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Morales2016 Magnetic Tailing EnvEarthSc
Morales2016 Magnetic Tailing EnvEarthSc
DOI 10.1007/s12665-015-5187-8
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Abstract Magnetic susceptibility is nowadays used in Keywords Mining tailings Magnetic susceptibility
most areas of environmental research as a proxy for heavy Potentially toxic elements Proxy
metal pollution in industrial and urban areas. Although the
relationship between magnetic susceptibility and concen-
tration of toxic elements in different environments has been Introduction
pointed out in several studies, mining wastes (tailings) have
hardly been investigated by magnetic methods. We report Industrial mining in Mexico has been developed since 1550
the relationships between magnetic susceptibility and and consequently there are abundant mining districts
potentially toxic elements monitored at 12 vertical ground associated with several billion tons of waste mining (tail-
profiles of the Tlalpujahua and El Oro mining districts, ings) scattered around the country (Corona et al. 2010).
western Mexico. Specific bulk magnetic susceptibility Nowadays, the study of the distribution and concentra-
(k) measurements, percentage frequency-dependent sus- tion of potentially toxic elements (PTE) contained in the
ceptibility (%XFD) determinations as well as the identifi- mining tailings acquires great relevance since it has been
cation of the magnetic carriers within the samples were recognized that such elements may cause serious environ-
accomplished using standard rock-magnetic techniques on mental and health problems to populations established in
geochemically well characterized sister samples. Magnetite their vicinity (Monroy et al. 2002; Armienta et al. 2003;
and/or Ti-poor titanomagnetite seem to be the main mag- Talavera et al. 2005; Ramos-Arroyo et al. 2004; Canet
netic carriers in the samples. Tight correspondence et al. 2008 and references therein). Moreover, due to social
between k and Fe concentrations, as well as Pb and As with and demographic aspects, among other reasons, tailings of
the iron content were found. This association seems to hold abandoned mining districts in Mexico are now occupied
also for pH variations. and serve as settlements for various inhabitant groups.
These studies are carried out traditionally by means of
geochemical analysis, which are expensive, laborious and
& Juan Morales time-consuming. The need for fast and inexpensive moni-
jjulio1962@yahoo.com.mx; jmorales@geofisica.unam.mx toring tools of heavy metal pollution has led to the search
1
of other methods of determination (Morton-Bermea et al.
Laboratorio Universitario de Geofı́sica Ambiental (LUGA),
Unidad Michoacán del Instituto de Geofı́sica, UNAM
2009). The correlation between magnetic susceptibility and
Campus Morelia, Mich, Mexico heavy metal content has been reported in numerous works
2
Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES), Unidad
(Petrovsky et al. 1998, 2001; Durza 1999; Shu et al. 2001).
Morelia, UNAM Campus Morelia, Mich, Mexico This correlation could be due to the fact that heavy metal
3 elements are incorporated into the lattice structure of the
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra,
UMSNH, Morelia, Mich, Mexico ferrimagnetics during combustion process or are adsorbed
4 onto the surface of ferrimagnetics already present in the
Laboratorio Universitario de Geofı́sica Ambiental (LUGA),
Centro de Investigaciones en Geografı́a Ambiental, UNAM environments (Petrovsky et al. 1998; El Baghdadi et al.
Campus Morelia, Mich, Mexico 2012).
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309 Page 2 of 10 Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309
Study area Samples were taken from tailings belonging to two mining
localities: Tlalpuhajua and El Oro, Michoacán and Estado
Historical background de Mexico states, respectively.
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Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309 Page 3 of 10 309
Fig. 3 Current view of Cedros tailings dam at Tlalpujahua (a) and Tiro México at El Oro (b)
packed into plastic bags and identified sequentially quartering. Finally, they were stored in hermetic
accordingly to the corresponding profile (S) and horizon cylindrical PVC containers.
(H). Particular attention of sampling was taken when
clear evidence of different horizons was evident. Some
isolated samples, when profile excavation was not Methodology
possible, were also taken. In total, 12 profiles were
sampled (Fig. 4); eight from Tlalpujahua and four from Background
El Oro, yielding 57 samples. Samples were dried by
placing them in an oven at a temperature \40 °C for a Based on the results of a geochemical and mineralogical
period of 12 h, and were then homogenized by study on the variations within Au-tailings from
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309 Page 4 of 10 Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309
XRF methodology
Fig. 5 SiO2 vs Fe2O3tot plot from the mining district Tlalpujahua-El Magnetic methodology
Oro
Magnetic susceptibility is directly proportional to the
quantity and grain size of the ferromagnetic or ferrimag-
Tlalpujahua-El Oro mining district, Corona et al. (in netic materials in a sample (Verosub and Roberts 1995).
preparation) noted certain linear variation between some Therefore, among other information, magnetic suscepti-
mayor element (ME) oxides (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fetot) bility measurements provide a straightforward and rapid
when plotted against the corresponding SiO2 and pH val- estimation of the iron content (Fe concentration) in a
ues. Worth of noting for the aim of the present study is the sample. Powdered samples were packed into standard
inverse linear relationship between SiO2 (the oxide nor- 10 cc cubic plastic containers for the magnetic analysis.
mally used in geochemical studies as an evolution param- These specific bulk magnetic susceptibility (k) and per-
eter, depending on the mineral phases that crystallize) and centage frequency-dependent susceptibility (%XFD) mea-
Fetot (Fig. 5). Based on this observation, it seems natural to surements were carried out using a Bartington MS2
follow a symmetrical approach to that employed in geo- susceptibility meter at LUGA facilities. Alternatively, the
chemical analysis but using the Fe concentration (or identification of the magnetic carriers within the samples
alternatively magnetic susceptibility, which is the key was accomplished by means of continuous low-field high-
parameter used as a proxy in magnetic studies) as the basis temperature susceptibility (k–T) curves or saturation-mag-
for an alternatively magnetic methodology for the study of netization curves (thermomagnetic curves) using standard
PTEs, see below. techniques at LUGA.
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Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309 Page 5 of 10 309
Physical–chemical analysis
Results
Fig. 6 Representative
thermomagnetic curves. Both
curves show similar single
ferrimagnetic phases (Ti-poor
titanomagnetite). Curie
temperatures (Tc) of the
ferrimagnetic phases are quite
similar
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309 Page 6 of 10 Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309
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Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309 Page 7 of 10 309
Fig. 10 Trends followed by different trace elements (TE) plotted against SiO2 content (left part) and against the iron content (Fe concentration,
right part). Note the higher R2 value for plots on the right side, compared to the corresponding value for plots on the left part
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309 Page 8 of 10 Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309
Fig. 11 a, b Trends followed by different trace elements (TE) with magnetic susceptibility (k)
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Environ Earth Sci (2016)75:309 Page 9 of 10 309
Fig. 12 Pb vs v plots along a single profile. Samples at the bottom of the profile show low v values that gradually increase, up to higher values at
the top of the profile. The situation for Pb is the opposite; gradually decreasing values from bottom to top of the profile
Fig. 13 Cr and V (atomic weights close to that of Fe) vs Fe concentration plots. Note the direct linear correlations with Fe followed by these
elements
A detailed and quantitative identification of polluted Armienta MA, Talavera O, Morton O, Barrera M (2003) Geochem-
areas should be based on a comprehensive study, focused istry of metals from mine tailings in Taxco, Mexico. Bull
Environ Contam Toxic 71:387–393
on those areas highlighted by the magnetic results as the Canet C, Corona-Chávez P, Lozano-Santa Cruz R (2008) Geologı́a,
most probable contaminated areas. geoquı́mica e impacto ambiental de residuos mineros en México;
e Historia de la minerı́a en México: Sesiones especiales del. XI
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Doris A. Dı́az and Coloquio de Mineralogı́a de la Sociedad Mexicana de Miner-
Julio C. Gómez, undergraduate students who actively participated in alogı́a, 7–9 de mayo, Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra de la
this project. Neftali Razo is acknowledged for the supervision of Universidad Veracruzana, Boletı́n de Mineralogı́a 18, p 98
physical–chemical analysis. Gabriela Solis-Pichardo is greatly Centeno-Garcı́a E, Corona-Chávez P, Talavera-Mendoza O, Iriondo
acknowledged for her careful review of the manuscript for an A (2003) Geology and tectonic evolution of the western
appropriate grammatical style. This study was supported by UNAM- Guerrero terrane—a transect from Puerto Vallarta to Zihu-
PAPIIT project IA102413. atanejo, Mexico. In: Geologic transects across Cordilleran
Mexico, Guidebook for the field trips of the 99th Geological
Society of America Cordilleran Section Annual Meeting, Puerto
Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, April 4–6, 2003: México, D.F.,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de
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