Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Guidelines For Planning and Design Laboratories
Guidelines For Planning and Design Laboratories
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RESEARCH
LABORATORY
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D E S I G N o F
IBIOMEDICAU I
(RESEARCH
LABORATORY
iFACILITIES
Todd Phillips, PhD, AIA - Director, Center for Advanced Technology Facilities Design
Cover design by Max Brinkmann
Layout and type by EEI Communications
Printed by Balmar Services, Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii
INTRODUCTION xi
A PLANNING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 1
A.l Laboratory Activities 1
A.2 Laboratory Planning Objectives 2
A.3 Quality of Life 3
A.3.1 Noise 4
A.3.2 Wayfmding 4
A.3.3 Artwork 4
A.3.4 Other Amenities 4
A.4 General Laboratory Planning Parameters 5
A.4.1 Planning Modules 5
A.4.2 Zoning of the Laboratory Building 6
A.4.3 Security 11
A.4.4 Loading Docks 11
A.5 Distribution of Services to the Laboratory Module 12
A.5.1 Ceiling and Shaft Distribution 13
A.5.2 Multiple Internal Shafts 13
A.5.3 Multiple Exterior Shafts 14
A.5.4 Service Corridors 15
A.5.5 Interstitial Space 17
B SPACE DESCRIPTIONS 19
B.l Laboratories 19
B.2 Wet Laboratories 19
B.2.1 Biochemistry/Pathology 20
B.2.2 Molecular Biology 20
B.2.3 Cell Biology 20
B.2.4 Organic Chemistry 20
B.2.5 Physical Chemistry 21
B.3 Dry Laboratories 21
B.3.1 Electrophysiology/Biophysics 21
B.3.2 Electron Microscope 21
B.3.3 Laser 22
B.3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 22
B.3.5 X-Ray Crystallography... 22
B.3.6 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 23
B.4 Laboratory Support 23
B.4.1 Autoclave Room 23
B.4.2 Glasswash 24
B.4.3 Constant Temperature Rooms 24
B.4.4 Computer Mainframe/Server Area 25
B.4.5 Darkroom • 25
B.4.6 Freestanding Equipment Areas 25
B.4.7 Bench Lab Support 26
B.4.8 Radioisotope Laboratory 26
B.4.9 Standard Ice Support Room 26
B.4.10 General Storage Room 27
B.4.11 Tissue Culture 27
B.4.12 Biotech Room 27
B.4.13 PCR Clean Room 27
B.4.14 Chemical and Flammable Liquid Storage 27
B.5 Offices and Shared Use Areas 28
B.5.1 Offices 28
B.5.2 Work Areas 28
B.5.3 Collaboration Areas 28
B.5.4 Break Rooms 28
B.5.5 Personal Effects Storage 29
B.6 Building Operational Areas 29
B.6.1 Materials Management 29
B.6.2 Shipping and Receiving Area 29
B.6.3 Materials Handling 30
B.6.4 Movement of Laboratory Animals 30
B.6.5 Circulation 30
DESIGN CRITERIA 31
C.l Equivalent Linear Measurement (ELM) 31
C.2 Area Allowances 31
C.3 The Laboratory Module 32
C.4 Laboratory Furniture and Equipment 32
C.4.1 Casework 32
C.4.2 Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets 32
C.4.3 Equipment 33
C.5 Architectural Finishes and Materials 34
C.5.1 Floors 34
C.5.2 Walls 34
C.5.3 Ceilings 35
C.5.4 Windows and Window Treatment 35
C.5.5 Doors 35
C.6 Structural 35
C.6.1 Vibration 35
C.6.2 Module/Bay Size 36
C.6.3 Floor Slab Depressions 37
C.6.4 Equipment Pathway 37
C.7 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 37
C.7.1 Energy Conservation 37
C.7.2 Systems Economic Analysis 38
C.7.3 Outdoor Design Conditions 38
C.7.4 Indoor Design Conditions 39
C.7.5 Air Quality 39
C.7.6 Air Distribution , 41
C.7.7 Relative Pressurization 41
C.7.8 Air Balance 41
C.7.9 Ventilation Rates 42
C.7.10 Heating and Cooling Load Calculations 43
C.7.11 Laboratory Equipment Cooling Loads 44
C.8 Plumbing 44
C.9 Electrical 45
C.9.1 Normal Power 45
C.9.2 Standby Power 45
C.9.3 Lighting 46
C.9.4 Monitoring 47
C.9.5 Telecommunications/LAN 47
C.9.6 Grounding System 47
CIO General Health and Safety 47
C.10.1 Fume Hoods 48
C.10.2 Biological Safety Cabinets 48
C.10.3 Vacuum Systems 48
C.10.4 Emergency Shower/Eyewash Equipment 48
C.10.5 Physical Hazards 49
C. 10.6 Electrical 49
C. 10.7 Flammables 49
C.10.8 Gas Cylinders 49
C.10.9 Waste Storage 50
C.ll Biological Hazard Safety 50
C.ll.l Background 50
C.11.2 Biological Safety Level 1 50
C.11.3 Biological Safety Level 2 51
C.11.4 Biological Safety Level 3 53
C.11.5 Biological Safety Level 4 57
C.11.6 Biological Safety Cabinets 57
C.12 Radiation Safety 60
C.12.1 Specific Areas of Concern 61
C.12.2 Radioactive Waste Storage and Staging 61
C.12.3 Laboratory Design 63
C.12.4 Radioactive Liquid and Airborne Effluent
Discharges 65
v
C.12.5 Building Vacuum Systems 66
C.12.6 Irradiators Utilized in Medical Research 66
C.12.7 Radiation-Producing Equipment 61
C.12.8 Non-Ionizing Radiation 61
C.12.9 Clearance for Renovation/Remodeling 69
C.13 Fire Safety/Fire Protection 69
C.14 Environmental Management 70
C.14.1 Background 70
C.14.2 Hazardous Construction Materials 71
C.14.3 Hazardous Substances Storage 71
C.14.4 Hazardous Waste Storage and Handling 73
C.14.5 Bulk Storage Facilities 75
C. 14.6 Wastewater 77
C.14.7 Solid Waste 78
Index 81
APPENDIX A. VIBRATION CRITERIA FOR USE IN PLANNING
NEW FACILITIES A-l
VI
PREFACE
This document is the first publication by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) of
material developed to assist with the tasks of planning and designing biomedical re-
search laboratories. The decision to develop the document was based on the recogni-
tion that biomedical research is rapidly becoming more complex and far reaching, and
that facilities designed to support work in the life sciences must themselves be corre-
spondingly more sophisticated to meet research requirements today and tomorrow.
The original basis for this document was the set of design guidelines for biomedical
research facilities that was developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The
NIH material has been amended by a multidisciplinary task group charged with creat-
ing a more broadly generic and updated set of guidelines that are not specific to one
type of public or private sector biomedical research. These guidelines should there-
fore be viewed as an introductory point of entry into a complicated subject. It is antici-
pated that this first edition will be steadily expanded and refined in an open, public
review and comment process conducted at periodic intervals in the future.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) has been privileged to work with a
multidisciplinary task group of distinguished and dedicated experts involved in bio-
medical research laboratory facilities as researchers, facilities designers, and construc-
tors, representatives of professional organizations and public agencies.
These experts were convened as a formal task group and they devoted many hours of
concentrated work during 1997-98 to represent the latest and best thinking about bio-
medical research from the viewpoints of their respective fields. Their deliberations
began with a thorough review of earlier guidelines that were developed specifically for
the National Institues of Health (NIH), and that the NIH generously made available to
the AIA in a modified form as a starting point for this document. The process benefited
further from the thoughts of numerous others, including Mr. Robert Guy, AIA, of Earl
Walls Associates, and Mr. Lloyd Siegel, FAIA, Director of the Facilities Quality Of-
fice, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, D.C. Every effort was made to craft
guidelines language that expressed a balanced and broad-based consensus.
Executive Committee
Frank Battistello Daniel L. Hightower, RA
Branch Chief Associate Director
Research Facilities Branch Management Control and Policy Office
National Cancer Institute Division of Engineering Services
Bethesda, MD National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD
Janet Baum, AIA
Principal Todd S. Phillips, Ph.D., AIA
Health Education + Director
Research Associates, Inc. Center for Advanced Technology
St. Louis, MO Facilities Design
American Institute of Architects
William R. Brader, PE Washington, DC
Principal
Kling Lindquist P. Richard Rittelmann, FAIA
Philadelphia, PA Executive Vice President
Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates
Alfred Ferruggiaro Butler, PA
Senior Industrial Hygienist and
Acting Chief
Technical Assistance Section,
Division of Safety
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD
viii
Task Group Members
Stephen Campbell James Mulshine, MD
Interim Director Head
Facilities and Real Estate Intervention Section
Johns Hopkins University Medicine Branch
School of Medicine National Cancer Institute
Baltimore, MD Rockville, MD
Thanks are owed as well to the many persons who are responsible for the NIH Design
Policy and Guidelines—Research Laboratories:
Dave Berry Thomas Ligis
Joseph M. Bladen Kristy Long, RA
Charles E. Blumberg, FIIDA Johnny Madlangbayan
Martin D. Borenstein Athanasia Mantzouranis, PE
Nancy Boyd Phillip Marcus
Benjamin Buck, PE John McCabe, PE
Christine M. Campbell, PE Dr. Farhad Memarzadeh, PE
James Carscadden, PE Mark F.Miller
Dr. Alan L. Chedester Rand M. Mortimer
Terry L. Christensen, PE Nga Nguyen
Rassa Davoodpour Albert Parrish
Mehryar Ebrahimi, PE Arvind Patel
David H. Epley, PE Daryl E. Paunil, PE
Alfred J. Ferruggiaro, CIH John Pavlides, PE
Shawn Googins Edward A. Pfister
Paul Hawver Leon F. Pheder, PE
Ricardo C. Herring, AIA Judit A. Quasney, RA
John K. Hollingsworth Solange Rangel, RA
Herbert B. Jacobi Shahriar Saleh
Frankie R. Kelly Donald A. Sebastian, RA
Jean Khoshbin, RA Cyrena G. Simons
Byung Kim William Strine
Louis Klepitch Peter W. Sweeney
Frank M. Kutlak, RA Dr. James F. Taylor
Dr. RandolfLarsen Esmail Torkashvan, PE.
James S. Lewis, PE Gary Zackowitz, RA
INTRODUCTION
General
The puipose of this document is to provide information to the design and research
communities on the planning and design of biomedical research laboratories. These
guidelines reflect the judgment of a multidisciplinary group of experts in research
laboratory design and operation. They encompass the majority of current best prac-
tices today, but they are neither universal solutions nor detailed enough to answer
every question that may arise in the course of a specific planning and design project.
The functional program should also include a description of those services necessary
for the complete operation of the facility, and it should address future expansion of
essential services that may be needed to accommodate increased demand for techno-
logical change. The approved functional program shall be made available for use by
all members of the design team in the development of project design and construction
documents.
xi
It is extremely important to recognize that the end users (researchers, facility manag-
ers, administrators, etc.) are integral parts of this process, and their involvement is
essential to the project success from the outset. The most effective method by which
to integrate scientific, administrative, and facility requirements is through a "partner-
ship" interaction whereby design professionals and end users share a clearly defined
goal. Accomplishing such a shared vision through the entire design, construction, and
operations process ensures the operational functionality, sustainability, and reliability
of these sophisticated facilities.
A hazard assessment must be conducted for each investigative and research function.
The assessment becomes a critical determining factor in design and throughout the
full life cycle of the facility. A main purpose of these guidelines is to assist in the
design of "safe space" to support research.
In response to this purpose, all laboratories are assumed in design to contain chemical,
radiological, and biological hazards, since all of these scientific activities may occur
within the space during its life cycle. Containment devices and researcher procedures
are used in concert with the facility to manage these hazards. Architectural and engi-
neering features are also essential to maintain proper safety for workers and visitors.
Every research facility shall provide and maintain a safe environment for personnel
and the public. When chemical fume hoods are required, even to handle small quanti-
ties of hazardous material, then the laboratory space must have air pressure negative in
relation to adjacent egress and circulation corridors. In addition, the exhaust system
requires redundancy to establish reliable containment. Radioisotopes, usually used
only in trace amounts, must be secured and shielded. Biohazards are assumed to be at
Biosafety Level 2.
xii
having primary responsibility for resolution should be consulted as early in the design
process as possible.
These guidelines assume that the design professionals who are selected for biomedi-
cal research facilities projects are knowledgeable about the attributes of these facili-
ties. It is the design professionals' responsibility to comply with established codes,
regulations, and current practices. These guidelines do not relieve design profession-
als of such responsibilities. Rather, they are intended to supplement the design process
by offering consolidated practical knowledge and experience based on commonly ac-
cepted operational sustainability and safety practices. By incorporating such knowl-
edge, greater consistency,flexibility,reliability, and safety within biomedical research
facilities can be achieved.
Insofar as practical, these guidelines have been established to obtain a desired perfor-
mance result. Limitations, when given, such as dimensions or quantities, describe a
condition that is commonly recognized as a practical standard for normal operation.
In all cases where specific limits are described, equivalent solutions will be acceptable
if the authority having jurisdiction approves them. Nothing in this document shall be
construed as restricting innovations that provide an equivalent level of performance
with these guidelines in a manner other than that which is prescribed by this docu-
ment, provided that no other safety element or system is compromised in order to
establish equivalency.
Metric standards of measurement are the norm for most international commerce and
are being used increasingly in the United States. Where measurements are a part of
this document, "hard" metric units are given as the basic standard, with "hard" En-
glish units in parentheses. It should be noted that these units are not usually arithmeti-
cally equivalent.
Various codes and standards have been referenced in whole or in part in sections of
this document. Care must be taken to use current editions of the applicable codes and
standards as accepted by the regulating authorities.
xiii
A PLANNING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
a. The intent of these guidelines is to provide the designer with information that
will yield state-of-the-art biomedical research facilities either by constructing new
facilities or by renovating older facilities to meet ever-changing biomedical research
needs. It is essential that the end users of the research laboratory be involved during
the programming and design stages to meet the various specific needs of the labora-
tory occupants. The following goals and objectives define the recommended consid-
erations necessary to maintain proper functionality of the facility as well as good
productivity of the end user. For specific requirements see section C, Design Criteria.
Quality of Life
Quality of life in laboratories is a major concern of the occupants. Research-
ers stated in a survey conducted by the National Institutes of Health, Divi-
sion of Engineering Services, that views to the outdoors, both from their
laboratories and offices, are highly desirable. The laboratory should be de-
signed for people, providing them with a pleasant work environment that
leads to increased productivity. Introduction of natural light into laborato-
ries, giving researchers some visual relief, is an important element in creat-
ing a comfortable work environment. Adequate work space, color, a coordi-
nated and well-organized layout, and attractive casework are some of the
design features that will enhance the quality of life. The use of visually in-
teresting features such as natural material, art work, etc., and amenities such
as exercise facilities, bank teller machines, etc., that can help to attract and
retain scientific staff is highly desirable.
A.3.1 Noise
Noise is a critical factor in determining the quality of the work
environment. Noise levels in laboratories are difficult to control
because room finishes are often non-sound absorbent. Equipment
such as chemical fume hoods, centrifuges, and vacuum pumps
contributes to the high noise levels within the laboratory. Con-
sideration should be given to minimizing the total impact of noisy
equipment or other noise generators. Planning should isolate
noise-sensitive areas from noise sources wherever possible.
A.3.2 Wayfinding
Graphics and signage will help employees and visitors find their
way through a laboratory building. Directional graphics/signage
shall be functional and integrated with the architecture of the
building.
A.3.3 Artwork
Artwork should be not only in the form of photographs, paint-
ings, etc. It could be designed by using different forms of light-
ing, color, texture, and materials.
f \
X 1/3 MODULE
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213 MODULE
Diagram No. 1
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Diagram No. 2
Support very conveniently located relative to laboratories
Very adaptable to partial interstitial space over support areas
Limited office area will work for some institutions but not
others
Fixed relationship of support to laboratory will somewhat limit
future flexibility
SERVICE
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Diagram No. 3
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Diagram No. 7
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Diagram No. 8
A.4.3 Security
Laboratory buildings are typically occupied 24 hours per day, and access by
visitors and employees must be delineated and controlled to minimize dis-
ruption and maintain security of operations. Zones of security within the
building, at the loading dock, and at dedicated building systems will also be
generally required. Electronic security such as card access and closed-circuit
television may be planned for the facility.
The structural systems selected for laboratory buildings should allow flex-
ibility to add floor penetrations and shifting of major live loads at any future
time. The typical range for anticipated live loads is from 600 to 750 kg/m2
(125 to 150 pounds per square foot).
Advantage
Disadvantages
^r "V^
Diagram No. 10
Disadvantages
Diagram No. 11
Advantages
Disadvantages
Diagram No. 12
Service Corridors
In this system, laboratory spaces adjoin an accessible and occu-
piable service corridor that houses horizontal utility spaces above
head height and distributes horizontally into the laboratories via
the ceiling or directly to the lab bench through the wall of the
service corridor. Vertical shafts from mechanical equipment
spaces are required at strategic locations. The service corridor
should be a minimum of 1,500 mm (5' 0") in width, plus any
utility and storage areas. (See Diagram No. 13.)
Advantages
• Continuous access for maintenance is available through the
service corridor without entering research spaces
• Shutoff valves and electric panels are easily accessible
• Special zones in service corridors could house equipment that
is objectionable in the lab environment due to heat, moisture,
noise, and other products
Disadvantages
i l l l l l p
/// LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY V %
i 1I I I 1 J Diagram No. 13
Advantages
Disadvantages
STRUCTURAL
MECHANICAL
LIGHT FIXTURE
RESEARCH
AREA
LAB MODULE
Diagram No. 14
Laboratories
a. Laboratory buildings may be designed with generic laboratory space
whereby the future users would adapt the generic laboratory to suit their
requirements by placing equipment and work zones according to their indi-
vidual needs. Generic laboratory design could be used to accommodate a
variety of biomedical research. With minor adaptations and well-designed
support space, research such as virology, immunology, physiology, cell bi-
ology, and clinical research could be accomplished in generic laboratories.
• Locate fume hoods and biosafety cabinets (BSCs) away from the
primary exit
• Locate desks away from lab traffic and circulation
• Provide secondary exits in larger open laboratory spaces
• Recess doors and swing in direction of egress
• Ensure that windows are fixed
• Provide independent temperature control for each single lab module and a
pressure-independent terminal unit for supply and exhaust duct connec-
tions
• Keep all terminal units and associated control dampers and actuators out-
side the laboratory space
• Locate containment devices so as not to block egress, entrap, or pose safety
hazards to occupant
• Provide a sink, emergency eyewash fountain, and deluge safety shower
where chemicals are used
• Provide chemical storage cabinet (user specific) andflammableliquid stor-
age cabinet
Wet Laboratories
Wet laboratories house functions that include working with solutions and
utilize benches, sinks, and chemical fume hoods. Generally, a wet lab is
fitted out with a full range of services: purified water, potable water, lab cold
Space Descriptions 19
and hot water, lab waste/vents, carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), vacuum, compressed
air, eyewash, safety showers, natural gas, telephone, local area network
(LAN), and power.
B.2.1 Biochemistry/Pathology
Equipment generally includes a large number of refrigerators and
freezers (-20°C (-4°F), -70°C (-94°F), and -135°C (-211°F)), and
a large number of centrifuges. Access to chemical fume hoods,
BSCs, and cold rooms is generally required.
• One 120V outlet per 600 mm is required. Dry and liquid chemi-
cal and waste storage with radioactive shielding may be re-
quired
Space Descriptions
B.2.5 Physical Chemistry
The quantity and range of services and electrical power distin-
guish chemistry laboratories. Due to instrumentation, heavy struc-
tural loading and high ceiling clearance may be required.
Dry Laboratories
Dry laboratories involve work with electronics and large instruments with few
piped services. These laboratories are analytical laboratories that utilize and house
sophisticated equipment: highly calibrated electronic apparatus in spaces that
require accurate temperature and humidity control, stable structure and vibra-
tion control, shielded space, clean power, andfilteredchilled water. These labo-
ratories do not require extensive piped services and built-in casework. Floor
loading and ceiling heights are also a consideration. Access must be planned for
routine maintenance, repair, or calibration of equipment.
B.3.1 Electrophysiology/Biophysics
Laboratories require a large number of electronic racks and very
little fixed bench space.
Space Descriptions 21
• Cooling water supply and return for equipment may be required
• Low-impedance clean ground power supply to microscope
should be provided
• Provision should be made for storage and distribution of cylin-
der gases within the laboratory or from outside the laboratory
• High-voltage electric services may be needed
B.3.3 Laser
The laser suites must be isolated from vibration and be light-tight,
with a sample preparation space and chemical fume hood. Fil-
tered chilled water for lasers and heavy floor loads are also a
consideration. Specialty gases may be needed.
22 Space Descriptions
• Electrical low impedance and clean ground should be provided
• Vibration isolation may be required
Space Descriptions 23
hard materials, and infectious waste. The autoclave area requires
overhead exhaust, floor drains, electricity, hot/cold water, steam,
HVAC, and drain, waste, and vent (DWV). All finishes must be
moisture resistant. Doors to the room must accommodate large
equipment sizes.
B.4.2 Glasswash
The glasswash provides space for glasswashing, drying appli-
ances, and carts, and has counters on legs, a sink, and overhead
exhaust. All areas in the room shall be thoroughly caulked and
sealed, and have a fixed ceiling, epoxy floors, and cleanable walls
to withstand moisture and prevent pest infestation. Space must
be provided for staging clean and dirty glassware. Utilities in-
clude HVAC with supplemental cooling, electricity, cold water,
purified water, DWV, vacuum, telecommunications, and equip-
ment alarm system.
24 Space Descriptions
equipment alarm. Cold rooms that are used for storage only do
not have sinks and require minimal air changes compared with
cold labs.
B.4.5 Darkroom
This area will have casework, counters, work tables, and sink.
All doors, walls, ceilings, and penetrations must be light-tight.
Utilities include HVAC, electricity, hot/cold and chilled water,
DWV, compressed air, gas, vacuum, spot exhaust, telecommuni-
cations, and purified water. Requirements for compressed air, gas,
silver recovery system, and vacuum shall be verified during pro-
gramming. Darkroom-in-use indicators must be provided out-
side of this space.
Space Descriptions 25
(_94°F), ultra-centrifuges, high-speed centrifuges, etc. Utilities
include HVAC with supplemental cooling, electric, cold water,
DWV, vacuum, telecommunications, and equipment alarm system.
26 Space Descriptions
B.4.10 General Storage Room
This room has shelving or lockable storage cubicles with wire-bar
type, easily cleanable shelving. Special utilities are not required.
• Each Class II, type B, BSC shall be hard duct connected to the
laboratory exhaust system through an individual independent
terminal unit
• Provision should be made for secure storage of cylinders and
distribution of carbon dioxide gas within the laboratory or from
outside the laboratory
Space Descriptions 27
• Appropriate shelving with raised lips and restraint bars should
be provided as required for earthquake protection. Chemical
storage cabinets should be fastened to walls and structural ele-
ments to prevent movement and tipping in earthquake zones
28 Space Descriptions
erages outside the laboratory while creating an inviting area for
interaction. These areas serve as lounges for the employees and
shall be equipped with white board, tack board, chairs, tables,
bookcases, counters, microwave ovens, sink, and perhaps a kitch-
enette with sink and refrigerator. Furnishings used in a break room
must be cleanable and promote good sanitation. A library or re-
source center could be combined with a conference or break room
or be in a separate entity.
Space Descriptions 29
be provided for securing and manifolding laboratory gases. In a
multistory facility, consideration should be given to material han-
dling zones and storage at each floor. Space should be provided
for animal receiving and carcass disposal if the laboratory has
animal facilities. If the laboratory building has a kitchen and caf-
eteria or animal facility, separate receiving docks must be pro-
vided to meet Department of Health sanitary standards for the
former use and to meet security requirements for the latter.
B.6.5 Circulation
Circulation shall promote separate flows of people and materi-
als. Vertical circulation must be simple and direct without being
restrictive. Stairways and transition ramps shall be studied at con-
nections between buildings with different floor-to-floor heights.
A freight elevator will be located and sized to handle the trans-
portation of materials from the loading dock to the point of use.
Freight elevators require floor containment to prevent contami-
nation of the elevator shaft in the event of a chemical spill. A
heavy-duty passenger elevator shall be accessible as a backup to
the freight elevator. Both shall be readily accessible to the load-
ing dock.
30 Space Descriptions
C DESIGN CRITERIA
The following paragraphs describe the architectural and engineering design criteria
that are important in planning a laboratory building.
b. These values are only guidelines and are not absolute. Specific user
programming is required to verify actual requirements.
Design Criteria 31
C.3 The Laboratory Module
The size of the laboratory module is determined by the considerations ad-
dressed in section A.4.1.
32 Design Criteria
ety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE). Containment devices should be selected to comply
with these requirements and should be located in the laboratory
to minimize disruption of airflow to the device and avoid entrap-
ment, blocking of egress, and creation of any safety hazard to the
laboratory occupant.
Equipment
a. Equipment Within a Lab: A wide variety of equipment is
used in laboratories. The goal is to create adaptability in laboratory
space so that instruments can be relocated without altering the space,
or the attendant supportive utility systems, or without compromis-
ing the operation of the instruments, or safety of the users.
Design Criteria 33
b. Common Equipment Rooms: Some instrumentation
rooms, electron microscopy suites, MRI, mass spectroscopy
suites, X-ray crystallography suites, and mass spectrometry rooms
require special utilities and environmental controls.
c. Noise: Noise levels in laboratories can become extreme
for a number of reasons, including mechanical systems, fume
hoods, pumps, compressors, non-sound-absorbing surfaces, etc.
Consideration should be given to designing common equipment
rooms to house most commonly used equipment. This would con-
centrate high noise-generating equipment into one space to be
shared by a number of labs where it could be controlled.
C.5.1 Floors
Floor materials must be nonabsorbent, skidproof, resistant to wear,
and resistant to the adverse effects of acids, solvents, and deter-
gents. Materials may be monolithic (sheet flooring) or have a
minimal number of joints such as vinyl composition tile (VCT)
or rubber tile. The base may be vinyl or rubber material (if readily
cleanable) with an integral cove base when sheet vinyl flooring
is used. Material selection relates directly to the biosafety level
of the laboratory and the level of cleanliness required for the
functions performed within the space.
C.5.2 Walls
Wall surfaces shall be free from cracks, unsealed penetrations,
and imperfect junctions with ceiling and floors. Materials must
be capable of withstanding washing with strong detergents and
disinfectants and be capable of withstanding the impact of nor-
mal traffic. Corner guards and bumper rails shall be provided to
protect wall surfaces in high traffic/impact areas.
Design Criteria
C.5.3 Ceilings
Ceilings such as washable lay-in acoustical tiles shall be provided
for most laboratory spaces. Ceiling heights in a laboratory and labo-
ratory support shall accommodate biosafety cabinet and fume hood
installation. Gypsum board with epoxy paint and equipped with ac-
cess panels is usually provided in glassware washing and autoclave
rooms, where the potential for high moisture exists.
C.5.5 Doors
The choice of door for laboratories varies from a minimum 1,070
mm (3' 6") to doors 1,200 mm (4' 0") wide with 900 mm (3' 0")
active leaf and 300 mm (V 0") inactive leaf. Doors shall be at
least 2,100 mm (6' 8") high. In laboratories where the use of larger
equipment is anticipated, wider/higher doors or removable tran-
soms shall be considered to allow for entry and exit of larger
equipment. Laboratory doors shall be recessed and swing out-
ward in the direction of egress. They shall be provided with locks
and closers for security/safety.
Structural
C.6.1 Vibration
a. Because vibration can interfere significantly with sensi-
tive laboratory instruments, designers must take appropriate op-
portunities to control vibration and to locate vibration sources
away from activities sensitive to vibration. Steel structures are
feasible subject to the results of the vibration analysis. A thor-
ough vibration analysis is suggested prior to selection of a steel
structure system.
Design Criteria 35
by mechanical and electrical equipment such as pumps, chillers,
fans, standby generators, and transformers. Other sources such as
foot traffic, parking garage traffic, elevators, and movement of
heavy equipment shall also be carefully considered.
36 Design Criteria
d. Close coordination between structural and mechanical dis-
ciplines is critical to minimize interference of piping and venti-
lating systems with the structural framing.
Design Criteria 37
pose of effective use of energy, and shall govern all buildings and
structures erected for human occupancy.
38 Design Criteria
Indoor Design Conditions
Indoor design conditions should be selected to meet the specific
needs of the occupants and the research function. In some spe-
cial cases, there are laboratories that require special temperature
and humidity control. The design professional should review and
check the criteria for each laboratory room with the researchers
prior to the initial design, and design the systems and select the
equipment to include all the requirements.
Air Quality
a. HVAC systems must maintain a safe and comfortable
working environment and be capable of adapting as appropriate
to new research initiatives. In addition, they must be easy to main-
tain, energy efficient, and reliable to minimize lost research time.
Design Criteria 39
e. If fume hood exhaust systems interconnect with other ven-
tilation duct systems, appropriate engineering equipment, prin-
ciples, and controls are necessary so that cross-contamination of
the general ventilation does not occur.
40 Design Criteria
k. T Exhaust air in general does not require filtration or scrub-
bing. However, in special laboratories using radioisotopes, or
certain hazardous chemicals or in biocontainment laboratories,
exhaust air may require special scrubbing or filtration before en-
tering the combined laboratory exhaust system or discharging to
the atmosphere.
Air Distribution
Air supplied to a laboratory space must keep temperature gradi-
ents and air turbulence to a minimum, especially near the face of
the laboratory fume hoods and BSCs. Air outlets must not dis-
charge into the face of fume hoods. Also, cross-flows that im-
pinge on the side of a hood more seriously alter airflow than do
cross-flows in front of the hood.
Relative Pressurization
a. Laboratories in general should remain at a negative air
pressure in relation to the corridors and other nonlaboratory
spaces. Laboratory air shall flow from low-hazard to high-hazard
use areas. In general, laboratories shall be maintained negative
relative to nonlaboratory spaces. Administrative areas in labora-
tory buildings must always be positive with respect to corridors
and laboratories. The entire building must be maintained at an
air pressure above atmospheric to reduce or eliminate unwanted,
unfiltered air and water infiltration.
Air Balance
a. Control of airflow direction in research laboratories con-
trols the spread of airborne contaminants, protects personnel from
Design Criteria 41
toxic and hazardous substances, and protects the integrity of ex-
periments. In these facilities, the once-through principle of air-
flow is applied based on (1) exhausting 100% of the supplied air;
(2) maintaining the required airflow with all exhaust units oper-
ating at capacity; and (3) providing directional flow of air from
areas of least contamination to those of greatest contamination.
Determinants for air pattern control are (1) the type of research
materials handled or generated in each space; (2) the type, size,
and number of laboratory fume hood, BSCs, and auxiliary ex-
haust equipment in each space; and (3) permissibility of air trans-
fer into or out of spaces.
42 Design Criteria
tion of future flexibility becomes an ever-increasing and impor-
tant question. It is imperative that the design architect/engineer
do in-depth programming and planning and that the research per-
sonnel be informed that administrative areas do not have flex-
ibility for conversion into soft lab space unless this is a planned
function and the area is designed accordingly.
Design Criteria 43
Latent Heat Loads:
People, animals, internal equipment infiltration
Makeup and ventilation air requirements
Auxiliary air requirements
b. All heating and cooling load calculations shall include a
predetermined safety factor to compensate for load inaccuracies,
future flexibility, infiltration, and air leakage. Safety factors shall
be clearly defined in a report usually submitted at the end of sche-
matic design.
Plumbing
a. The plumbing systems shall be coordinated with the laboratory plan-
ning module. A piping distribution method, including mains, risers, and
branch lines, shall be designed to accommodate easy service isolation and
system maintenance while minimizing disruption to laboratory functions.
Emergency isolation valves must be conveniently located on branch lines so
that segments can be taken off line quickly in the event of failures.
Design Criteria
)
&. Gas piping systems shall comply with the latest edition of National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 54, National Fuel Gas Code.
Electrical
C.9.1 Normal Power
a. The following load figures in volt-amperes per square
meter shall be used in calculating and sizing the overall building
load. These figures are connected load and shall be used in the
early design stages. Actual design loads shall be used in the later
part of the design. The range provided allows for varying inten-
sity of usage. A few factors that influence usage are density of
occupancy in the laboratories and type of research conducted.
The mechanical loads do not include chilled water or steam gen-
eration, which are produced centrally. The engineer shall use
sound judgment in applying these numbers.
\
a. The following load figures in watts per square meter shall
be used in sizing the generator. These figures are connected load
and shall be used in the early design stages. Actual design loads
shall be used in the later part of the design. The range allows for
Design Criteria 45
varying intensity of usage. The engineer shall use sound judg-
ment in applying these numbers.
Load W/m2
Lighting 1-5
Receptacles 1-2
HVAC 1-32
Lab equipment 20-43
Elevators* 2-2
• One light fixture per module with one light switch per lab
• BSCs
• Supply and exhaust fans for BL3 and BL4 labs
• Ventilated animal cages and cage systems
• Lab equipment alarm-monitoring system
• Fume hood exhaust fans
• High-value specimen refrigerators, freezers, cold rooms, warm
rooms, etc.
• Incubators
C.9.3 Lighting
a. Laboratories generally require 100 foot-candles at
benchtop level, with a minimum of 75 foot-candles being ac-
ceptable with minimum glare and maximum efficiency. Where
the correct identification of color is important, special
color-corrected lamps may be necessary.
46 Design Criteria
C.9.4 Monitoring
a. Lab equipment, such as freezers, incubators, environmen-
tal rooms, etc., often needs to be monitored for alarm conditions.
C.9.5 Telecommunications/LAN
Voice, data, and video are often important systems needed in the
laboratory and shall be prewired using accessible cable trays and
conduit and provided with standby power as required. The loca-
tion and number of telecommunications/LAN closets in research
buildings must be carefully considered during the design phase.
Telecommunications/LAN rooms require adequate space for cir-
culation around the equipment for repair and maintenance. Con-
sideration shall be given to alternatives to surface-mounted race-
ways since they can harbor pests.
Design Criteria 47
C.10.1 Fume Hoods
Hoods shall be tested in accordance with the latest edition of
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 110. In addition, see the illustrations
of various hood types and configurations in the ACGIH publica-
tion Industrial Ventilation: A Manual ofRecommended Practice.
Architects/engineers shall consult with appropriate health and
safety personnel regarding appropriate exhaust configurations for
laboratory fume hoods.
48 Design Criteria
injury). Laboratory workers should be able to locate the
shower(s) with their eyes closed (emergency situations may
leave workers temporarily blind). Eyewashes must be no more
than 30,000 mm (100' 0") or 10 seconds' travel time from a
laboratory hazard. The water supply to eyewashes must be
potable water and separate from laboratory water.
C.10.6 Electrical
Shunt trip breakers may be required for labs with high-voltage
electrical equipment. A ground fault circuit interrupter is required
within 600 mm of a water source.
C.10.7 Flammables
Incorporate flammable storage cabinets in all laboratories using
flammable chemicals. Limitations on flammable storage and use
in laboratories should be determined by code.
Design Criteria 49
C.10.9 Waste Storage
At the laboratory space level, waste boxes must be located near
the service entrance and be easily accessible. Space must be al-
located in each laboratory for waste box storage.
C.11.1 Background
"i
The NIH/CDC guideline, Biological Safety in Microbiological
and Biomedical Laboratories, provides guidance in the appro-
priate containment of biohazardous work. Biological safety lev-
els 1 ^ have been designated, with BL1 being the least hazard-
ous. The biological safety levels are based on the probability of
occupationally acquired infections resulting from the handling
of specific agents in the laboratory. Containment facility design
and laboratory practices have been developed for each biologi-
cal safety level to minimize the potential for personnel exposure
and release to the environment. The following descriptions of
facility requirements for biological safety levels are based on the
requirements identified in the above-mentioned NIH/CDC guide-
lines.
50 Design Criteria
<^
Design Criteria 51
g. Decontamination Requirements: OSHA requires the use
of "EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] registered tubercu-
locidal hospital disinfectants" for the decontamination of
biohazardous spills. These disinfectants may include
halogen-containing compounds (hypochlorite, iodine), phenols,
alcohols, aldehydes, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Se-
lection of a specific disinfectant depends on a number of criteria,
which could be different for different laboratories. Personnel must
choose appropriate disinfectants that are compatible with the sur-
faces on which the spill may have occurred.
There must be space provided in the area of the loading dock for
the collection and storage of MPW. A cold box capable of hold-
ing a minimum of 30 MPW boxes overnight must be supplied in
close proximity to the loading dock.
52 Design Criteria
Autoclave space shall be finished with epoxy coatings and shall
not have a suspended, acoustical ceiling. This area must be thor-
oughly caulked and sealed to promote cleaning and reduce pest
harborage.
Design Criteria 53
b. Containment Requirements: BL3 laboratories require
all of the design considerations for BL2 laboratories plus spe-
cific requirements for the additional containment of those
biohazardous materials used in the laboratory. No compromise
of the integrity of the containment of the BL3 laboratory is al-
lowed.
54 Design Criteria
ing exhaust, it must be connected in such a manner as to maintain
the air balance of the cabinets and the building exhaust system.
(See section C.11.6.)
All light fixtures, conduits, and supply and exhaust ducts must
be gasketed or sealed at the point of penetration into the labora-
tory to ensure containment and to ensure the capability of gas
decontamination.
Design Criteria 55
k. Windows: Laboratory windows, where present, must be
designed not to open. All interior windowsills must be sloped,
and the seams around the windows must be sealed as are other
seams in the laboratory.
56 Design Criteria
q. HEPA Filter Housings: When installed, HEPA filter ex-
haust housings must be constructed in such a manner as to allow
for appropriate particulate testing (i.e., DOP or equivalent) and
must be capable of being isolated from the ventilation system for
gas decontamination and testing (i.e., gas-tight dampers and hous-
ings). Facility safety personnel must be consulted with regard to
the suitability of the decontamination mechanism design and
approve of the system prior to the finalization of the design.
Design Criteria 57
exhausts approximately 30% of the air of the cabinet). Each type
of cabinet has unique properties and specific uses.
58 Design Criteria
chemicals may be used in them provided the work is performed
past the middle of the work surface, toward the back of the cabi-
net. The exhaust from the work surface in Type Bl cabinets is to
the back of the cabinet, and the air in this portion of the cabinet is
exhausted to the outside and therefore not recirculated in the cabi-
net. The HEPA-filtered exhaust from these cabinets is hard ducted
through the facility ventilation system. All contaminated areas
of these cabinets are under negative pressure. Potentially con-
taminated air from the work surface that is exhausted through
the front vent of the cabinet is HEPA filtered below the work
surface and then recirculated back into the work surface.
Design Criteria 59
1. Class II, Type B3 Cabinets: Type B3 cabinets function
in the same manner as Type A cabinets but have been redesigned
to provide a negative-pressure zone around all positive-pressure
contaminated plenums. They have the same limitations as the
Type A cabinets. If a small amount of volatile is used in this
cabinet, the exhaust is hard ducted to the building exhaust sys-
tem and thimble connection is not allowed.
q. The design of the HVAC systems must allow for the maxi-
mum exhaust capacity for all BSCs which may be required in the
facility.
2 Radiation Safety
a. Work performed at biomedical research laboratories may involve the
potential for occupational exposure to radioactive materials and other sources
of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. While laboratory procedures identi-
fied as good radiation safety practices and techniques are essential to mini-
mize exposures, the implementation of good facility design in security, en-
gineering controls, and shielding are important elements to enhance safety.
Design Criteria
b. The intent of this section is to provide the architect/engineer and con-
struction contractor with a working knowledge of facility design parameters
associated with facilities using a variety of radiation sources and radioactive
materials in the biomedical research environment.
Design Criteria 61
Mixed waste (hazardous waste that is also radioactive) shall be
treated as radioactive waste in this temporary staging area. These
staging areas are discussed in detail in section C.14.3. Only the
specific issues which are directly related to radioactive waste are
discussed here.
62 Design Criteria
Information Notice 90-09 provides guidance for fire protection
systems and requirements to minimize the likelihood and extent
of fire involving radioactive materials in interim storage. A 2-hour
rated wall may be required to separate radioactive and hazardous
waste storage areas.
• Liquids
( aqueous waste
solvents/other hazardous chemical constituents (mixed
waste)
• Dry or solid waste (dry active waste)
disposable labware, gloves, absorbent paper, etc.
sharps (may be categorized as medical pathological waste
(MPW) if also contaminated with pathogens/body fluids)
• Liquid scintillation cocktail and vials
• MPW
animal carcasses/tissues
animal bedding/excreta
other radioactive waste containing pathogens
Design Criteria 63
through the main corridors of the building. The configuration of the
area to house waste receptacles shall be designed to facilitate decon-
tamination and minimize the spread of spills of radioactive material
(spill containment). Surfaces of the storage area shall be readily clean-
able and properly sealed/caulked to prevent migration of contami-
nated liquids.
64 Design Criteria
• Sinks shall be either plastic composite, stainless steel, or non-
porous surfaces suitable for the laboratory environment
• Chemical fume hoods used for radioactive materials shall have
a minimum face velocity of 0.5 m/s (100 lfpm)
• A typical chemical fume hood designed for chemicals/hazard-
ous materials is acceptable for use with radioactive materials.
The hood design shall include smooth, nonporous surfaces for
ease of decontamination
Design Criteria 65
• Where radioactive iodination is performed in specific labora-
tories, the exhaust system serving those laboratories shall be
equipped to accept appropriate charcoal filtration systems
• Airborne radioactive effluent sampling systems shall be de-
signed in accordance with ANSI Standard N13.1, Guide to Sam-
pling Airborne Radioactive Materials in Nuclear Facilities. A
single-nozzle sample probe shall be designed to accomplish
sampling of gases and vapors, as specified in ANSI Standard
N13.1
66 Design Criteria
tations in path of equipment moving/sagging)
• The room or facility housing the irradiators must be securable
against unauthorized access. Ideally, a dedicated room for this
purpose is desirable. However, a room with low personnel traffic
is acceptable
• Facility safety personnel shall be contacted when the design
and installation of an irradiator are considered
Design Criteria 67
• Warning requirements for cardiac pacemakers as well as other
prosthetic devices and/or equipment
• Shielding requirements to minimize radiation exposure to elec-
tric and magnetic fields
• Posting concerning electrical hazards
68 Design Criteria
C.12.9 Clearance for Renovation/Remodeling
The facility safety/radiation safety personnel shall be notified prior
to any renovation or remodeling of laboratories using radioac-
tive materials or exhaust systems servicing such laboratories.
Typically, the laboratory will be surveyed by the principal inves-
tigator/authorized user's staff and/or a confirmatory survey will
be performed by the radiation safety personnel. Once this survey
is performed and the results confirmed as safe, the area or equip-
ment will be released for unrestricted use and remodeling/reno-
vation or demolition. It is essential that the contractor coordinate
with the appropriate safety personnel prior to commencing work.
d. Fire Dampers: Fire dampers shall not be provided on any fume hood
system.
Design Criteria 69
which serve only one fire area, or in fully sprinklered buildings. Where duct
smoke detectors are installed they shall be of the photoelectric type, con-
nected to the building fire alarm system, and shall cause shutdown of the
associated air handler upon alarm.
C.14.1 Background
a. These guidelines regarding environmental management
encompass the current federal regulations regarding environmen-
tal management issues. State and local requirements are not in-
cluded and must be addressed.
70 Design Criteria
• The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
Design Criteria 71
d. Each building utilizing these hazardous substances shall
be designed with a receiving and storage area. This area shall be
located at or near the point of use of the materials and will be
used for long-term storage of hazardous materials.
72 Design Criteria
tory. FSCs shall not be installed beneath fume hoods. FSCs shall
not be located in corridors. The integrity of the FSC shall not be
compromised by its mounting method. The FSC shall not be
vented. The size of these cabinets is based on the volume of flam-
mable materials permitted by code that are used in the laboratory
and stored in the building.
Design Criteria 73
dling of the waste materials. The waste materials will normally
be transported using specialized carts which will provide spill
containment. The designer may propose alternate means for spill
containment within the storage room. Options may include a spill
containment curb around the room and shelving or bins designed
to contain spilled materials. A chemical-resistant coating shall
be applied to the walls and floor in this area to make it easier to
clean up spills.
74 Design Criteria
Thus, the designer needs to consider the function of the labora-
tory to determine the space necessary for hazardous waste stor-
age. At a minimum, a 750 mm by 750 mm (21 6" by 2' 6") area
will be required.
Design Criteria 75
c. Design considerations regarding the above-ground stor-
age tanks include the location of the tanks to provide access for
delivery trucks. At the same time, the tanks shall be sufficiently
isolated and protected from traffic flow to minimize the risk of
accident. The tanks shall also be placed in a location to minimize
the aesthetic impact of the tank on the surroundings. This would
include the use of berms and landscaping to block the view of the
tanks.
76 Design Criteria
h. To maintain proper water quality, all drainage systems
which collect runoff from the parking areas shall be equipped
with oil water separators.
7
C.14.6 Wastewater
a. Wastewater Discharge: Only uncontaminated storm-
water runoff shall be discharged to a receiving stream. All waste-
waters generated shall be discharged to the sanitary sewer. Typi-
cal wastewaters generated include domestic sewage from the lava-
tory facilities, nonhazardous waste discharged from laboratory
or research area sinks, waters used for cage washing and animal
care, waters used in cafeteria operations, and all floor drains.
Design Criteria 77
ization tanks shall be included in new construction if the antici-
pated characteristics of the wastewater stream indicate that these
facilities are likely to be required.
78 Design Criteria
fied environmental engineer to identify hazardous waste materi-
als specific to the laboratory in addition to those generally found
in building demolition. This site assessment shall include a re-
view of records regarding the design, construction, and use of
the building to be demolished and the site; a review of records
regarding responses to hazardous substances spill incidents or
other emergencies; visual inspection of the building and site; and
sampling and analysis of suspect materials and areas to provide
quantitative data to back up the qualitative assessment.
Design Criteria 79
40,42
A
animals, 4, 30,43, 44, 46, 62, 63, 77
accelerators, 61
ANSI Standards
accessibility, 11, 12,22
2136.1,68
ACGIH, see American College of N13.1, 66
Governmental and Industrial Hy-
Z 358.1,48
gienists (ACGIH)
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 110, 33,48
acid, 32, 33
artwork, 3,4
actuators, 19
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals,
aerosol-producing equipment, 55
38,43
afterfilters, 40
ASTM, 32
AIA, see American Institute of Archi-
autoclave, 20, 27, 52, 53, 56
tects (AIA)
exhaust filtration, 56
air pressure, negative, 41
rooms, 23, 24, 35, 44
air
autoradiography, 25
balance, 41,42
conditioning, xii
distribution, 21,41 B
emissions, 70
bank machines, 3, 4
flow, 21, 40, 51
quality, 39, 71 benches, 2, 3, 15, 23, 26
supply diffuser, 60 benchwork, 26, 31
unfiltered, 41 biohazard, see biological hazards
airborne contaminants, 37 biological hazards, xii, 29,41,48, 50,
airlock, 42, 53, 54 52,54
alarms, 24, 25, 70 biological safety cabinet, 19, 20, 27,
30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40-42, 46, 48,
alcohol, 52
51,54,57-60
aldehyde, 52
Biological Safety in Microbiological
alternate distribution systems, 12 and Biomedical Laboratories, 50
amenities, 3, 4 Biological Safety Levels
American College of Governmental Level 1,24, 50
and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Level 2, xii, 24, 50, 51, 69, 74
32,48, 65 Level 3, 24, 50, 53-56
American Institute of Architects Level 4, 24, 50, 57
(AIA), vii, viii, 31 biomedicine, 1
American National Standards Institute biophysics, 1, 21
(ANSI), 32
biosafety, see Biological Safety Levels
American Society of Heating, Refrig-
erating, and Air-Conditioning biosafety cabinet, see biological safety
Engineers (ASHRAE), 32, 33, 37, cabinet
Index 81
biotech room, 27 circulation, 5, 12,16, 22, 29, 30
blackout capability, 3 Class II, 27, 33, 57, 58, 59
BOCA, see Building Officials and Class III, 33, 57, 59
Code Administrators (BOCA) Clean Air Act, 70
break rooms, 1,4, 28 clean room, 27
breakers, shunt trip, 49 Clean Water Act, 70
BSC, see biological safety cabinet cleanup sinks, 20
Building Officials and Code Adminis- clustering offices, 28
trators (BOCA), xiii cold rooms, 20, 22-25, 27, 32, 46, 62
bumper rails, 34 collaboration areas, 28
common equipment rooms, 34, 44
c computer, 22, 23, 25, 28
containment, xii, 19, 32, 33, 51, 53, 76
cafeteria, 30
contaminants, airborne, 37
cage-washing, 44, 77
calibration, 1 copy centers, 1
corner guards, 34
canopy hoods, 24, 53
capacity, 2 corporate research facilities, 11
carbon dioxide, 20, 27, 61, 68 corridors, 4, 7-11, 15, 30, 43, 63, 70,
75
carcass disposal, 30
corrosion resistant, 20, 75
casework, 25, 32
coves, 51
caulking, 35, 51, 53, 54
credit union, 4
CDC, see Centers for Disease Control/
National Institutes of Health (CDC/
NIH)
D
ceilings, 13, 14, 21, 24, 35,43, 51, 54,
55 darkroom, 20-23, 25, 44, 78
Centers for Disease Control/National daylight, 6
Institutes of Health (CDC/NIH), vii, decontamination, 52, 56
viii, x, 3, 42 demolition, 78, 79
centrifuge, 4,20,26, 55, 64 Department of Health, 30
chase areas, 2,4,71 design, 1,12,31,37
chemical, xii desk space, 2, 31
fume hood, 4, 21, 22, 32, 65 developing rooms, 23
spill, 16,27,30,62 disaster provisions, xii
storage, 19,27,28
distribution, 12, 13, 17, 22
waste, 29, 62
DNA sequencers, 26
chemistry, physical, 21
domestic sewage, 77
child care, 4
82 Index T
doors, 35, 54 eyewash fountain, 19, 26,48, 49, 72,
drain, waste, and vent, 24-26, 39, 77 74
dry ice boxes, 26
duct smoke detection, 69, 70 F
ductwork, 24, 55
facility safety, 30, 33, 53, 69
DWV, see drain, waste, and vent
facility-specific construction, 47
FDA, see Food and Drug Administra-
E tion (FDA)
earthquake, 28 fiberglass, 40
fibrous material, 40
electric, standby, 20, 27, 28, 43,45
filtration, 40, 56
electromagnetic field, 22
electron microscope, 21, 34 fire
dampers, 69
electronic
extinguishers, 70
monitoring, 1
protective signaling systems, 69
racks, 21
safety, 69
electrophysiology, 21 water pumps, 70
elevator, 2,4, 29, 30, 36,45,46, 62, fire-resistant materials and construc-
66, 72, 73 tion, 69
energy conservation, 37,42 flammable liquid storage, 20
Environmental Protection Agency flammable storage cabinet, 49, 72, 73
(EPA), 52, 78
floor-framing systems, 35
environmental
flooring, 51
approach, xi
material, 34
management, 70
monolithic, 34
rooms, 47
floors, 21, 23, 32, 34, 43, 52, 54, 55,
EPA, see Environmental Protection
64,66
Agency (EPA)
depressions, 37
epoxy paint, 35, 54
penetrations, 45
equalization, 77
fluorescence microscopy, 25
equipment, 23, 24, 25, 32, 33
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
cooling loads, 44 37, 61, 68
pathway, 37
foot-candles, 46
equivalent linear measurement (ELM),
freestanding equipment areas, 25
31
freezers, 20, 25, 27,46, 47, 64
exercise facilities, 3
FSC, see flammable storage cabinet
exhaust, 56
fume hood, 19-23, 31, 33-35, 37, 39-
exotic agents, 57
42, 46, 48, 59, 69, 74
expansion, 3
Index 83
chemical, 4,21, 22, 32, 65 conditioning
radioisotope, 26 hydrophobic filters, 48
furniture, 28, 32,45,46, 51,55
l
G ICBO, see International Conference of
gamma counter, 64 Building Officials (ICBO)
gas cylinders, 11,20, 22, 23,26, 27,49 ice machines, 26
gas piping systems, 45 IESNA, see Illumination Engineering
generators, 36 Society of North America (IESNA)
GFCI, see ground fault circuit inter- Illumination Engineering Society of
rupter North America (IESNA), 46
glassware, 23,24, 71 incubators, 20, 46, 47
glassware washing, 24, 32, 35,44 Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of
Recommended Practice, 48, 65
gross area allowance, 31
information processing, 1
ground fault circuit interrupter, 49
insecticidal dusts, 71
grounding system, 47
integrity of experiments, 42
gypsum board, 35
interaction areas, 1, 3, 4, 28, 29
International Conference of Building
H Officials (ICBO), xiii
hazard assessment, xii interstitial space, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16,
17,18
hazardous materials, xii, 27, 70, 72, 78
ionizing, 60, 61
Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act, 71 irradiators, 61, 66, 67
hazardous waste, 29, 70, 73-76, 78, 79
handling, 70, 73
storage, 63, 70, 73, 75
K
heat loads, 43,44 kitchen, 30
heating and cooling load calculation,
43
L
heating, ventilation, and air condition-
ing, 8,9, 11, 20,21, 24-26, 37-42, laboratory
44,45,46, 53-55, 60 analytical, 21
HEPA filters, 40, 53-59 biomedical, vii, xi, xiii, 1, 19, 31,
33,40
high-bench lab, 26
dry, 19,21
hood, kitchen, 39
general, 5, 19 (
humidity, 21,22, 37 generic, 19
HVAC, see heating, ventilation, and air modules, 5, 18,32,75
84 Index
neighborhoods, 6,10 MPW, see medical pathological waste
physics, 40 MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging
space diagrams, 1,7-11, 13-16 MS, see mass spectrometry
staff, 2
support, 5, 6, 23, 31
support space, 2, 23 N
wet, 19 National Council on Radiation Protec-
lasers, 22, 61,67, 68, A-2 tion (NCRP), 67
facilities, 22, 68 National Earthquake Hazards Reduc-
high-power intensity, 67, 68 tion Program (NEHRP), xiii
light, natural, 3, 8,10, 11, 16, 27 National Fire Protection Association
lighting, 3, 9, 22, 28, 29, 37,43-46, 74 (NFPA), 45, 69, 72, 75
liquid effluent monitoring, 65 National Fuel Gas Code, 45
liquid nitrogen, 20,26, 27 National Sanitation Foundation (NSF),
liquid scintillation, 63, 64 57 •
live loads, 12 NC 50, 37
loading dock, 11, 29, 30, 41, 52, 72-74, NCRP, see National Council on Radia-
76 tion Protection (NCRP)
local area network, see telecommuni- NEHRP, see National Earthquake
cations/LAN Hazards Reduction Program
locker facilities, 4 (NEHRP)
Lucite, 64 neutralization, 25, 71, 77
lyophilizers, 64 NFPA, see National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA)
NFPA 45, 69, 72
M NIH, see Centers for Disease Control/
magnetic resonance imaging, 22, 34, National Institutes of Health (CDC/
61,67 ^ NIH)
mass spectrometry, 23, 34 noise, 2,4, 16,23,34,37,40
materials NRC, see Nuclear Regulatory Com-
handling, 29, 30 mission (NRC)
storage, 11, 30 NRC Information Notice 90-09, 62, 63
medical pathological waste, 52 NSF, see National Sanitation Founda-
tion (NSF)
MEP systems, 5, 6, 12
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Metric standards of measurement, xiii
(NRC), 26, 61, 62, 63
microscope, 21, 27, 34, A-l, A-3
electron, 21, 34
modules, planning, 5-7, 23
monitoring, 47
Index 85
o R
rack-washing, 44
Occupational Health and Safety Ad-
ministration (OSHA), 29, 32, 52 radiation
odors, 37, 42, 53, 71, 77 non-ionizing, 60, 61, 67
offices, 1,28,29 safety, 60, 69
oil/water separators, 77 work, 26
open areas, 15 radiation-producing equipment, 67
optical diagnostic techniques, 3 radioactive, 60-64, 66, 69
iodination, 66
organic chemistry, 20
shielding, 20
OSHA, see Occupational Health and
staging, 61, 62
Safety Administration (OSHA)
waste, 61, 62, 63, 73
work areas, 23
p radioisotopes, xii, 26, 32, 33,40
paint booths, 39 radiological, xii
pathology, 20 radionuclides, 61, 64
peak system, 43 recycling, 11,78
penetrations and joints, 55 refrigerator, 20, 27, 29,46, 64
perimeter wall, 8, 9, 11 regulations
federal, 70
pests, 11, 53
safety and health, 47
pH monitor, 77
relative pressurization, 41
phenols, 52
remodeling, 69
photography, micron, A-l
renovation, see remodeling
piped service, 15,19, 20, 21
Resource Conservation and Recovery
piping systems, 37,44
Act, 70
planned zoning, 6, 7
restricted access, 54
plumbing, 17,32,44
reusable products, 78
postings, 67, 68
robotics, 6
primary activities, 1
rooms
programmable sampler, 77 autoclave, 23, 24, 35,44
cold, 20, 22-25, 27, 32,46, 62
common equipment, 34,44
Q conference, 28
quality control, 11 constant temperature, 23, 24
quaternary ammonium compounds, 52 environmental, 47
general storage, 27
glassware washing, 24, 32, 35,44
warm, 25,46
86 Index
s bulk, 70, 75
cabinet, 49, 72, 73
Safe Drinking Water Act, 70 cabinets, 33, 57-60
sampling port, 53 chemical, 19, 27, 28
satellite building, 62 flammable, 20,49, 72, 73
SBCCI, see Southern Building Code flammable liquid, 27
Congress International (SBCCI) laboratory materials, 29
scrubbing, 41 lockable cubicles, 27
security, 1, 11 materials, 11, 30
service corridor, 9, 12,13,15, 16 medical pathological waste, 52
open, 69
shafts
personal effects, 29
exterior, 12-14
radioactive waste, 61, 63
multiple internal, 12, 13
tanks, 75, 76
shielding requirements, 68 temporary, 11,71,73
shipping and receiving area, 29 stormwater runoff, 76, 77
shower, 19, 20, 26, 48, 72, 74 structural, 35, 37, 66
signage, 4, 67, 68 Structural Shielding Design and
silver recovery unit, 25, 77 Evaluation for Medical Use ofX-
sinks, 19, 24-26, 29, 32, 48, 54, 65, 77 Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies
slab-on-grade, 35 uptolOMeV,61
smoke detectors, 69 Structural Shielding Design and
Evaluation Handbook, 67
Southern Building Code Congress
International (SBCCI), xiii structural
space requirements, xi bay, 18,36
columns, 2, 6, 12
specimen, 1
systems, 6, 12, 36
spectroscopy, 34
Suggested State Regulations for
spill containment, 27, 62, 64, 73, 76 Control of Radiation, Volume II:
splash guards, 51 Non-Ionizing Radiation, 68
sprinkler systems, 69 surfaces
staff, support, 1 interior, 54
staffing patterns, xi reflective, 68
staging, 11,29,71,72,74 refractive, 68
stairwells, 1,2,4, 30
steel structures, 35 T
sterilizer, ethylene oxide, 24
teaching institutions, 9
storage, 22, 23, 25, 27-29, 61, 69, 72,
telecommunications/LAN, 20, 24-26,
74
28,47
areas, 11, 15,28,72,73,75
temperature, 15, 22, 37
Index 87
temperature control, 19,39 management, 61, 78
tissue culture, 23, 27 medical pathological, 52
truck height adjusters, 29 mixed, 62
piping, 20
radioactive, 61, 62, 63, 73
U solid, 63, 70, 77
storage, 20, 50, 75
utility
water, 70,71,77,78
connection, 12
water
distribution, 12, 29, 31
services, 2,13,17 infiltration, 41
potable, 19, 48
waste, 70, 71,77, 78
V windows, 15, 19, 35, 36, 56
vacuum, 20, 24-26, 65 work areas, 28
pump systems, 4, 23,48, 66 worker protection, 47
system, 48, 53, 66
VCT, see vinyl composition tile
ventilation, 8, 24, 37,40,42-44, 54,
59, 62, 74 X-ray, 22, 25, 34, 61, 64
vents, exhaust, 60, 74 crystallography, 22,34
vibration, 2, 6, 20-23, 35, 36, A-3 machine, 61, 64
damping tables, 21
requirements, 12, A-3
vinyl composition tile, 34
zone, 6,12, 17
visual connection, 2
volumetric measure, 31
w
walls, 2,4, 14, 15, 32, 34,43, 55, 71.
74
warning
placards, 67, 68
requirements, 68
waste
aqueous, 63
boxes, 50
chemical, 29, 62
disposal, 11
infectious, 23
88 Index
APPENDIX A
*Reference: 1 microinch/sec.
NOTE: These limits should be applied to the highest one-third octave band within the
frequency range 5 Hz through 100 Hz. Equipment descriptions cover the equipment as
supplied by the manufacturer, including, in many cases, built-in vibration isolation.
100
micro inch/sec
^v ISO Workshop 32,000
90 —
50 N. BBN Criterion D
250
40 I I I M I I I I I I I I I II
4 6.3 10 16 25 40 63 100
5 8 12.5 20 31.5 50 80 125
One-Third Octave Band Center Frequency in Hz
Figure A-1. Vibration criteria for sensitive equipment in buildings (also showing
ISO guidelines for human occupation of buildings)
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