Multiple parties on the either side – indication of the joint obligation

Joint – pro rata – proportionate part of the obligation

Passive solidary is the common form – what is the effect of the demand? – demand on one debtor, is demand of the all
debtors – Article 1216

Effect of insolvency of a solidary debtors – other debtors still liable to the entire amount under article 1217 –

Effect of payment of one solidary debtor – extinguished, subject to his right to be reimbursed by other solidary debtors
1217

Solidary obligations are burdensome, it increases the responsibility and not natural, hence the law presumes the joint
obligation. Conformity to the presumption that the less burdensome must prevail

Three instance when solidary is shown:

Expressly in the contract

When law requires it – article 2194, 1723 NCC, 927, 1911,

When the nature of the obligation requires it, Basis: Article 1207

1. Definitions
2. Terms and indicators
3. Kinds
4. When it is joint, when it is solidary 1207
5. Essential and nature of effects of joint 1207 and 1208
6. Essential nature and effects of solidary 1211
7. Codal provisions Joint 1209 and 1210
8. Codal governing soldiary 1212 and 1215
9. 1213 to 1222

Loss -