01915-767601 wemwgjøvwni ivn&gvwbi ivwng †gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb 40

iv. AlF3 AvqwbK †hŠM n‡jI AlCl3 Gi AYy‡Z mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖej- e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
AlF3 Ges AlCl3 ‡hŠM `ywU n‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, †hŠM `ywUi K¨vUvqb GKB (Al3+) |Avevi
A¨vbvq‡bi PvR© msL¨vI mgvb| myZivs mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ K¨vUvqb ev A¨vbvq‡bi Pv‡R©i Dci wbf©ikxj bq| GUv wbf©i
Ki‡Q A¨vbvq‡bi AvKv‡ii Dci|
dvhv‡bi m~Îvbymv‡i, A¨vbvq‡bi AvKvi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †cvjvivqb ÿgZv e„w× cvq| myZivs A¨vbvq‡bi AvKvi
e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨I e„w× cvq|
Dc‡iv³ †hŠM `ywUi g‡a¨ F- Avq‡bi AvKv‡ii Zzjbvq Cl- Avq‡bi AvKvi eo| myZivs Cl- Avq‡bi †hŠM
A_©vr AlCl3 Gi †cvjvivqb ÿgZv F- Avq‡bi †hŠM A_©vr AlF3 Gi PvB‡Z †ewk| Gfv‡eB ejv hvq †h, AlF3
Gi Zzjvbvq AlCl3 Gi mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ †ewk| G Kvi‡YB AlF3 AvqwbK †hŠM n‡jI AlCl3 mg‡hvRx †hŠM|

 f¨vÛvi Iqvjm eÜb:

mg‡hvRx A‡cvjvi †hŠ‡Mi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡h `ye©j AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y ej Av‡Q,Zv‡K f¨vbWvi Iqvjm AvKl©Y
ej ejv nq|
1813 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx f¨vbWvi Iqvjm me© cÖ_g GB `ye©j AvKl©Y e‡ji Aw¯ÍË¡ wbY©q K‡ib|
`ywU A‡cvjvi AYy hLb Lye wbK‡U Av‡m ZLbB ïay GB ej KvR K‡i| f¨vbWvi Iqvjm ej AYyi AvKv‡ii Dci
wbf©i K‡i|AYyi AvKvi hZ eo n‡e, wbDwK¬qvm n‡Z B‡jKUªb N~Y©‡bi mgq †Kv‡bv cv‡k B‡jKUª‡bi `~iZ¡ e„w× cvq|
d‡j wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvicv‡k B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ Kg ev †ewk nq|d‡j AYy‡Z A¯’vqx WvB‡cv‡ji m„wó nq|GKwU AYy‡Z
WvB‡cvj m„wó nIqvi Kvi‡Y cvk¦©eZx© AYymg~n A¯’vqx WvB‡cv‡j cwiYZ nq|WvB‡cvjmg~n ci¯úi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i|G
Rb¨ AYyi AvKvi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ f¨vbWvi Iqvjm AvKl©Y ejI e„w× cvq|Gi d‡j c`v‡_©i MjbvsK I ù‚UbvsK e„w×
cvq|ZvB chv©q mviwYi MÖæc-17 Gi hZ Dci ‡_‡K wb‡P bvgv hvq,‡gŠ‡ji AYyi AvKvi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ f¨vbWvi
Iqvjm AvKl©Y ejI e„w× cvq |d‡j †d¬vwi‡bi †P‡q †K¬vwib,‡K¬vwi‡bi †P‡q †eªvwgb,‡eªvwg‡bi †P‡q Av‡qvwW‡bi
ù‚UbvsK †ewk nq|
f¨vbWvi Iqvjm AvKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i Pvc e„w× I Zvc AcmviY K‡i Zi‡j cwiYZ Kiv hvq|(G e‡ji
†Kv‡bv w`K wb‡`©kbv ag© bvB)

f¨vÛvi Iqvjm eÜb MV‡bi kZ©t

i. A‡cvjvi mg‡hvRx ‡hŠMmg~‡ni gv‡S G ej weivRgvb|
ii. G AvKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y †hŠMmg~‡ni ‡fŠZ Ae¯’v wbav©wiZ nq| ‡hgb- C1 - C4 M¨vm, C5 - C17 Zij, C18 -KwVb|
iii. AvYweK fi ev cigvYyi msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ f¨vÛvi Iqvjm e‡ji gvÎv e„w× cvq|d‡j Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq|
iv. G ej wbi‡cÿ AYy, wbw®Œq M¨vm cÖf„wZ‡Z `„ó nq|
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 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb:
†cvjvi AYyi AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges GKB AYy wKsev Aci AYyi AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³
cigvYyi g‡a¨ w¯’i ‰e`y¨wZK AvKl©Y RwbZ Kvi‡Y †h `ye©j eÜb MwVZ nq,Zv‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb e‡j|
‡hgb-

wPÎ: H2O AYy‡Z H-eÜb

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MV‡bi kZ©:

1| ‡hŠMwU‡K H hy³ mg‡hvRx Polar AYy n‡Z n‡e|
2| H Gi mv‡_ hy³ cigvYywU‡K AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K n‡Z n‡e|
3| Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYywU AvKv‡i †QvU n‡Z n‡e|
4| Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYywU‡Z AšÍZ GKwU wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo(lp) _vK‡Z n‡e| †KejgvÎ N, O, F cigvYy D³
kZ©mg~n c~iY K‡i weavq, ïay GB cigvYy¸‡jv Kvh©Kix H-eÜb MV‡b mÿg|
nvB‡WªvRb e܇bi ˆewkó¨:
1| mvaviY mg‡hvRx e܇bi †P‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb (hv GK cÖKvi w¯’i Zwor AvKl©Y ej) A‡bK `ye©j| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
e܇bi kw³ 8 - 42 kJ/mol, ‡hLv‡b mg‡hvRx e܇bi kw³ 200 - 450 kJ/mol
2| H cigvYyi m‡½ hy³ cigvYywUi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvb hZ †ewk nq, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi kw³I ZZ †ewk nq|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi kw³ µg H- F > H O > H - N ; KviY F, O I N Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv h_vµ‡g 4.0, 3.5 I
3.0 |
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi cÖKvi‡f`: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb `yB cÖKvi | h_v-
1| AvšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb: GKB ev wfbœ †hŠ‡Mi GKvwaK AYyi g‡a¨ †h nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MwVZ nq, Zv‡K
AvšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb e‡j|
‡hgb-
i. HF AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb: H cigvYy A‡cÿv F cigvYy AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K nIqvq HF AYyi H cigvYy
AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© Ges F cigvYy AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© jvf K‡i| GB AvswkK abvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ H cigvYywU Aci
GKwU HF AYyi AvswkK FYvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ F cigvYyi m‡½ `ye©j I w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y e‡ji gva¨‡g AvšÍ:AvYweK
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi gva¨‡g HF AYyMy‡jv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q e„n`vKvi (HF) n AYy
MVb K‡i|

wPÎ: HF AYy‡Z AvšÍ:AvYweK H eÜb MVb, (HF)n

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ii. H2O AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb: H cigvYy A‡cÿv O cigvYy AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K nIqvq H2O AYyi H cigvYy
AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© Ges O cigvYy AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© jvf K‡i| GB AvswkK abvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ H cigvYywU Aci
GKwU H2O AYyi AvswkK FYvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ O cigvYyi m‡½ `ye©j I w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y e‡ji gva¨‡g
AvšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi gva¨‡g H2O AYyMy‡jv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q e„n`vKvi
(H2O) n AYy MVb K‡i|

wPÎ: H2O AYy‡Z AvšÍ:AvYweK H eÜb MVb, (H2O)n

iii. NH3 AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb: H cigvYy A‡cÿv N cigvYy AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K nIqvq NH3 AYyi H cigvYy
AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© Ges N cigvYy AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© jvf K‡i|GB AvswkK abvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ H cigvYywU Aci
GKwU NH3 AYyi AvswkK FYvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ N cigvYyi m‡½ `ye©j I w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y e‡ji gva¨‡g AvšÍ:AvYweK
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi gva¨‡g NH3 AYyMy‡jv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q e„n`vKvi AYy (NH3) n
MVb K‡i|

wPÎ: NH3AYy‡Z AvšÍ:AvYweK H eÜb MVb, (NH3)n

iv. A¨vj‡Kvnj (R-O-H) AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb: A¨vj‡Kvnj (R-O-H) AYy‡Z H cigvYy A‡cÿv O cigvYy
Zwor FYvZ¥KZv †ewk nIqvq AvswkK abvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯’ H cigvYyi m‡½ Aci GKwU (R-O-H) AYyi AvswkK
FYvZ¥K ZworMÖ¯Í O cigvYyi m‡½ AvšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e A¨vj‡Kvnj AYyMy‡jv
AvšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MV‡bi gva¨‡g e„n`vKv‡i (R-OH)n AYy MVb K‡i|

wPÎ: R-OH AYy‡Z AvšÍ:AvYweK H eÜb MVb, (R-OH)n

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2| AšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb: GKB AYyi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ MwVZ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb‡K AšÍ:AvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
eÜb e‡j| Giƒc H eÜb MwVZ nIqv‡K wP‡jkb (Chelation) ejv nq| KviY Giƒc H e܇Yi d‡j ejq (ring)
MwVZ nq|

A‡_©vbvB‡Uªv‡dbj AYy‡Z -OH I -NO2 MÖæc `ywU †ebwRb ej‡qi mwbœwnZ Kve©‡b (1 I 2 Ae¯’v‡b) _v‡K e‡j
MÖæc `ywUi g‡a¨ MwVZ nq|d‡j AYy¸‡jv GKK AYy¸‡jv GKK AYyiƒ‡c Ae¯’v‡b K‡i weavq ù‚UbvsK Kg nq|

wPÎ: A‡_©vbvB‡Uªv‡dbj AYy‡Z AšÍ:AvYweK H-eÜb wPÎ: c¨vivbvB‡Uªv‡dbj AYy‡Z AvšÍ:AvYweK H-eÜb

Aciw`‡K, -OH I -NO2 MÖæc `ywU ci¯úi ‡_‡K A‡bK `~‡i (1 I 4 Ae¯’v‡b) _vKvq MV‡bi gva¨‡g eûmsL¨K
AYy ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K|ZvB c¨vivbvB‡Uªv‡db‡ji ù‚UbvsK Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk nq|
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nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb m¤úwK©Z KwZcq e¨vL¨v:

H
2.1
N O F
3 3.5 4

P S Cl
2.1 2.5 3

H2O HF NH3
ù‚UbvsK 100 19.5 -33.34

KviY e¨vL¨v:
i.

wPÎ: H2O-‡Z m„ó AvswkK abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K PvR©

H2O GKwU †cvjvi mg‡hvRx ‡hŠM|Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYy O G 2wU mwµq Lp e- i‡q‡Q Ges mv‡_ 2wU H cigvYy
mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× i‡q‡Q|d‡j cÖwZwU O-G `ywU mgZzj¨ AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© Ges `ywU AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR©
Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|G Kvi‡Y cÖwZwU H2O AYy 4wU H eÜb m„wó‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i|
4wU PvR© cvk¦©eZx© H2O AYyi wecixZ Pv‡R©i cÖeYZv †`Lvq|AbyK‚j cwi‡ek bv _vK‡j 4wU H eÜb m„wó n‡Z bv
cvi‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y ej wVKB Kvh©Ki _v‡K|d‡j H2O Gi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvKl©Y ej `viæYfv‡e Kvh©Ki _vKvq, D³ ‡hŠ‡Mi AYymg~‡ni gv‡S D”P MjbvsK Ges D”P ù‚UbvsK
weivR K‡i|g~jZ mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq H2O-‡Z H eÜb cÖwZwbqZ m„wó I fv½‡Z _v‡K|Z‡e eid n‡q †M‡j H
eÜb¸‡jv ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
ii.

wPÎ: HF-‡Z m„ó AvswkK abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K PvR©

HF AYy‡Z GKwUgvÎ H cigvYy i‡q‡Q|Gi ZworFYvZ¥K cigvYy F-G i‡q‡Q 3wU Lp e-| F Gi D³ 3wU Lp e-
Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ 1wU Lp e- mwµq _v‡K,hv H eÜb MV‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L|Aewkó 2wU Lp e- H eÜb MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i
bv| G Kvi‡YB HF Gi AvšÍ:AvYweK H eÜb cvwbi H eÜb A‡cÿv Kg| d‡j G‡Z AvšÍ:KYv AvKl©Y ej Kg _v‡K
Ges Gi MjbvsK I ù‚UbvsK H2O A‡cÿv Kg _v‡K|
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iii.

wPÎ: NH3-‡Z m„ó AvswkK abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K PvR©

NH3 AYy‡Z 3wU H Ges GKwU N i‡q‡Q| NH3 Gi ZworFYvZ¥K cigvYy N-G 1wU Lp e- _vKvq Gi 3wU H
Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ 1wU H AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© jvf K‡i Ges Aewkó 2wU H, H-eÜb m„wó‡Z AKvh©Ki _v‡K|g~jZ G
Kvi‡YB NH3 Gi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍtAvYweK H eÜb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e me‡P‡q `ye©j Ges H2O AYyi †P‡q Gi
MjbvsK Ges ù‚UbvsK Kg nq|
GQvov HF Gi ZworFYvZ¥K cigvYy F Gi †P‡q NH3 Gi ZworFYvZ¥K cigvYy N Gi ZworFYvZ¥KZv Kg Ges
cvigvYweK e¨vmva© †ewk nIqvq NH3 AYy‡Z Polarity Kg _v‡K|d‡j NH3 Gi AYymg~‡ni gv‡S H eÜb HF Gi
AYymg~‡ni gv‡Si H-eÜb A‡cÿv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `ye©j nq|d‡j D³ AYy 2wUi g‡a¨ NH3 Gi MjbvsK I ù‚UbvsK
GZ Kg nq|

1| NH3 Gi ù~UbvsK PH3 (dmwdb) A‡cÿv †ewk, KviY-

N-Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv P A‡cÿv †ewk Ges cigvYywUi AvKvi GKB MÖæ‡ci P cigvYyi AvKvi A‡cÿv †QvU|
GRb¨ NH3 AYyi N cigYyi H eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| H eÜb MV‡bi gva¨‡g AmsL¨ NH3 AYy ms‡hvwRZ Ae¯’vq
_v‡K| d‡j H eÜb †_‡K AYy¸‡jv‡K gy³ Ki‡Z AwaK Zvckw³i cÖ‡qvRb nIqvq NH3 Gi ù~Ubv¼ †ewk nq|
Aciw`‡K, P cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv Kg Ges AvKvi GKB MÖæ‡ci N cigvYyi AvKvi A‡cÿv eo nIqvq PH3 AYyi
P cigvYy H eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ PH3 AYy¸‡jv GKK AYyiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges Gi ù~Ubv¼ NH3
A‡cÿv Kg nq|

wPÎ: NH3AYy‡Z AvšÍ:AvYweK H eÜb MVb, (NH3)n

2| Rjxq `ªe‡Y HF A‡cÿv HCl Zxeª GwmW, KviY-

F Zxeª Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠj Ges Zvi cigvYyi AvKvi Lye †QvU nIqvq HF AYyi F cigvYy H-eÜb MVb K‡i|
d‡j HF AYyMy‡jv H-eÜb Øviv ms‡hvwRZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Giƒc Ae¯’vq Rjxq `ªe‡Y A‡cÿvK…Z kw³kvjx Avqbxq
cÖK…wZi H-eÜb wQbœ K‡i HF AYy †_‡K H+ Avqb mn‡R wew”Qbœ n‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Rjxq `ªe‡Y HF g„`y
A¨vwmWiƒ‡c AvPiY K‡i Ges HF ‡hŠ‡Mi ùzUbv¼I †ewk nq|
Aciw`‡K,GKB MÖæ‡ci Cl cigvYy Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠj n‡jI Zvi AvKvi eo nIqvq HCl AYy H-eÜb MV‡b
AskMÖnY K‡i bv|d‡j HCl AYy n‡Z mn‡R H+ we‡qvwRZ nq Ges Rjxq `ªe‡Y HCl Zxeª A¨vwmWxq cÖK…wZi nq|
‡klK_v- Cl, Br, I cigvYy¸wji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv ag© _vK‡jI Zv‡`i AvKvi eo nIqvq HCl, HBr, HI
‡hŠM¸wj‡Z H- eÜb MwVZ nq bv| GRb¨ Zv‡`i ùzUbv¼I Kg nq| n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vwmW¸‡jvi ùzUbv‡¼i µgwU n‡jv
HF > HCl > HBr > HI |
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3| mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq H2O Zij A_P H2S M¨vmxq,e¨vL¨v-

H2O Zij, c~‡e© Av‡jvP¨|

Aciw`‡K, S cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv Kg Ges AvKvi GKB MÖæ‡ci O cigvYyi AvKvi A‡cÿv eo nIqvq H2S
AYyi S cigvYywU H-eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ H2S AYy¸‡jv GKK Abyiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges M¨vmxq nq|

 wb‡¤œv³ †hŠM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †cvjvwiwU Zzjbv Ki|

cvwb A¨vj‡Kvnj B_vi A¨vwgb

H2O AYy‡Z O cigvYyi `ywU H cigvYy mg‡hvRx e܇b hy³ Av‡Q| O cigvYy Ges H cigvYyi g‡a¨ Zwor
FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ 1.4 |ZvB H2O Gi Dfq H cigvYy‡Z AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© m„wó nq|myZvivs H2O Gi O
cigvYy‡Z AwaK FYvZ¥K †cvjvwiwU m„wó nq|
CH3-OH AYy‡Z GKw`‡Ki C-O eÜbwU‡Z Dfq cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv 1.0 Ges Av‡iKw`‡K
O-H eÜbwU‡Z Dfq cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv 1.4 |myZivs A¨vj‡Kvnj AYyi O cigvYy‡Z H2O AYyi
Zzjbvq Kg cwigv‡Y FYvZ¥K †cvjvwiwU m„wó nq|A_©vr H2O AYyi Zzjbvq A¨vj‡Kvnj AYy Kg †cvjvi nq|
AYy‡Z Dfq w`‡K C-O mg‡hvRx eÜb i‡q‡Q|G‡ÿ‡Î Dfq C-O e܇bi cigvYy `ywUi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨
n‡jv 1.0 |Aciw`‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj AYy‡Z GKw`‡K C-O eÜwUi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ 1.0 n‡jI O-H mg‡hvRx
eÜbwU‡Z Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv 1.4|ZvB A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Zzjbvq B_vi AYy‡Z C-O ‡cvjvwiwUi gvb Kg
n‡e|A_©vr B_vi AYy A¨vj‡Kvnj AYyi Zzjbvq Kg †cvjvi nq|
G‡`i †cvjvwiwUi µg wb¤œiƒc-
H2O CH3-OH CH3-O-CH3
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 A¨vj‡Kvnj I A¨vwgb cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq,wKš‘ B_vi cvwb‡Z Kg `ªeYxq,e¨vL¨v-

A¨vj‡Kvnj AYymg~‡n -OH g~jK _v‡K|ZvB A¨vj‡Kvnj AYy †cvjvi AYy Ges H-eÜb MVb Ki‡Z mÿg |
A¨vj‡Kvnj AYymg~n †cvjvi H2O Gi mv‡_ H-eÜb Ki‡Z cv‡i|ZvB H-e܇bi gva¨‡g cvwb‡Z A¨vj‡Kvnj AYy mg~n
`ªexf~Z nq|

wPÎt A¨vj‡Kvnj I cvwb AYyi gv‡S H-eÜb

A¨vwgb AYy‡Z N-H eÜb eZ©gvb,hv GKwU †cvjvi eÜb|A¨vwgb AYyi N cigvYy‡Z wbtm½ B‡jKUªb hyM‡ji mv‡_
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cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|

 Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq B‡_b(C2H6) M¨vm,wKš‘ B_vbj(C2H5OH) Zij-e¨vL¨v Ki|

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eÜb Ki‡Z mÿg| d‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj ¸”Q AYy m„wó K‡i Zi‡j cwiYZ nq|

wPÎt B_vbj AYyi gv‡S AvšÍtAvYweK H-eÜb

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 †Kjvm MVb e¨vL¨v Ki|

A_ev,eid Mj‡j AvqZb n«vm cvq †Kb-e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m †Kb-e¨vL¨v Ki|
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bv|hvi Kvi‡Y eid Mj‡j AvqZb n«vm cvq|

GKB msL¨K H2O AYy cvwb A‡cÿv ei‡di †Kjv‡m ‡ewk AvqZb `Lj K‡i e‡j cvwbi †P‡q ei‡di NbZ¡ Kg
nq|ZvB eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
 4 ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ m‡ev©”P,e¨vL¨v Ki|
4 ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ k„•Ljhy³ H-e܇bi gvÎv me©vwaK nq|d‡j AYy¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii me‡P‡q
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ci¯úi †_‡K `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K Ges NbZ¡ n«vm cvq|

Muhammad A. Rahim
B.Sc (Hon’s),M.Sc (1st class)
01915-767601