*Aesthetics*

Assignment (1)

Aesthetics is one thing like the others which have a lot of definitions describe it.
These definition are depends upon the time, the culture and the surrounded
environment. In this assignment we will discuss the different definitions in
.different times

:Greek Time -1
Aesthetics refers to beauty in an object. The Greek philosophers Plato and
Socrates were the first at aattempting to define beauty. They thought of objects
or nature as being inherently beautiful: beauty is inside an object. In all attempt
to define characteristics of a beautiful thing they focused on simplicity and
symmetry. Beauty is percieved through sight and hearing. Beauty is not
relative, objects cannot be compared with one another. The beauty within an
.object is its pure and ideal beauty

:Islamic Time -2

Islamic aesthetics is not, properly speaking, an art pertaining to religion only.

The term "Islamic" refers not only to the religion, but to any form of art created
in an Islamic culture or in an Islamic context. It would also be a mistake to
assume that all Muslims are in agreement on the use of art in religious
observance, the proper place of art in society, or the relation between secular art
and the demands placed on the secular world to conform to religious precepts.
Islamic art frequently adopts secular elements and elements that are frowned
upon, if not forbidden, by some Islamic theologians.

3- Medieval Time:
Surviving medieval aesthetics is primarily religious in focus and funded largely
by the State, Roman Catholic or Orthodox church, powerful ecclesiastical
individuals, or wealthy secular patrons. These art pieces often served a liturgical
function, whether as chalices or even as church buildings themselves. Objects of
fine art from this period were frequently made from rare and valuable materials,
such as gold and lapis, the cost of which commonly exceeded the wages of the
artist.
Medieval aesthetics in the realm of philosophy built upon Classical thought,
continuing the practice of Plotinus by employing theological terminology in its
explications. St. Bonaventure’s “Retracing the Arts to Theology”, a primary
example of this method, discusses the skills of the artisan as gifts given by God
for the purpose of disclosing God to mankind, which purpose is achieved
through four lights: the light of skill in mechanical arts which discloses the world
of artifacts; which light is guided by the light of sense perception which discloses
the world of natural forms; which light, consequently, is guided by the light of
philosophy which discloses the world of intellectual truth; finally, this light is
guided by the light of divine wisdom which discloses the world of saving truth.

4- Modern Time:
From the late 17th to the early 20th century Western aesthetics underwent a
slow revolution into what is often called modernism. German and British
thinkers emphasized beauty as the key component of art and of the aesthetic
experience, and saw art as necessarily aiming at absolute beauty.

For Alexander Gottlieb Baumgartner aesthetics is the science of the sense

experiences, a younger sister of logic, and beauty is thus the most perfect kind of
knowledge that sense experience can have. For Immanuel Kant the aesthetic
experience of beauty is a judgment of a subjective but similar human truth, since
all people should agree that “this rose is beautiful” if it in fact is. However,
beauty cannot be reduced to any more basic set of features. For Friedrich
Schiller aesthetic appreciation of beauty is the most perfect reconciliation of the
sensual and rational parts of human nature.