ABSTRACT

The primary application of this project is to calculate the energy consumption based on
the number of pulses generated in the electricity meter, and subsequent deduction of money
from the balance amount. This makes the user aware of the consumption of electricity but
also reduces human effort of door to door billing, as the system would send timely and
appropriate messages to the registered user in case of low balance in the system. The system
is designed to make it tamper proof and in case of any external human intervention, it would
report the Electricity Board about the same and switch off the power supply. An auto
detection system for electricity theft has been employed which allows to tackle the menace
of electricity theft faced by electricity boards to make sure that no un-authorized usage of
electricity takes place.

KEYWORDS -; Smart Meters; Arduino; Energy Meter; GSM

I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT I

TABLE OF CONTENTS II

LIST OF FIGURES V

LIST OF TABLES VI

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM 3

2.1. WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM: 3

2.1.1. Definition of Embedded System: 3
2.1.2. Characteristics of Embedded System: 4

CHAPTER 3.

METHODOLOGY 6

3.1. EXISTING SYSTEM: 6

3.2. PROPOSED SYSTEM: 6
3.3. WORKING: 7
3.4. BLOCK DIAGRAM: 7
7
3.5. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: 7
3.6. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 8

CHAPTER 4.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 9

4.1. ARDUINO UNO 9

4.2. OVERVIEW 9
4.2.1. Physical Characteristics: 10
4.2.2. Power: 10
4.2.3. Memory: 11
4.2.4. Input and Output: 11
4.2.5. Automatic (Software) Reset: 12
4.2.6. USB Overcurrent Protection: 12
II
4.3. LCD (LIQUID CRISTAL DISPLAY): 12
4.3.1. Features: 13
4.3.2. Pin description: 13
4.3.3. control lines: 15
4.4. GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS)-SIM800L 16
4.4.1. Introduction: 16
4.4.2. GSM Advantages: 17
4.4.3. SIM 800L 17
4.4.4. Specification 18
4.5. THE GSM NETWORK: 18
4.5.1. The Switching System: 19
4.6. THE BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS): 20
4.7. ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS 20
4.7.1. GSM Network Areas: 21
4.7.2. Location Areas: 21
4.7.3. MSC/VLR service areas: 21
4.8. PLMN SERVICE AREAS: 22
4.8.1. GSM Specifications: 22
4.9. GSM SUBSCRIBER SERVICES: 23
4.9.1. Supplementary Services: 24
4.9.2. Call forwarding: 24
4.9.3. Barring of outgoing calls: 24
4.9.4. Barring of incoming calls: 24
4.9.5. Advice of charge (AoC): 24
4.9.6. Call hold: 24
4.9.7. Call waiting: 24
4.9.8. Main AT commands: 25
4.10. CURRENT SENSOR: 26
4.10.1. ACS712 Current Sensor Working and Applications: 26
4.10.2. What is the ACS712 Current Sensor: 26
4.10.3. Working Principle: 27
4.10.4. Applications of ACS712 Current Sensor: 28
4.11. RELAY: 28
4.11.1. Applications: 29
4.12. ENERGY METER: 30
III
CHAPTER 5.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 31

5.1. ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE) 31

5.1.1. WRITING SKETCHES 31
5.2. UPLOADING 31
5.3. LIBRARIES: 31
5.4. SERIAL MONITOR: 32
5.5. ARDUINO IDE: INITIAL SETUP: 32
5.5.1. IDE: Board Setup 32
5.5.2. IDE: COM Port Setup 33

CHAPTER 6.

RESULT 34

6.1. CALCULATION OF PULSES AND UNITS: 36

CONCLUSION 38

REFERENCES 39

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

1. Figure 2.1. Basic Embedded System ..................................................................................... 4

2. Figure 2.2. V Diagram .......................................................................................................... 4
3. Figure 3.1: Block diagram of smart energy meter ................................................................ 7
4. Figure 3.2. Pre-paid and Theft detection .............................................................................. 8
5. Figure 4.1. Front and back of Arduino R3 ........................................................................... 9
6. Figure 4.2. Electrical Block Diagram of LCD .................................................................... 13
7. Figure 4.3. Pin diagram of 1x16 lines LCD ........................................................................ 14
8. Figure 4.4. GSM 800L ......................................................................................................... 18
9. Figure 4.4.1.GSM Network.................................................................................................. 19
10. Figure 4.4.2. GSM network area ......................................................................................... 21
11. Figure 4.5. ACS712 ............................................................................................................. 27
12. Figure 4.6. Relay circuit diagram. ...................................................................................... 29
13. Figure 5.1. Arduino IDE default window ............................................................................ 32
14. Figure 5.2. Arduino Board setup Procedure ....................................................................... 33
15. Figure 5.3. Arduino IDE COM port setup .......................................................................... 33
16. Figure 6.1. Recharge, balance amount 100 (by default) and Low balance ........................ 35
17. Figure 6.2. Power theft SMS showing power theft detected at service no:123xx. .............. 35
18. Figure 6.3. Message alerts on mobile through GSM. ......................................................... 36

V
LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 4.1: Address locations for a 1x16 line LCD 13
2. Table 4.2: Table for LCD 14

VI
 CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION

Electricity theft is a very common problem in country, were population is very high
and the use of electricity are ultimately tremendous. In India, every year there is very
increasing number of electricity thefts across domestic electricity connection as well as
industrial electricity supply, which results in loss of electricity companies energy and
because of which we are facing the frequent problems of load shading in urban as well as
rural areas so as to overcome the need of electricity for whole state. Also, the ways using
which theft can be done are innumerable so we can never keep track of how a theft has
occurred, and this issue is needed to be solved as early as possible.

In This abstract we propose an electricity theft detection system to detect the theft
which is a made by the most common way of doing the theft and that is bypassing the meter
using the a piece of wire, people simply bypasses electricity meter which is counting the
current unit by placing a wire before and after the meter reading unit. The proposed system
will be hidden in such meter and as soon as an attempt is made for the theft, it will send SMS
to control unit of electricity board.

The energy meters used now-a-days are modified version of the older system, the
digital meters don’t have a prepaid system, where the power to be consumed is estimated
prior to its usage and recharged, similar to that of a prepaid talk time for a mobile. Moreover,
to it, there is no proper equipment which can detect the illegal power usage, using power
without actually paying for it.

However, in some energy meters an LED is provide which blinks whenever someone
tries to open the energy meter box, but this can be stopped using a button which is provided
at it backside, which doesn’t guarantee security. In today's world electricity has become an
indispensable part of our everyday life. It is a major driving factor for advances in
technology. In a developing country like India with such a large population who wants access
to electricity, the metering of electricity usage at household level proves to be a manpower

1
extensive task where a representative from the electricity company goes door to door and
takes readings from meters installed at homes and gives bills to subscribers which is to be
paid. Also, electricity theft is quite common which further strains the already burdened
electricity grid in our country. It is a menace in terms of revenue for the electricity
boards/companies, increase the accuracy reading and theft control system for customers and
government. The system consists of a current transformer to identify the reading, and then
the calculated reading sends to the PIC microcontroller for authentication. Then the low-
power GSM connected to individual energy meters to send the reading to the customer and
government for 60 days once.

2
 CHAPTER 2.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

2.1.WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for

a specific function or functions within a larger system. The systems can be programmable
or with fixed functionality. An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a
product other than a computer

2.1.1.Definition of Embedded System:

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and

perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An
embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control
system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical
variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost-conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing,
not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application.
High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system -
Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and
Mobile phones etc. Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with
a minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose.

3
 Figure 2.1. Basic Embedded System

System System
Definitio Testing

Rapid Hardware-
Prototyping Loop

Targeting
Figure 2.2. V Diagram

2.1.2.Characteristics of Embedded System:

An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a
computer. They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system
software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications.

4
• Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time.
• Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly.
• Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.
• Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing
wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.
• Reliability – Embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human
intervention. .
• Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into embedded
systems.
• Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the software in
these systems must conserve power.
• Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system projects;
software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.

Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have

a serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk
drives.

Mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants, smart phones etc.
are a special category of embedded systems. The limitations of –the mobile devices- memory
constraints, small size, lack of good user interfaces such as full-fledged keyboard and display
etc.-are same as those found in the embedded systems discussed above. Hence, mobile
devices are considered as embedded systems. However, the PDAs are now capable of
supporting general-purpose application software such as word processors, games, etc.

A full graphical screen, with touch sensing or screen-edge buttons provides flexibility
while minimizing space is used. The meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and
selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at what's desired. Handheld systems often
have a screen with a "joystick button" for a pointing device.

5
 CHAPTER 3.

METHODOLOGY

3.1.EXISTING SYSTEM:

This existing system wireless communication system of energy meter used with Zigbee,
relay control and GPRS. The cryptographic method is used to secure the communication
channel and ZigBee for the transmission of data in a serial process. Drawback of this process
is to collect the readings, going in the particular range of area and manually cut power supply
if needed.

3.2.PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Smart Energy Meter using Arduino and GSM can provide the solution to problems
discussed. This project helps in not only automating but also for controlled managing of the
energy consumed, which results in efficient usage of power. GSM modem is helpful for the
message alerts and notifications needed for these purposes. The different components used
are controlled by AT mega 328P microcontroller as shown in block diagram. Illegal usage
of power, in other words power theft, is a loss to the government’s revenue. This problem,
up to some extent, can be solved with this project. Whenever power theft is detected, the
system notifies the authorities. When we power up the system then it reads previous values
of rupees stored in EEPROM and restores them into the variables then checks the available
balance with the value and take action according to them, like if available balance is greater
than 30 rupees then Arduino turns On the electricity of home or once by using relay. And if
balance is less than 30 rupees then Arduino sends a SMS to user phone regarding low balance
alert and requesting to recharge soon. And if balance is less than 5 rupees then Arduino turns
Off the electricity connection of home and sends a SMS to user’s phone for ‘Your home
power cut please alert’ and requesting to recharge soon. GSM module has been used to send
and receive messages, you can check about GSM module and AT commands. Now when we
need to recharge our system, we can recharge it simply by sending a SMS to the system,
through our Cellphone. Like if we want to recharge by then we will send #1, here # and are
to the recharge amount. System receives this message and extract recharge amount and
update the balance of system. And system again turns

6
3.3.WORKING:

The 230V AC power supply is given to operate the loads. A 20V adapter is used to
provide 5V to the Arduino board and from here it is interfaced with relay, GSM and LCD.
The transmitter and receiver pins of GSM are connected to the receiver (Rx 0) and
transmitter (Tx 1) pins of Arduino board. The current sensor is given to the 8 pin of Arduino
Uno and the other end is given to the energy meter. The relay is connected to the 12 pin of
the Arduino board and to the energy meter as well as the load. The load in turn is connected
to the energy meter. The LCD 6 pins i.e. RS, RW, E, D0-D2 are given to the 2, 3, 4,5,6,7
pins and the switch is connected to the 13 pin of the Arduino board. Here we are representing
the bulb socket 2 outside of the energy meter just to represent the power theft in real life.

3.4.BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of smart energy meter

3.5.HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• ARDUINO UNO
• LCD
• RELAY
• GSM
• CURRENT SENSOR

7
• POWER SUPPLY

3.6.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
• ARDUINO IDE

Figure 3.2. Pre-paid and Theft detection

8
 CHAPTER 4.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1.ARDUINO UNO

Arduino Uno R3 Front Arduino Uno

Figure 2.1. Front and back of Arduino R3

4.2.OVERVIEW

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs,
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter."Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark
the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions
of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and
the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see
the index of Arduino boards.

9
 4.2.1.Physical Characteristics:

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw
holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between
digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100-mil spacing of the
other pins.

Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current
models use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference.
The pin configuration is identical on all three processors.

4.2.2.Power:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of
the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:

➢ VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
➢ 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses
the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
➢ 3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
➢ GND. Ground pins.

10
4.2.3.Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

4.2.4.Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin
Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected
by default) of 20-50 ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

➢ Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
➢ External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ()
function for details.
➢ PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
➢ SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
➢ LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analog Reference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

➢ TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board:
➢ AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference().
➢ Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.See also the mapping between

11
 Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is
identical.

4.2.5.Automatic (Software) Reset:

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is
connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line
is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either
side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may
also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset
line; see this forum thread for details.

4.2.6.USB Overcurrent Protection:

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfused that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will
automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

4.3.LCD (LIQUID CRISTAL DISPLAY):

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists
of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and
two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without
the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other.
One of the most common devices attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the
most common LCDs connected to the controllers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.

12
4.3.1.Features:

(1) Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor.

(2) Display data R A M

(3) Character generator R O M .

(4). Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be Accessed by the
microprocessor.

(5) Numerous instructions

(6) Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Blink

(7) Character, Cursor S h i f t , Display Shift.

(7). Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON.

(8). Built-in oscillator

Data can be placed at any location on the LCD. For 16×1 LCD, the address locations are:

Table 4.1: Address locations for a 1x16 line LCD

Electrical Block Diagram:

Figure 4.2. Electrical Block Diagram of LCD

4.3.2.Pin description:

13
 Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).

Figure 4.3. Pin diagram of 1x16 lines LCD

Table 4.2: Table for LCD

14
4.3.3.control lines:

EN: Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then
set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are
completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by
the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

RS: Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high
(1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For example, to
display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.

RW: Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data
bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying
(or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others
are write commands, so RW will almost always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation
selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1,
DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Logic status on control lines

• E - 0 Access to LCD disabled-1 Access to LCD enabled

• R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD- Reading data from LCD

• RS - 0 Instructions -1 Character

15
Writing data to the LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to low

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4) Set E line to high

5) Set E line to low

Read data from data lines (if it is reading) on LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to high

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4) Set E line to high

5) Set E line to low

4.4.GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS)-

SIM800L

4.4.1.Introduction:

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a cellular network, which

means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM
networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900
MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz
bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.
16
 The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, where
these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF
channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.
In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range.
This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink),
adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band.
Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech
channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst
periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames
in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame duration is
4.615 Ms.

4.4.2.GSM Advantages:

GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative to voice calls, the
Short t message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on
other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one
worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international
travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.

4.4.3.SIM 800L

SIM800L is a miniature cellular module which allows for GPRS transmission, sending
and receiving SMS and making and receiving voice calls. Low cost and small footprint and
quad band frequency support make this module perfect solution for any project that require
long range connectivity. After connecting power module boots up, searches for cellular
network and login automatically. On board LED displays connection state (no network
coverage - fast blinking, logged in - slow blinking).

17
4.4.4.Specification

• Supply voltage: 3.8V - 4.2V

• Recommended supply voltage: 4V
• Power consumption:
o sleep mode < 2.0mA
o idle mode < 7.0mA
o GSM transmission (avg): 350 mA
o GSM transmission (peek): 2000mA
• Module size: 25 x 23 mm
• Interface: UART (max. 2.8V) and AT commands
• SIM card socket: micro SIM (bottom side)
• Supported frequencies: Quad Band (850 / 950 / 1800 /1900 MHz)
• Antenna connector: IPX
• Status signaling: LED
• Working temperature range: -40 do + 85 ° C

Figure 4.4. GSM 800L

4.5.THE GSM NETWORK:

GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the
functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The GSM

18
network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station
system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS).

Figure 4.4.1.GSM Network

4.5.1.The Switching System:

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber-
related functions. The switching system includes the following functional units.

• Home location register (HLR): The HLR is a database used for storage and management
of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores
permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location
information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the
PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.

• Mobile services switching center (MSC): The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It
also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel
signaling, and others.

• Visitor location register (VLR): The VLR is a database that contains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams
into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile
station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.

19
• Authentication center (AUC): A unit called the AUC provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each
call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's
cellular world.

• Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is a database that contains information
about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as
a combined AUC/EIR node.

4.6.THE BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS):

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station
controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).

• BSC: The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC
and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell
configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver
stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.

• BTS: The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio
equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group
of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.The Operation and Support System

The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the
switching system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and
support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator
monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective
support for centralized, regional and local operational and maintenance activities that are
required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview
and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations.

4.7.ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

• Message center (MXE): The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax, and
data messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message service, cell broadcast,
voice mail, fax mail, e-mail, and notification.

• Mobile service node (MSN): The MSN is the node that handles the mobile intelligent
network (IN) services.

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• Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC): A gateway is a node used to
interconnect two networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The MSC is
then referred to as the GMSC.

• GSM inter-working unit (GIWU): The GIWU consists of both hardware and software
that provides an interface to various networks for data communications. Through the
GIWU, users can alternate between speech and data during the same call. The GIWU
hardware equipment is physically located at the MSC/VLR.

4.7.1.GSM Network Areas:

The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in bellow figure, these
areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile
network (PLMN) areas.

4.7.2.Location Areas:

The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM
network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell.
The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is paged. Each LA
is served by one or more base station controllers, yet only by a single MSC Each LA is
assigned a location area identity (LAI) number.

4.7.3.MSC/VLR service areas:

An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by
one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC.

Figure 4.4.2. GSM network area

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 4.8.PLMN SERVICE AREAS:

The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator.

4.8.1.GSM Specifications:

Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary

among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and
characteristics for GSM.

• Frequency band: The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile
station to base station).

• Duplex distance: The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between
the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

• Channel separation: The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is
200 kHz.

• Modulation: Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics

of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).

• Transmission rate: GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

• Access method: GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA
is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is
assigned a particular time slot.

• Speech coder: GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce
the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal
passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

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4.9.GSM SUBSCRIBER SERVICES:

Dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF):

DTMF is a tone signaling scheme often used for various control purposes via the
telephone network, such as remote control of an answering machine. GSM supports full-
originating DTMF.

Facsimile group III

GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard fax machines are designed to be
connected to a telephone using analog signals, a special fax converter connected to the
exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSM–connected fax to communicate
with any analog fax in the network.

Short message services:

A convenient facility of the GSM network is the short message service. A message
consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile
station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a
number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or has left the coverage
area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile is powered
on or has reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the message
will be received.

Cell broadcast:

A variation of the short message service is the cell broadcast facility. A message of a
maximum of 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain geographic
area. Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings and reports on accidents.

Voice mail:

This service is actually an answering machine within the network, which is controlled
by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscriber's voice-mail box and the
subscriber checks for messages via a personal security code.

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Fax mail:

With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. The
messages are stored in a service center from which they can be retrieved by the subscriber
via a personal security code to the desired fax number

4.9.1.Supplementary Services:

GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can

complement and support both telephony and data services.

4.9.2.Call forwarding:

This service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another
number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call
forwarding is allowed unconditionally.

4.9.3.Barring of outgoing calls:

This service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls.

4.9.4.Barring of incoming calls:

This function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls. The following two
conditions for incoming call barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of
incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN.

4.9.5.Advice of charge (AoC):

The AoC service provides the mobile subscriber with an estimate of the call charges.
There are two types of AoC information: one that provides the subscriber with an estimate
of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AoC for data calls is
provided on the basis of time measurements.

4.9.6.Call hold:

This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently
reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony.

4.9.7.Call waiting:

This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during
a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting
is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched connection.

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4.9.8.Main AT commands:

"AT command set for GSM Mobile Equipment” describes the Main AT commands
to communicate via a serial interface with the GSM subsystem of the phone. AT commands
are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of Attention. Every
command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why modem commands are called AT
commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired dial-up modems, such as
ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to online data state),
are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Besides this common AT
command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support an AT command set that is
specific to the GSM technology, which includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS
(Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List
SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).

Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a command
line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT command
name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in AT+CMGS. However, some
books and web sites use them interchangeably as the name of an AT command.

Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modem
or mobile phone:

• Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, name
of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number (International
Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version (AT+CGMR).

• Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and IMSI

number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).

• Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, mobile
phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status (AT+CREG), radio
signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).

• Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc).

• Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW) or

delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received SMS
messages (AT+CNMI).

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4.10.CURRENT SENSOR:

4.10.1.ACS712 Current Sensor Working and Applications:

The invention of electricity has led to a revolutionary change in the life of humans. We
invented many innovative applications of electricity to make our daily life easier. Today
almost all of our equipment runs on electricity. The flow of charge is known as Current.
Different devices need a different amount of current based on their functional requirements.
Some devices are so sensitive that they get damaged when a high amount of current is
delivered to them. So, to save such a situation and monitor the amount of current required or
being used in an application, measurement of current necessary. This is where the Current
Sensor comes into play. One such sensor is the ACS712 Current Sensor.

4.10.2.What is the ACS712 Current Sensor:

Current flowing through a conductor causes a voltage drop. The relation between
current and voltage is given by Ohm’s law. In electronic devices, an increase in the amount
of current above its requirement leads to overload and can damage the device. Measurement
of current is necessary for the proper working of devices. Measurement of voltage is Passive
task and it can be done without affecting the system. Whereas measurement of current is an
Intrusive task which cannot be detected directly as voltage.For measuring current in a circuit,
a sensor is required. ACS712 Current Sensor is the sensor that can be used to measure and
calculate the amount of current applied to the conductor without affecting the performance
of the system.ACS712 Current Sensor is a fully integrated, Hall-effect based linear sensor
IC. This IC has a 2.1kV RMS voltage isolation along with a low resistance current conductor.

26
 Figure 4.5. ACS712

4.10.3.Working Principle:

Current Sensor detects the current in a wire or conductor and generates a signal
proportional to the detected current either in the form of analog voltage or digital
output.Current Sensing is done in two ways – Direct sensing and Indirect Sensing. In Direct
sensing, to detect current, Ohm’s law is used to measure the voltage drop occurred in a wire
when current flows through it.

A current-carrying conductor also gives rise to a magnetic field in its surrounding. In

Indirect Sensing, the current is measured by calculating this magnetic field by applying
either Faraday’s law or Ampere law. Here either a Transformer or Hall effect sensor or
fiberoptic current sensor are used to sense the magnetic field.ACS712 Current Sensor uses
Indirect Sensing method to calculate the current. To sense current a liner, low-offset Hall
sensor circuit is used in this IC. This sensor is located at the surface of the IC on a copper
conduction path. When current flows through this copper conduction path it generates a
magnetic field which is sensed by the Hall effect sensor. A voltage proportional to the sensed
magnetic field is generated by the Hall sensor, which is used to measure current.

The proximity of the magnetic signal to the Hall sensor decides the accuracy of the
device. Nearer the magnetic signal higher the accuracy. ACS712 Current Sensor is available
as a small, surface mount SOIC8 package. In this IC current flows from Pin-1 and Pin-2 to
Pin-3 and Pin-4. This forms the conduction path where the current is sensed. Implementation

27
of this IC is very easy.ACS712 can be used in applications requiring electrical isolation as
the terminals of the conduction path are electrically isolated from the IC leads. Thus, this IC
doesn’t require any other isolation techniques. This IC requires a supply voltage of 5V. Its
output voltage is proportional to AC or DC current. ACS712 has a nearly zero magnetic
hysteresis.Where Pin-1 to Pin-4 forms the conduction path, Pin-5 is the signal ground pin.
Pin-6 is the FILTER pin that is used by an external capacitor to set the bandwidth. Pin-7 is
the analog output pin. Pin-8 is the power supply pin.

4.10.4.Applications of ACS712 Current Sensor:

This IC can detect both AC and DC current so, it has a wide range of applications.
ACS712 is used in Peak detection circuits, circuits to increase gain, rectification application
for AtoD converters, Overcurrent fault latch, etc.…The filter pin provided by this IC is used
to eliminate the attenuation effect in resistor divider circuits. ACS712 is used in many
industrial, commercial and communication applications. This IC is applicable for
Automobile applications. Some of the typical applications of this IC can be found in motor
control circuits, for load detection and management, SMPS, overcurrent fault protection
circuit. This IC can measure current for high voltage loads operating at 230V AC mains. To
read the values it can be easily interfaced with the ADC of a microcontroller.

4.11.RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. In this project relay is used to control the
power to the energy meter. The relays are controlled using a low-power signal. All relays
contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, which is powered by AC or DC current. When the
applied current or voltage exceeds a threshold value, the coil activates the armature, which
operates either to close the open contacts or to open the closed contacts.

28
 Figure 4.6. Relay circuit diagram.
When a power is supplied to the coil, it generates a magnetic force that actuates the
switch mechanism. The magnetic force is, in effect, relaying the action from one circuit to
another. The first circuit is called the control circuit; the second is called the load circuit.
These are neutral relays and picked up for A.c. current through their coil. These are very fast
in action and used on power circuits of the point motors, where high current flows through
the contacts. A normal relay would be slow and make sparks which in turn may weld the
contacts together. All relays have two operating values (voltages), one pick-up and the other
drop away. The pick-up value is higher than the drop away value.

4.11.1.Applications:

To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or

audio amplifiers,

1. To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an

automobile,
2. To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing
circuit breakers (protection relays),
3. To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different
potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch.

29
4. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily
installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be
controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to
5. To perform time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay
closing a set of contacts. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow
rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.

4.12.ENERGY METER:

Energy meter: Energy meter is an instrument which measures the amount of electrical
energy used by the consumers. It measures the instantaneous voltage and current and
calculates its product and gives instantaneous power. In this project Digital Energy Meters.
These meters have microprocessors which are used to calculate phase angle between voltage
and current, so that it also measures and indicates reactive power. It is programmed in such
a way that it calculates energy according to the tariff and other parameters like power factor,
maximum demand, etc. and stores them in EEPROM. It also contains real time clock (RTC)
for calculating time for power integration, maximum demand calculations and also time and
date stamps for particular parameters.

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 CHAPTER 5.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1.ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuine
hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

5.1.1.WRITING SKETCHES

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while
saving and exporting and also displays errors.

5.2.UPLOADING

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board
resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller.
The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board
resets).

5.3.LIBRARIES:

Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import
Library menu. This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch and
compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your

31
sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your code..

5.4.SERIAL MONITOR:

Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuine board (USB or serial
board). To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter.
Choose the baud rate from the drop-down that matches the rate passed to Serial. Begin in
your sketch.

5.5.ARDUINO IDE: INITIAL SETUP:

Download Arduino Integrated Design Environment (IDE) here (Most recent version:
1.6.5): https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software This is the Arduino IDE once it’s been
opened. It opens into a blank sketch where you can start programming immediately. First,
we should configure the board and port settings to allow us to upload code. Connect your
Arduino board to the PC via the USB cable.

Figure 5.1. Arduino IDE default window

5.5.1.IDE: Board Setup

You have to tell the Arduino IDE what board you are uploading to. Select the Tools
pulldown menu and go to Board. This list is populated by default with the currently available
Arduino Boards that are developed by Arduino. If you are using an Uno or an Uno-

32
Compatible Clone (ex. Funduino, SainSmart, IEIK, etc.), select Arduino Uno. If you are
using another board/clone, select that board.

Figure 5.2. Arduino Board setup Procedure

5.5.2.IDE: COM Port Setup

If you downloaded the Arduino IDE before plugging in your Arduino board, when you
plugged in the board, the USB drivers should have installed automatically. The most recent
Arduino IDE should recognize connected boards and label them with which COM port they
are using. Select the Tools pulldown menu and then Port. Here it should list all open COM
ports, and if there is a recognized Arduino Board, it will also give it’s name. Select the
Arduino board that you have connected to the PC. If the setup was successful, in the bottom
right of the Arduino IDE, you should see the board type and COM number of the board you
plan to program. Note: the Arduino Uno occupies the next available COM port; it will not
always be COM3.

Figure 5.3. Arduino IDE COM port setup

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 CHAPTER 6.

RESULT

When the supply is provided to meter, initially LCD gets initialized. And displays as
“SMART ENERGY METER”. The meter can be recharged by messaging from the any
number to the GSM modem that is fixed with meter and user will get message that the energy
meter has been recharged by some amount. Or we can set a default value to some amount
say 100. The consumer can recharge the meter according to his requirement.

If the theft-socket is closed with the bulb then that is equivalent to the power theft.
Firstly, the system will be checked for any power theft, if any power theft detected then it
sends an SMS “power theft detected at service no :123xxx please alert”. This will be sent
continuously to the concerned authorities, say Electric department. If not detected then no
SMS will be sent system will run normally.

If the consumer wants to know the left-out balance in meter then it can be checked
in LCD display of Meter. If the balance is (amount < 30) then text SMS is sent to consumer
as “Your Power account balance is low please alert". To recharge, the consumer has to
send “#1” command as ‘AT+CMGF’ format then the amount will be replenished and the
current will be restored up to an equivalent unit of balance of 100 rupees again. If the
consumer has not recharged amount till after reaching (amount < 5) then, again an SMS will
be sent to the consumer as “Your home power cut please alert”. “#1” To restore
connection again. After recharging connection will be restored again and again it sends an
SMS alert as “your Power account recharge successfully".

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 Figure 6.1. Recharge, balance amount 100 (by default) and Low balance

Figure 6.2. Power theft SMS showing power theft detected at service no:123xx.

35
 Figure 6.3. Message alerts on mobile through GSM.

6.1.CALCULATION OF PULSES AND UNITS:

Before proceeding for the calculations, first we have to keep in mind the pulse rate
of energy meter. There are two pulse rate of energy meter first is 1600 imp/kwh and second
is 3200 imp/kwh. So here we are using 3200 imp/kwh pulse rate energy meter.So first we
need to calculate the pulses for 100watts, means how many times pulse LED will blink in a
minute, for the load of 100watts.

Pulse= (pulse rate*watt*time)/(1000*3600) .

So, pulses for 100 watts bulb in 60 seconds, with energy meter of 3200 imp/kwh pulse rate
can be calculated as below:

Pulses=3200*100*60/1000*3600 Pulses=~5.33 pulse per minute

Now we need to calculate power factor of a single pulse, means how much electricity will
be consumed in one pulse:

PF=watts/(hour*pulse) PF=100/60*5.33 PF=0.3125 watt in a single pulse

Units= PF*Total pulse/1000

Total pulse in an hour is around 5.33*60=320

Units=0.3125*320/1000 Units=0.1 per hour

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If a 100-watt bulb is lighting for a day then it will consume Units=0.1*24 Units=2.4 units
and suppose unit rate is at our region is 5 rupees per unit then we have to pay for 2.4 units
of Rupees= 2.4*5=12 rupees.

• APPLICATIONS

Used in Smart Homes.

• FUTURE SCOPE

This system in future can be extended to the water and gas meter reading systems.

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 CONCLUSION

Prepaid energy meter with power theft detection is easy to install and beneficial for
both energy provider and consumer. This project reduces the manual efforts and human
errors, by monitoring all the parameters and functioning of the connections. Also, by
implementing this system we can control the usage of electricity on consumer side to avoid
wastage of power. An attempt is made in this work to develop a system, which when
interfaced with static electronic energy meter is avoided where in complexity of the circuit
is reduced and cost also gets reduced of the meter. This system avoids electricity theft to
large extent and makes the energy meter tamper proof. This meter increases the revenue of
the Government by detecting the unauthorized tampering. In this project we have designed
a system based on Arduino ATmega328 microcontroller, so we can manage and control the
voltage and current of a distribution transformer. The proposed GSM based system which
has been designed to control demand growth and to provide the automatic meter reading and
billing system. This paper is intended to present an overview of prepaid energy meter which
can control the usage of electricity on consumer side. It is a good concept to minimize the
electricity bills and it can reduce the problems associated with billing consumers and it is
most friendly.

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 REFERENCES

(1) Smart energy metering and power theft control using Arduino & GSM Automated
Smart Metering; (IEEE2017)
(2) Hashmi, M.U., & Jayesh, G.P. (2015). Anti-theft Energy Metering for Smart Electrical
Distribution System. International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and
Control (ICIC), May 28-30
(3) [3] Ganurkar, S., & Gour, P. (2014). Prepaid Energy Meter for Billing System Using
Microcontroller and Recharge Card. International Journal Of Core Engineering &
Management (IJCEM) 1, Issue 1, April.
(4) [4] Pradeep Mittall 2015, Wireless Electricity billing system, International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 02, pp.21-34.
(5) [5] J.L.Parra and E.A.S.Calderon 2013, Use of shunts detecting equipment for the
identification of illegal power outlets, International Journal of Innovative research in
science, engineering and technology, pp. 1–4

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