (n) [’eeplein] . m ay bay

116
 A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

E. Com prehension Questions

1. Have you ever flown? If you have, when was the last time you flew?
2. What are some phobias? do you have any phobias?
3. Why are we not afraid when we get into a car?
4. Give four reasons people are afraid o f flying.
5. Give four examples o f people who need to fly.
6. What do people learn in a class for people who are afraid o f flying? Tell
three things.
7. The class learns how airplane traffic is controlled. How does this help
people who are afraid o f flying?
8. Why does the class learn about the different noises a plane makes?
9. How do relaxation exercises help the people in the class?

F. Main Idea

1. Which sentence is the main idea o f paragraph 8 (lines 39 - 42)?

2. Paragraph 11 (lines 5 6 - 6 1 ) ?
3. Write a sentence for the main idea o f the last paragraph

traffic (n) [tr « fik ] g ia o thong

117
 WORD STUDY
A . W ord Form s: A d verbs
A d v e rb s describe verbs. They also describe adjectives or other adverbs.
M a n y adverbs end in-ly, for exam ple badly and nicely. But there are a few
a <djectives that also end in -ly, for exam ple, friendly and lovely. There are
a ls o some com m on adverbs that do not end in -ly, such as fast and hard.

Please return to the office im m ediately.

Y our solution to this math problem is com pletely wrong.
Ali worked especially hard today
Ann is a friendly person.
M ike w orks hard at his job.

S>ometimes an adverb or an adverbial phrase describes the whole sentence.

M ost im portantly, you must hand in a report o f the meeting by

tom orrow morning.
O rdinarily, the class finishes at 2:00. To day it lasts until 2:30 because
we have a special lecture.
V erb Noun A djective A d verb
1. poison poison poison
poisonous
2. avoid avoidance (un) avoidable (un) avoidably
3. bore boredom bored ly
boringly
4. suffer suffering
5- fear fear fearful fearfully
fearless fearlessly
6. lose loss lost
7. terrify terror terrified
terrorist terrifying

1. M r . S m i t h _______________his ric h w if e so he c o u ld h a ve a ll her m o n e y .

2. It is ______________ fo r b e g in n in g students to m ake m ista k e s in E n c lis h .

118
 A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

3. Students in an English program do not suffer from_______________.

They are too busy studying. They don't g e t____________
4. There is a lot o f ____________ in poor countries.
5. Superman i s ________________ .
6. The Student Union has a _______________and Found office. If you are
lucky, you might go there and find something that you left in the cafeteria
by mistake.
7. Two___________ with a bomb hijacked an airplane and made the pilot fly
to Beirut. The passengers were____________ .

B. Sum m arizing
Write a sentence to summarize each o f these paragraphs. N um ber 2 will have
a long sentence. Write a sentence with only the most important idea for
numbers 1 and 3.
1. Paragraph 3 (lines 10 - 17)
2. Paragraphs 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (lines 26 - 48)
3. Paragraph 10 (lines 4 9 - 55)

C. Articles
Write an article in the blanks if one is necessary.

1. people who have to fly a l l __________________ time for

_______________ business usually find it boring.
2. However, some people feel only ________ terror when they board
___________ airplane.
3. They suffer fro m __________phobia,___________ illogical fear.
4. If you are afraid o f ___________poisonous spiders, this is logical.
5. Some people h a v e ___________phobias a b o u t _________ heights, being
shut up i n ___________small area, or being in__________ large open area.
6. We always hear a b o u t_____________ plane crash, but we don't hear about
_________ millions o f __________ flights every year that are safe.

poor (a d j) [p o :(r)] : n glieo

cafeteria (n) [.k a ^ fi'tio rie ] : quan an tu p h u c vu
h ija ck ed (n) [h a i'd «3 x k o ] : kh ong tqc

119
 CAUSE A N D EFFECT

7. They a v o i d _________ high places, and if they are i n _________ high-rise

building, they d o n ’t look o u t _____________windows.
8. They might be afraid o f being in enclosed place
like elevator or tunnel on _____ highway.
9. When they get on airplane, they know they can't get out until
end o f flight, a n d ________flight might last several
hours.
10. M aybe they are afraid o f crowds and all noise and
people rushing around at airport.

D. C onnecting w ord s
Find a sentence in the second colum n that goes with a sentence in the first
column. C onnect the tw o sentences with and, but, or even though.

1. Businessmen are bored with flying. a. She was a Victorian woman

2. A roadrunner fits well into its b It looks funny.
environment.
3. Kingsley traveled in W est Africa c.Am undsen had gotten there first.
by herself.
4. The boat was caught in a bad d. People who don't fly very often
storm. find it exciting.
5. Scott reached the South Pole. e. It sank.

E. Context Clues

The president has to analyze the situation carefully before he can make a
decision, so he needs to get every piece o f information that he can.
a. think carefully about every detail o f a situation
b. get a general idea o f the main situation
c. find out why som ething happened

e le v a t o r ( n ) [ ’c liv c it o ] (hang m ay
a rtic le (n ) [’a :tik l] cot bao, bai bao
honest (a d j) [ ’j n i s t ] (rung (lure
c a lm (a d j) [k a :m ] binli (Tnli

120
 A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

2. Thom as Edison invented the electric light.

a. figured out
b. discovered
c. made the first one
3. A journalist interviewed a couple who feed a roadrunner. After she had
talked to the couple, she wrote an article about the interview for a
magazine.
a. asked questions on a subject
b. gave a lecture
c. went to visit
4. My neighbor's child says he did not take the money that was on my table.
I believe him because he is very honest.
a. usually tells the truth
b. doesn't usually steal
c. tells the truth and never steals
5. It is hard to stay calm when your basketball team needs only one point to
win, and there are just 30 seconds left in the game.
a. unexcited
b. complicated
c. explosive

invent (v) [in'vent] : phut minli

interview (v) [’intovju:] : phony van

121
 HANDWRITING
ANALYSIS
3
Ellen Shephern is a handw riting analyst. The
author asked her questions about this interesting
subject in an interview. In this report o f the interview,
P.A. stands for the author's nam e and E.S. are Ms.
Shepherd's initials.
P.A: I've heard about handwriting analysis, but I
don't know much about it. Could you explain what it is?
E.S: It's a scientific system which analyzes so m e ­
one's handwriting. The analysis shows the person's
personality and character-w hat kind o f person this
individual is. The handw riting show s if the person is
honest or dishonest, gets angry easily or stays c a lm , calm ^excited or angry
has a good m emory or forgets easily. We can tell
w hen people's feelings have a strong effect on their
thinking, or if they usually think logically. We can tell
if the person has a lot o f friends and likes to spend
tim e with them, or if he likes to be alone most o f the
time. We can even tell when people are shy. They're
so afraid o f other people that they spend most o f their
tim e alone when they'd really like to be with others.
P.A: That's amazing! But you've given a list o f
opposites. Most people are som ew here in the middle,
or they act differently in different situations. For
exam ple, someone might get very angry about
som ething important but ju st a little angry about
som ething else. Can you tell about degrees o f anger or
laziness or other characteristics9

handw riting (n) ['h;cndraitir|] : cln? viel la y

analysis (n) [e'niclesis] : s i ( plu in rich
subject (n) ['sAbd^ikt] : innn h oc
explain (v) [iks'plcin] : g ia i thich

122
 A M IS H M A S H (A HODGEPODGE) jn

F..S: Yes, we can. We can score this person from one

to ten on how angry she gets. We can also tell if she
often feels angry inside even though she appears to be
calm. We can do the same tiling for other feelings and
characteristics. For example, we can tell to what degree
people work carefully, or if they're sometimes lazy and
careless.
P.A: How do you do this analysis?
E.S: First I have them write about two pages on
unlined paper. Then I look at how they make each stroke
o f the letters.
P.A: What's a stroke?
E.S: In general, a stroke is the part o f a letter that
leaves or returns to the base line. The cross on a t and the
dot on an / are also strokes.
P.A: Do you mean you can look at the way I cross
my I's and dot my i's and tell what kind o f person I am?
E.S: (Laughing) O f course not. I have to analyze the
whole two pages o f writing. I divide the parts o f the
letters into zones. Letters like f /;, and / go into the upper
zone. This zone shows people's imagination, ideas, and
how they think about the future.
All letters have parts in the middle zone. This zone
shows how people think and feel about the present and
reality, and their feelings about other people.
Letters like f, g and p go into the lower zone. This
zone shows how people feel about the past, if they're
quick to take action, and what their biological needs are.

angry (adj) [’;cr|gri] : can giciii

important (adj) [im 'p.rtont] : quail trong
characteristics (adj) [,k;crikto'ristikoli] : tinh e a c h , dac tinli
appear (v) [o'pio] : xudr hien
degree (v) [di'gri:] : dong y

123
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

For exam ple, food is very important to some people. _ ____

Others are not interested in food at all, as long as 7 T U pp*r
they have enough to eat. JV •Cddk wm
P.A: It's hard for me to believe that you can get - H nliiw y ba**ij»
all that inform ation about a person ju st from U_ _ }x>wcr
handwriting.
E.S: People talk about body language. The way
you hold and m ove y o u r body shows a lot about what
kind o f person you are. For example, if you hold
your head dow n a lot, y o u ’re probably shy. The way
you write is m uch m ore complicated than the way
you hold your body, so it gives a lot more
information. Research show s this.
P.A: Is h andw riting analysis something new?
E.S: An A m erican teacher, M.N. Bunker,
invented this system in 1913, but even the ancient
Chinese, G reeks, and Romans noticed that
personality show ed in handwriting. In the 1600s an
Italian started to develop a system, and 200 years
later the French w ere w orking on one. T oday in
Europe, anyone w ho is studying to be a teacher or a
psychologist has to study handwriting analysis.
P.A: W ho uses handw riting analysis?
E.S: Som e c o m p a n ies use it when they hire
people to work for them . T hey want to know if they'll
be good, honest w orkers. Police use it to try to
understand crim inals better. Sometimes an individual
wants an analysis to help decide what kind o f j o b is
best for him or her. T h e s e are ju st a few examples.

biological (adj) [ ,b a ie 'b d ? ik e l] (th u o c ) sinh vat hoc

information (n) [,in fe ’m ei/n] thong tin
system (n) ['sistem ] he thong
psychologist (n) [sa i'k o le d jist] nha trim /v hoc

124
 A MI SH MA SH (A HODGEPODGE)

P.A: There's something else I'm wondering about.

When we go to school, we all learn to write the same
way.
E.S: I know what you're thinking, but everyone
writes differently. There is about one chance in 68
trillion that two people will write exactly the same.

P.A: And there aren't even that many people in

the world! So far we’ve talked about European
languages and our alphabet. What about analyzing
Arabic or Japanese?
E.S: I don't think anyone has developed a system for
any other alphabets, but since everybody writes
differently, handwriting analysis should work for any
alphabet.
P.A: This has been very interesting, and I've learned
a lot. Thanks for explaining it all to me.
E.S: Thank you for interviewing me. If anything is
unclear, just call me.

A. Vocabulary

honest score exactly system

shy analyze interviews initials
character stroke biological psychologist
What do you need on the TO EFL test in order to enter
harvard University?
2. No two individuals are ______________ alike, not even twins.

wonder (v) ['wAnde) : ban klioan

trillion (n) ['trilion] : m ot trieu trieu, mot ngliin ty
initial (n) [i'ni/el] : c In? dan
exactly (adv) [ig'za;ktli] : cliinli xac

125
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

3. Com panies try to hire people They try to hire people

with a g o o d __________
4. England has o n e ___________ o f government The U SSR has another
_______ . He helps children who have
5. Dr. Barnes is a child _____________
problem s in their lives.
Susan is five years old and v e r y ___ She hides behind her
m other when people talk to her.
7. Television news program s often have_ w ith famous people
8 . It is nice to have a lot o f m oney, but it isn't a need.
9. Dr. G om ez will use her com puter t o ________ her research.

B. V o c a b u la r y
stand for personality strokes calm
honest invented initials zones
as long as hire imagination system

The o f the author o f this book are P. A.

2. Mike has a very nice . He is friendly to every one.
j . Some people will travel anywhere _____________ they don't have to fly.
4. Japanese write with a lot o f short
5. Ms. Davis tried to s t a y __________ even though she w as very worried
about her daughter.
6 . Cities in many countries have ______ for the postal system. Each
one has a number.
7. What does U.S. ? The United States.
8 . The Bakers are going to someone to do their dom estic work.
9. The person w h o _______ the typewriter had a u o n d e rfu l idea.
10. A handwriting analyst can tell if a person has a good

h ire ( v ) [ ’h a ia ] : giait giem . d ie clan

stand fo r ( v ) [s t;c n d ] : thay the
p e rs o n a lity (n ) [,p e :s o 'n x '!o ti] : rieng Hf
im a g in a tio n (n ) [i,m a :d 3 i'n c i/ n ] : sir luring nrnuy

126
A M I S H M A S H (A H O D G E P O D G E )

C. Vocabulary Review
branches level root earthworms
stretch glue moisture nutrients
flies direct whale seal
spot snakes whistle gift

1. I have t o ______________these papers together.

2. It bothers me w h e n ______________come around the food at a picnic.
3. S o m e ______________are p o iso n o u s .______________ are not, even though
they have a similar shape.
4. Maria is at the h i g h e s t______________in the English program.
5. When we eat a carrot, we are eating t h e _____________ o f the plant.
6. Eskimos e a t ______________a n d ______________ meat.
7. Some food provides m o r e ______________than other food.
8. Leaves grow on t h e ______________ o f trees.
9. Some people c a n _________ __ songs very well.
10. Desert animals don't drink much water. They get it from the
_____________in plants they eat.

I). T ru e /F a lse
_____________ I . The analysis o f handwriting shows a person's character.
_____________ 2. An analyst can tell if a person is afraid to try new things.
_____________ 3. An analyst can score a person on how logically he thinks.
_____________ 4. The analyst looks at about two lines o f writing.
_____________ 5. The letter y goes into the upper zone.
_____________ 6. The upper zone shows if a person can draw or write well.
_____________ 7. The lower zone shows how peop e feel about the present.
_____________ 8. A teacher invented a system to an.ilyze handwriting.
_____________ 9. Handw riting analysis can help you choose a profession.
_____________ 10. It is probably possible to analyze Chinese handwriting.

similar (adj) ['similo] liftfny Iif

Eskimos (n) [’cski'm ouon] nytfc'ri Ekimo
draw (v) [d r.v ] vc

127
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

E. C om prehension Q uestions
1. Tell three things that a handwriting analyst can find out from a person's
handwriting.
2. W hat does sh y m ean?
3. How does the analyst analyze the w riting?
4. W hat zones is the letter b in?
5. W hat does the middle zone show?
6. W hat is body language?
7. How could handwriting analysis help you choose a profession?
8. W hat area o f the world takes handw riting analysis the most seriously?
9. Do you think an analyst can tell a people’s character from their
handwriting? Give your reasons.
10. Do you think handwriting analysis is a science? Give your reasons.

F. M ain Idea

1. Write a sentence for the main idea for paragraph I I (lines 50-55).
2. Write a sentence for the main idea for paragraph 15 (lines 70-76).
3. Write a sentence for the main idea for paragraph 21 (lines 98-101).

128
A MI SH MA SH (A HO DG EPO D GE )

WORD STUDY
A. Word Forms: Active and passive
In an active sentence, the subject perforins (does) the action.

The interviewer asked several questions.

In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action. The passive is formed
with a form o f be and a past participle. Sometimes the person (the agent)
who performed the action is included in the sentence after the word by. They
agent is not included if it is unknown or unimportant. Sometimes everyone
knows who the agent is, so it is not necessary to name it.

Several questions were asked by the interviewer.

My car was stolen last night. (I don't know who stole it.)
Society is studied so that it can be better understood. (The people who
study society are not important in this sentence.)
Cars are made in factories. (Everyone knows they are made by
people.)

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

1. instruct instruction instructive
instructor
2. (dis)honesty (dis)honest (dis)h 9 nestly
3.systematize system (un)systematic (un)systematically
4. imagine imagination (un)imaginative (un)imaginatively
5. invent invention inventive
inventor
6. interview interview
interviewer
7. characterize character (un)characteristic
characteristic
8. psychology psychological
psychologist
9. beg beggar
10.depend (on) dependability (iin)dcpcndablc

129
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

Write the correct word form in the blanks, including a c ti\e /p a ssiv e forms.
1a. The lecture on safe driving was v e r y _______ ______
1b. The s tu d e n t s ______________ to arrive on time the first day o f classes.
2. is an important characteristic for som eone w orking in a bank
3. Pat organizes her work ______________ . She can do more work in less
time w hen s h e ______________ it.
4. The mystery program I watched last night w as very _________________.
1 didn't know how it was going to end until the last minute.
5a. A com puter program m er has to be ______________ in order to write a
good co m p u te r program.
5b. The telephone __ ___________ by A lexander G raham Bell.
6. The M inister o f Health didn't like some o f the questions that the
______________ asked him. H e _______________by a foreign journalist.
7. M arge started a fight with her sister last night. This was very
o f her bccause she is usually nicc to her.
8. Barbara is going to study ______________ . Then she will work with
people who h a v e ________________ problems.
9. D a n ______________ his friend to lend his car.
10. Mr. T hom pson is a _______ ______ person. If he says he will do
something, you know that he will. You c a n ______________ him.

B. T w o - W o r d V e rb s

pick som eone up - go som ew here with your car and get someone
stand for - U.S. stands for the United States, for example
see o f f - go with someone to the airport, for example, when
he or she is going to leave
clean up - clean the house after a party, for exam ple, or after
some children had a lot o f toys out
help out - help

foreign (n) ['fnrin] : inftic ugoai

see off sb (v) [si:] Hen ai
clean up (v) [kli:n] don dcp

130
A MISHMA SH (A HODGEPODGE)

1. U N _____________ the United Nations.

2. Tom had a big party. Afterward, he had to _____________ the house.
Three o f his friends stayed t o _______________.
3. Ali studied at New York University for 5 years. When he left, 20 people
went to the airport t o _____________ h i m ______________
4. Let's go to the party together. I 'll___________ y o u _____________ at 9:00.

C. Prepositions
Put the right prepositions in the blanks.

1. The author asked her questions _____________ this interesting subject

_____________ an interview.
2. I don't know m u c h ______________it.
3. We can tell when people's feelings have a strong e f f e c t ______________
their thinking.
4. We can tell if the person has a l o t _____________ friends and likes to
spend t im e ______________them.
5. You've given a l i s t ______________opposites.
6. Most people are somewhere _____________ the middle, or they act
differently_______________ different situations.
7. We can score this person ______________ one ______________ ten
_____________ how angry she gets.
8. We can do the same thing ______________ other feelings and
characteristics.
9. Then I l o o k ______________ how they make each s t r o k e ______________
the letters.
10. general, a stroke is the p a r t ______________a letter that
leaves or returns the base line.

spent st on st [spent] : lieu,bo cdi gi vao viec gi

feeling (n) ['fi:lir|] : cam gidc
base (adj) [bcis] : co sd

131
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

D. Noun Substitutes
W hat does each noun substitute stand for?
1. page 122, line 2 her
2. line 8 it
3. line 15 we
4. line 16 their
5. line 19 he
6. page 123, line 33 she
7. page 124, line 64 others
8. line 76 this
9. line 83 one
10. page 125, line 93 him or her
E. C ontext Clues
1. N ew York City is fam ous for its skyscrapers. It has more than any other
city in the world.
a. art m useum s b. w ide streets c. tall buildings
2. Carol is only eight years old, but she loves to draw buildings. She wants to
be an architect when she grow s up.
a. artist
b. person who plans new buildings
c. engineer
3. Mr. M iners is a pleasant teacher. He is friendly and helpful to all his
students and to the other teachers.
a. nice b. busy c. new
4. Research show s that seatbelts help prevent serious injuries in accidents
a. stop som ething before it happens
b. have few er accidents
c. hold the person in the seat
5. In the m odern world, people co m m u n ic a te by telephone, radio, television,
and computer.
a. talk to each other
b. give and receive information
c. get the world's news

skyscraper (n) [’skai,skreipe] : nlia choc trcri

architect (n) [’a :k ite k t] : kien true su
prevent (v) [pri'Vent] : tianli, phong ngua
com m unicate (v) [ke'm ju.nikeit] : lien lac, thong tin
pleasant (adj) ['pleznt] : vui \e . tint vi

132
 SKYSCRAPERS
When people think o f skyscrapers, they think o f new
4
york, the city with the most high-rise buildings in the
world. There is no odier city like New York, and this is
because o f its great buildings that reach up into the sky.
It comes as a surprise then, to learn that Chicago,
not N ew York, is the home o f the skyscraper. The first
high-rise building was built in Chicago in 1884, and it
was nine stories high. This is not tall compared with
today' buildings, but it was the first building over six
stories. There were no tall buildings before that
because the needed technology didn't exist.
For centuries, the tallest buildings were made o f floors
stone. The lower walls had to be thick enough to
support the upper ones. If the building was very high,
the lower walls had to be very thick.
vmscats1
Early in the nineteenth century, engineers
developed iron fram es for bridges. In the 1880s,
architects started using iron and steel frames to
support the walls o f buildings. The buildings did not iron frames

need thick walls to hold up the upper stories, so the

buildings could be m uch taller. people wno
There were other advantages to these steel frames. design buildings

The building walls were thinner and could have more

windows, which made the rooms much more pleasant. nice
With thin lower walls, there was room for stores and
offices on the ground floor. It was also faster to build
with an iron and steel frame than with stone.

reach up into (v) [ri:t/ Ap ’intu] viCcfn thang, vuan cao

surprise (n) [se'praiz] s u ngac nliieu
story (n): ['sto :ris] tang
architect (n) [,a:kitek] kien trite su
advantage (n) [ed'va:ntid3] sifth u a n lien, lai the
pleasant (adj) [’plcznt] dep
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

However, there was still one problem. How would people

get up to the top stories in a 10 story building? We all know
w hat the solution was-the elevator. Elisha Otis invented the
elevator and first showed it to the public in 1853. By the
1880s, there w ere elevators run by electricity which were fast
and light enough to use in skyscrapers. T hey were developed
ju st at the right time.
There were other problem s that architects and engineers
w ho built high-rise buildings had to solve. T hey had to figure
out a way to get w ater to all the floors. They had to prevent
the buildings from m oving in the wind. In a d d it io n , they and
wanted to make them as beautiful as possible.
At the time that architects first started designing and
building high-rise buildings, thousands o f imm igrants were
entering the United States from Europe. They all needed a
place to live. Cities were growing fast, and tall buildings
meant many more people could live in a small area, so people
started building skyscrapers in cities across the United states.
O ver the years, the problems connected with high-rise
buildings were solved. Buildings got taller and taller. In 1909,
a 50-story building was built in N ew York, and in 1913, one
with 60 floors. In 1931, the Empire State Building in New
York was finished; it was 102 stories high. This was the
tallest building in the world until 1970, w hen the W orld Trade
C enter was built, again in N ew York. It has 110 floors. Then
the Sears Building w as built in C hicago in 1974. It also has
110 stories, but it is taller than the W orld T rade Center.
Other countries w ere building skyscrapers too. In Europe,
the center o f m any cities was destroyed by bom bs during

elevator (n): ['eliveite] thang m ay

develop (v) [di'velopj plidt trie’ll
solve (v) [solv] giai quyet
In addition (adv) [e'di/n] va, them vao do
im m igrants (n) f'im igrent] ngU&i nlidp cif
connect (v) [ke'nckt] lien quan t&i
destroy (v) [di'stro] phd huy
rebuild (v) [’ri:'bilt] tdi thiet

134
 A M I S H M A S H (A HODGEPODGE)

World War II. The city planners rebuilt many of

the buildings exactly as they had been. In
addition, they included high-rises in their plans.
Most European cities today are a mixture o f old
and modern buildings.
Tokyo did not have tall buildings for a long movements of the earth
time because o f e a r t h q u a k e s . Then engineers
figured out how to keep a high-rise standing
during an earthquake. Today there are many tall
buildings in Tokyo. In fact, there are tall
buildings in cities throughout the world. As the
population o f cities increases, the number o f
high-rises increases because they take less
surface space.
And what about the future? Architects say
there is no limit to the height a building can be.
An engineer in N ew York is designing a 150-
floor building. An architect in Chicago has
drawings o f a 210-story building.
We have the technology for these buildings,
but do we need them or want them? With the
invention o f computers, a company doesn't need
to have all its offices in one huge building, exchange information
People can c o m m u n ic a t e by computer from
offices spread out all over the city, or even from
their homes. And do we want 200-story
buildings? Do people want to work and live that
far above the ground? The architects and
engineers w ho are planning these new
skyscrapers have to think about these questions,
or they may build buildings that no one will use.

mixture (n) [’m ik s t/e ] : sif plia lio n , lion licrp

earthquake (n) [’e.Okweik] : dong dat
surface (n) ['se:fis] : be mat
spread out (v) [sprcd] : m d long, lien ket vcti

135
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

A. V o c a b u la r y
skyscraper advantages frame prevent
imm igrants designs com m unicate exist
com pare pleasant in addition connects

1. W hen we ______________ C anadian English to English in the United

States, we see that there are not m any differences.
2. There are m any __________ to learning English because it is an
international language.
3. A high-rise building is also called a __________
4. A d r iv e w a y __________ the garage with the street.
5. T housands o f ________ arrive in Australia from Asia and Europe every year.
6. It is possible t o __________ many forest fires that people start.
7. In some skyscrapers, the walls are m ade o f a s t e e l __________ and glass.
8. An a r c h i te c t __________ buildings.
9. G reenpeace protests nuclear t e s t in g __________ , it tries to protect the seas.

B. V o c a b u l a r y
pleasant mixture com pare spread
exist architect story earthquake
advantage com m unicate prevent public

1. Hot chocolate is a __________ o f chocolate, sugar, and milk.

2. W e've h a d __________ w eather lately. It has been w arm and sunny.
3. In the future, we w i l l ________ with com puters even more than we do now.
4. A n __________ in T urkey destroyed several villages.
5. D inosaurs do n o t __________ anymore.
6. A f a m o u s __________ designed the whole city o f Brasilia
7. The children __________ their toys all over the floor and then went to
w atch television.

difference (n) ['difrons] : stf khac nliau

glass (n) [g la :s] : ki'nh, tarn kinli, m ieng kiuh
weather (n) [’w ede] : then tier
village (n) ['vilid3] : long m ac
136
 A MISHMASH (A HODGEPODGE)

8. Another word for the floor o f a building i s ____________

9. The lecture on modern architecture tonight is open to the
Anyone can go.
C. Vocabulary Review
Match the words with the definitions.
I . colony_______________________ a. better
2 . interior b. h alf o f the earth
3. border c. get away from
4. delay__ d. place that belongs to another
country
5. blind _ e. to the shore
6. superior f. line between two countries
7. escape g. can't see
8 . hemisphere h. remote
9. ashore ___ i. inside
10. blizzard j. sled
k. bad winter storm
I. wait
D. Multiple Choice
1. The first skyscraper was built in________
a. Chicago b. New York c. Tokyo
2. Skyscrapers did not exist before 1884 because_____________ .
a. steel did not exist
b. people didn't have the necessary technology
c. there were not enough immigrants to live in them
3. Architects got the idea o f using iron and steel frames for buildings from

a. engineers b. other architects c. designers

floor (n) [fb :] : san nha, tang

modern (adj) [’m oden] : hien dai
architecture (n) [’a :k ite k t/e ] : kien true
iron (n) [’aion] : sat

137
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT
i

4 A building with a steel frame does not need

a. technology
b. thick walls
c stores and offices on the first floor
5. The first building with 60 floors was built only years after a
50-story building.
a. 1913 b. 4 c. 18
6. As population increases. increases.
a. immigration
b. the num ber o f skyscrapers
c. the num ber o f old buildings
7. A Chicago architect has designed a building with stories.
a. 115 b. 150 c. 210

E. C om prehension Q uestion s
1. W hy is it a surprise to find out that the first skyscraper was in Chicago?
2. W hy don't buildings with steel frames need thick lower walls?
3. N am e an advantage o f buildings with thin lower walls.
4. Why does the text say that elevators were invented ju s t at the right time?
5. What effect did the arrival o f thousands o f immigrants to the U.S. have
on skyscrapers?
6. What is the tallest building in the world today?
7. What is the advantage o f high-rise buildings over lower buildings?
8. Why can Japan have skyscrapers today when it couldn't before?
9. Do you think people w ould use 200-story buildings9 What is your
reason?

F. Main Idea
1. W h ic h sen ten ce g iv e s the m a in id ea in p arag rap h 2 (lin e s 6 - ! 3)?
2. Pa ra g ra p h 12 (lin e s 85-89)?
3. W r it e a sentence that g iv e s the m a in id ea in p arag rap h 6 (lin e s 33-41).
4. W r it e a sentence that g iv e s the m a in idea of the last p arag rap h

wall (n) [wd:1] : btfc ttfcrng

building (n) ['bildir|] : tod nlid

138
 A MI SH MA SH (A HODGEPODGE)

WORD STUDY
A. Word Forms
These are some common verb prefixes and suffixes.
en - encircle, enclose
-en - darken, shorten
-ize - memorize, colonize
Verb Moun Adjective Adverb
1. compare comparison comparative comparatively
2. please pleasure (un)pleasant (un)pleasantly
3. add addition additional additionally
4. (dis)connect connection (dis)connected (dis)connectedly
(un)connected
5. mix mixture
6. (disadvantage (dis)advantageous (disadvantageous
7. prevent prevention preventive
8. immigrate immigration
immigrant
9. popularize popularity popular popularly
10 . enclose enclosure
11 strengthen strength strong strongly
la. Spanish spelling is easy to learn.
lb. By , speaking English is more difficult.
2. It was a to meet you.
3. People who are afraid to fly don't like being closed iri. ,th
sometimes fear heights and don't understand the technology o f flying.
4a. What is the _____________ between the changes in the family and
woman's place in society?
4b. We had the p h o n e _________ because we are moving tomorrow.
4c. You can't put a list o f __ sentences in one paragraph.
5. Students from several countries a r e __________ together in one class,
6. It i s __________ to learn English. Are there any to learning it?
7. medicine is better than helping people after they are sick.

strengthen ( v ) ['strcr|0 n ] : lam rngiih leu

d iffic u lt (a d j) [ d if ik e lt ] : klio
paragraph (n ) [ 'p x r o g r a : f ] : (Joan

139
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

8. T h e _____________office is open from 9:00 to 5:00.

9a. _____________is very important to teenagers.
9b. Paper handkerchiefs or tissues a r e _____________called Kleenex. Most
people call them that.
10a. The farm er put his sheep in a n _____________for the night.
10b. The university admissions office included several ____________ with
the letter to the new student.
1 la. Exercise the muscles.
11 b. I agree with you

B. Sum m arizin g
Write a sentence to summarize these paragraphs.
1. 1 (lines 1-5)
2. 2 (lines 6-13)
3. 4 (lines 19-25)
4. 7 (lines 42-48)
5. 8 (lines 49-56)
6. 9 (lines 57-68)
7. 10 (lines 69-75)
C. T w o-W ord Verbs: Review
Put the right word in the blanks.
1. There was a long line waiting to c h e c k _____________ at the airport.
2. A large truck b ro k e _____________ on the highway.
3. Alice goes to the gym every w eekend to w o r k _____________.
4. Do you have enough m oney to l iv e _____________ ?
5. Could you help m e _____________ this weekend?
6. Fixing my car tu r n e d _____________ an all-day job.
7. Mr. Brown has been w orking too hard and has to s l o w _____________.
8. Jean had to d r o p _____________ o f school and get a job.
9. Children don't like to p u t ____________ their toys when they finish playing.
10. Bob was an hour late because he r a n _______________________ gas.

s ic k (adj) [sik] : 6m
teenager (n) ['ti:neid3e>] : thieu nien
handkerchief (n) [’h a ;r|ket/if] : khan lay
tissue (n) [’ti/u:] : giay lua
admission (n) [e>d'mi/n] : stf cong nlian
140
A MISHMASH (A HO DG EPO DG E)

D. Articles
1. When p e o p le ____________ think o f _____________ skyscrapers, they think
o f New Y o r k , __________ city w i t h ___________ most high-rise buildings
i n ____________ world.
2. It comes a s ____________ surprise to learn that Chicago, not N ew York, is
____________ home o f _____________ skyscraper.
3. For c enturies,____________ buildings were made o f _____________ stone.
4. How w o u l d ____________ people get up t o _____________ top stories in
____________ 10-story building?
5. Elisha Otis invented ____________ elevator and First showed it to
____________ public in 1853.
6 . Amazon River is i n ____________ tropics.
7. people in my class are mostly f r o m ____________ Middle East.
8 . Bering Sea is i n _____________ North Pacific Ocean.
9 . Lake Superior is b e tw e e n _______Canada a n d _____ United States.
10 . history o f _____________ England is complicated.
E. Context Clues
Many words have two meanings. What is the correct meaning in these
sentences?
1. You can have as long as you want to do this test. There is no time limit
a. if b. as much time as c. a long time
2. Mr. Rossi doesn't have enough wood to finish the table he is making.
He has to buy another b o a rd .
a. get on a plane b. uninteresting c. flat piece o f wood
3. Maria is 10 kilos overweight so she is going to diet.
a. eat less
b. the food someone eats
c. what a roadrunner eats
4. N uclear testing is dangerous.
a. a kind o f bomb b. a kind o f family c. a kind o f protest
5. Greenpeace objects to nuclear testing.
a. things b. lists c. is against
6. My brother and his wife are having family problems, but they hope they
can w o r k them out.
a. get exercise b. work hard c. solve

as long as : dai nhtf la

overweight (adj) [’ouvew eit] : ilu'fa can
piece (n) [ p i :s] : man

141
 LEFT-HANDEDNESS 5
Are you a leftie? if you are, you are one o f
like better
millions in the w orld w ho p r e f e r to use their left hand.
There w ould be millions more left-handed people if
societies didn't force them to use their right hands.
To understand left-handedness, it is necessary to
look at the brain. The brain is d iv id e d into two
hemispheres. In most right-handers, the left
hem isphere is the center o f language and logical
thinking, w here they do their math problem s and
mem orize vocabulary. The right hemisphere controls
how they understand broad, general ideas, and how
they respond to the five senses-sight, hearing, smell,
taste, and touch.
The left hem isphere o f the brain controls the right
side o f the body, and the right hemisphere controls the
left side. Both sides o f the body receive the same
information from the brain because both hem ispheres
are connected. H ow ever, in right-handed people, the
left hem isphere is stronger. In left-handed people, it is
the right h e m isphere that is stronger.
Different handedness causes differences in
people. A lthough the left hem isphere controls
language in m ost right-handers, 40 percent o f left­
handers have the language center in the right
hemisphere. T he o ther 60 percent use the left side o f
the brain or both sides for language.

prefer (v) [pri'fo:(r)j : lliicli lian

lefty (n) [’lcfti] : ngifcri lim an toy trai
force (v) [fo:s] : ep buoc
d iv id e ( v ) [ d i'v a id ] : plidn cltia
respond to st [ri'spond] : plidn ifng vcn
sense (n ) [s e n s ] : gidc qttan
 A MIS HMASH (A HODGEPODGE)
S lF
Lefties not only prefer using the left hand. They
prefer using the left foot for kicking a ball, because the
whole body is "left-handed”.
There is an increasing amount o f research on
handedness. For example, one psychologist says that
left-handers are more likely to have a good
imagination. They also enjoy swimming underwater
more than right-handers.
Lcft-handedness can cause problems for people.
Some left-handed children see letters and words
backwards. They read d for b and was for saw. Another
problem is stuttering. Some left-handed children start to
stutter when they are forced to write with their right
hand. Queen Elizabeth I I's father. King George VI, had
to change from left-to right-handed writing when he
was a child, and he stuttered all his life.
Anthropologists think that the earliest people
were about 50 percent right-handed and 50 percent
left-handed because ancient tools from before 8000
B.C. could be used with either hand. But by 3500 B.c;
the tools, which were better designed, were for use
with only one hand. More than h alf o f them were for
right-handed people.
The first writing system, invented by the
Phoenicians (3000-2000 B.c.) in the Middle East, went
from right to left. The Greeks began to write from left
to right around the fifth century B.c. because they
increasingly believed that "right" was good and "left"
was bad. As time passed, there were more and more
customs connecting "left" with "bad". This belief is
still common in many countries today, and left-handed
people suffer from it.

kick (v) [kik] : da

backward (adv) [’bickw od] : ve pliia sail
stutter (v) [’stAto] : not lap
tool (n) [ t u :1] : cong cu
common (adj) [ 'b m o n ] : plio bien

143
 C A U S E A N D EFFECT

As the centuries passed and education spread to

more levels o f society, more and more people becam e
literate. As m ore children learned to write, more o f
them were forced to write with their right hands. In the
United States, som e teachers finally started permitting
schoolchildren to write with their left hands in the
1930s. In parts o f Europe, left-handed children were
still forced to write w ith their right hands in the 1950s.
Today in m any countries, all children must write with
their right hand even though they prefer using their
left hand.
Some fam ous people were left-handed. Julius
Caesar, N apoleon, M ichelangelo and da Vinci (fam ous
Italian artists), and A lbert Einstein were left-handed
Alexander the G reat (356-323 B.c.) and Queen
Victoria o f E ngland w ere also. So is Prince Charles.
Paul M cC a rtn e y o f the Beatles plays the guitar the
opposite w ay from o ther guitarists because he is left-
handed. M arilyn M onroe, the famous Am erican movie
star, was also left-handed.
Are you left-handed even though you write with
your right hand? T a k e this test to find out. Draw a
circle with one hand and then with the other. If you
draw them c lockw ise (the direction the hands o f a
clock go in) you are probably left-handed. If you draw
them c o unterclockw ise (in the other direction), you are
right-handed. T he test does not always work, and
some people m ay d raw one circle in one direction and
the other circle in the other direction. But don’t worry
if you are left-handed. You are in good company.

permit (v) [’pe:mit] clio phep

opposite (adv) ['opezit ] dot lap, kliong giong
clockwise (adv) [’k b k w a iz ] llieo clueu kun dong lid
counterclockw ise (adv) [’k a u n te 'k b k w a iz ] nguac clueu kun dong ho

144
A MIS HMASH (A HO DG EPO DG E)

A. Vocabulary
divide broader backward stutter
senses responding force prefer
kick tool

I. The main streets o f a city are than the side streets.

Broadway is a common street name.
If a left-handed person is forced to write with his right hand, he may
begin t o ____________ .
3. A car can go forward a n d ____________ .
4. Players c a n n o t_____ the ball in basketball.
5. Would y o u ________ coffee or tea?
6 . A blind person is lacking one o f the
7. Some students are shy a b o u t _______ in class.

B. Vocabulary
divided tools force broad
common counterclockwise clockwise permit

1. A mechanic cannot fix a car w ith o u t____________

2. Tw enty_____________ by four equals five (20 -h4 = 5).
3 . means the way the hands o f a clock go.______ .is the opposite.
4. parents should not _____________ their children to swim in the pool
without an adult there.
5. Spiders a r e _______ everywhere except at the North and South Poles.
6. Governments cannot ___________ people to limit the size o f their family.

C. Vocabulary Review

sticks out male mates nests

once in awhile boring suffer crash
fear tunnel loss terrified

recycle (v) [,ri:'saikl] : phuc hoi

broad (adj) ['brD :d] : i ong hern
except(v) [ik'scpt] : ngoai tn'(

145