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1
Learning Module on [Interactive English]
1
VI. Module Outcomes As for the outcome of the module, you will
VII. General Instructions You must allot the necessary time to complete the
lessons each week. If you choose not to complete the
lesson using the schedule provided, you must
understand that it is your full responsibility to complete
them by the last day of completion.
The module is designed to assess student
understanding of the assigned lessons found within
the associated content of the midterm period of the
course. The assessment part of the module is
composed of varied types of questions and activities.
Pay attention to the answer to the assessment
questions as you move through each lesson. After
each module you will be given a summative test. Your
responses to the assessment parts of the module will
be checked and recorded.
Because the assessment questions are available
within the whole completion period and because
you can reference the answers to the questions within
the content modules, we will not release the answers
within modules. However, your professors are happy
to discuss the assessments with you during their
consultation time.
Good luck.
You may not work collaboratively. This is
independent work.
GETTING STARTED
Directions: Twit your thoughts about communication using the KWL chart.
Compose your message in these cell phones.
DISCUSSION
COMMUNICATION: GENESIS AND CONCEPT
Each phase is associated with a specific form of communication. The first phase began
with the verbal communication in which development of language took place. The second
phase was the era of written communication. In the third phase the printing era began with
Gutenberg and his Bible in 1456.
The fourth phase was the age of telecommunications which began with Morse‗s
telegraph and was perpetuated by Marconi‗s wireless. After passing through the four phases, we
are currently in the fifth phase in which there is emphasis on interactive communication systems
The term of Communication comes from the Latin word ―Communis meaning
common. When we communicate with someone, we try to establish a certain degree of
commonness with the communicate e. g., by sharing some information, an idea or an attitude.
Communication, therefore, refers to transmission or exchanging of Information, messages etc.
Information and Communication are two interlinked terms in the sense that without information
communication is not possible.
In ordinary usage, the verb to communicate„ means (1) to exchange thoughts, feelings,
information; (2) to make know; (3) to make common; and (4) to have a sympathetic
relationship. In the noun form, communication refer to (1) the exchange of symbols, common
messages, information; (2) the process of exchange between individuals through a common
system of symbols ; (3) the art of expressing ideas ; and (4) the science of transmitting
information.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Non-vocal Communication
Non-vocal Communication refers to the use of signs, signals and symbols, gestures etc.,
in the communication process. Signals, signs and symbols are the three related components of
non-vocal communication process which are found in all know cultures.
2. Vocal Communication
Vocal Communication refers to any form of communication that uses the human vocal
chords. It can range from shouting to spoken languages.
4. Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication refers to the use of words are often viewed as the primary if not
the only means by which information can be conveyed from one person to another.
Communication by facial expression, by tone of voice, by touch etc., comes under the category
of non-verbal communication.
5. Intrapersonal
Communication within one person, it could be talking to you, reading something etc. In
this type of communication, the source and the recipient of information are limited to one
person.
6. Interpersonal
Communication between two or more persons.
Learning Module on [Interactive English]
Interpersonal communication could be face to face or it could be at a distance with
the help of telephone, letters etc.
7. Group Communication
It could be categorized into small group consisting of two or more persons, usually not
more than 25, or large group where there is communication by one or several persons to an
audience of 25 or more persons.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Source - is the point at which the message originates. It is, therefore, also referred to as
sender or initiator of information.
Message - may be in the form of written or printed text, sound or light waves in the air,
impulses in the electric current, or in the form of any other signal which is capable of being
interpreted meaningfully.
Sender - may be individual or group of individuals or any organization, who desires to share
information for a predetermined purpose or for an expected action or response.
Encoding - to transform the idea into words, symbols, pictures, diagrams, gestures i.e., it is a
method to provide a concrete shape to the message.
Message - the physical form of the thought which can be experienced and understood by one
or more senses of the receiver.
Channel/Media - a vehicle in the transmission of a message.
APPLICATION
Visit https://www.stevenson.edu/online/about-us/news/importance- effective-
communication and read the article titled: The Importance of Effective Communication by
Yemi Faleti. Afterwards, compose a 500-word Article Review. Substantiate your review using
scholarly references. Your article review shall entail
the following parts: Summary, Critique, Conclusion, and References (must be in APA format).
Submit your output to this link (https://forms.gle/tU9FBBHVZgAZN3sx9)
Directions: Read the given paragraphs. Then, complete the paragraphs by filling in each blank
with the missing word(s).
The term ‗communication‘ comes from the Latin word (7.) meaning common.
When we communicate with someone, we try to
establish a certain degree of (8.) e. g., by sharing some (9.) , an idea or an attitude.
Communication, therefore, refers to (10.) or exchanging of Information, messages etc.
Exercise 2
Directions: Read each item and write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided before
each number.
Exercise 3
Directions: Read each item and provide the word(s) being asked for.
Directions: Read each item and write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided before each
number.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Directions: On the blanks before the situation described, put a check mark if
urgent communication is needed; put an x if it is not.
1. You see your name in the list of applicants who passes a scholarship exam given by a
prestigious non-government organization.
2. It‘s 11 o‘clock p.m. and you find it impossible to go home because of a raging
typhoon and waist-deep flood. There are np vehicles available; many of your classmates
have decided to pass the night in your school.
4. A school, five houses away from your house is on fire. It‘s a Sunday;
there
are no classes then.
5. You are the leader of a weekend mountain-climbing team. Halfway to the
mountaintop, two of your companions meet with an accident that needs professional medical
attention.
6. You are a ―kagawad‖ in your Barangay. You receive a copy of the
Solid
Waste Management Law, together with a letter from your Barangay Captain asking you to help in
its implementation. This involves the youth whom you represent; so you want them to know what
role is expected of them.
7. Your Parish Council calls on all basketball teams in your
community to participate in a basketball tournament to be held as a part of the Paris fiesta
celebration. You want your team to participate. You have barely three weeks to prepare.
8. You are supposed to be present in a baptismal ceremony as one of the sponsors. The
ceremony starts at 11:30 but at 11:15 you are caught at an unusually heavy traffic where you are
stalled. You will surely be late for the ceremony, but you will try to catch up anyway.
DISCUSSION
In order to explain the social process of communication, scholars have
communication and can help us to understand that structure not just verbally, but
communication and serve as a kind of map to show how different parts of the
Shannon's (1948) model of the communication process is, in important ways, the
beginning of the modern field. It provided, for the first time, a general model of the
communication process that could be treated as the common ground of such diverse disciplines
as journalism, rhetoric, linguistics, and speech and hearing sciences.
Shannon's model breaks the process of communication down into eight discrete
components:
1. An information source. Presumably, a person who creates a message.
2. The message, which is both sent by the information source and received by the destination.
4. The signal, which flows through a channel. There may be multiple parallel signals, as is the
case in face-to-face interaction where sound and gesture involve different signal systems that
depend on different channels and modes of transmission. There may be multiple serial signals,
with sound and/or gesture turned into electronic signals, radio waves, or words and pictures in a
book.
5. A carrier or channel, which is represented by the small unlabeled box in the middle of the
model. The most commonly used channels include air, light, electricity, radio waves, paper,
and postal systems. Note that there may be multiple channels associated with the multiple
layers of transmission, as described above.
Learning Module on [Interactive English]
6. Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or confuse the signal carried.
Lasswell’s Model
Lasswell, a U. S. Political Scientist developed this model in 1948. This model is very
useful to split the communication process into different components. The value of this model
lines in its use as a structuring device and in situations in which the sender has a clear interest
to influence the receiver.
Lasswell‘s model can be interpreted in the context of Libraries in the following manner:
Who? Authors, Publishers, Research bodies, Translators, Professional bodies, etc.
What? Symbolic contents of knowledge, use of language notations, symbols etc.
Which channel ? Books, Journals, Mass, Reports, Conference proceedings,
Audio Visual materials, Computer media etc.
Whom? Library users or members of society
What effect? Knowledge addition to individuals of society or users of library
An ‗E‘ is an event happens in the real life and the event content or message is perceived by ‗M‘
(Man or a Machine). After Perceives the message from ―E‖ by ―M‖ is known as ―E1‖. E1
is not same as like ‗E‘. Because any man or machine can‘t perceives the whole event
and they perceives only the part of the event (E1). This is known as ―Perceptual
Dimension‖.
M (man or machine) cannot perceive the entire content of the event ―E‖. So M
selects the interesting or needed content from the entire event and filtering the others.
The context occurs in the event and
Availability is based on ‗M‘s attitude, mood, culture and personality. (For e.g. How a
journalist perceives the messages from the event and also can‘t
E2 is the event content which is drawn or artified by M. Here M becomes the source of a
message about E to send someone else. M creates a statement or signals about the message and
Gerbner termed its Form and content as ―SE2‖. S (Signal or Form) it takes and E2 (Man‘s
content). Here Content (E2) is structured or formed (S) by ‗M‘ and it can communicate in a
different ways or based on the structured ways.
M has to use channels (or media) over to send the message which he has a greater or
lesser degree of control. The question of ‗control‘
relates to M‘s degree of skill in using communication channels. If using a verbal channel,
how good is he using words? If using the Internet, how good is he at using new technology
and words?
This process can be extended to infinitum by adding on other receivers (M2, M3etc.)
who have further perceptions (SE3, SE4 etc.) of the statements about perceived events.
Example:
In case of news reporting, E can be any event that has happened and the reporter (M)
selects a particular part of event (E1) that may be provide his channel higher TRP ratings or the
news may boost the particular party which his channel supports. This SE2 is sent through a
medium to the mass audience. Then the audience distributed the message (SE2) and he (M1)
sends to his friends with his interpretation and the process continues.
Aristotle Model
The speaker must organize and prepare his/her speech beforehand, according to the
target audience and situation (occasion). Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on
audience interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.
For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians
(audience) at the time of election (occasion). The civilians only vote if they are influenced by
the things the politician says in his speech so the content must be very impressive to influence
the mass and the speaker must design the message very carefully.
The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have a very good non verbal
communication with the audience like eye contact. This example is a classic case of
Aristotle Model of Communication depicting all the elements in the model.
Prepositional Verb
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message.
The communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication
process. Communication skills include the skills to speak, present, read, write,
listen, etc.
Attitude
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The
person‘s attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning
and effect of the message.
Knowledge
Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively.
Social Systems
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender‘s
way of communicating the message. It creates difference in the generation of message.
Culture
Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one
Learning Module on [Interactive English]
culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted in
another culture.
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver in the form
of voice, audio, text, video or other media.
Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end
is the content.
Elements are the non verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs,
language, etc.
Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also affects
the feedback of the
receiver. The structure of the message or the way it has been
structured or arranged, affectsthe effectiveness
of the message.
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language,
text, video, etc.
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other
forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone,
internet, etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for
the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process.
The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not
similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill.
Drawing is accurately
labeled.
Drawing has a title that helps
explain the content.
who said it, what was said, in what channel it was said, to whom it was said, and
with what effect it was said.
ASSESSMENT
Directions: A. Provide what is being asked for in each of the items. Write the correct answer
on the line provided.
sheet if necessary.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Directions: Give one situational example for each of the communication models. Write
down your answers on a separate sheet.
GETTING STARTED
Directions: Place a ticking clock in a very quiet room; listen intently for two minutes
without wavering for a second. Gradually increase the duration to ten minutes. Do the same
exercise but this time stay in a room where there is considerable noise. Can you observe a
particular pattern or sequence of sounds. Write down your thoughts below.
Definition of Listening
Just like the other macro-communication skills (speaking, listening, reading, writing),
listening can be required, learned, and practiced. When we listen effectively, we really pay
attention and think about what we hear, what we understand, and what we remember.
We are successful in listening when we are able to comprehend what speakers mean
when they use certain words in certain ways on certain occasions. According to experts,
listening entails comprehending a ―speaker‘s accent or pronunciation, his grammar and his
vocabulary, and grasping his meaning.‖
There are specific listening skills called ―enabling skills‖ that one needs to
develop. Yagang cited Willis‘ list of these micro-skills:
MODEL
auditory fatigue.
loudness of intensities.
Identifying & Recognizing ─ this is the net stage in the listening process. At this point, ―patterns
and relationship‖ are identified and recognized. The quality of
auditory analysis, mental reorganization, and association may affect this stage Auditory analysis ─
heard with the ones that are known to him/her in terms of their likeness and
Types of Listening
The varied reasons that are mentioned above would bring us to several types of listening
which can be determined by how one pays attention to what was said.
1. Active or attentive listening – this happens when a listener hears the sound, tries to
understand it, remembers it, and most importantly acts on it intelligently. Active listening is
called for when one has to listen to directions, instructions, informative talk such as lectures or
oral reports.
2. Passive listening – This is the same as hearing or just the process of receiving the sounds
though the sound waves. In this type of listening, a listener simply hears the sounds but it does
not do something about it. After he receives it, he/she wanders around the sound and does not
pay attention to it.
3. Critical or analytical listening – When one has to decide whether to accept or reject
what one has told. . This type of listening is very evident when viewing advertisements,
listening to persuasive or political speeches and debates, and in doing problem solving
situations.
4. Appreciative listening – The listener in this type of listening is simply deriving
entertainment or pleasure from what he/she hears. The enjoyment may be derived from the
tune, tempo or rhythm of the song he/she hears, or from the humor of the joke cracks by
someone.
Barriers to Effective Listening
There are many hindrances to effective listening. According to Bulan and De Leon
(2003), these distortions are present in transmitting messages because “listeners are
influenced by their habits, attitudes and expectations which they bring to that listening event.”
Hence, they suggest that listener should pay attention to these hindrances and
The following summarizes these obstacles identified by Bulan and De Leon along
with their suggestions on how to overcome them.
2. The listening process has three stages such as hearing, identifying and recognizing,
and auding.
3. There are four types of listening namely: active or attentive listening, passive listening,
critical or analytical listening, and appreciative listening
4. Listeners are influenced by their habits, attitudes and expectations which they bring to
that listening event.
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read and analyze each of the items. Then, write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before each number.
1. Which of the following kinds of communication do students spend most time engaged
in…?
a. listening b. speaking c. reading. d. writing
2. Which of the following behaviors are part of active listening?
a. maintain eye contact c. asking for clarification
b. nodding and making eye contact d. all of the above.
3. A friend tells you, ―I‘m afraid my boyfriend is seeing his old girlfriend behind
a. Giving feedback c. Decoding the message b. Activating the stimulus d. Ending the
conversation
6. Maria has a habit of ignoring the messages of her classmates. Which of the
following elements is usually missing from interactions with Maria?
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Directions: A. Match the word in Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the
correct answer on the space given before each number.
Column A Column B
7. use
Directions: B. Identify the word(s) being asked in each item. Write the correct answer
on the space given before each number.
8. This is evident when two competing sounds are present, for instance, the
message that you intended to receive and
Learning Module on [Interactive English]
the background noise fall within the same frequency.
REFERENCES
Diaz, R. (2005). Speech and Oral Communication for College Students.
http://www.slideshare.net/TwoistingTomatoFries/models-of-
listening-49274876
Communication.
https://www.communicationtheory.org/gerbners-
generalmodel/
https://medium.com/@pragyamishra_84005/aristotles-model-of-
communication-
254aa568fb0a#:~:text=Aristotle%20Model%20is%20mainly%20focused,%2C%20Occasi
on%2C
%20Audience%20and%20Effect.&text=Even%20if%20the%20model%20is,is%20no%20 concept
%20of%20feedbacks
LESSON OBJECTIVE
Thinking Studying
Analyzing Talking and writing to yourself (as
Meditating when you write in a diary or
journal)
Reflecting
6. INCUBATION
-Incubation is the process of allowing ideas ―to jell‖ in the mind. You do this to ensure
that your ideas will be received favorably when you finally articulate them. You spend time
letting ideas form and grow in your mind.
7. SYMBOL ENCODING
- Encoding is the last symbolic process of you thought symbols into word and meaningful
gestures. While decoding is also giving meaning through the use of words, it is based only on the
stimuli as received, discriminated and regrouped.
7. TRANSMISSION
-Transmission is referred to as the process of sending coded messages along a
selected medium.
EXTERNAL SELF-FEEDBACK
-is the part of the message which you received through airwaves.
INTERNAL SELF-FEEDBACK
-is felt through bone conduction and muscular movement.
LIFE ORIENTATION
-refers to the SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, EMOTIONAL, &
CULTURAL experiences you have accumulated in your life. Wiseman and Barker believed that this is
what makes you the UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL that you are now.
APPLICATION
Give a scenario or a personal experience where you can apply the Wiseman &
Barker‘s Intrapersonal Communication Model. Explain how intrapersonal
communication is present on your given scenario.
D. Write a monologue or an intrapersonal speech about how pandemic affects your life as a
student. How do you keep yourself motivated?
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Internalize how intrapersonal communication helps you as a student.
Enumerate the good points of internal vocalization and how it affects you. Write your
answer on the space provided.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. (2020) Intrapersonal Communication. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlear
ning.com /atdcoursereview-speechcomm-
unication%20is%20communication%20with,some%20internal%20or%20externa
l%20stimulus.&text=Intrapersonal%20communication%20also%20helps%20buil
d%20and%20maintain%20our%20self%2Dconcept
Jandt, F. (1973). Biofeedback as Intrapersonal Communication. Retrieved from
https://files.eric.ed. gov/fulltext/ED079789.pdf
Anonymous. (2018). Communication for Business Professionals. Retrieved from
https://ecampus ontario.pressbooks.pub/commbusprofcdn/chapter/what-is-intrapersonal-
communication/
LESSON OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Discuss self-concept and how it develops
2. Explain the Johari Window
3. Assess your self-concept
4. Suggest ways of increasing self-esteem.
GETTING STARTED
Self-concept Sentence Stem
Complete the following sentences based on your own thoughts and experiences. Completing this
exercise can help you explore your thoughts and feelings.
1. I have always wanted to
Unknown to
Self BLIND SELF UNKNOWN
SELF
OPEN SELF presents all the information, behaviors, attitudes, feelings, desires,
motivations, ideas, and so on that YOU KNOW about yourself and that others also
know about you.
BLIND SELF represents information about yourself that others know but you do not.
This also makes communication difficult.
HIDDEN SELF contains information about yourself which you hide from others.
These are your successfully kept secrets about yourself and even about others you
know.
UNKNOWN SELF represents those parts of yourself which you do not know and which others
also do not know.
Growing in Self-Awareness
1. Have a dialogue with yourself.
2. Listen for feedback.
3. Open up.
4. Reduce your blind self.
5. Know your different selves.
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is the way you feel about yourself. How much do you like yourself? How
valuable a person does you think you are? How competent do you think you are?
Growing in Self-Esteem
1. Engage in self-affirmation.
2. Seek out nurturing people.
3. Work on projects that will result in success.
4. You do not have to be loved by everyone.
APPLICATION
Using the Johari Adjectives written below, list down ten adjectives that best describe
yourself. After that, ask a family member or a household member to choose ten
adjectives that will also describe you based on their own observation. Compare the two
lists and follow the instructions below before putting the words in the Johari
Windowpanes.
If the adjective appears on both lists, place it in the Open Self Window.
If the adjective appears on your list but not on your family member‘s list,
place it in the Hidden Self Window.
JOHARI
ADJECTIVES
OPEN HIDDEN
SELF
SELF
BLIND UNKNOWN
SELF SELF
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Reflect on your strengths on the different key areas.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. (2018). Communication for Business Professionals. Retrieved from
https://ecampus ontario.pressbooks.pub/commbusprofcdn/chapter/self-concept/
Sampthirao. (2016). Self-Concept and Interpersonal Communication. Retrieved from
http://oaji.net/articles/2016/1170-1463651532.pdf
Anonymous. (2019). Communication Theory.
https://www.communicationtheory.org/the-johari-window-model/
Bright Hub PM. (2011). An Overview of the Johari Window Model and How It
https://www.brighthubpm.com/resource-management/106332-johari-window-
model-how-it-can-help-project-teams/
LESSON: ETHOS
LESSON OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Explain the meaning of ethos
2. Describe the different characteristics of ethos
3. Discuss the dynamics of ethos
GETTING STARTED
View a video from Youtube titled ―Kitkat Commercial-Ethos‖ by Pratik Patel
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj19l4Irdfw). After watching the video answer the
questions that follow.
1. Did the speaker convince you to like the product that he featured in the video? Why
or Why not?
2. Will you use the same way to convince your listeners and viewers? Explain your
answer.
DISCUSSION
Nature of Ethos
According to Aristotle, the Ethos or character of the speaker is his/her most
potent tool of persuasion.
It is an accepted fact that listeners do not just listen to the speaker‘s speech;
they cannot help ―listening‖ to the personality as well and judging the
speaker according to their impressions.
An extrovert person who readily engages in communication situations. Such a person is out-going,
talkative, and dynamic. Moreover, this type of personality is believed to be more acceptable and credible
to listeners than one who is timid, less animated, and less talkative.
Other Dimensions of Ethos
Consistency Dynamism
Honesty
Personal Attractiveness
Sincerity
Learning Module on [Interactive English]
Dynamics of Ethos
INITIAL CREDIBILITY
-It happens before the communication process occurs. It talks about how the listener
perceived the speaker based on his experience, educational attainment, and even the mere
name alone.
TRANSACTIONAL CREDIBILITY
-It happens during the communication process occurs. Also, it is the
assessment and modification of initial assessment.
TERMINAL CREDIBILITY
-Is the receiver‘s perception of a source to the completion of a
communication event.
APPLICATION
Make an infomercial video about promoting the use of technology in
st
surviving the 21 century standard of education amidst the presence of the Covid19.
Video length should be 2 to 3 minutes. Use English language in persuading your viewers.
Apply your understanding about ethos in making your video. Be as creative as you can
be. Submit your output to this link (https://forms.gle/NkHiWXiGa4KXEnmT6).
1 2 3 4 5
Organizatio n Audience Audience Student Student
cannot presents Student
has presents
understand information presents
difficulty information
presentatio but the informatio
n because following sequence is n in logical in logical,
presentatio interesting
there is no not logical, sequence
n because sequence
sequence making it which
of student hard for audience which
jumps audience
information audience to can follow.
around. can follow.
. understand.
seconds by 20
and more seconds
ASSESSMENT
Identify the term being describe in the statements below.
1. Fidgeting, shaking of hands and knees,
shuffling the speech notes, and other distracting behavior or mannerisms are other
aspects of what dimension of ethos.
2. A dynamic of ethos that talks about how
the listener perceived the speaker based on his experience, educational attainment,
and even the mere name alone.
3. A type of personality that is believed to
be more acceptable and credible to listeners than one who is timid, less animated,
and less talkative.
4. Rather abstract and cannot be
quantified categorically.
5. Focus on the receiver‘s perception of a source
to the completion of a communication event.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Below are some characteristics of a good speaker. Use the table below for your self-rating.
Justify your answer. Use the space to indicate your answer.
your delivery is
ineffective.
Authenticity
Practice the speech
before making it only
to familiarize yourself
with the information
and key points as
well as the
progression.
Passion
The only way you are
going to move an
audience with a
speech is if you are
passionate enough.
You cannot fake
passion as this will be
obvious to the
audience.
Voice Modulation
This will help you
avoid a flat
monotonous
delivery. Find the
proper cadence
and observe the
pauses and
stresses with the
28
relevant
message.
REFERENCES
Vinuya, RV. (2007). Speech Communicatin. Makati city/Philippines:
Grandwater Publications.
Nach, E . (2016). Top Characteristics of Effective Public Speakers. Retrieved from
https://drna chonline.com/top-characteristics-effective-public-speakers/
RCampus. (2020). iRubric: TV Commercial/Infomercial rubric. Retrieved from
https://ww w.r
campus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=AA5749&sp=yes&
Interactive English
PROFESSOR
Name: Gad L. Dela Cruz
Academic Department: Department of Arts, Sciences, and Teacher Education
Consultation Schedule: 8AM – 12 NN/ 1PM- 3PM Monday to Friday
Email Address: dagzurcaled@gmail.com
Contact Number: (0912) 721 4678
2. To be able to expound the underlying concepts of Verbal Communication and its use and benefits in
everyday living activities
Getting Started:
Maybe you have heard the saying: “Action speaks louder than words”. You can say that this is true, but do
you know that oral language, also has important role to play in human interaction? Do you know that you can
improve your communication skills by learning the nature and characteristics of verbal communication? Thus, it
could make your daily interaction with people effective, happier, and fulfilling.
Discussion:
What is Language?
A language is a structured system of communication. In a broader sense, it is the method of communication
that involves the use of – particularly human – languages. The scientific study of language is called linguistics
(en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Language).
Another definition of language says: It is the system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts
and feelings to each other or any one of the systems of human language that are used and understood by a
particular group of people (www.merriam-webster.com › dictionary › language).
Language is considered as a system primarily because it is made of linguistic units that are interdependent
of each other. Since they are smaller units working within a whole system, by default, language becomes a
system of systems. Example, Phonology or Rules for how the language sounds, or should sound
(www.enotes.com › homework-help › write-note-language).
Ways to Pronounce the Words Correctly:
1. Study the sounds of words, which, are not produced the way they are spelled.
2. Practice, to the point of mastery, producing the sounds of English which are considered essential to
Filipino learners and speakers of English.
3. Try mastering the English suprasegmentals of stress, intonation, juncture, and rhythm. English words
are not always pronounced the way they are spelled.
Try the following examples:
You say brocade, arcade, lemonade, (ade as /ed/) but you say bad, façade, comrade (ade as /ad/)
You say comb, but tomb and bomb; letter the b is silent in all three words
calm, palm, balm and Psalm – all have silent /l/
debut has silent /t/
debris has silent /s/
The letter c in some words is pronounced as s; but read as k in others c as s cent,
center, circle, centavo, centennial, centrifugal, façade c as k critic, crater, contract,
contents, conduct, character
The sample selection clearly illustrates the theory that English words are not always pronounced the way
they are spelled. (Get a pronouncing dictionary to guide you).
What is the best definition of language?
Communication by voice in the distinctively human manner, using arbitrary sounds in conventional ways
with conventional meanings is called Speech.
On the other hand, the system of linguistic signs or symbols considered in the abstract are the means of
communication used by animals: the language of birds.
Language as a Meaning System
Language is considered as a system primarily because it is made of linguistic units that are interdependent
of each other. Since they are smaller units working within a whole system, by default, language becomes a
system of systems. This is Phonology or rules for how the language sounds, or should sound.
( eNoteswww.enotes.com ›
other examples of people reclaiming identity labels is the ―OPM‖ ,short for ―Original Pilipino Music‖
movement of the 1980s.
Language Affects Our Credibility
People make assumptions about your credibility based on how you speak and what you say. Even though
we have learned that meaning is in people rather than words and that the rules that govern verbal
communication, like rules of grammar, are arbitrary, these norms still mean something.
3. Language Is a Means of Control
Control is a word that has negative connotations, but our use of it here can be positive, neutral, or negative.
Verbal communication can be used to reward and punish. We can offer verbal communication in the form of
positive reinforcement to praise someone. We can withhold verbal communication or use it in a critical,
aggressive, or hurtful way as a form of negative reinforcement.
Rather than verbal communication being directed at one person as a means of control, the way we talk
creates overall climates of communication that may control many.
Language Is Performative
Some language is actually more like an action than a packet of information. Saying, ―I promise,‖
―I guarantee,‖ or ―I pledge,‖ does more than convey meaning; it communicates intent. Such
utterances are called commissives, as they mean a speaker is committed to a certain course of action (Crystal,
2005). In that sense, language is much more than ―mere words.‖
4. Language Is Fun
Word games have long been popular. Before Words with Friends there was Apples to Apples, Boggle,
Scrabble, and crossword puzzles. Writers, poets, and comedians have built careers on their ability to have fun
with language and in turn share that fun with others.
Humor functions to liven up conversations, break the ice, and increase group cohesion. We also use humor
to test our compatibility with others when a deep conversation about certain topics like politics or religion
would be awkward
5. Language Is Dynamic
Language is essentially limitless. We may create a one-of-a-kind sentence combining words in new ways
and never know it. Aside from the endless structural possibilities, words change meaning, and new words are
created daily. In this section, we will learn more about the dynamic nature of language by focusing on
neologisms and slang.
Neologisms
Neologisms are newly coined or used words. Newly coined words are those that were just brought into
linguistic existence. Newly used words make their way into languages in several ways, including borrowing and
changing structure. Taking is actually a more fitting descriptor than borrowing, since we take words but do not
really give them back(Crystal, 2005).We have borrowed many words, like ―karaoke” from Japanese,‖
siempre” from Spanish and‖ pancit” from Chinese.
Structural changes also lead to new words. Compound words are neologisms that are created by joining
two already known words. Keyboard, newspaper, and gift card are all compound words that were formed when
new things were created or conceived. Words like breakfast and lunch blend letters and meaning to form a
new word—brunch.
Existing words also change in their use and meaning. The digital age has given rise to some interesting changes
in word usage. Before Facebook, the word ―friend‖ had many meanings,
Slang
Slang is a great example of the dynamic nature of language. Slang refers to new or adapted words that are
specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; and representative of people‘s
creative play with language. (Allan & Burridge, 2006). Inversion is a form of word play that produces slang
words like sick, wicked, and bad that refer to the opposite of their typical meaning. Reduction creates slang
words such as
pic, sec, and later from picture, second, and see you later. Other examples of slang include “gonna” from the
word ― going to‖, “wanna” from ― want to‖, ―kinda” from ―kind of‖.
Textese
Textese, also called text-messaging and txt talk, among other things, has been called a ―new dialect‖ of
English that mixes letters and numbers, abbreviates words, and drops vowels and punctuation to
create concise words and statements. Although this ―dialect‖
has primarily been relegated to the screens of smartphones and other text-capable devices, it has slowly been
creeping into our spoken language (Huang, 2011).
What effects, if any, do you think textese has had on your non-text-message communication?
Overall, do you think textese and other forms of computer-mediated communication have affected our
communication? Try to identify one potential positive and negative influence that textese has had on our verbal
communication.
Some examples of txt talk are: “ howdy” from the question‖ how do you do?, wer r u? from the
question‖ where are you?‖, “ hbd 2u!‖ from ― happy birthday to you!‖
Language Is Relational
We use verbal communication to initiate, maintain, and terminate our interpersonal relationships. The first
few exchanges with a potential romantic partner or friend help us size the other person up and figure out if we
want to pursue a relationship or not. We then use verbal communication to remind others how we feel about
them and to check in with them—engaging in relationship maintenance through language use. When negative
feelings arrive and persist, or for many other reasons, we often use verbal communication to end a relationship.
Language Can Bring Us Together
Interpersonally, verbal communication is key to bringing people together and maintaining relationships.
Whether intentionally or unintentionally, our use of words like I, you, we, our, and us affect our relationships.
―We language‖ includes the pronouns we, our, and us can be used to promote a feeling of inclusiveness.
Language and its purpose
Language plays a very important role in human lives. It is a social phenomenon. One of the main goals of
language is to communicate with people and to understand them. A person also uses his language to many
different purposes for example, to express his feelings, to ask for help and to apologize. (www.ukessays.com ›
essays › english-language › five-fun).
Language has certain uses that primarily include communication, the expression of identity, play,
imaginative expression, and emotional release. Examples of language purposes are the following:
(www.britannica.com>topic>language)
Another way to describe language is in terms of the four basic language skills:
Speaking
Listening
Reading
Writing
What is Verbal Communication?
Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through the
spoken words. It is the use of language to transfer information through written text or speeches
(www.indeed.com › Career Guide ›
Verbal communication brings people together and helps maintain satisfying relationships. It is also the use
of sounds and words to express yourself, especially in contrast to using gestures or mannerisms (non-verbal
communication). An example of verbal communication is saying ―No‖ when someone asks you to do
something you do not want to do. (www.yourdictionary.com › verbal-communication)
The Four Devices of Symbolism Basic to Persuasive Speech
1. Acceptance Device – symbolic words such as home, honor, love, freedom, greener pastures, etc.
2. Rejection Device – words which are unfavorably symbolic such as a ―grinning hand shaker‖ for a
friendly individual, ―the noisy group‖ for the political opposition, a ― clanging cymbal‖ for a talkative
yet nonsense person, etc..
3. Testimonial Device – exploits the popularity of famous persons , example, ―Solomonic advice‖
for a wise and acceptable decision, ―Chicken Joy –like‖ for a tasty fried chicken, etc.
4. The Bandwagon Device – used to influence people to action such as ―bashers‖ for social media
―netizens‖, ―the Yellow team‖ , ―the millennials youth‖, etc.
The Verbal Symbols in Language
Language, specifically the English language has classified sounds that convey meaning (Vinuya,2009).
These are the verbal symbols -Segmental sounds and the Suprasegmental sounds.
Under the segmental sounds, there are three, namely: consonants, vowels and dipthongs. The
suprasegmental sounds, on the other hand, have four. These are stress, intonation, juncture, and rhythm.
The sounds in the English language are represented by alphabet which could be phonetic in nature. These
could be words or group of words, sentences, paragraphs, and long compositions like essays. When spoken by
people, these verbal symbols possess added meanings in the form of stress, intonation, juncture, and rhythm.
The English language has 24 consonant sounds, 11 vowels sounds and 7 dipthongs.
Given the fact that we could not personally supervise and guide your oral execution of these sounds at
this time due to our current pandemic situation where we use distant learning system and insufficient or non-
access to Zoom or other apps, we will reserve the inclusion of the phonetic tables and symbols for the
meantime.
Furthermore, one of the problems in the use of language is the failure of a person to express his ideas
clearly because of lack of proficiency in the language codes he uses. This problem causes the listener to
misinterpret the messages. To minimize or avoid this situation, this lesson on verbal symbols will try to equip
you with skills needed to communicate effectively in public.
Application:
People use oral communication to empathize, cooperate, rebuke, request, inform, persuade, caress, and
attack. Speech, especially symbolic speech, is one of our most uniquely human attributes.
(www.theclassroom.com › effective-uses-verbal-communication)
In our day to day activities, we need to communicate using our skills. This lesson provides us the basic
knowledge in verbal communication.
Summary of the Lesson:
Verbal communication is a spoken or oral language. Language is a system of symbols and rules that is used
for meaningful communication. A system of communication has to meet certain criteria in order to be
considered a language: A language uses symbols, which are sounds, gestures, or written characters that
represent objects, actions, events, and ideas.
Language helps us express observations (reports on sensory information), thoughts (conclusions and
judgments based on observations or ideas), feelings, and needs.
Language is powerful in that it expresses our identities through labels used by and on us, affects our
credibility based on how we support our ideas, serves as a means of control, and performs actions when spoken
by certain people in certain contexts.
The productivity and limitlessness of language creates the possibility for countless word games and
humorous uses of language.
Language is dynamic, meaning it is always changing through the addition of neologisms, new words, or
old words with new meaning, and the creation of slang.
Language is relational and can be used to bring people together through a shared reality but can separate
people through unsupportive and divisive messages.
Assessment:
I. Essay. Instruction: Answer and explain what are being asked for in the question
Consider the Rubric Assessment in determining scores.
5 points if the explanations are accurate and there is correct usage of words in the sentences.
3 points if the explanations are accurate but there are two incorrect words in the sentences
1 point if there is an effort to explain but it is inaccurate
0 point if there is no answer
1. What is language? Give its best definition and discuss why it is a meaning system.
_________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is verbal communication? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
II.Enumeration
1. Give the six components of oral language and write a brief definition of each.
_________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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2. What are the four characteristics of effective verbal language?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the four language skills.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Give 15 examples of the purposes of language.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. ________is the origin or system of sounds within a language while ________ refers to word
meaning.
9. __________is a type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through the
spoken words.
10. One of the main goals of language is to communicate with people and to
___________them.
IV. Matching Type : Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answers on the
blanks provided for.
Column A Column B
_____1. calm, palm, balm and Psalm a. pronounced c as s
www.yourdictionary.com › language
https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/3-2-functions-of-language
www.britannica.com>topic>language
www.theclassroom.com › effective-uses-verbal-communication
www.indeed.com › Career Guide
www.yourdictionary.com › verbal-communication
www.ukessays.com › essays › english-language › five-fun
www.britannica.com>topic>language
www.coursera.org>clarity
www.thoughtco.com>what-is-appropriateness/directness
References/Attributions:
Cabrera, 2008 Effective Speech Communication for Filipinos Vinuya,
2009 Speech Communication
7. Gesture – non-verbal bodily movements intended to express meaning, and also include movements
of the head, face and eyes, such as winking, nodding, or rolling one's eyes. Other hand movements
are considered to be gestures. They are movements with specific, conventionalized meanings called
symbolic gestures. Familiar symbolic gestures include the "raised fist," "bye-bye," and "thumbs up."
8. Posture –is your general stance, which includes the way you sit, stand, and walk.
9. Clothing and artifacts – refers to our display of ornaments or adornments, it can communicate
an age, gender, status, socio economic class, etc.
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
There are a number of different uses of non-verbal communication. Here are a few of these:
1.Modifying speech
Non-verbal communication has a significant effect on what is communicated. Modifications include:
Positioning of body relative to other people and things
Shape of whole body
Movement of limbs, head and fingers
Micro-movement of muscles
Skin color and texture
Voice pitch
1. Define Non-verbal communication. Discuss its similarity and difference from verbal communication.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe a situation when you are more inclined to use non-verbal communication than verbal
communication. Explain why non-verbal communication is important.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
II. Enumeration:
1. Give the three categories of non-verbal symbols.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Name the four advantages of Non-verbal communication.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Give the four functions of Non –verbal communication and give at least one
example for each.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
III. Matching Type : Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on
the blanks provided for.
Column A Column B
___1. Clothing and artifact a. how people perceive the physical space
___2. Posture b. is the study of touching as non-verbal type
___3. Gesture c. verbal cues of the voice such as pitch and tone
___4. Eye contact d. the study of the use of time in non-verbal aspect
___5. Kinesics e. the study of body movements
___6. Chronemics f. the role of the eyes in non-verbal communication
___7. Paralanguage g. bodily movements used to express meaning
___8. Haptics h. your stance which includes how you sit, stand
___9. Proxemics i. communicate social status through material display
___10. Smile j. positive facial expression
Enrichment Activity:
We want to see how you would perform or demonstrate your skills in non-verbal communication but
due to pandemic constraint, we cannot do it in actual. However, through written language, you can still
demonstrate it.
For example, there are some underlined sentences containing negative non-verbal cues and the
corresponding results. You are going to show your knowledge of non-verbal communication by doing the
opposite of the non-verbal actions in the sentences.
1. While the teacher is talking in front of the class, the cellphone of one of your classmates rings loudly
thereby creating distraction for the whole class. The teacher stops talking and reprimands your classmate by
instructing her to turn her cellphone off or switch to silent mode.
That situation could have been prevented. If you are the owner of the cellphone, what should you have done to
prevent such an embarrassing incident beforehand?
Lesson 3 : Voice
In this lesson, the different characteristics of an effective voice could be seen such as flexible, audible,
pleasant, and well- modulated . It is important to learn these characteristics to achieve success in
communicating and become an effective speaker.
Lesson Objectives:
The students are expected to learn the following:
Can use their voice in the proper way to effectively communicate
Put into practical use, the different characteristics of voice to achieve well-developed voice quality
Getting Started:
How do you assess the kind of voice you have now? Can you try to speak to people now and listen to their
comments about your voice ?Are you satisfied? If not, do you want to improve it? This lesson will help you.
Discussion:
What is Voice?
According to Cabrera (2008), your voice is one measure of your identity. Other people could know you
through your voice even when you are not physically present. Your voice can also show how you feel.
The Importance of Good Quality Voice
In order to become an effective speaker, you must talk with a voice of pleasing quality so that the
listeners could hear you and understand the message that you are trying to tell them.
It is important to learn that while you are talking, observe and apply the correct pronunciation of words and
vary the tone so that you will not sound boring. In this way, you can maintain the interest of your listeners.
Characteristics of an Effective Voice
First thing to remember, to have effective use of voice, is to improve its quality by applying the major
characteristics such as having pleasant and well-modulated voice. You can manage the loudness of your voice
by taking into consideration the following reminders.
These are the things you must consider; 1) the number of listeners; 2) your distance from the audience; 3)
the size of the room where you are in; 4) the presence or absence of a microphone or sound system; and 5) your
subject matter or topic.
While talking, you could observe vocal quality such as low or high pitch, soft or very loud volume, the
tempo which refers to the speed whether slow or fast. Another thing to remember is the mood or feeling
depending on the nature of the topic.
How to Acquire an Effective Voice?
1. Manage and control your breathing. Before talking, you should inhale more air to fill your lungs.
Breathe from your diaphragm, the thin membrane that separates your lungs from your intestines. Then as you
talk, release the air gradually. However, bear in mind that to be able to sustain your speech effectively , you
must inhale more deeply and faster and exhale slowly while talking.
2. Exercise modulation. Depending on the size of the audience or number of your listeners, you can adjust
the volume and pitch of your voice. If there are noises that compete with your voice, you must be able to remain
audible while having the appropriate tone, feelings and mood that properly suit the prevailing situation.
Always remember to control your feelings or emotions while delivering a speech. The pitch which refers to
high or low voice could affect your speech as you can talk with ease and not with tension. It is recommended
that you speak with a pitch one step lower than your normal pitch.
3. Exercise voice projection whenever necessary. If the nature of your voice is naturally soft, you must
project even if there is a microphone. In the absence of a microphone, and you are in an open area, you should
project your voice more to be heard by those listeners at the back.
4. Use a microphone properly. Before you talk, you must test the microphone if it functioning properly.
You can breathe gently to the microphone. Do not blow. Avoid heavy breathing and excessive aspiration while
using it.
If there is a microphone stand, you can adjust the height of the microphone to your height. Refrain from
leaning forward or backward because this can affect the volume of your voice.
While talking, do not hold the microphone and its stand. Prevent yourself from clinging to the stand of the
microphone and avoid playing with the cord.
If you are holding the microphone, keep it two to three inches away from your mouth.
Never cough, or clear your throat, sneeze or snort into the microphone.
Tapalla (2009) on the other hand, pointed out some bad voice qualities that must be avoided. These
are the following:
1. Weakness – caused by too little breath.
2. Nasality – is caused by letting the soft palate fall down too much. The voice seems to be coming out of
the nose.
3. Hoarseness – caused by a cold or by strain through misuse.
4. Falsetto – caused by getting resonance from the back part of your palate.
5. Thinness – caused by lack of resonance. Resonance amplifies the fundamental tone of the voice and
enriches it by adding over tones and partial tones.
indistinctly; the sounds are and tongue stretching, you can slightly massage your
jumbled face before these workouts
Monotone Speaking, Speaking Pitch stretching, with voice and speech warm ups
in flat and boring tone
Whisperer Speaking very lowly Voice and speech warm ups, and connecting breath with
in a whispy voice sounds and projection exercises
Hard and rough voice, Breath work, voice warm ups
Unpleasant and grating and
domineering; lacks tone and
variety
Speak too fast or too slow Breath control exercises
,Spitting out the words just to
make noise; the opposite is a
slow talker, who thinks too
much, over analyzes what he
would say
Choppy speaker. A tendency Swing through each phrase smoothly. Practice with the
to stop and go; not rhythmic, following phrases : Going to think, Going to see, going to
rough on the edges die, Going to lose weight, What to buy. What to be this is
to avoid saying too much slang lingo such as “gonna” or
“wanna”.
The Fader. A speaker who Projection exercise and a lot of breath work
fades in and out and cannot
sustain the energy he started
with; the listeners cannot hear
what you are saying.
High Pitcher Speaking Breath work, pitch stretching, finding your middle ground
continuously in a high throaty
voice
Nasal Voice is coming from Breath work, pitch stretching, open your mouth more and
your nose and it‘s a loud breathe from your diaphragm
monotone
Application:
The mastery on the use of effective voice in communicating can be easily learned through constant
practice. If you were to make a voice practice by applying the proper breathing, projection and pronunciation,
try reading the sample of a poem below. Read it
aloud several times and record your voice in your cellphone. Play it back , then listen to your own recording.
Repeat until you feel comfortable with your voice and pronunciation.
A Sample of Tongue Twister Exercise
Betty Botter
Bought some butter,
But she said,
The butter‘s bitter
If I put it in my batter,
It will make my batter bitter.
So she bought a bit of butter,
Better than her bitter butter,
And she put it in her batter,
And the butter was not bitter.
So ‗twas better.
Betty Botter
Bought a bit of better butter.
Summary of the Lesson:
The voice is the primary tool that is used by humans to convey their thoughts and ideas. In expressing
oneself, it is of utmost importance to improve the quality of voice by adopting the techniques given in this
lesson. This is done to attain the characteristics of a good voice. When an individual would like to become an
effective speaker, he should be always guided by the rules enumerated in this lesson.
Assessment :
I. True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise write FALSE if the statement is
not correct.
1. It is important to possess good quality voice when talking to people.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Enrichment Activity:
Write a paragraph and make a brief self- introduction stating your name, address, age, birthday,
school ,course, name of your parents and brothers and sisters, your hobbies and your ambition or plans
in the future. Read this aloud in front of mirror. Start from the nearest space between you and the mirror,
step back ward and while stepping back continue reciting your written self-introduction, increase the
loudness of your voice and project more as you get farther from the mirror. As you look at yourself
in the mirror, observe your gestures, facial expression and eye contact. Smile as you talk.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Suggested Links (Optional):
www.helpguide.org › relationships-communication
References / Attributions:
Tapalla, (2009) Public Speaking and Personality Development
Lesson 4 : Dyadic
It is the communication between two persons or the interrelationship between the two persons who are
exchanging ideas and thoughts.
Lesson Objectives:
Getting Started :
In your own opinion, do you believe that Intrapersonal Communication has influence in your personality
development? Are you curious to find out how it affects you as a communicator? Can you differentiate
Intrapersonal communication from Interpersonal communication? Discover how these forms of communication
can improve your way of dealing and communicating with your classmates, friends, family, and other people in
our society.
Discussion:
The Nature of Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal Communication - involves only the self. It must be clearly understood by the self because
it constitutes the basis for all communications. (Beebe,1988 as cited by Cabrera,2008). This level of
communication occurs within a person for the purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a situation. This also
happens when we evaluate or examine the interaction that occurs between ourselves and others.
Intrapersonal communication has three aspects, these are self-concept, perception, and expectation.
Self- concept is each person‘s consciousness of his total essential and particular being. This determines
how a person sees himself/herself and is oriented towards others. Self-concept involves three factors – beliefs,
values, and attitudes.
Components of Self-concept
Self-image – this is the descriptive part of the self. It is the picture you have for yourself, the kind of person
you believe you are.
Self-esteem – this is the evaluative part of yourself. It is how you feel about yourself, how you like
yourself. This is usually based on the perceptions of our successes and failures. Self-esteem whether high or low
is usually covered when we communicate with other people.
Solo written communication – deals with writing not intended for others, like an entry in a diary or journal.
Ethos – this refers to your image as a communicator as perceived by other people. This is your reputation.
What kind of speaker you are, based on your qualities such as being credible, trustworthy and respectable. Ethos
is how people look upon you. If your listeners find you credible, then you can easily influence them.
Interpersonal Communication
It is the process of understanding and sharing meaning between at least two persons. This is classified into
four kinds according to number of participants. (Cabrera,2008)
a. Dyadic - a basic form of communication between two persons. Both of them speak and listen
alternatively as the exchange of messages that are common. This is called conversation. When two individuals
talk to settle some confidential matters, they are engaged in a dialog. Meanwhile, when two people are into a
well prepared and systematic setting, they are in an interview. We will discuss different types of interview in
this lesson.
b. Small Group Communication – this involves three or more people. The less participants in a group, the
more cohesive and effective the interaction becomes. As the group tries to find solutions to a certain problem or
finding solution to some matters, high thinking process takes place that arrives to decision making and
resolutions.
c. Public Communication – this is the situation where the speaker delivers a speech before an audience,
usually a large group who receives the speech in a more of one –way mode; the speaker does the talking for the
meantime while the group listens. The use of media like radio and TV can be employed for the purpose of either
information sharing or for entertainment.
d. Mass Communication- delivered either via oral or printed medium, this uses radio or television or the
internet where a very large audience is addressed. A typical example of this is the social media where the whole
world could see, listen, and interact.
Classification of Interpersonal Communication (according to the function or setting of the
communication)
1. Organizational Communication- when dealing with a business group, this is the best example of
organizational communication. The use of the principles of communication skills to improve the performance of
an individual up the corporate ladder. Another use of this type of communication is in hospitals, academic and
military institutions.
2. Family Communication – this one focuses on family members in extended or normal families. It
depends on the closeness of members to each other as they work toward a common goal like family projects,
business, or any other endeavors.
3. Mediated Interpersonal Communication – this one involves the use of technology that helps both the
sender and receiver of the messages. The use of primary context here is absent and the use of technology serves
to connect the various parties involved in communication. Examples of this are the use of emails and the
internet.
4. Dyadic Communication – the communication between two people in this case, does not involve face to
face encounter but with the use of a medium like cellphone or telephone.
5. Group Communication – this involves a small group of people in a teleconferencing meeting like in the
case of a Zoom meeting.
8. Stagnating – the relationship in this stage becomes flat and unrewarding but just continue mainly for
some reasons such as religious obligations, family obligations and local expectation.
9. Avoidance – both participants in this interpersonal communication avoid each other and express
annoyance when they meet.
10. Termination -- this is the final stage of the breakdown where legal , formal contracts, religious
attachments are severed and the death of the relationship is announced.
Dyadic Communication
We have studied earlier that Dyadic communication involves two persons. Now, we will focus on a formal
and systematic form of dyadic communication. This is known as the interview.
Interview – is a method of extracting information from another person through formal and systematic
questioning. The interview may not be always involve two persons like in the case of panel interview. In your
search for jobs later on when you graduate, you will undergo certain types of interview.
a. Job or Employment Interview – this is the most common type of interview. This is done to determine the
applicant‘s qualifications for the job.
b. Research Interview – this type of interview seeks to gather data in connection with study or research.
The source of information is an expert on the subject matter.
c. Counselling Interview – this is done to know one‘s social problems and the terminal objective of
advising the client how to cope with such problems.
d. Diagnostic Interview – this is done by specialists in certain fields. The aim is to determine the medical or
psychological problems. A physician conducts a medical interview to find out how the patient feels. A
psychologist, however, explores a client‘s inner conflict while conducting psychological interview.
e. Exploratory or Survey Interview – this aims to get varied opinions about a popular pubic concern, issue
or controversy.
f. Press Interview – this is usually done by media practitioners who ask government officials about local or
international developments.
g. Sales Interview – this is done to promote products or services. Television hosts asking a product or a
brand manager regarding his company‘s newest product or marketing personnel going from one house to
the next, to find out about housewives‘ preferred detergents or sandwich spread.
h. Exit Interview- in some companies, when an employee resigns or retires, an exit interview is done to
find out the reasons for leaving and also to know the areas that need improvements where reforms must be
instituted.
How To Prepare for an Interview?
If you are going to conduct an interview, for example, a job or employment interview, take note of the
following reminders:
1. After you have identified the person to be interviewed, inform the him/her through call or email. Give
the date and time of the interview.
2. Carefully plan your questions. – prepare your questions in advance. Arrange them in good sequence
such that the important ones will be asked first. In case, you lack time, you have already asked the important
questions.
The Type of Questions in an Interview:
1. Open-Ended Questions – you can ask this type of question when you want to know the opinion of the
interviewee ( the person you are going to interview). Usually this question begins with “How”? Example, How
are you going to share your expertise to the company?
2. Closed Question – this type of question could be answered by ―Yes‖ or ―No‖.
Example: Are you amenable to work during weekends or holidays?
3. The Follow-Up Question – you can ask this question to encourage the interviewee to tell more or to
elaborate on the answer. Example: Why do you think so?
4. The Direct Information Question – when you need a specific answer, this type of question is
appropriate. Example: What type of printing machine you are most familiar?
5. The Multiple Choice Questions – with this question, you can give the interviewee the option to choose
from. Example: Which do you think is more productive? the manual or automated printer?
6. The Tell-Back Question – here, you can repeat the answer of the interviewee to clarify some points.
Example: If I fully understand your concern, you prefer to work with a team than to work alone?
Some Basic Tips to Remember When Attending an Interview – someday when you graduate and look for a
job, you will undergo employment interview. To ensure success in your interview, apply the following tips:
1. Introduce yourself in straightforward, simple, and polite manner. Smile as you talk.
2. Answer a question by saying at least three sentences. Try to elaborate and not just one answer to one
question. Speak with a clear and modulated voice.
3. Be conscious of your mannerisms such your hand movements, put them on lap. Feet together and sit
properly. Do not look at your watch.
4. Maintain eye contact with your interviewer.
5. Thank the interviewer after the interview and reach out for a handshake if he/she
offers.
Application:
We have learned in this lesson that Intrapersonal communication is within us. We communicate to
ourselves. Now, let us find out your positive and negative impressions about yourself by writing down those
traits that you believe you possess. How do you see yourself? List them down. You can write sentences ,
phrases, or single words.
My positive traits: _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
My negative traits: ______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
For Interpersonal aspect, list down another positive traits that you think can be found in your:
Best friends : ____________________________________________________________________
Classmates : ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the nature of Intrapersonal Communication.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the Difference Between Self-image from Self-esteem.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
II. Enumeration
1. Give the three aspects of Intrapersonal Communication.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. The three factors of Self-concept
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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6.Complete the Ten Stages in Interpersonal Communication Process.
1. Initiating Encounter---->2.___________3.Intensifying Stage--->4.___________--->5.__________-->
6. Differentiating --->7.________--->8. Stagnating --->9.________--->10. Termination
III. Matching Type : Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
blanks provided for.
Column A Column B
IV. Fill in the Blanks : According to Cabrera,2008, there are eight principles of interpersonal speech
communication. Supply the missing words in the blanks.
1. _________ are integral part of our society.
2. _______________ variables have a strong, solid impact on the dynamics of the group. Group members
send more non-verbal messages than ______________.
3.____________________ is essential if one has to reach the maximum goal in a working
environment. A warm and trusting group motivates a worker to strive harder.
4. __________________ is a basic form of human activity.
5. ___________,___________,__________and ________ are the four variables that affect our
relationship with other people in small group.
6. _________ is an interplay among the needs of the group; the needs of a member within the group and
the capability of the person to live up to the expectation of all in the group.
7. Your attitudes toward leadership affect your _____________ in small groups. If you are convinced that
a leader should be the ultimate ruler, then you have the tendency to become a _______________.
8. Interpersonal needs,___________, group goals, ________________ and group attraction are the factors
that come together in ____________________________.
V. True or False: Write the word “True” if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write False.
1. Open-ended questions in an interview are those that usually start with the word‖How‖?
2. When you are asked ― Why do you think so? is an example of Direct information
question.
3. The multiple choice question gives the interviewee the option to choose from a variety of answers.
4. In this question ―what food do you prepare for breakfast?, is a Tell- back question.
5. When introducing yourself during an interview, it is better to speak in a polite and
straightforward manner.
6. When you are asked one question, it is good to give only one answer.
7. When you are talking to your interviewer, you must not look at his eyes but look at the ceiling or walls
of the room.
8. It is advisable to smile while speaking during an interview.
9. Always look at your watch while you are being interviewed.
10. After the interview , leave immediately and do not thank the interviewer anymore.
Enrichment Activity:
Part of Intrapersonal communication is about how other people think of you. Contact your friends or
classmates and ask their honest comments - what they can say about you as a friend? List down their
impressions of you.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Suggested Links (Optional):
References/ Attributions:
Cabrera ,2008
Lesson Objectives:
After this lesson, the students are expected to learn the following:
1. To distinguish the advantages of small group communication
2. To discuss the nature of small group communication
3. To cite and differentiate the types and forms of small group communication
Getting Started:
Have you ever wondered why you learn more things when you are associated with other people such as in a
team or small group? This is the essence of the contribution of small group communication to the growth and
personality development of an individual.
I encourage you to dig deeper into this lesson and find out how this will help you gain more friends and be
effective as a member of a small group.
Discussion:
Small group communication involves three or more persons. The lesser number of people in a group, the
more closely this unit resembles interpersonal communication. At this group level, usually the problem solving
and decision making takes place, as the members are actively engaged in discussion and planning. This subset
of interpersonal communication exists in many types of organizations like:
civic groups
clubs
associations
church groups
business sector
Members of this group share mutually dependent purpose or objective and a sense of belonging. They behave
based on the group's norms and values (Cabrera,2008).
Group Size
Normally as the group size increases, the chance for members to interact more effectively lessens. Hence,
the ideal size , according to communication experts would be from six to eight up to a maximum of twelve
members. This idea of "least group size" was suggested by Herbert Thelen (1995) with the desire to allow
maximum number of ideas.
When the members are deeply engaged in discussion, there are the:
3. Lecture - Forum
4. Business Meeting
There are processes that are followed with the way small groups try to solve issues, engaged in
discussion and systematic deliberations. At the end, the resolution reached is acceptable to all members and not
just a product of one's suggestion.
Panel Discussion - consists of three to eight members who discuss systematically a problem or issue. The
discussion is facilitated by a moderator who directs the flow of discussion beforehand.
If you happen to be the moderator, here are some tips to follow to lead the flow of discussion in the
following:
1. Panel Discussion
Choose the topic and the speakers for the discussion
Consider the timeliness, relevance of the topic and the availability of the speakers who are authorities of
the topic.
Open the discussion with an introduction of the topic and the speakers. Inform the audience if
they can ask questions during or after the discussion.
Be time conscious.
From start to finish, be conscious of time limit.
End the discussion by synthesizing or summarizing the major points taken. Thank the
panelists and the audience.
2. Symposium - unlike the panel discussion, the symposium does not usually allow the panelists to interact
freely with each other. Here are some pointers to remember if you are to become a moderator for a symposium.
There are about three to six speakers in a symposium. After all the speeches, there may be an open forum
(Cabrera, 2008).
Choose a topic that is common to all participants.
Distribute the topics - assign each speaker a particular topic
Brief the speakers about the mechanics or flow of the symposium and inform them of time allotted to
them.
Provide for a general introduction of the topic and all the speakers and limit your introduction to three
minutes.
Introduce the speakers one by one and the topics assigned to them.
Summarize all the topics taken in the discussion.
Preside over the open forum in an orderly manner.
reset the meeting. If there is a quorum, request the secretary to make a roll call to note those who are
present and absent.
Reading of minutes - ask the secretary to read the minutes orally. The minutes is the list of the things
taken up during the discussion. After the minutes have been distributed and read beforehand, call for the
approval of the minutes by saying" Will somebody move for the approval of minutes of the meeting".
Approval of Minutes - if there is something to be corrected in the minutes, then another move for the
approval of minutes "as corrected" but if there is no correction to be made, let someone move for the
approval of the minutes "as read."
Matters Arising - once the motion for approval is seconded, declare that the minutes are approved as
corrected or as read, as the case maybe. Ask the members of the group if they have questions,
clarifications on any items in the minutes, or updates.
Committee Reports - the Constitutions and By-laws must be followed with regards to other reports. The
standing committees, which are created by virtue of the Constituents and By-laws, report to the ad hoc
committees, which, in turn formed to handle special tasks or functions. Once they have accomplished
the special tasks, the ad hoc committees are dissolved.
Unfinished business - take up matters on the agenda of the previous meetings but were not covered then.
Adjournment - if some of the present agenda are not taken up, mark them as unfinished business for the
next meeting. If there are no more matters to discuss, let someone move for the adjournment. Once the
motion is seconded, declare that the meeting is adjourned.
Application:
When you attend a meeting, for example, a small group meeting composed of your new classmates to
discuss a particular lesson or project even in an electronic medium like group chats , you can learn out of the
exchange of messages and you can educate them as well when you share some information that are new to
them. This is the dynamics of the
small group communication. Try to be an active participant. The tips that are given in this lesson will guide you
to become a good moderator and a group member.
Summary of the Lesson:
This lesson defines and focuses on small group communication: its nature, forms, and processes.
Regardless of the type of small group discussion being involved, the use of both verbal and non-verbal
communication is advised to be observed and practiced by a student whenever he/she is involved in small group
communication activities.
Assessment:
I. Essay. Instruction: Answer and explain what are being asked for in the question
Consider the Rubric Assessment in determining scores..
5 points if the explanations are accurate and there is correct usage of words in the sentences.
3 points if the explanations are accurate but there are two incorrect words in the sentences
1 point if there is an effort to explain but it is inaccurate
0 point if there is no answer
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Give the four forms of small group communication .
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Enrichment Activity:
Imagine that you are invited as a speaker and you are going to deliver a lecture before a group of youth
about the importance of following health protocols during the Covid 19 pandemic season. Now, you are
preparing your lecture.
In not more than 300 words, write down a lecture good for five minutes. Make a research if you want to
include some useful background information in your lecture.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Suggested Links :
References / Attributions:
Cabrera, 2008
Interactive English
Learning Module No. 3
PROFESSOR
Name: Patricia Mariz Hilao-Valencia
Academic Department: Department of Arts, Sciences, and Teacher Education
Consultation Schedule: 8:00 am – 12:00 pm / 1:00 pm – 3:00 pm Monday to Friday
Email Address: phvalencia2@up.edu.ph
Contact Number:0975-489-7257
VI. Module Outcomes In this module, you will be tasked to analyze famous
speeches. As the module progresses, you will be writing
your own speeches on a topic of your choice and on
some assigned topics. You will do this from scratch
beginning with speech outlines. Likewise, you are
expected to deliver these speeches yourselves as a final
requirement, together with a couple of other speaking
activities in between lessons.
According to Eugene White (1960), the four interrelated components that make up public speaking are the
following: 1) speaker, 2) speech, 3) audience and the 4) occasion. In his communication model, White
explained that communication is a repetitive cycle (there is no beginning and no end) and involves eight
stages namely,
thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, giving feedbacks monitoring
and thinking.
Following this, in public speaking, there is an endless exchange of messages between the speaker and the
audience where the speaker delivers the speech, and the audience gives out feedbacks of different forms.
The Fear of Public Speaking
Stage fright or performance anxiety is the anxiety, fear, or persistent phobia which may be aroused in an
individual by the requirement to perform in front of an audience, whether actually or potentially (for
example, when performing before a camera).
Public speaking is said to be the biggest fear reported by many American adults, topping flying, financial
ruin, sickness, and even death. This fear takes a huge toll on self-confidence and self-esteem and causes some
people to leave school or a job or pass up a promotion. Many, including seasoned professional performers,
suffer in silent terror. And because they feel embarrassed, people try to keep their fear a secret, even from a
spouse or other close family members or friends.
10 tips to reduce your stage fright (Anxiety and Depression Association of America):
1. Shift the focus from yourself and your fear to your true purpose—contributing something of value to your
audience.
2. Stop scaring yourself with thoughts about what might go wrong. Instead, focus your attention on
thoughts and images that are calming and reassuring.
3. Refuse to think thoughts that create self-doubt and low confidence.
4. Practice ways to calm and relax your mind and body, such as deep breathing, relaxation exercises, yoga,
and meditation.
5. Exercise, eat well, and practice other healthful lifestyle habits. Try to limit caffeine, sugar, and alcohol
as much as possible.
6. Visualize your success: Always focus on your strength and ability to handle challenging situations.
7. Prepare your material in advance and read it aloud to hear your voice.
8. Make connections with your audience: Smile and greet people, thinking of them as friends rather than
enemies.
9. Stand or sit in a self-assured, confident posture. Remain warm and open and make eye contact.
10. Give up trying to be perfect and know that it is OK to make mistakes. Be natural, be yourself.
Methods of Delivery
A public speaker can deliver a speech in four different ways: by reading a manuscript, memorizing a
manuscript, delivering an impromptu speech, or delivering an extemporaneous speech.
How is an impromptu speech different from an extemporaneous speech?
An impromptu speech is given in a spur of a moment, when someone is asked to say ―a few
words.‖ On the other hand, in an extemporaneous speech, the speaker is given a few
minutes to prepare his or her notes. Both methods involve delivering a speech in a conversational
tone.
What are the different types of public speeches?
Before a speaker can deliver a speech, whether it be prepared or impromptu, he or she must be aware of
what the speech is for and for whom it is being delivered. The theme of the event must also be known, so
that it can be incorporated in the speech for relevance. Presenting in front of a crowd without knowing these
things is pointless and can be very embarrassing.
Why is it necessary to learn how to speak in public?
A public speaker is not only a lecturer but can also be an agent of change. At some point in our lives, we
will all be called on stage to say something significant, and at some point, we will need to make ourselves be
heard. Consequently, if we aim to influence an audience, establish connections with them and be an inspiration
to them, there is a need for us to learn this essential life skill.
Oral communication skills were the number one skill that college graduates found useful in the business world,
according to a study by sociologist Andrew Zekeri (Zekeri, 2004). That fact alone makes learning about public
speaking worthwhile.
In addition to learning the process of creating and delivering an effective speech, students of public speaking
leave the class with a number of other benefits as well. Some of these benefits include developing critical,
thinking skills, fine-tuning verbal and nonverbal skills, overcoming fear of public speaking.
One important benefit is an increased ability to think critically. For example, when preparing a persuasive
speech, you‘ll have to think through real problems affecting your campus, community, or the world and
provide possible solutions to those problems.
A second benefit of taking a public speaking course is that it will help you fine-tune your verbal and
nonverbal communication skills. Whether you competed in public speaking in high school or this is your
first time speaking in front of an audience, having the opportunity to actively practice communication skills
and receive professional feedback will help you become a better overall communicator.
Lastly, when studying the ropes of public speaking, students become better acquainted with the public speaking
process, making them more confident and less apprehensive.
_______________2. A speech that helps the speaker create an accurate mental picture in the
mind of the audience regarding a specific person, place, or thing
_______________3. A famous personality is usually asked to deliver this speech to teach the
public valuable life lessons
_______________4. A piece of writing someone makes when accepting an award, a prize or
any recognition
_______________5. A piece of writing that praises someone or something highly, typically
someone who has just died
_______________6. A speech given to graduating students
_______________7. Typically given to set the theme for an event; Examples might include the
main speaker at business conference or even a guest speaker at a graduation
_______________8. A public address event that is traditionally spoken after a dinner, and
meant to take an important topic and make greater sense of it through the use of humor that is relevant to
the idea presented
_______________9. A speech that is given in a spur of a moment, when someone is asked to
say ―a few words‖
_______________10. A brief speech of congratulations, appreciation, and remembrance for a
person followed by a drink
Task 2.
I. Write the correct type of public speech that best fits the example, line, title, or situation given in
each item. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
__________________1. JoKoy‘s stand-up comedy specials on Netflix
__________________2. President Rodrigo Duterte‘s SONA
__________________3. Meryl Streep winning an Oscar for acting
__________________4. ―I wish you can hear me now, wherever you are. You will always be in
our hearts.‖
Enrichment Activity:
Below is an excerpt of the speech delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO and founder of Apple Computer and
Pixar Animation Studios, during the graduation ceremony at Stanford University in 2005. Read the
speech thoroughly and answer the questions that follow.
―I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting
medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head
with a brick. Don’t lose faith. I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.
You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for
your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what
you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love
what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart,
you’ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the
years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don’t settle.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: ―If you live each day as if it was your last,
someday you’ll most certainly be right.‖ It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33
years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: ―If today were the last day of
my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?‖ And whenever the answer has been ―No‖
for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make
the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of
embarrassment or failure — these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly
important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have
something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.‖
References/Attributions:
Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2010) Conquering Stage Fright. (2020) Retrieved
from https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder/treatment/conquering-stage-fright.
Pierret, C. (n.d.). Stand Up, Speak Out. University of Minnesota. Retrieved from
https://open.lib.umn.edu/publicspeaking/chapter/1-1-why-is-public-speaking-important/.
Stein, M.B., Walker, J.R., & Forde, D.R. (1996). Public speaking fears in the
community: Prevalence, impact on functioning, and diagnostic classification. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 53, 169-174.
Discussion:
Before anyone could deliver a speech, prepared or impromptu, there is a need for physical, mental and
emotional preparation. The mind and the heart need conditioning in order to effectively deliver what needs to
be heard and so that the message transcends to each member of the audience no matter how big the number is
We will be tackling the basics of speech preparation in this lesson. First things first, here is the list of the step-
by-step procedures in making a speech:
Step 1. Determine the topic and the purpose of the speech
In choosing a topic, you have to analyze the occasion and its nature, time of gathering, place of gathering
and the program of the gathering. As discussed in the previous lesson, knowing the occasion is everything!
After this, you can proceed to creating a list of topics that would best suit the theme of the occasion, the
method of delivery and the type of speech you wish to use.
How should you select a topic?
Draw from your personal experiences
Make use of your hobbies
Use the knowledge you gained from your other subjects both in high school and college
Pick current events as a topic
Choose a controversial topic
Then, determine a specific purpose for your speech. Always answer the questions, ―What is this for?‖
―Why would I be saying this?‖ ‖For whom would I be doing this?‖ Without knowing your purpose,
your speech would sound cold and heartless and your audience would not bother to listen intently.
Remember: Speaking is audience-centered.
It highlights the key logical elements. i.e. what points are being made to logically support the
core message?
It highlights the key structural elements. e.g. introduction, body, conclusion, stories, high-level concepts
It links these elements together in a sequence, perhaps allocating very rough timings.
It can also map out the transitions between elements, although this may be deferred to a later stage of
preparation.
The basic speech outline template for structural elements is Introduction-Body-Conclusion Similarly, the
basic speech outline template for logical elements is the familiar advice:
Put these together, and you have the start of a generic speech outline. Below is a sample of a generic speech
outline:
B. Secondary Idea
1. Supporting material
2. Supporting material
1. Attention grabbing opening which introduces the topic and core message
2. Tell a story.
Make a point
3. Tell another story.
Make another point.
4. Tell another story.
Make another point
5. Memorable conclusion which ties together all three stories to support the core message.
Memorable conclusion –
Decide on your topic and your purpose. Then, outline your ideas.
Assessment:
Task 1. List down four (4) speech topics that you want to write and speak about: two for a demonstrative
speech and two for a persuasive speech. Only one of each will be approved by your instructor. Using the
format below, send your instructor a copy of the topics for his or her approval.
Note: Once the topics have been approved, you are no longer allowed to change them.
Choose your topics wisely as these will be for your final requirement.
Format:
PROPOSED TOPICS
Demonstrative Speech Persuasive Speech
1. 1.
2. 2.
Task 2. Upon approval of your topics, write the speech outlines for them. Note that each speech should run
for a minimum of one and a half minutes and a maximum of 3 minutes only. Your outline will be graded
according to the following rubric (25 points)
Task 3. After submitting your outline, you may go ahead and write your speeches (one demonstrative
and one persuasive). Remember to follow correct grammar, syntax, and word usage. Secure a copy of
each of your speeches for submission together with the module.
Enrichment Activity: Read the speech below (an excerpt from Martin Luther King‘s 1963 speech) and
answer the questions that follow.
I Have a Dream
I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips
dripping with the words of interposition and nullification – one day right there in Alabama little black boys and
black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the
rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall
be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
2-3. Give two major ideas that you found in the speech.
3-4. Give two supporting ideas for each major idea that you found in the speech.
5. What line from the speech signaled the conclusion of the excerpt?
References/Attributions:
Dlugan, A. (2008). Speech Preparation#3 Don‘t Skip the Speech Outline. Retrieved from
http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/speech-preparation-3-outline-examples/.
Discussion:
Pre-Speech - Prepare for your speech by keeping in mind the following:
1. Your audience must hear you 6. Be enthusiastic and be yourself
2. Don‘t lead a race 7. Let nonverbal cues work for you
3. Use language effectively 8. Transfer your outline to notecards
4. Work on your articulation 9. Be sure you have all your visual or
4. Posture matters.
Don‘t ever, ever slouch. It looks weak, and your message will inevitably be diluted by what your audience
perceives as a lack of confidence. Stand up straight, and keep your shoulders back. Also, never let ‗em
see you sweat. Even if there are lights on that make the stage feel like an oven, pit stains on your shirt
are distracting. Make sure you wear clothing that will conceal any signs of nervousness. Project confidence.
Always.
If you know you‘re naturally a quick talker, you can build pauses into your speech by saying things like,
―Now think about that for a moment‖ or ―Let that sink in.‖ It takes an audience more time to process
your points than it will take for you to articulate them. Give them time to ponder your brilliant message.
You‘ll notice that I didn‘t give you any advice about content—that‘s because you should be the expert on the
subject. After all, you were invited to speak because you‘re the go-to person in your field. But while you don‘t
need my help putting together your main points, using the techniques I‘ve shared with you will help you deliver
your message in a compelling and memorable way.
Application:
Do the mirror exercise. Stand in front of it and deliver a short impromptu speech by answering the
question, ―How did your day go today?‖ Notice your hand gestures, your mannerisms, eye
contact and facial expressions.
Summary of the Lesson:
Make your speech memorable by delivering a performance, use the power of eye contact, maintain a good
posture, show our whole body, value your cadence, tell compelling stories, speak about what you know and
care about.
To ease speech tension when it occurs, veer away from focusing on yourself. Prepare ahead of time and take
big deep breaths along the way. Stick to your visual aids and visualize the end as a success.
Assessment:
Final Task. Memorize your self-written demonstrative and persuasive speeches. Afterwards, assume that
you are delivering it in front of a hundred people. When you‘re ready, dress up in smart casual attire
and record yourself delivering the speech using your or any available phone camera.
Reminders:
The deadline of online submission of the video file will be announced on your respective Facebook
groups weeks before the deadline of the module submission.
You will be given ample time to practice. If you wish to submit earlier than the deadline, you may do so.
The file extension of the video recording must be either of the following: .mp4, .avi, .mpeg or
.flv. The file name should be as follows: IE101_Course&Section_Speech1_Surname
Reminders during recording/editing:
It would be best to use the rear camera of your phone for a clearer video quality.
If possible, have someone else take your video to make sure you that you are visible, audible and
within the frame the entire time.
Strictly NO EDITING of videos. The video must be one continuous shot only. The timer must start
when the recorder hits play and must end when the recorder hits stop.
As much as you can, try to record in a quiet spot in your home. But don‘t worry, the imperfections
in that background will not incur you minus points.
Each speech will be graded according to the following rubric (50 pts per speech):
Poor Fair Good Excellent
0-1 point 2-4 points 5-7 points 8-10 points
Materials Material graphics are Material graphics are Material graphics are Material graphics are
NOT attractive, and do attractive, but do not attractive, but do not attractive and explain
Attractive help to explain or help to explain or
not help to explain or reinforce the topic. reinforce the topic. and reinforce value of
Effective reinforce the topic. Materials contain Materials are free of the product or service.
Materials contain Materials are free of
Valuable grammatical errors. grammatical errors. grammatical errors. grammatical errors.
Style Student mumbles, Student's voice is low, too Student's voice is clear. Student uses a clear
incorrectly loud or monotone in Student pronounces voice and correct,
Student speaks pronounces words, delivery. Some listeners most words correctly.
loudly and clearly, and speaks too members have difficulty Most listeners can hear precise
quietly for listeners hearing the presentation. the presentation.
and correctly to hear. Student
pronunciation
pronounces words. reads all of the Student occasionally Student maintains eye of terms so that all
The student materials with no eye uses eye contact, but contact most of the time, listeners can hear
demonstrates contact. reads most of the but frequently returns to the presentation.
materials. notes.
strong eye contact. Student maintains
Audience Student did not Student did not Student appeared to Student appeared to
Relationship appear to establish a appear to establish a establish a weak establish a positive
relationship and relationship and relationship and relationship and
Student interaction with the interaction with the interaction with the interaction with the
establishes a audience. audience. audience. audience.
relationship with
the audience.
References/Attributions:
Michalowicz, M. (2014). 7 Tips for Giving a Killer Speech. American Express. Retrieved from
https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/articles/7-tips-for-giving-a-killer-
speech/.