ASSIGNMENT BY: HASSAN ALTAF

ROLL NO :ENG-19-44
TO : PROF:BASHIR AHMAD
MALIK

ASSIGNMENT OF
MORPHOLOGY AND
SYNTAX
DEFINE COMPARE MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHEME WITH
EXAMPLES
 Morphology:
Morphology is the branch of linguistics in which we study structure and formation of words.
Morphology looks at both sides of linguistic signs, i.e. at the form and the meaning,
combining the two perspectives in order to analyze and describe both the component parts of
words and the principles underlying the composition of words.
Morpheme:
 Morpheme is the smallest linguistic part of a word that can have a meaning. In other words,
it is the smallest meaningful part of a word. Morphemes are the minimal units of words that
have a meaning and cannot be subdivided further.
Morphology: Morpheme:

i. Morphology is the study of words i. Morphemes are the minimal units of

ii. Morphemes are the minimal units
of words that have a meaning and
cannot be subdivided further.
iii. It must be attached to another
morpheme to produce a word.
iv. There are two main types: free and
bound.
words that have a meaning and
cannot be subdivided further.
ii. It is a word or a part of a word that
has meaning.
iii. It cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful segments without
changing its meaning or leaving a
meaningless remainder
iv. . It has relatively the same stable
meaning in different verbal
environments

Types of morphemes:
 There are two types of morphemes-free morphemes and bound morphemes.
i. Free morphemes ii. Bound morphemes
Free morphemes:
"Free morphemes" can stand alone with a specific meaning.It means that it can stand on
its own and can independently work.
Free morphemes are divided into two types these are
LEXICAL MORPHEME FUNCTIONAL MORPHEME

Free morphemes that carry the content Free morphemes that serve a more
or meaning of our utterances. Are called grammatical roles, connecting words
lexical morpheme. together within and across sentences are
called functional morpheme
Lexical morpheme include The functional morpheme includes
i) Noun i) Preposition
ii) verb ii) Articles
iii) adjective iii) conjunctions
iv) adverb
etc.
Lexical morpheme is also known as These functional morphemes are known as
 open “OPEN CLASS” because we can “OPEN CLASS” because we cannot add
invent new nouns , adjectives, adverb new functional morphemes
etc.

EXAMPLE:
i. Eat
ii. Date
iii. Weak.
Bound morphemes:
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone with meaning.
EXAMPLE

i. Antedate
ii. Prehistoric
iii. Unhealthy
iv. Disregard
Bound morphemes includes
a) Prefixes
b) Suffixes
c) Infixes
d) Circumfixes
There are two types of bound morphemes. These are
Derivative morpheme Inflectional morpheme
Bound morphemes that help to create new Bound morphemes that serve grammatical
words and also have ability to change the role in language.
parts of speech of lexical category from one
to other are called derivative morpheme.
For example: They are unable to create new words and
they are also unable to change the lexical
i. pre +determine= category of words in a language.
predetermine There are only 8 words that are included in
inflectional morpheme.
We take a affix pre and add it to determine. i. s – is an indicator of a plural form of
Now it gives a complete new dictionary nouns
ii. s’ – marks the possessive form of
meaning. nouns
iii. s – is attached to verbs in the third
ii. Teach +er=teacher person singular
In the given examples in first iv. ed – is an indicator of the past tense
of verbs
one totally new word was v. ing – indicates the present participle
created. In the second one the vi. en – marks past participle
vii. er – is attached to adjectives to show
speech category was changed
 a comparative form
viii. est – is an indicator of the
superlative form of adjectives

All prefixes in English language are

derivational morphemes but not all
derivational morphemes are prefixes.