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Delcam - PowerSHAPE 2010 Training Course en - 2009
Delcam - PowerSHAPE 2010 Training Course en - 2009
Delcam does not accept responsibility for any personal belongings / valuables whilst on the
premises. Delegates are advised to keep their belongings on their person at all times.
Delcam plc. has no control over the use of the software described in this document and cannot
accept any responsibility for any loss or damage howsoever caused as a result of using the
software. Users are advised that all results from the software are checked by a competent
person in accordance with good quality control procedures.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may be
used only in accordance with the terms of such license.
PowerSHAPE Contents
Chapters Page Number
Monday
1. Introduction 1.1 - 1.12
2. Wireframe modelling 2.1 - 2.20
3. Workplanes 3.1 - 3.12
4. Surfaces and Solids 4.1 - 4.20
5. Primitive Surfaces 5.1 - 5.22
Tuesday
6. Automatic Surfacing Wizard 6.1 - 6.26
7. Limit Selection 7.1 - 7.6
8. Advanced Surfaces 8.1 - 8.40
Wednesday
9. Editing Power Surfaces 9.1 - 9.8
10. Trim Region Editing 10.1 - 10.14
11. Levels 11.1 - 11.4
12. Shading & Model Analysis 12.1 - 12.20
Thursday
13. Model Fixing 13.1 - 13.16
14. Basic Solid Modelling 14.1 - 14.54
15. Delcam Drafting 15.1 - 15.6
16 Mold Die Wizard 16.1 - 16.8
Friday
17. Further Solid Modelling 17.1 - 17.14
18. Plotting 18.1 - 18.6
19. Exercises 19.1 - 19.4
20. Parasolid Fixing 20.1 - 20.30
21. Assembly Modelling 21.1 - 21.18
1. Introduction
PowerSHAPE Introduction.
PowerSHAPE is a CAD Modelling package, which comprises of a Core module and several
specialised modules. These are Draft (generating detailed drawings), Toolmaker (mould
design), Electrode (Electrode solid model wizard), Assembly (Assemblies of solid models)
and Crispin (Shoe design). Note:- Some of the specialised modules are cost options.
Viewing an
Shading
Toolbar
The model can be Saved permanently with a more appropriate name and stored to an external
directory. One or more previously stored models can be opened within the same
PowerSHAPE session.
At the top of the screen there are a series of pull down menus.
Beneath the pull down menus are the Main Toolbar icons which when clicked either open
up a form alter the choice of command icons located to the left of the graphics area.
If the mouse is held over an icon for a few seconds, a box containing a description of the
command (tooltips) will appear.
To the bottom left of the graphics area is the Levels menu to which entities can be assigned
for long term, group selections.
At the bottom of the screen is the Workplane Selector, Principal Plane selector, the grid
definition, the cursor position, the tolerance and the XYZ position input area.
To the top right of the Main toolbar are several icons providing access to Workplane, Line,
Arc, Curve, Annotation, Surface, Solid, Feature, Assembly, and Wizard options.
When one of the above icons is selected a context sensitive menu appears in the toolbar to the
left of the graphics area. The shared toolbar will contain all of the main options for creating
the chosen entity.
The top 2 icons are fixed and comprise Selection and Model -
Editing/Fixing/Analysis/Mesh Fixing and editing
The remaining icons from 3 downwards change depending on the option selected
from the Main toolbar.
This part of the toolbar is currently shown with the line creation options.
Toolbars
All of the toolbars, can also be switched on and off
from the View pull down menu and selecting
Toolbars and left clicking on the Toolbar name to
switch the tick on or off.
PowerSHAPE Options
The Tools Options page allows the user to configure PowerSHAPE to be different from
the factory, default settings.
• In File – Model (if not already set) tick the box Always save and open
from outside the database.
• Select Cancel.
Topics are listed down the left hand window and the specific help for a selected item is
displayed in the right hand window.
The Hide button can be pressed to hide the topics. The button then turns to say SHOW which
if pressed the topic list re-appears.
If help is no longer required the window can be closed by selecting the ‘x’ located to the top
right of the browser area.
• Close the help window using the X button at the top right hand corner.
Mouse buttons
Each of the three mouse buttons performs a different operation in PowerSHAPE. By using
the ALT, Ctrl or Shift key, these operations can be extended as the following details explain.
This button is used for selecting items off the main pull down
menus, inputting data, and selecting parts of the model.
• From the main menu select File – Import to open the following form:-
• From the views toolbar select Shaded view pull out menu.
• Hold down the middle mouse button and move the mouse to rotate the
view to display the underside.
• Hold down Shift and Middle mouse button and move the mouse to
position the view centrally over the model.
The keyboard shortcut for the views are listed, i.e. Alt + 1 for Iso 1.
By switching Num Lock on the keyboard, the number pad can be
used with the Alt key to change the views.
There are options in the Selection toolbar to enable the user to globally select all items of a
particular type such as Wireframes, Surfaces, Solids, Surfaces & Solids or Meshes.
There is also a general selection filter where the user can discriminate entities using a
more specific combination of search criteria, such as the type of wireframe, colour, line style,
etc.
If one or more entities are selected they can be temporarily removed from the graphics area
by selecting Blank from the local menu. If it is required to temporarily remove the selected
entities from the graphics area and retain the rest then Blank Except is applied. To return all
entities back to the graphics area then Unblank is applied from the screen menu (The
returned items will be selected (yellow). Most users prefer to use shortcut keys for this
process:- Ctrl J = Blank Ctrl K = Blank Except Ctrl L = Unblank
• Select Ctrl J to temporarily remove the upper surface from the graphics
area (as shown above right).
• Select Ctrl L to return the blanked surface back as the selected item.
• Select Ctrl K to keep the upper surface in the graphics area and
temporarily remove all other entities (as shown above right).
• Select File Close.
• Select No.
The current model is now closed.
• Select Yes.
PowerSHAPE has now been closed.
• Open PowerSHAPE.
PowerSHAPE models
PowerSHAPE models consist of any combination of different types of entity the main ones
being workplanes, wireframes, surfaces, solids and meshes.
Wireframe in PowerSHAPE
Wireframe items include lines, arcs, curves, points, text, dimensions etc. These can be 2D
or 3D and are essential for use in Drafting as the framework for generating most types of
Surfaces or Solids.
Surfaces in PowerSHAPE
Surfaces are created from wireframe, as standard primitive shapes, or by conversion from a
solid model. A surface is a best described as a skin stretched across one or more 4 sided,
elements of a wireframe network. A 3D model created as surfaces behaves as a hollow
form.
Solids in PowerSHAPE
Solids are created from wireframe, as standard primitive shapes, or by conversion from one
or more selected surfaces. A 3D model created as a Solid behaves as an enclosed mass.
PowerMILL 2010 creates Parasolids by default, but if required these can be converted to
and from the older version 8 solids,
Note; unlike other solid modellers, PowerSHAPE will support skin based or Open Solid
forms if Version 8 solids are used. These cannot be created directly, but can be created by
conversion from existing planer or open surface models.
2. Wireframe modelling
Introduction
PowerSHAPE can generate Points, Lines, Arcs, and Curves both in 2D and 3D space.
These are collectively known as wireframes and have several functions, which include being
the basic framework for several types of Surfaces and Solids, and as the drawing entities in
PS-Draft or PS-Estimator. Wireframes can be Exported in a variety of file formats, for use
in other software products such as PowerMILL.
The wireframe Line and Arc options are accessed from the main toolbar.
Single Line
Continuous lines Full Circle
Trimmed Chamfer
Untrimmed Chamfer
• From the top pulldown menus select File – New, or alternatively click on
Line Creation
A single line will be generated from 0 to Y40 to coincide with the R 15 arc centre.
Note:- If the Intelligent Cursor functionality does not appear, right click within the graphics
area to open the local view menu and check that the option Intelligent Cursor is ticked.
• By moving the mouse, dynamically drag the end of a new line away from
the current position (as shown below) and observe the effect of the
Intelligent cursor (do not click the left mouse key yet).
• By moving the mouse further, dynamically drag the end of a new line to a
position tangential to the previous line and observe the effect of the
Intelligent cursor (do not click the left mouse key yet).
• By moving the mouse further, dynamically drag the end of a new line
position to a position along the Y direction and observe the effect of the
Intelligent cursor (do not click the left mouse key yet).
By moving the mouse further, dynamically drag the end of a new line to a
distance of 30 along the normal (90 degrees) direction and this time click the
left mouse key at accept the line.
Arc Creation
The remainder of the wireframe is to be created using various arc options.
• Move the cursor over the open end of the vertical line until the text End is
displayed then click the left mouse key to snap the circle centre position.
• Press Select.
• From the Arc Menu select Arc through centre, radius and span.
• Snap on the open end of the construction line, for the centre point.
• Move the cursor to the other end of the line and click with the left
mouse button.
• Release all mouse buttons and drag the arc around anti-clockwise.
• Click the left mouse button when the arc reaches about 250 degrees.
• From the Arc Menu select the Arc through three points
option.
• Use the intelligent cursor to locate, and Click on Tangent points on the
arc and circle (Do not locate a Key, End or Mid point as these are fixed
positions).
• Drag the radius point to the required shape and to a value as close as
possible to 60 before left clicking for initial acceptance.
• If necessary, In the Arc Confirm form Modify the radius value to 60 and
toggle through Next Solution until the correct shape is achieved, before
pressing OK.
After creating geometry consisting of Lines and Arcs it is often necessary (or just good
practice) to combine these into single entities as wireframe Curves. Also, it is not uncommon
to require wireframe that is defined directly as complex Curves. The most commonly used
Curve definitions are Bezier (free form curves) and Composite (Defined along existing
wireframe and/or model edges).
Composite Curve.
Ellipse, Spiral, Helix.
Curve Projection.
Curve Wrapping
Curve Unwrapping
Composite Curves
In many applications it is necessary for the required wireframe to be a single entity. This is
achieved by creating the wireframe as a composite curve.
Note:- A composite curve can only by driven along existing model entities.
The extent of a composite curve can be limited between selected key points along the
potential route (Define start point and Define end point).
• Select the Start Point option in the toolbar and left click the lower left
corner on the wireframe model.
When this command is selected, the centre position of the circle is required first. This can be
input as a value or by snapping using the Intelligent Cursor.
• With the circle selected, click and hold the handles (arrows) and
dynamically move the mouse to drag a new radius of 35.
The circle now has the required radius. This method can be used to
create the second circle at the same centre position, using the
Intelligent Cursor. Alternatively the user can right click on the arc
and select Modify from the local menu.
This new circle is exactly the same initial radius as the first
Centre circle. To change the default, creation radius a new value is
entered into the Command Input window i.e. R 25.
Hint: Use the command input box to enter the circle centre if it
cannot be snapped.
The default option when creating tangent arcs is to trim back the associated geometry. In this
case it is not required to do this, so the flag (Trim Tangent Items) is switched off. This is
found in the Options form under Tools at the top of the screen.
For the tangent arcs, the fitted arc option is the most suitable as it provides full dynamic
control through all possible combinations.
• From the Arcs menu select the Three point arc option.
• Move the cursor over the outer left circle until the word Tangent
appears and press the Left mouse button.
• Move the cursor over the middle outer circle so the word Tangent
appears and press the left mouse button.
• Move the cursor over up and down to get the tangent arc in the correct
place and press the Left mouse button.
selector.
• Move the cursor over the middle outer circle until the word Tangent
appears and press the Left mouse button.
• Move the cursor over the right outer circle so the word Tangent
appears and press the left mouse button.
• Drag a radius of 225 and press OK.
• Create a three point arc between the left outer circle and the middle
outer circle with a radius of 225mm.
• Create a three point arc between the right outer circle and the middle
outer circle with a radius of 75mm.
General Edits
At the top of the left hand toolbar are 2 fixed icons, the second of which includes
access to the General Edits toolbar (default).
Note: The General Edits options are also frequently used on other entities
including Surfaces and Solids. Further General Edit options will be
illustrated, as appropriate later on during the course.
The imported wireframe (shown above left) will be modified using the general edits options
initially to produce the 4 finished wireframes (shown above right).
• Select the Point limit option and move the cursor to the end of the
line to be extended and hold down the left mouse key (The cursor will take
the form of a magnet).
• Drag the end of the line tangentially (along the preview line) until the word
Intersection is displayed at which point release the left mouse key,
• Select the Interactively limit wireframes option and left click the
mid-span of any sections of the wireframe network that are to be trimmed
away (as illustrated below).
• Create a Composite Curve from the network of lines and arc wireframes
(Hint: For a ‘shortcut’ method hold down the Alt key and left click
anywhere along the wireframe network).
• With the Composite Curve selected, open the general edit - Move form.
• While the form is open, enter the coordinate values 25 25 in the Command
Input box located at the bottom right of the graphics area.
• Select Y as the operational axis by selecting the Icon located below the
graphics area towards the left hand side.
• With the Curve selected, open the general edit - Rotate form.
A copy of the composite curve has been rotated by 180 degrees about the active Y axis.
Note:- In this case the same result would have been obtained if the curve had been mirrored
about the YZ plane.
• Reinstate Z as the operational axis by selecting the Icon located below the
graphics area towards the left hand side.
• With both Curves selected, open the general edit – Mirror form.
• In the Mirror form select the keep original option and select the
icon labelled ZX followed by Return.
Copies of the 2 composite curves are mirrored about the active ZX plane.
Offset
• Select the composite curve located in the -X -Y quadrant
and in the General Edits form select the Offset options.
Scale
• Select the composite curve located in the X Y quadrant and in the
General Edits form select the Scale option.
• Enter a Scale factor of 0.5 to reduce the size of the composite curve by
50% of the original size (as shown below).
• Input 3 rows along both Y and X with a Y pitch of 50 and X pitch of 75.
• Select OK to accept.
Rectangular is one of 4 main functions in the Pattern Edits form. The other 3 include
Honeycomb, Circular, and along Wireframe. Note: Within each specific Pattern Edit form
further advanced options are available.
Honeycomb
Circular
Wireframe
The General Edits options will be applied as required, later during the course on other
PowerSHAPE entities such as Surfaces and Solids.
3. Workplanes
Workplanes
Workplanes are user, defined datums, positioned and aligned as required to simplify model
creation. A model can contain several Workplanes, but only one can be Active at any time.
When a Workplane is Active it becomes the XYZ datum, visually larger in size, and
changes colour from grey to red. Model entities can be copied or cut from the currently
Active Workplane and then pasted back in a different position, relative to a new Active
workplane.
The main Workplane icon is located in the main toolbar which when selected will
provide the following icons in the left hand toolbar:
Single Workplanes.
Multiple Workplanes.
Create Points.
In the next example the user will be required to apply wireframe Lines to construct a box
with an angled top. This in turn will be used as the model to demonstrate some basic
applications of Workplanes.
Box Example
• Open a New Model.
• Open the Single Workplane option and enter 0 into the Command
Input window to position it at the World Datum.
• Select the option Make a Copy and enter 100 in the command input box
before pressing Return.
The final 2 Single lines are input by snapping to appropriate key points on the wireframe
model.
• Zoom into the new (Active) Workplane and then use the left mouse key to
select it.
• Select the light band on the +Y side and parallel with the X axis and with
the left mouse key depressed drag and drop on to the upper left corner of
the model (arrowed above).
• Select the 4 lines (Use Shift - left mouse for multi-selection) enclosing the
angled top face of the model and select the Workplane option - single
workplane at centre of selection.
• From the main toolbar select the Arc options and create a 40 radius - Full
Arc about the currently Active workplane.
• Right click on the Active Workplane to open it’s local menu and untick
Activate. As no Workplane is now Active all measurements will now be
controlled by the original World coordinates.
• Open the Single Workplane option and enter -100 into the
Command Input window to position it (along -X) away from the main
model (The new Workplane will become Active by default).
• Create the following network of wireframe lines central to the new
Workplane.
Hint:-
• Use Lines – Polygon.
• In the Command Input box, Input (and return) 0
(Centre point) followed by 0 15 (corner point).
• With the above workplane Active, select all the new locally created
wireframe and with the cursor on one of the lines, right click to open the
local Selection menu.
• Activate the workplane positioned central to the angled, top face on the
main wireframe model.
• Right mouse click in the graphics area away from the model and select
Paste from the local menu.
• From the main pulldown menus select File – Save As, and store the
psmodel as:-
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE-Models\Workplane-
Box
• Use the middle mouse key to dynamically rotate the view to display the
underside of the component.
• Select the surface defining the underside face of the pocket again
and select the Single workplane at top of selection option.
• Select and Delete the original workplane used to create the alignment
with the base of the pocket.
• View the model in all directions to check that a suitable tooling alignment
has been achieved.
It is possible that the model may need to be rotated 180 Degrees about the X Axis at some
stage. This can be performed using the workplane editing form.
• Right mouse click on the workplane and in the local menu select Modify.
• Select the Twist X icon and enter 180 in the Calculator form before
selecting OK, and then OK again in the Workplane form.
The model is now viewed the other way up, relative to the new orientation of the
Workplane.
Workplane toolbar
Below the graphics area in the bottom left hand corner is the Workplane toolbar, which
includes an icon for creating Temporary Workplanes as well as a table as an alternative
means to control the naming and activation of Workplanes.
Master Workplane
In a PowerSHAPE model one of the Workplanes can be designated as the Master, which
will be displayed with thicker lines to distinguish it from the others.
If another active Workplane is deactivated, instead of PowerSHAPE reverting to the World
co-ordinate system, it activates the Master Workplane.
Example
• Open the model golf_fin.
There are two Workplanes in this model Named 1 and 2. These are listed
above the World co-ordinate system in the workplane selection form.
Primitive surfaces
A Primitive Surface is based on simple, standard shapes, and wireframe extrusions or
rotated forms. A Primitive Surface is defined or edited by entering set parameters into a
specialist form (The actual input criteria depends on the type of Primitive Surface).
A major restriction of a Primitive surface is that it is only possible to modify the existing
defined parameters such as length, radius, orientation and where applicable, the original
wireframe. Primitive surfaces also have an inherent workplane like datum, which the user
can manipulate to perform modifications dynamically.
The Primitive Cone Surface is shown selected with the local Cone editing form open.
Note:- The Surface Cone is a skin with the top and base open.
The control points on a NURBS surface can be dynamically moved around in space, but not
to any degree of dimensional accuracy.
Any such changes are tricky to apply and depend on the users visual acceptance of the new
form.
Note:- Several of the Surface creation options directly create a Power Surface.
Power surfaces
A Power surface is based on a network of 4 sided wireframe elements appearing as curves
along (longitudinals) and across (laterals) the surface area.
A Power Surface can generate complex forms while retaining full editing capability
including the direction and magnitude through surface curve intersections.
To define holes within the surface area or an outside profile not compliant with a 4 sided
wireframe structure, specialist trim curves called Boundaries are applied.
The area of surface between adjacent pairs of laterals and longitudinals is called a patch.
The curves on a POWER Surface are called longitudinals (along the surface) and laterals
(across the surface). In some cases another (optional) curve exists called a spine. This
generally runs along the longitudinal direction, often in free space controlling the orientation
of the laterals.
Laterals
This surface contains the minimum,
two laterals.
Longitudinals
This surface contains a total of 7
longitudinals flowing from
corresponding points from the first
to the second lateral
The Cato mark identifies the start point for Laterals and Longitudinals on a POWER surface.
It is positioned a short distance from point 1 along lateral 1 with a short line pointing from it
representing the Longitudinal direction.
What is a Solid?
A Solid is best described as a solid mass. Unlike Surface modelling, there are no options in
Solid modelling that directly create entities that are of negligible thickness (eg Primitive
Plane, or a Split Surface). There are obvious differences in both the options and methods
used as opposed to working with Surfaces. The main advantage of working with Solids is the
inherent History Tree. Actions performed earlier can be retrospectively modified within the
History Tree and the whole Solid will update to fully accommodate the alterations. This
means any amendments to a design can be very quickly implemented in the model.
Solid modelling has been an essential feature of PowerSHAPE for many years but
PowerSHAPE 2010 is the first version to fully support Parasolids as the standard as opposed
to the earlier V8 Solids. V8 Solids are a type of solid that is unique to Delcam whereas
Parasolids are the standard used by other dedicated Solid modelling packages.
An essential reason to use Parasolids is that actions performed on them are generally more
accurate, stable, and reliable. In PowerSHAPE 2010, Parasolids are default, and to the
existing user the options and forms used are little changed from those used with V8 Solids.
Note:- The Solid Cone is fully enclosed mass that includes the top and bottom face.
Summary
From the above explanations it is obvious that Solid Modelling is the best method to use for
creating a CAD model. There are however certain applications that are impossible or more
difficult to create using solids. These include Split Surfaces, Draft surfaces, and Solid
Doctor repair, operations where faces need to be extracted and modified as surfaces patches
before being inserted back into the Solid.
The Holes are Dia 20, the Fillets are Rad 5, and the Draft Angle is 5 Degrees.
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE-Models\GettingStarted
Note: The Workplane will automatically become the Active datum on creation.
• From the Main toolbar select Surfaces to access the Surface options
toolbar on the left of the graphics area.
• Fill the Block form in exactly as shown above before selecting OK.
Fillets
Surface Fillets can only be created along the intersections between 2 or more separate
Surfaces. The Block Surface must first be made into 4 separate Surfaces for it to be
possible to create the Fillets. Before the Surface can be split up, it must first be Converted
from a Primitive to a Power Surface.
• Right mouse click on the Surface and the description at the top of the
local menu includes Surface Block.
• Right mouse click on the Surface and the description at the top of the
local menu should include Power Surface (If it is Nurbs select Convert
Surface again).
• Double Left mouse click on the Surface to both make it selected (Yellow
wireframe) and to open the Surface edits toolbar.
• With the Shift key depressed, use the Left mouse key to select all 4
linear curves running from the base to the top.
• Select all 4 Surfaces and from the Surface options toolbar select Fillet
surface.
• Fill in the Fillet Surface form in exactly as shown above before selecting
OK.
One issue with a Fillet Surface running between adjacent Draft Surfaces is illustrated in the
following (exaggerated) diagram.
A Surface Fillet will not proceed beyond the physical edge of the
adjacent Surfaces.
• Select all 4 sidewall Surfaces and press the keys (Ctrl J) to Blank them
from the view.
• Select the Active temporary workplane to be the Cutting object and then
drag a box across all 4 Fillet Surfaces to trim them back to be level with
the temporary workplane.
• Press the keys (Ctrl L) to return all items back into view (Unblank).
• With the Alt key depressed, left mouse click anywhere on the top edge of
the surface model to create a Composite Curve all around the top edge.
• With the Composite Curve selected, open the Surface Options toolbar
• Enter the values 0 -60 25 in the Command Input box to position the new
Cylinder Primitive.
• Right mouse click on the Cylinder Primitive and select Modify from the
local editing options menu.
• In the above form, input Radius 10 and Length 120 before clicking on OK.
• From below left of the graphics area select Z as the operational direction.
• Select the new Cylinder Primitive and open the general edits toolbar.
• Select the Keep original option, input Copies 1, and Angle 90, before
pressing the Return key.
The 2 Cylinder Primitives must now be trimmed back to each other as well as to the outer
wall Surfaces.
• In the General tolerance input box (located below the graphics area),
modify the current value to 0.02.
• Select one of the Cylinder Primitives and from the general edits options
select Limit Selection.
• With the Limit selection form open, select the other Cylinder Primitive to
produce one of several possible trim results (2 shown below).
• To obtain the correct trim keep selecting Next solution until the correct
one is displayed (as shown below).
Note that the limit selection process will automatically cause the Cylinder Primitives to be
converted to Power Surfaces.
• Use Limit Selection to trim back each cylinder to their relevant sidewall
surfaces (Hint: Select a sidewall surface as the Cutter selection and
when applying the trim, click the part of the cylinder protruding outside the
wall).
• Once both cylinder Surfaces have been trimmed to all of the sidewall
Surfaces apply Unblank (Ctrl L) to return all entities to the view.
Note: The visible side of the Cylinder Surfaces are shaded Red (Inside face) as opposed to
the other surfaces which are shaded Blue (Outside face). It is good practice to reverse any
surfaces that are currently shaded red.
• Select the 2 cylinder Surfaces (Shaded Red) and right click over one of
them to open the local menu.
• Select Reverse in the local menu to turn the 2 cylinder Surfaces inside
out.
• Select File – Save to update the externally stored Model file.
• Do not close the model as it will be continued to create the same
component design but this time using Solid modelling.
The Surface Model is now finished, but should any future design changes occur it will be a
laborious process to implement them. If it is required to change such features as the fillet
Radii, Hole Diameters, or general dimensions, other related parts of the Surface Model will
not automatically update, All affected surfaces will need to have the current trimming
deleted and then individually be re-trimmed to comply with the updated design.
Note: The new Workplane will automatically become the Active datum on creation.
• From the Main toolbar select Solids to access the Solid options toolbar
on the left of the graphics area.
• Fill the Block form in exactly as shown above before selecting OK.
Fillets
Solid Fillets are created on the Active Solid along selected non-tangential edges between the
faces.
• From the Main toolbar select Feature to access the Solid Feature
options toolbar on the left of the graphics area.
• Select Create solid fillet from the Solid Feature options toolbar.
• With the Solid Fillet form open, input a Radius 5 and with the shift key
depressed, select the 4 edges running up from the base of the Active
Solid.
• Select Apply to process the Fillets.
Note: Unlike the Surface Modelling example the ends of the Fillets are created to be exactly
level with the original top and base of the Block Solid.
Holes
• From below left of the graphics area select Y as the operational direction.
• In the Command input box enter the coordinates 0 -60 25 to define the
location for the Solid cylinder.
• Double left mouse click on the Solid cylinder to open the Cylinder
editing form.
The newly created Solid Cylinder will be registered in the History Tree as a separate item to
the existing Active Solid.
Note: A Solid is made Active (or not) by toggling the flag using a left mouse click.
Boolean operation
A Boolean operation will either Add, Remove, or Intersect the selected Solid(s) within the
Active Solid.
• With the original Solid Active (Red wireframe and Red Flag in History
Tree) select the Solid Cylinder using the left mouse.
• From the Main toolbar select Feature to access the Solid Feature
options toolbar on the left of the graphics area.
• Select Boolean ’Remove’ from the Solid Feature options toolbar.
The Solid Cylinder is now part of the Active Solid and is registered at the top of the History
Tree.
Solid Editing
The previous Boolean Removal operation can be copied and rotated to create the other Hole
by using options from within the Solid HistoryTree.
• From below left of the graphics area select Z as the operational direction.
• Left mouse click the Boolean Removal action located directly above the
Solid Cylinder in the History Tree.
• Select the General Editing options and switch to Edit selected sub-items
mode.
• Select the Rotate items option and in the resultant form set Keep
original with Copies 1 and Angle 90 before pressing the Return key.
Keep Original
Original Hole
The second Solid Model of the component is now completed. In addition to the overall
process being easier than Surface modelling, design changes can be implemented almost
instantaneously from with the Solid History Tree.
5. Primitive Surfaces
Primitive Surfaces
PowerSHAPE can quickly create a range of simple surfaces defined by a few basic
parameters. These are Primitives, which include 6 Standard Shapes, Extruded Surfaces
and Surfaces of Revolution. On Primitive surfaces only the basic dimensional parameters
can be modified with the original defined shape being fixed. Other types of Surfaces used in
PowerSHAPE include Nurbs Surfaces (Frequently obtained from imported data) and
Power Surfaces. Nurbs Surfaces also have limited editing capability and along with
Primitive Surfaces must be Converted to Power Surfaces for a more powerful, a complete
editing capability. Note: The conversion process is not reversible.
This menu allows the user to create a range of surface primitives. They are, from left to right,
Plane, Block, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere and Torus, and Spring Primitive.
A moveable Primitive Surface - Plane is attached to the cursor, with the centre of the Plane
being it’s local origin. This can be positioned by locking onto an item using the intelligent
cursor or by typing in X Y Z co-ordinate value in the Command Input window.
• Select the blue edge at the top of the square and dynamically pull it out
wards until a value of 280 is displayed and release the mouse button.
• Select the blue edge at the side of the square and dynamically pull it
outwards to 100.
• Double click on the Plane to open the editing form.
Do not close the model the above Plane will be used as part of the next example.
This Workplane will provide a visual marker for the dimensional datum.
Extrusion Surfaces
This type of Surface is formed as an extrusion of a wireframe entity normal to the
wireframe’s planer base (default). If required, it is possible to change the settings in Tools –
Options – Objects -Surfaces for the extrusion surface to generate along the active X,Y, or
Z Axis. If several items are selected for extrusion then a series of separate surface will be
generated.
As with standard Primitives an Extrusion Surface can only have basic parameters
modified unless irreversibly converted to a Power surface.
By default the wireframe used to create the extrusion surface will be deleted. To retain the
wireframe tick the pulldown menu, setting:-
Tools Options - Object - Surfaces - Keep wireframe (extrusions and revolutions).
Start and end points of the first span need to be defined before dismissing the form.
• With the Left mouse button select the upper set of double arrows.
• Drag the extrusion upwards to a length of 50.
• Double-click on the surface edge.
PowerSHAPE can also simultaneously extrude several, separate selected geometry items to
make individual surfaces.
The Surface has now been deleted and the original composite curve does not exist either.
This was deleted earlier by default when the extrusion was created. To automatically retain
future curves tick the box accessed from the pull down menu Tools - Options – Objects –
Surfaces - Keep wireframe (extrusions and revolutions).
Extrusion Example 2
Each of the selected wireframe entities will create a separate Extrusion Surface.
It can be seen that the surface has been extruded along the
normal to the average, planar base to the wireframe.
• Select Undo to get back to the stage prior to creating the Extrusion
Surface.
• Select Tools Options - Objects -Surfaces.
The default option is for Create extrusions normal to planar base to be ticked.
• Press Select.
• Select File Save As and enter the name pump-project2 and press
Save (Work will continue on this model during later chapters).
• Select File Close.
• Use the pull down to select Fill In (if not already picked).
The surface has been generated. The inside skin area of the
surface is displayed with a red colour. This is the inside colour
which cannot be changed by the user. It can however be
transferred to the other side of the surface skin by reversing the
surface.
When a PowerSHAPE model is saved the undo/redo facility is reset. Only work carried out
after the Save will be eligible to be undone or redone.
Wheel Example
Create the following wheel shape. This will then be altered using various commands.
• Enter 0 50 which will only move the selected parts 50mm in the Y,
stretching the back and inner wall.
The cursor changes into two vertical bars like the Define start point icon. A circle will mark
the selected start point.
The cursor changes into two vertical bars, like the Define End point icon.
A circle will marks the selected end point.
• Snap this to the top right corner end of the model for the end point of the
composite curve as shown.
There are two options for the composite curve to be. To select the path, one of the wireframe
lines is selected.
PowerSHAPE undraws
the surface and creates
dimensions for the
wireframe. These
dimensions can be double
clicked and changed.
Bottle Exercise
Using arcs, generate a bottle shape starting with the base.
Note: If the arc trimming does not appear in the correct place as shown.
Select the arc and grab hold of an end circle and drag it around to the end of
the line.
The next stage is the creation of fill-in surfaces across the top and
base of the bottle form.
A quick way to generate composite curves that are flat on a plane is to hold down the Alt key
and click the geometry with the left mouse button.
• Hold down Alt and left mouse click on the top edge.
• Hold down Alt and left mouse click on the bottom edge.
• Select the top composite curve.
An arc will be created from the end of the line around an arc of 90
degrees to form the bottle top.
Fill-In
From-Network
Drive-Curve
From Separate
Two Rails
Fill-In Surface
A Fill-in surface is usually created from one or more enclosed wireframes. It can also be
created from open ended, wireframes as well as Point data.
Example
• Create a wireframe, Rectangle of lines from the 0 datum with sides of
X50 and Y75.
• Create R 15 fillets at both of the top corners.
• Check that Fill-In is the selected surface creation option and Apply.
25 37.5 0
15 15 5
15 60 5
35 60 5
35 15 5
• Check that Fill-In is the selected surface creation option and Apply.
Die Example
A Fill in surface can also be made up from several wireframes. When a Fill-in surface is
generated, the composite curve is used to create the visible trimmed area within a surface.
• With the Alt key held down, left mouse click the upper edge of each
surface form to create a new composite curve for each one.
• Select all the composite curves and right mouse click on one to open the
local menu.
• In the local menu select Delete dependencies (This will remove any
tangencies inherited from surface edges along which composite curves
have been traced).
• With all the composite curves selected, open the Automatic Surfacing
form.
• From the main pulldown menus select File - Save As, and store the
psmodel as:-
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE-Models\Fill_in_example2
Once the Composite Curve is completed the Wizard recognises that the curve is suitable for
producing a Fill-In Surface. The surface creation form is updated and a preview of the
surface is displayed. In this case the surface produced is flat but in many cases the user
requires a new surface that is tangential to the surrounding surfaces.
• Select File
Save and then File Close.
Drive-Curve Surface
spine
sections
The illustration right shows a closed
Drive Curve Surface with 2 different
shaped section curves strategically
attached to the spine points.
spine
Racket Example
The first step is to create the wireframe for the drive curve of the tennis racket.
Upper Section
• Create a workplane and position it at the midpoint at the top of the racket.
These will be joined by using 4 fillet arcs of radius 25. During this process
it will be advised to split the existing circle of radius 8 into 2 separate arcs,
if the default automatic trimming is active.
The other sections are circles and they can be placed directly at the grip end,
without the need for another workplane.
• Create a single composite curve out of the Drive Curve entities and mid
section entities.
• Select all three sections and the drive curve.
• Click OK.
• Press Select .
• Generate a Surface from drive curve using all five sections.
Drive Curve
• Create two Composite Curves, the first to represent the Drive Curve and
the second to represent the Section.
• Generate a Drive curve surface.
• Select and use the Right Mouse button menu to reverse the red
surface. Unblank (Ctrl + L).
The ribs across are going to be created using Drive Curve Surfaces.
Drive Curves
Sections
• Select and use the Right Mouse button menu to Reverse any red
coloured ‘inside’ surfaces
• Unblank (Ctrl + L).
• Select File
Save and Select
File Close.
The separate curves are defined across the surface (laterals), which are then linked with
curves of best fit along the surface (longitudinals).
This section will be the basic for the other sections so it will be
copied up the Z-axis as individual lines.
• Enter 2 for the number of copies and the value of 0 0 5 in the position
window, giving you three sets of lines.
• Dismiss the form.
• Make composite curves from each set of lines (Alt key and left click).
• Create a fillet radius of 1mm on the bottom curve.
• Create a fillet radius of 2mm on the middle curve.
• Create a fillet radius of 3mm on the top curve.
All of the shapes have been turned into composite curves, ready for
surface generation. Each of the composite curves will be turned into
a lateral on the surface.
• OK the form.
• OK the form.
• Select Unblank.
• Select the sidewall surface and (if required) keep clicking next solution
until the correct trimmed surface choice (shown below) appears before
closing the form.
• Select the new top surface and in General Edits (as before) open the
Limit selection options.
• Select the domed surface and (if required) keep clicking next solution
until the correct trimmed surface choice appears before closing the form.
To fill the gap with a smooth surface additional wireframe curves will be created. By default
the tangencies of the existing surfaces will be inherited into composite curves defined along
exiting surface edges.
• Select this edge with the left mouse button to create the first part of the
Composite curve.
Note: the curve continues to the first branch point awaiting further interaction from the user.
• Click on the opposite corner Key-point of Surface 2 with the left mouse
button as shown below.
• Check that the default Use tangents to create the curve is ticked before
Selecting Yes.
Although enough wireframe is now available to create a Surface - from Network, a more
accurate alignment will be obtained if additional curves are created across the void.
• Select the Define Start Point button then click on the key-point at the
start of the existing composite curve as shown.
Start Point
• Click on the curve to include it as part of a new one and then click on the
continuation at the end of the corresponding curve, across the gap.
• With the Use tangent to create the curve ticked select Yes in the
Composite Curve Creation form (shown above).
• Select the Save button on the Composite Curve form.
• Repeat the last procedure using the other 2 intermediate curves.
• Select the remaining curves and from the surface menu select
surface wizard.
• Select OK.
• Select and right mouse click on the new central curve running down the
surface and in the local menu click on Free tangents and magnitudes to
provide a smoother transition.
The section is scaled across corresponding points along the drive rails to generate the
surface. Drive rail pairs must contain the same number of points and can both if required
form a closed loop. The end points on an open section must be positioned exactly on the start
point of each drive rail. Both the section and the drive rails must be defined as composite
curves.
• Double click on one of the drive rail curves to bring up the curve toolbar.
• Shift-select the other composite curve.
• Select the parameter tab and enter 5.5 and press Apply and then OK.
• Select the Advanced button from the bottom right of the form.
• Select OK.
• Select and Delete the surface.
7. Limiting Selection
Limit Surface using a Surface as the Cutting Object
When the Limit selection option is applied with Surfaces they are trimmed back to their
common intersection. The Next Solution option enables the user to toggle through all
possible, alternative trim combinations. When a Surface has been included in the Limit
selection process, a Boundary is created and only the part of the surface either inside or
outside will be displayed. Several Surfaces can be limited with a single cutting object.
• Select Undo.
• Select the Plane surface as the Cutting Object and then Limit.
• Close the Limit selection form and select the lower Cylinder surface to
show that it is separate from the upper Cylinder surface.
• Select Undo.
• Select the Plane surface as the Cutting Object and then Limit.
The imported model consists of a component made up of 6 separated surfaces along with
some wireframe defining the 2D trimming requirements.
• Right mouse click on the workplane (1) located at the base of the
component and in the local menu, tick both Active and Master.
• To the lower left of the graphics area select X as the operational direction.
• Pre-Select all Surfaces and the Composite Curve aligned on to the left on
the above illustration.
• From the main toolbar, select Curve and then Curve projection
to open the form as shown below.
Due to the pre-selection of the surfaces and composite curve, the form has defaulted with
the option Through surface/solid/component.
• Select OK to apply the Curve Projection option to create the new split,
composite curve as shown in the above right view.
• To the lower left of the graphics area select Z as the operational direction.
• Select the new split line, composite curve and then, in general edits
select the Limit selection option.
• Select all the surfaces and if required, click next solution to produce a
trim retaining the parts of the surfaces above the split curve.
A Workplane can also be used as the Cutting object as shown in the following example.
• Activate and select, workplane (2) and in general edits select the
Limit selection option.
• Select all the surfaces and if required, click next solution to produce a
trim retaining the parts of the surfaces below the workplane (-Z).
• Close the limit selection toolbar by clicking the cross at the top right
corner.
• Drive a new composite curve around the upper edge of the surfaces.
Exercise
• Create a flat Fill-in surface (Tangent to surface unticked) within the upper
Composite Curve and a 3D Fill-in surface within the existing lower split,
Composite Curve.
8. Advanced Surfaces
Introduction
The Advanced Surfaces options are located in the Surfacing toolbar after the Automatic
Surfacing Wizard, Primitives, Revolution, and Extrusion icons.
The Advanced Surfaces options shown horizontally above include from left to right:-
Bead, Patch, Draft, Split, Extension, Fillet, Blend, and Wrap Triangles.
The above options displayed in bold print are covered in the following chapter.
Fillet Surfaces
PowerSHAPE will create both, fixed or variable radius Fillets between 2 or more surfaces.
A fillet surface is best described as the developed outside contour of a ball if rolled between
the surfaces. Where the ball makes contact defines the outer edges of the fillet to where, by
default the original surfaces are trimmed back to the fillet edge. It is also possible to create a
fillet between a composite curve and a selection of surfaces.
PowerSHAPE will create concave fillets running from the outside (User defined colour
side) or convex fillets from the inside, (Red side) of the host surfaces. The concave filleting
direction for each surface is marked by an arrow, which if clicked will reverse the surface
causing a concave fillet to run from the other side. Otherwise the convex option is applied.
Concave Convex
Another way to show the inside and outside of the surface is to shade the model. By default
PowerSHAPE displays the outside of surfaces as the user defined or default, material
colour (Gold in this case) and the inside as Red.
Once this option has been selected, the Filleting form appears with a pre-defined, Concave,
Fillet Radius.
• Select OK.
• Select the first fillet track nearest the plane (lowest one), which turns
yellow.
• Select Apply.
• Select the second track nearest the top and press Apply and then OK.
By using the Secondary Selection option, it is possible to register the two separate sets of
surfaces for the fillet to run between. With this option, the first pre-selection of surfaces
(Yellow) will be registered to the Primary (ticked) set. If the Secondary box is then ticked,
any further surface selection will be registered as the Secondary set of surfaces (Pink).
PowerSHAPE will only attempt to create the fillet tracks between the two separate groups.
The selected surface turns pink and the secondary surface option is ticked.
• Select OK.
• Select the first track and then select the Apply button.
• Select the last track and then select the Apply button.
Hint: create a line from the bottom ends of the cone. Limit
the surface to the new wireframe.
• Select File
Close and then No.
• Select the Y plane and create a surface of revolution from the above
wireframe profile.
• Rotate the new Surface, 90 degrees about the X Axis to align it to the Z
direction.
• Create a workplane at 0 0 44.
• Generate a Sphere Primitive of radius 7.5 at the new workplane.
• Select the Workplane then from the edit toolbar, select Limit.
• Select the Primitive Sphere and if necessary select Next Solution to
retain the top half before closing the form.
The four arms need to be filleted to the central section. Make sure that when shaded, all of the
surfaces are gold. We do not want to fillet each arm to each other or waste time generating
the route so we are going to use the Secondary surfaces option.
• Select File
Close and then No.
Example
• Press OK.
• Select the composite curve and create a Fill in surface.
• Reverse the surface so the red side is facing up the Z axis.
• Delete the composite curve.
• Select both surfaces.
The fillet track is displayed with circles showing KEY points that can be snapped to using the
mouse. By snapping at these KEY points an arc of the initial radius is created. The value of
this radius can be modified in the Arc Radius area of the form.
New points to place radii on the fillet track can be entered by clicking on the track or by
entering a parameter position. To enter a parameter position, select the nearest
fillet and, check the number on the form in the Current Arc box, work out the
number required, change the ABS to PAR, enter the value such as 4.5 and press Return.
• Insert two new radii between the two at each side, as shown.
• Select the new arcs in turn and change the radius to 5mm.
• Select the arcs (in turn) either side of the new larger arcs and select
Delete off the form (4 arcs in total).
• Select Apply.
• Select File
Close and then No.
• From the main menu select File > Import and select the model:-
D:\users\training\PowerSHAPE_data/psmodels_n_dgk\
Fillet-Surface2Curve.dgk
It is required to run a 20 Radius, Fillet from the formed top edge onto the lower surface of
the recess.
• Left click near the left hand end of the formed top edge of the recess
while the Alt key is depressed (This is a short cut to create a Composite
Curve).
• Select the lower recess, Surface and Composite Curve before selecting
Blank Except (Ctrl K).
The preview Fillet is displayed on the correct side of the curve. If it were required to be on
the other side then the user would have to click on the arrow head at the left hand end of the
Composite Curve.
Bead Surfaces
A Bead Surface is defined by specifying a Length and a Bulge across a drive curve. They
can be used to quickly form decorative features on products or more functional features such
as ‘Draw Beads’ on press tools.
Drive Curve
Bead Example
This example creates a curve from manually input points, which are then used to generate a
bead surface.
• In the Data Input box type in (and press the return key) the following 5
absolute, coordinate positions.
-50
abs 0 30
abs 65
abs 0 -30
abs -50
• Select Point 1 from the list and set Length 4 and Bulge 2.
• Select Point 4 from the list and set Length 4 and Bulge 2.
• Select Preview.
Additional points can be inserted from within the form along the curve for a more specific
surface definition.
• Insert a point halfway between the existing points 2 and 3 by entering 2.5
and pressing Return.
• Insert a point halfway between 4 and 5 using a value of 4.5 and pressing
Return.
• Select File Close and No to ‘Do you wish to save the changes’.
Split Surfaces
Split Surfaces are an essential feature required in applications such as mould tools. The
component wall thickness is formed by the gap between the separate Punch and Die
Impression Blocks. The edges of the plastic component are formed by a Split Surface
common to both halves, accurately bedding out when the Punch and Die Impressions are
pushed together.
Split Surfaces are generated from split lines previously created around a component model.
The split line is the curve around the model where the surface passes through the vertical.
• Right mouse click on the surface and from the local menu select Convert
Surface to create a Power Surface.
To give a curved flow along the surface a spine will be added. A spine is a curve which can
be used to control the alignment of sections on a surface. A spine will have a spine point for
each section along the surface. If a spine point is moved the corresponding section will
move with it retaining the same tangency, if ‘Apply smoothing to point edits’ is switched
off.
• From the surface edit toolbar select Create Spine (located in the
Add curve options).
This will create a spine running through the cross sections of the surface, shown as a dotted
line. This spine can be deleted without affecting the surface.
ON OFF
• With Spine Point 2 selected type 0 0 10 in the Data Input window and
both the Spine Point and corresponding Section will move up Z by 10mm.
The Tangent angle along the surface will remain the same, as shown in the
next illustration
• Set the Y Principal plane and rotate the surface by -10 degrees.
• Generate a composite curve for each end lateral.
• Right click over each composite curve in turn and select Delete
Dependencies.
When composite curves are traced from surfaces, the curve remembers the tangency of the
underlying surfaces. This means that when a further surface is generated from these
composite curves they match perfectly. To remove that relationship, delete dependencies is
used on the composite curve before a new surface is generated.
The model now is completed but before a split surface can be generated the appropriate Split
Curve must first be created.
For a Draft Curve suitable for split surface creation, the Z principal plane must be set.
The split surface can now be created from this composite curve.
The Split Surface form appears and two arrows appear on the split line.
The blue arrow indicates the direction in which the split surface will flow from the curve
The brown arrow indicates the direction in which any optional Draft Angle will be applied.
A 40mm wide split surface is previewed tangentially outwards form the curve.
It is likely that the new split surface will contain localised ripples, especially where there is a
group of surface curves that are close together. This is not an acceptable condition to achieve
a satisfactory bed-out between the 2 halves of a mould, and as a result steps must be taken to
prevent or edit out the ripples to achieve a smooth surface form.
• Select the Smooth Surface option and then press Preview and then OK.
This produces a smoother surface on the outside edge by allowing the surface curves to
rotate away from the original perpendicular direction from the draft curve. Although this
will help to improve the smoothness the split surface may still benefit further from further
editing, This would be carried out retrospectively by moving/inputting points,
removing/inputting curves, and editing tangent angles.
• Set the ‘split direction’ option as ‘Align to axes’ and press Preview.
• Untick the Insert Breakpoints box to toggle the curve segments option.
• Select segment 1 from the dropdown list and set the Split Direction to
Radial.
• Select segment 3 from the dropdown list and set the direction to radial.
1. A Land Distance, which is the length from the outer edge of the part to the ‘step’
2. An Angle of inclination for the step.
3. A Total Distance across the split surface.
In addition the user may specify different radii from the joins between the various segments,
or use chamfers.
• Create a Rectangle from -60 -60 -60 of width 120 and length 120.
• Select Tools
Options, Object and then Lines.
• From the line menu select create a chamfer and click each
corner in turn.
• Generate a composite curve.
The sidewalls will be trimmed back to the split surface as shown above.
The basic Impression block design is complete. However, in the model shown above the
handle solid currently includes the whole of the plastic component and not just the Punch
half. To do this, the Solid must now be converted to surfaces and the relevant punch and die
components separated on to 2 separate Levels. The Die components can then easily be
separated from the Punch -Impression block.
Introduction to Levels
Levels provide the user with a ‘one click’ method to temporarily remove groups of entities
from being displayed in PowerSHAPE without deleting them. It is easier and more
permanent than Blanking as the data concerned is previously assigned to a Level by the user.
It is easy to assign entities to a different Level if required. Imported models will often
include data that is pre-assigned to more than one Level.
Note: A more detailed example on Levels is found in Chapter 11 – Model Analysis.
The original component is a Solid model which must first be converted to surfaces if it is to
be separated into the relevant punch and die entities.
• Left click on the Solid and from the Solid Wizard select Convert selected
solids to surfaces.
• Open the Level form by selecting located to the bottom left of the
graphics area.
• In the Level form below name Level 6 as Punch and Level 7 as Die.
• Separate the Punch and Die models and assign them to Levels 6 and 7
respectively (eg select the Punch surfaces and middle mouse click on
the Level 6 icon to the bottom left of the graphics area and repeat for the
Die surfaces, this time assigning them to Level 7).
• Left mouse click on the Level 7 icon to switch Level 7 (Die) off.
Generating a Split Surface does not automatically trim the model. A piece of software has
been included in PowerSHAPE called Die Wizard. The Die Wizard uses the Active Solid
and automates the Split Surface definition and creation of the separate Punch and Die
inserts. This is covered later in Chapter 15.
• Select File
Close and then No.
Draft Surfaces
A Draft Surface is created, either from a Composite Curve or from one or more Surfaces.
Draft surfaces. A Draft Surface is projected relative to the active Principle Axis, either
onto the 0 plane, or onto one or more additional Power Surfaces, selected after the original
data has been taken into the open Draft Surface creation form.
• From the Arc menu create a Three point arc using the
following co-ordinates:
-15 10 4
-15 -10 10
-15 0 8
• Convert the surface (right click over it and select Convert Surface).
• Blank the surface and select a view from the top.
• Select the Z principal plane.
• Generate the following wireframe.
The Draft Angle box allows the user to specify the taper angle of the surface to be produced.
As with split surfaces, the direction in which the surface is created is determined by the two
arrows displayed on the composite curve or surface selection.
When selected the surface will appear pink, and the Split Surface option on the Draft Surface
form will change to Project onto Selected Surface.
• Set the Draft Angle to 20 degrees, and set the projection arrows to
inwards and downwards.
• Select Preview.
Variable Draft
There is the ability to generate a variable draft surface from a selected profile. The variable
draft surface may not be always tangential to the original surface, as it has to generate the
draft from a fixed defined profile.
• Click 8 points around the draft curve as shown using the intelligent cursor
to snap onto End, Key and Mid Points.
• Blank Except the draft surfaces, the dome and the top surface.
• Generate a fillet radius of 1 mm by selecting all the surfaces shown.
Surface Extension
A Surface Extension can only be created from a Composite Curve that has been driven
along, and is still in contact with, the edge of one or more Surfaces. This causes the
Composite Curve to inherit the tangencies of the Surfaces which will then control the
directional flow of the Surface Extension. A typical application for the Surface Extension is
in the creation of Electrodes or Slides which must extend tangentially, outwards from the
main, tool model.
Electrode Example
The imported model of a punch insert will be used to illustrate the application of Surface
Extension as the main option to create an Electrode model.
• From the main menu select File > Import and select the model:-
D:\users\training\PowerSHAPE_data/psmodels_n_dgk\
InteriorTrimPUNCH.dgk ’.
• With the Composite Curve still selected, from the Surfaces Toolbar, click
on the Surface Extension icon.
• In the Surface Extension form, select Along Principle Axis and enter
Distance 35 before selecting Preview for a view of the proposed Surface
Extension.
• Select the circular fill-in surface at the bottom of the rib form and create a
Workplane at centre of selection.
• Name the new Active workplane as Electrode.
• With the new temporary workplane Active select the general edits
• With the Limit selection form open click on the upper part (above the
temporary workplane) of the new extension surface to trim it back.
The Surface is a Primitive in which an editing form appears in which the options purely
apply to the dimensional values of a Torus.
Before it is possible to make changes to the actual shape the torus must first be converted to a
Power Surface.
• Right mouse click on the surface again and in the local menu select
convert surface.
Depending on the settings the surface will either convert to a NURBS surface (default) or
directly to a Power Surface.
NURBS surfaces still exhibit limited editing capability but are more effective at initially
defining awkward shapes, which explains why they are applied as the default option. If a
NURBS surface is selected with the right mouse and modify selected in the local menu the
above toolbar appears and a framework appears around the surface. Note the fact that only a
few of the editing options are available (not greyed out!) in the toolbar.
• Right mouse click on the surface again and in the local menu select
Convert Surface.
First Second
Two additional surface curves are to be added aligned to the end points of the fillet radius
along the route of the lip (as identified on the First and Second construction lines). Any
original surface curves not aligned to key points on the lip form in this area will then be
deleted.
• Select the Workplane and dynamically rotate it to align the Y Axis with
the first of the construction lines that run from the centre to the ends of the
radius on the modified corner geometry.
• Set the operational direction to and make sure that the Workplane is
Active.
• Quickly double left mouse click the Power Surface to open the
surface/curve editing toolbar.
• Select one of the cross sectional, surface curves followed
by the Add curve option to open
the following form.
• Select and Delete the 2 laterals that a not aligned to key points on
the lip form composite curve.
• Select the middle surface point on the outer longitudinal in the top right
quadrant and drag it to the corresponding point on the new lip form
composite curve (as shown below).
• Repeat the Drag Move process on the adjacent surface points to create
the following (Note the tangency and magnitude through the three points
requires freeing up to achieve the most natural alignment).
• Select the longitudinal followed by the three points (Shift Select) through
which correct alignment is required.
• Right mouse click on the longitudinal and in the local menu select Free
tangents and magnitudes (This creates the most natural geometric flow
through the selected surface points taking into account the adjacent non
selected points).
• Select a view from top (down Z) and select the alternate 6 surface points
around the outside of the lid as marked below.
• Select the general edit options and click the edit sub-item icon.
• Select the Offset option and input a value –2 before clicking the
Return key.
• With the curve selected open the Automatic Surfacing wizard, which in
this case will pre-select the Fill-In option.
• Select Apply to accept the new Fill-in surface and then select OK to close
the form.
• Rotate the Workplane 180 degrees about the X Axis and select a view
along Y.
• Select the Composite Curve defining the outer profile of the container
body.
• Select an Iso 1 view to display the following food container design, outer
form.
Jug Exercise
• Create a Surface model of the outside of the jug shown below and Save
as:-
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE-Models\my-jug
Boundaries are generated along the pcurve network to define trimmed areas on a Surface.
Individual pcurves and boundaries are unique to a Surface and can be accessed only by
opening the Trim Region Editing, toolbar (Right click on a Surface for menu options or
alternatively access directly from the Surface Edits toolbar).
Definition of Boundaries
• Import the model m0_switch_housing.psmodel from Powershape_data.
• Select the upper surface (shown below) and select Blank Except.
The Turn Trimming On/Off icon toggles the trimming of the selected Surface(s). It is not
active unless a surface is selected the default setting being ON.
The Trim Region Editing toolbar appears. This has two modes, Boundary Edits and
Pcurve Edits. The user can switch between modes using the pull down menu to the extreme
left of the toolbar.
Pcurve editing.
• Select OK.
• select Explode.
• Select Recreate to open the toolbar and display all unused pcurves
on the surface.
The Create Trim Boundary toolbar appears and this is used to trace along the pcurves to
define a Boundary. It is similar to the Composite Curve creation toolbar.
All of the pcurves are displayed on the surface and are available for selection. To form a
Boundary the pcurve must form a closed route. The edges of a Surface can also be used as
part of the route of a Boundary.
• Click Explode.
• Select Autocreate.
• Deselect the surface.
• Select File
Close.
• Select No when asked whether it is
required to save the model.
The imported model shown includes several incorrectly trimmed surfaces requiring a
combination of Pcurve and Boundary editing to correct the faults.
The more complex the network of pcurves on a Surface, the less likely it is to obtain a
Trimmed Surface automatically. The following worked example shows the stages of pcurve
and Boundary editing, required to produce the correctly trimmed model shown above right.
• Select the curved, base Surface and select Blank Except (Ctrl + K).
• Right click the surface and select Trim Region Editing.
• Select Explode.
• Select the lower curved surface and select Pcurve Edit Mode.
• Select Explode.
• Open the Edits Toolbar and select the fillet surface (Cutting
Object).
• Zoom into the lower left corner and select the vertical pcurve.
• Delete the last ppoints from the end up to one before the curved join.
• Click the branch point situated before the last ppoint (24) and note the
updating of the values in the above form (zoom in as close as possible).
• Click OK and the position of the last ppoint (24) will update to the new
parametric values.
• Blank all surfaces apart from the fillet and the vertical 'D' section.
• Select the vertical 'D' section, surface and Delete the existing Boundary.
• Select P-curve Edit Mode and delete all pcurves except the 2 running
vertically from the ends of the fillet surface (shown dotted below).
• Open the P-curve Editing toolbar and select make pcurves from
wireframe.
• Select the option Projected and click on the Composite Curve.
• Select OK.
• Select the vertical 'D' section Surface.
• Select Boundary Edit Mode.
• Select File
Close and then No.
• Use the Recreate icon and trace and Save the route for the outer
Boundary.
• Trace the route of the inner Boundary and then, Save and Eject.
11. Levels
Model entities can be assigned to Levels which simplify such operations as the display and
selection of groups of items. For example, these could be distinct groups of component
surfaces, or different types of entity. A typical application would be to assign the inner wall
surfaces of a plastic component on to a different level from the outer wall surfaces. Objects
can be assigned to different levels, which can be switched to be ‘displayed’ or ‘hidden’ to
manage the selection and visualisation of entities within a model. There are 1000 Levels in
PowerSHAPE which when required for use should be given more appropriate names. Levels
998 and 999 are for internal use.
Example
• Select Create New Model.
• Create a workplane at 0.
• Select File Import and then the file Corner_Bowl.dgk from
D:\Users\Training\PowerSHAPE_data\psmodels_n_dgk.
PowerSHAPE examines the model and selects duplicate entities. These can be wireframe,
surfaces or solids. To see what has been selected, the information icon can be used.
• Select OK.
• From the lower left side of the window, select the Levels button.
• In Level 5, enter the name Duplicates and press the big red X by the
number 5.
• Select OK.
• Select all the wireframe and middle mouse click over the new level 5.
Clicking the middle mouse will move the selected items to that level.
The left mouse will switch the level on or off. The duplicates disappear from the screen as the
level is switched off.
Choosing a level it will make it active. Be careful when doing this that nothing is selected
otherwise the item will be moved to that level.
• Open the Levels form and create two further levels, naming 6 as Core and
7 as Cavity.
• Select OK on the form.
This model contains solids. These are a different type of component with PowerSHAPE,
which can be used to make complex shapes. A solid can be selected by clicking on any part
of it.
• Click the middle mouse button over level 7 and Select Ctrl + L.
• From the lower left side of the window, select the Levels button.
• In Level 8, enter the name Components: Wireframe and press the big X
by the number 8.
• In Level 9, enter the name Components: Solid and press the big X by the
number 9.
• Select Dismiss
The two levels now belong to the group called Component. On the Levels toolbar, the
following changes can be seen:
A new button appears representing the group of levels. The buttons of the two levels have
changed to the same colour (Blue). The colour of the group matches that of the two levels.
Levels can be turned on and off using the group button. If a further Group is created then a
new colour will be assigned to it making it visually distinguishable from the original one.
• Click the middle mouse button over level 8 and Select Ctrl + L.
• Select the component solid and place it onto level 9.
• From the Levels pop up menu select 0 : General Level.
In some instances it is advisable to make safe copies of surface or wireframe entities. For this
exercise we will copy the core solid and paste it onto the General level 0.
It may appear as though nothing has actually happened, but the solid that is displayed yellow
are the new copies of the original.
• Switch off level 6. Toggle on and off Level 0 to see the new copy.
• Select File Close and select No to saving Changes.
The model is displayed with the surface skin invisible, enabling visual
access to the trimmed edges and surface curves.
The model is displayed with the surface skin shaded. The outside of
a surface will be the default or user defined colour with the inside red.
The use of shading will restrict visual access to internal detail.
The model is displayed in wire mode, with all the internal wire removed
or hidden. This is a visual option to aid the user to see the model clearly.
This special view mode needs to be turned off for surface manipulation.
• From the View pull down on the main menu select Shade > Inside
Material.
This view turns on or off the mode which displays inside-out surfaces as
red. This allows the user to shade the model without having to reverse
‘inside out’ surfaces.
This shows the model in Enhanced shading mode. This type of view
includes perspective and reflections on the surface giving a more true
to life appearance with model feature lines, visually converging
towards distant vanishing points.
• From the pop up menu under enhanced shading select Render the
View.
By default all surfaces are shaded using the same material. There is a comprehensive range of
pre-set Material types available, such as metallic, glass, neon, etc. Individual surfaces can be
modified to use a shading colour and/or material type directly from the standard range or as
customised by the user.
Customising Materials
The user can create a custom material to their own specification.
Shading Tolerance
When models are shaded, the whole surface is covered in a triangular mesh, which is set at a
certain tolerance i.e. the smaller the value, the finer the mesh. These values are found under
the Shading Option, found under options in the Tools pull down menu.
The new left hand toolbar will contain the Model Analysis
options. It is shown below repositioned to a horizontal
alignment.
• Select the above option and have a closer look at the displayed model.
By default the Draft Angle is set to zero. If it is required to use a different value it can be
modified in Tools - Options –Tools – Analysis - Surface Analysis.
• Select the above option and have a closer look at the displayed model.
Minimum Radius Shading – displays internal radii with a value less than the
specified minimum radius in Red and external Radii in green with the remainder of
the model being Grey.
By default the Minimum Radius value is set to 5. If it is required to use a different value it
can be modified in Tools - Options –Tools – Analysis - Surface Analysis.
• Select the above option and have a closer look at the displayed model.
Volumes
PowerSHAPE calculates a volume of an enclosed surface, such as a sphere, based upon the
direction of the principle plane.
• Generate a workplane at 0.
• Create the following 2D geometry.
• Create a new level (5) named Wire Copy and place this copy onto it.
• Switch level 5 off.
• Select the surface and from the Edits toolbar select Scale.
• Select the ‘To Projected Volume’ option and change the volume to 700
(don’t enter the commas).
A new surface is produced which is scaled in all three axes. If the X and Z movement had
been locked (by clicking the padlocks) the scaling would occur only along the Y axis.
Another way to change the volume would be to locally increase the length of the bottle from
just beyond the top recess to the cap. By trial and error you could get close to the desired
volume. The following sequence will attempt to reach the target by locally stretching by 20.5.
• Delete the surface and switch on Level 5 Wire Copy (do not select).
• Select Stretch Object in the Edits toolbar.
• Box over the all elements of the composite curve including and above the
R35 Radius (these will turn to yellow) and enter 0 20.5 in the command
input window to stretch this part of the wireframe (as shown dotted below).
To find the volume between two surfaces to find the wall thickness we can use the calculator.
The answer, which is the volume of the wall thickness of the bottle, is displayed in the top
right hand box of the calculator.
Volumes of solids can also be generated in the same way. The method also works for
multiple selected surfaces.
• From the main pull down menus select Window - Tile Vertically.
The separate models are arranged to co-exist side by side in the graphics area. At the
moment any differences are not visually obvious apart from the central pockets appearing to
be different depths.
Dynamic Sectioning
Dynamic Sectioning provides a fast means of visually taking a slice through the Surface or
Solid model with the option of creating a 2D Composite Curve as a permanent record of the
section.
This controls the direction along which the dynamic section is created normal to.
• Use the left mouse key to move the Back slider and observe that the
model is visibly cut back as the slider is moved.
• Input 0 in the data input box to the right of the Back slider to make the
section exactly in line with the, active Workplane, RibCentre.
At this stage there is visual evidence that the central pocket is deeper on the component in
New_Model_1. For identifying smaller differences the two curves need to be superimposed
on each other. It will also be necessary to apply other specialist Model Analysis options
This is to make sure that the Composite Curve produced in New_Model_2 is copied exactly
to the same world coordinates as in New_Model_1.
• With the Composite Curves selected click the Copy icon on the
Main toolbar.
• Once the Composite Curves are Pasted into New_Model_1, activate the
Workplane and select a View from Front (-Y).
• Select and Blank all Surfaces to view the Workplane and the two sets of
Composite Curves.
The above view visually illustrates that the Surface Model stored in New_Model_2
possesses a reduced depth central pocket and a slightly larger core form in the rib area to
the right.
A new window appears containing a Light Grey shaded image of NEW_MODEL_2 with
extra material existing in areas shaded Blue and material removed in areas shaded Red.
• Move into the new window and dynamically rotate the image to view the
other side of the model.
The base of the pocket is shaded Blue which confirms that extra material exists in this area.
Model Compare
This option provides a means of ‘identifying and selecting’ modified, model entities on an
updated model while comparing it with the original, model. The selected model data can
then be copied and pasted into the original model without duplicating existing, unchanged
model entities.
The Model Compare Form appears requiring the user to identify the Primary and
Secondary models on which to Compare and Select the different model entities.
All entities in NEW_MODEL_2 that do not exist or are different from those in
NEW_MODEL_1 are automatically selected ready to be Copied and Pasted.
Note:- Copy and Paste options are included as icons in the Main toolbar.
Note: The inner form Rib Data has also been modified and has been copied to
New_Model_1 as well as the pocket.
To be able to assess the manufacturing work required to modify any existing mould tool it is
essential to place the new and old data on different levels. By switching the levels on and off
it will be more obvious whether the new data is to be material removed or added to the
existing tool.
• Rename Level 9 as Old Data, make sure it is switched off and assign to it
all the original model entities due to be replaced.
• Transfer the new model items currently assigned to the Level named
NewData to the appropriate Outer (Level 6) or Inner (Level 7) levels.
It will be observed that the Pocket will require more material to be machined off on the die
half of a mould tool. On the Punch half, Material needs to be added to reduce the depth of
the central pocket and removed to create the increased size for the core, central to the 4 Ribs.
Surface Inspect
When active, the Surface Inspect option displays ‘live’ dimensional information to the user
as the cursor is ‘locked onto’ or moved along the surface model.
Calculator
The new left hand toolbar will contain the Model Fixing
options. It is shown below repositioned to a horizontal
alignment.
Find Duplicates
• Move the cursor over the General Edits icon to open the local toolbar
and left click the Model Fixing icon to activate the toolbar options.
The above Information box opens advising of the existence surfaces with an incorrectly
defined trim boundary. All badly trimmed surfaces will become selected (In this case there
is one).
The Boundaries are now visible, but require rebuilding as they have failed to trim the
surface.
• From the Boundary Edits toolbar click on Select all boundaries followed
• Select Auto Create boundary and visually check which side of the
pcurve is trimmed away.
Gap1
Gap2
Gap 3
Stitching will move selected surface points to match the edge of other surfaces or
composite curves. It is not possible to apply stitch surface from a trimmed edge. The
process will benefit if further laterals are inserted to provide a more accurate edge match for
the stitch surface operation.
An easy way of inserting an additional lateral is to select a surface point followed by first
depressing and holding down, the CTRL key and then the LH mouse key. A new lateral is
then dynamically dragged along an existing longitudinal. This is repeated as required until
sufficient surface points exist along the edge to be stitched.
Surface Point.
New Longitudinal.
• Select the match edge (end longitudinal) of the round surface and then
Stitch.
The Green Tick next to Surfaces indicates that the target surface has been selected.
• Select the two surfaces shown and Blank Except (Ctrl +K).
• Create a composite curve from the edge curve of the flange surface as
shown below.
• With the new pcurve selected, open the extend pcurve option.
• Create a Boundary along the fillet edge to leave the result shown.
Most of the surfaces in the New Model already exist in the original PistonCrown-example.
Model Compare
Model Compare will analyse 2 models and select items on the first model that are different
or do not exist on the second model. The criteria relating to Trimming options can be
specified as required within the form.
• Select the Primary box (ticked) and then left click in the New Model
window.
• Select the Secondary box (ticked) and then left click in the
PistonCrown-example window.
• In Surface Trimming Comparison select None.
• Select OK.
New surfaces.
Wireframe.
A Copy of the new, different surfaces will appear in the original model.
• Select the newly copied surfaces and those that intersect them.
• Select Blank Except.
• Generate a 3mm concave fillet between the original surfaces and the top
of the new tapered pocket surface.
• Select the taper surface and the surface defining the flat base of the
pocket.
• Create a 2mm convex fillet between these surfaces.
In this case no duplicate data is found, but it is still essential to perform the test.
• From the vertical toolbar click the Quick Select all Surfaces option.
Note:- In some instances it may not be obvious which way a surface should be orientated (If
the model is missing data causing a surface to be isolated, or the outer face of a surface
exists on both the inside and outside of the model). If any such surfaces remain in the wrong
orientation then they can be selected and reversed individually via the local menu.
• With all the surfaces still selected, right click over them and from the local
menu, select Convert Surface to change all of the selected Nurbs to
Power Surfaces.
Shown below :- One of the Surfaces before and after conversion to a Power Surface.
Depending on the type of file originally translated into iges format, the resulting Power
Surfaces are often created with an excessive number of surface curves (as illustrated above
right). If a large number of surfaces are involved it can result in reduced processing times
and excessive memory consumption. As a result it is good practice to apply the Approximate
Surface option to reduce the amount of curves while keeping the surface definition within a
specified tolerance value.
The model is now ready for further operations such as constructing the components required
for a suitable mould tool design.
Core/Cavity separation
This Core/Cavity separation icon is located in the Main toolbar – Wizards options.
It operates on the selected surfaces and discriminates surfaces that are out of view if
looking down the Z Axis.
Depending on which of the 2 icons are applied it leaves the user either with the outer or
inner surfaces as selected and ready for transfer to another level.
• Open the Levels form and enter the Name CAVITY for level 6 and CORE
for level 8.
The surfaces that are hidden from view if looking down Z become deselected while the
others remain selected.
• While the upper surfaces are still selected, middle mouse click on Level
6 on the levels toolbar and they will disappear from view (Level 6 is
switched off).
• Select all the remaining surfaces and middle mouse click on Level 8 and
these will also disappear from the view (Level 8 is also switched off).
• Toggle levels 6 and 8 on and off while checking that the surfaces have
been assigned to the correct side of the moulding.
Boolean Operations
As an Active solid is built up other solids/surfaces can be absorbed into it, which is best
illustrated via the basic Boolean operations ADD, REMOVE and INTERSECT.
The solid cylinder is joined onto, and becomes part of the Active
solid sphere.
A hole appears through the active solid sphere caused by the removal of
the solid cylinder, which again is now part of the Active solid sphere.
Creates the intersection of the selected solid and the Active solid.
The active solid becomes the common volume of both solids, in this case
producing a solid tube with spherical ends. As before the cylinder is now
part of the original Active solid sphere.
The newly created solid block will automatically become active (red).
• Left click on the solid block to identify it in the Solid History Tree, and
then click on the Grey flag to change it to Red (Active Solid).
• With the left mouse, select the solid cylinder and from the
main toolbar select the Feature option.
The Feature icon is next along from the solid creation icon in the main toolbar. It contains
options for performing constructional operations on the initially created active solid.
• Select File - Save As and store the model to the following location:-
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE_Models\SolidBlockExample1
• If the history tree is not already displayed open it by double left clicking
on a solid displayed in the graphics area.
• Double click on the solid fillet at the top of the history tree.
A box appears around the selected sub-item in the history tree and the Edit Solid Fillet form
opens. The selected fillet changes to a blue colour on the Solid displayed in the graphics area.
As well as the ability to modify the original parameters used in the creation of a sub-solid, it
is also possible to apply the General Edits options to preceding Boolean operations.
• Select the cylinder, sub-solid with a single mouse click and identify where
it is located (boxed) in the history tree.
• Shift - Select the boolean Remove operation in the history tree such that
both the solid cylinder and the Remove operation are selected (boxed).
• Select the General Edits options followed by Edit Sub Item (if not already
active).
• Select File – Save to update the content of the stored model file.
• Close the model.
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE-Models\SolidModelling-1
• From the Main toolbar select Solid to access the Solid options toolbar on
the left of the graphics area.
• Left mouse click on the workplane to locate the new solid block on to it.
• Right mouse click on the solid block and select Modify from the local
editing options.
• Fill in the form exactly as shown above and then select the Workspace
tab.
• Enter -50 in the third coordinate box (Z) as shown below and select OK.
When a Solid is created it becomes Active by default and its Wireframe will be coloured
Red. Only one solid can be Active at any one time. Other entities can interact with the Active
solid which will also register them within a History Tree.
• From below left of the graphics area select Y as the operational direction.
• From the Main toolbar select the Line options to access the Line
options toolbar on the left of the graphics area.
• Enter the coordinates abs 50 -50 -10 for the start of the line into the
Command Input box located below the graphics area.
• From the Main toolbar select the Surface option to access the Surface
options toolbar on the left of the graphics area.
With the Line pre-selected an extrusion Surface is immediately created. Note that the upper
side of the Surface is shaded Red (inside) while the underside is the current default colour
for Surfaces (outside). The Surface must extrude fully through the Solid.
• If the extrusion Surface does not pass fully through the Solid then
double left mouse click on the Surface to open the Surface Editing form
• Select OK.
Note:- It is also possible to dynamically drag the arrow at the end of the selected, extrusion
Surface to increase or decrease the Length.
• With the Surface selected and the Solid Active click on the Feature
option on the Main toolbar.
• Select the Boolean Remove option as shown above and the part of the
Solid on the Red side of the Surface will be removed.
• With the Fillet form open and default Radius 5 set, Shift select the 4
curves linking the upper and lower rectangles before left mouse clicking
on Apply.
• From the Main toolbar select the Line options to access the Line
options toolbar on the left of the graphics area.
• Using the left mouse key snap the line to the 2 lower corners of the planer
sloping face.
• From the Views toolbar select the Shaded View option.
• Use the left mouse key to select and dynamically Drag the Workplane to
the Mid-point of the recently created line across the lower end of the
slope.
Note:- If there is no response check that Drag Move is ticked in the above View menu (To
Open, right mouse click in an empty part of the graphics area).
• From below left of the graphics area select X as the operational direction.
• From the Main toolbar select Solid to access the Solid options toolbar on
the left of the graphics area.
• Right mouse click on the solid cylinder and select Modify from the local
editing options (Or Double left mouse click on the solid cylinder).
• Fill in the form exactly as shown above and then select the Workspace
tab.
• Enter -20 in the first coordinate box (X) as shown below and select OK.
The Solid Cylinder will now be removed from the main Solid using a Boolean operation.
• With the Solid Cylinder selected and the main Solid Active click on the
Feature option on the Main toolbar.
• Select the Boolean Remove option and the selected Solid cylinder
will be removed from the main solid.
• From the Main toolbar select Solid to access the Solid options toolbar on
the left of the graphics area.
• From Solid options select Create solid cylinder and in the Command
Input box enter -35 -25 -50 to define the base/centre position.
• Right mouse click on the new solid cylinder and select Modify from the
local editing options (Or Double left mouse click on the solid cylinder).
The new Solid Cylinder will now be removed from the main Solid using a Boolean
operation.
• With the new Solid Cylinder selected and the main Solid Active click on
the Feature option on the Main toolbar.
• Select the Boolean Remove option and the selected Solid cylinder
will be removed from the main solid.
Now that the first hole has been created the other three can be copied and mirrored across
the Workplane to the correct locations.
• Select the Boolean removal actions for both holes as displayed in the
PowerMILL explorer.
• Double left mouse click on the original solid block symbol at the bottom
of the History tree to open the Block definition form.
• Modify the value for Width (Y) from 75 to 100 and all four Draft values to
-15 before selecting OK.
• In the Command input box type -5 to move the 2 selected hole features.
• From the Main pull down menus select File - Save to update the current
state of the stored PowerSHAPE model.
Die Example
The following Die example illustrates how solid modelling can produce parts more quickly
and easily compared with surface modelling.
The Active solid is identified in the history tree with a red flag.
• Left click on the solid cylinder to identify it in the Solid History Tree, and
then click on the Grey flag to change it to Red (Active Solid).
• From the Features menu, select Add the Selected Solid to the
Active Solid.
The cone will be added to the cylinder together as a new active solid.
In the history tree, the second solid is now active and it shows that
the solid cone has been added to the solid cylinder. This solid can be
temporarily removed from the active solid by left clicking on the
green tick (changes to a red cross). The suppressed, added solid, can
be returned again by clicking on the red cross.
The moulded component to be sunk into the die will be imported as surfaces and
subsequently converted into a solid.
The selected surfaces have become one single solid. If the surface
edges do not match a watertight wizard will appear automatically,
providing the opportunity to fix any gaps.
The original handle solid will become part of the Active insert block
solid. As a result a separate copy of the handle solid must be created
for use later as the basis for an electrode.
• From the Features toolbar select Add the Selected Solid to the
Active Solid.
• Make the die block solid active and select the handle form Solid.
• Create a solid block at 0 0 15, length 60, width 130, height 20.
• Put the new solid, on level 5 and switch the level off.
Hint, create a line between the two points and the mid-point can
be used as the key point.
Alternatively, after selecting create a single Workplane, open
the position input form , select Between before sequentially
snapping the 2 points
Locking the plane will cause new wireframe lines or arcs to be on the Z Zero plane.
• Make sure the main Die insert solid is the Active solid.
• In the Feature Tree area expand all the + symbols so the full history of the
Active Solid can be seen working from the bottom upwards.
• Select the extrusion surface.
• From the Solid Feature toolbar select Split solid.
• Select File - Save to update the content of the stored model file.
• Close the model.
This has formed the basic shape for the Alarm Box.
• Create a rectangle of lines from -60 -80 130 with size:- (X) 120, (Y) 160.
• Create a composite curve from the rectangle.
• Create a Radius 10 fillet on all corners of the composite curve.
• With the composite curve selected open the Features Menu and
The next stage is to remove the sharp edges from the main body by introducing Solid Fillets.
• Accumulatively Select all 4 steep edges and the 4 edges around the top
and Apply.
Note:- Unlike Surface filleting a solid fillet will run flush up to the solid edge
• Enter a Thickness of 3.
• Press OK.
• Select a view down from left -X and set the principal plane to X.
• Create Rectangle of lines at 0 -7 12 to 0 14 88.
• Select the General Edits toolbar and note that the Edit sub-item option is
already selected.
• Select the Move option and set copies to 1 and enter 0 30 in the bottom
right input window and press return.
• Then in the bottom right input window enter 0 -60 and press return again
before dismissing the form.
Copies of the vent (solid bulge) forms are mirrored to the opposite face.
Additional geometry is now required as the basis for creating ventilation
slots for the vents.
The solid has been blanked to display the three new composite curves.
• Select Through.
• Select OK.
The Z axis of the new workplane is aligned normal of the selected face. A boss complete
with a through hole will be created aligned to the workplane Z to provide access for a strobe
light mounting.
• With the circular extrusion, Active and the solid block selected, open
the Solid Features toolbar select Intersect the Selected Solid.
The new solid is jutting beyond the inner wall of the main solid. To trim it back to the inside
and at the same time, add the outer part to the main body solid the solid boss option will be
applied.
• Toggle to the solution (In this case 2) with the highlighted boss on the
outside and select OK.
• Select File – Save to update the content of the stored model file.
• Close the model.
The basic imported model contains a large handle form solid along with 6 small rib feature
solids, all of which are displayed in the history tree.
• Select File – Save As and store the model to the following location:-
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE_Models\PlasticHandle
The Solid Fillet menu appears. Unlike Surface Filleting, Solid Filleting directly, uses the
sharp edges on the Solid as the Filleting track. The order and extent to which the individual
Solid fillets are created is important, if the correct design specification is to be achieved.
In this case, to provide the correct shape of drive curve around the upper and lower edges of
the ‘D’ shape, it is essential to create the vertical corner Fillets first.
• Select Apply.
This form allows you to select by mouse, an arc to represent the radius that the fillet will be at
that point. This works in a very similar way to variable radius filleting of surfaces covered
earlier in the course. By moving the mouse along the track, the word key will appear. Click at
that point and a numbered arc is generated. This arc can be stretched or changed in the form
to the desired radius.
Radius 4
Radius 6
• Select all the solid ribs and Remove from the Active solid.
It is required to core out the outer form with a 3mm wall thickness. Due to certain
dimensional restrictions some of the features must be suppressed before attempting to create
a new solid to represent the inner form. It will also be necessary to perform additional
material removal on the inner form along the shaft to maintain the nominal wall thickness.
• In the Features Tree - Suppress all six ribs and the logo features from
the main handle solid (just click on the Green ticks next to each feature).
• Using General Edits - Offset create a copy of the selected solid offset by
-3mm to provide the inner wall, excluding the rib and logo detail.
Now that the basic form for the inner solid has been created the original active, outer solid is
updated to include the rib and logo features again.
This is achieved by applying Unsuppress in Feature Tree to each rib in turn. (click on the
red crosses next to each feature).
• In the history tree left click on all red crosses adjacent to the suppressed
features one at a time to reinstate them onto the outer form solid.
Turning to the inner core solid, there are a couple of design modifications required. These
include extending the shaft through the end of the outer form and creating a 3mm wall
thickness below the logo recess. To show these requirements more clearly the Model
• From the left hand toolbar select Model Analysis followed by the
• Snap a wireframe line to the outer composite curve as shown above and
edit the length to pass through the end wall (e.g. 200mm).
• From the right hand end of the existing line create another line of suitable
length (e.g. 15mm) at angle of 30 degrees as shown above.
• Select and Blank the 2 composite curves.
• Create a composite curve along both lines from left to right and from
General Edits select the Offset option.
• Make the inner core solid Active and select the new extrusion surface.
• In the Feature toolbar select Remove the selected solid/surface
… to remove the red side of the surface from the active solid.
• Create a composite curve around the end of the core solid shaft.
• Set the operational axis to X and select the new composite curve.
• Create a solid extrusion and dynamically drag it along the -X direction
until it has passed through the end of the outer solid form (eg. length 20).
• Select File – Save to update the content of the stored model file.
• Close the model.
• From the pop up menu under Solid Fillet select the Rib Fillet Icon.
• Ensure that Individual Faces is selected on the form as shown at the right.
Note the tapered form of the fins and the troughs in between
them.
• Press OK.
• Select OK.
The completed model is shown below. By using Rib Filleting this complex piece of
modelling has been done quickly and easily.
Thicken Solid
The Create a Thickened Solid option allows a wall thickness to be applied to an Open
Solid. It is used in applications where a model is required to have a constant wall thickness.
In the following example an open solid defining the outer surface of a pressing will be
thickened to produce the complete pressed sheet metal component.
Due to the original surface model consisting of an outer skin it is necessary to convert the
newly created Parasolid to a V8 solid before the Thicken Solid option can be applied.
Once the V8 Solid has become has been thickened to form a ‘solid mass’ then it should be
possible to convert it to a Parasolid.
• Select the Feature toolbar and then click on the Thicken Solid
option.
The following form will open advising the user to make the V8 Solid Watertight.
Several Large Holes plus a single Small Gap are identified by the wizard.
• Select Finish to accept the Watertight status and close the form.
• In the Thicken Solid form, enter a Thickness of 2 and then select OK.
The Warning form appears advising of the failure to convert the V8 Solid to a Parasolid. As
a consequence, the thickening of the V8 Solid is removed.
Solid Exercise 1
• Create the following component as a Solid model.
Solid Exercise 2
• Import the model:-
D:\users\training\PowerShape_Data\psmodels-n-dgk\JugOuterWall.dgk
Part 1
• Create a Solid from the Surface Model.
• Create the inside form using Thicken Solid with a 3mm wall thickness.
• Delete the Surfaces that define the inner wall of the handle.
Part2
• Create a Solid (again) from the remaining surface model.
• Apply a Rib Fillet Feature around the rim.
• Select File - Save As and store the model to the following location:-
D:\users\training\COURSEWORK\PowerSHAPE_Models\SolidJug-Ex2
• Close the model.
Delcam Draft is accessed by selecting Module>Drafting from the top pull down menu or
the Drafting Mode option on the main toolbar.
In this example we will create a few views followed by a few simple dimensions.
• Select Tools > Options> Drafting > Drawings and set sheet size as A3.
A new empty drawing window is created with the name golf_fin: s1 which is sheet 1 of the
model golf fin.
• Move the mouse into the graphics area to the top left corner of the sheet
and Click with mouse button 1 to accept.
• Move the mouse into the front view and click the right mouse button to
open the Drawing View menu.
• Select Active.
• With the line selected, from the Views toolbar pick Section View.
This puts two arrows on the section line showing which way you are looking at the view. The
arrows can be clicked with the left mouse key to change the direction, if required.
• Click to the right of the front view to place the section view.
• Zoom into the section drawing and from the main toolbar select
Annotation.
• Move the mouse (stretches a dimension) to the left hand end of the
bottom line and click.
• Move the dimension out to the left and click to locate the dimension.
dimension toolbar.
• Click a point along the top right fillet radius, position the dimension as
shown below and click to Accept.
• Position the text (as shown below) and click to accept the 10-degree
dimension.
• Press Save.
• Close the Drawing by pressing the small grey cross at the
upper right of the screen.
To access the Drawing, the model is opened and the drawing sheet picked from the list.
• Select OK.
• Select the ‘find and fix faults in the solid’ option and wait for a response.
• The message confirms that the Solid is free from any faults (Watertight).
• Select a Wireframe view to see the areas that contain the small gaps
(displayed in Red).
This informs the user that all of the holes in the model have been
closed to the working tolerance of 0.01mm. The part is now watertight
and ready for the die wizard.
• Select OK to continue.
The model is now Watertight and ready for the Die Wizard. Although recommended, it is
not always essential for the model to be watertight for it to run through the Die Wizard.
• From main toolbar select Wizards then select Start Mold Die
Wizard.
Each split line is numbered and can be selected, and modified if necessary, from the Pull
Down list. As a split curve is selected, it is displayed in the Die Wizard graphic window.
The model can be dynamically manipulated in the Die Wizard graphic window in the same
way it can be manipulated in the PowerSHAPE graphic window.
• Click the Preview button to display the fill-in surfaces on the model.
• Click the Preview button to display the fill-in surfaces on the model.
The drop down list displays the abbreviated names of the materials; when a material is
selected, the full name of the material is displayed below. A predefined value (dependent on
the material selected) will be automatically inserted into X, Y and Z. Uniform Shrinkage
can be switched off to enable the user to set different shrinkage factors for X, Y and Z.
• Untick the Insert Breakpoints box to toggle the curve segments option.
• Select segment 1 from the dropdown list and set the direction to be
Along Axis.
• Select segment 2 from the dropdown list and set the direction to be
Along Axis.
• Select segment 4 from the dropdown list and set the split direction to be
Radial.
• Select OK.
• Select Next > to continue.
The final page of the wizard allows the user to simulate core and cavity separation.
• Create a workplane at 0.
• Create a solid block at 0 with dimensions, X 100, Y100 and Z 60.
• Remove the inner solid block from the main outer solid block.
• Right Click over the Feature in the explorer window and select Modify.
• Select OK.
With Hole Features the Feature Keypoint will always be the origin of the hole, therefore
the Feature Keypoint has been pre-selected and cannot be changed.
The parameters for the depth and diameter are still in the hole form, this can be checked by
hovering the cursor over the relevant text boxes.
• Repeat the process creating 2 more Solid Hole features, using the
parameters to define length and diameter, to produce the model shown.
Note:- The pocket feature is still maintained at X25 Y-25 from the top left corner of the
main Block Solid (The pocket detail would otherwise have remained centrally located).
Next the X position of the pocket feature relative to the main Block will be changed by
editing the Feature Relationship.
The first edge of the Pocket Feature detail is now positioned 40mm from the end of the
main Block.
The Parameters created defining depth and diameter can also be retrospectively modified.
• From the Object pull down menu at the top of the screen,
select the Parameter option to open the Parameter
Editor form.
• From the top left, Parameter window select the depth parameter.
Note: An important point to remember when working with parameters is that they are case
sensitive i.e. depth, Depth and DEPTH are three totally different parameters.
• Right click over the solid in the graphics window and from the local
menu, select Edit Surface.
selected.
Selecting Edit will activate both the general Edit and Surface Edits toolbars.
• Select the Add Curve options and insert 4 new surface curves to
the face in the order specified below.
• Apply a Lateral curve initially at the Parametric Value of 1.75 and then at
1.25
• Apply a Longitudinal curve initially at a Parametric Value of 1.75 and
then at 1.25
• Select OK.
18. Plotting
Plotting
Plotting is done via the Print icon or Print under the File Menu.
Models and drawings can be printed out directly on a printer/plotter, or saved and exported to
a file in a number of formats.
By switching Display
Boundaries off on the drawing,
you can visualise how the plot
will appear.
• OK the form.
Plot Drawing
• To plot the drawing, select Print under File on the top menu bar.
Print to File
Print to File option is selected on the Print form then the file can be saved in a number of
formats.
• Change the File Type to *.bmp and enter a suitable file name, such as
bracket_example.
This file can now be viewed in an image viewer, such as Imaging or Paint Shop Pro.
Further plotting options can be found on the Plotting page of the Options menu.
Standard PDF
Drawings or Model views can be saved as the now widely used PDF format (Portable
Document Format). Free Conversion tools are widely available to download such as PDF995.
Once installed (including a Printer driver), files can be converted quickly by selecting this
printer.
3D PDF
PowerSHAPE allows direct exporting to a PDF format but with real-time interaction.
• Select Adobe Acrobat Document (*pdf) from the Save as type pull down
menu.
Locate and open the saved file on the computer. (Note: Adobe Acrobat
Reader must be installed to enable PDF viewing)
The view can be manipulated by using the mouse and selected icons.
19. Exercises
Radiator Valve Cover
Model the radiator component.
Keyboard Button
Model the surfaces to form the keyboard button shown below. The button has a winding
angle along one edge, which can be difficult to visualise. It is a constantly changing angle
from one edge to the other.
Plastic Bottle
The shampoo bottle shown has a variable radius fillet blend at the base.
If the ‘Find and fix faults in solid’ option is selected, the new Solid Doctor form will
open for Parasolids, or the original Watertight Wizard for the older Version 8 solids.
• With all of the Surfaces selected, and the Solids tool bar active,
PowerSHAPE will attempt convert all of the selected Surfaces into a Parasolid. It is more
than likely that parts of the original surface model will not be accurate enough to comply
with the requirements for a fully watertight, Parasolid. As a result the user is automatically
prompted with the following Query.
The Solid Doctor wizard will appear with and all faults will be listed in the left hand,
explorer area.
The model will also be labelled with a purple coloured marker and descriptions, of any
corresponding faults.
• With the option Attempt automatic repair selected, left mouse click on the
The 3 fixed areas of the Parasolid model will now be labelled with a green marker and
description. The remaining 5 faults stay purple identifying that they require a more specific,
alternative repair option.
• Select Recheck the Solids for faults to review and update the
information displayed by the Solid Doctor.
• Either left mouse click on one of the purple ‘Gap’ fault labels over the
Solid, or left click on a ‘Surfaces’ row in the Solid Doctor wizard.
explorer.
Only the selected fault will remain labelled, and the view of the Solid will automatically re-
orientate.
• Select the fault at the top of the list, and zoom into the problem area to
assess how best to make the repair.
• Select the option, Fill gap with non-tangential surface and left mouse
• Select the second fault in the list, and again, zoom into the problem area
to assess how best to make the repair.
On closer inspection, the fault is of a similar type to the last one, and should be easily fixed
by using a Non-tangential patch,
• Select the option, Fill gap with non-tangential surface and left mouse
The Gap is now shown as repaired, and is also identified by a green label on the actual Solid.
• Select the third fault in the list, and again, zoom into the problem area to
assess how best to make the repair.
•
This time, the fault is a tiny, triangular gap along the upper
edge of a rib, recess. In this case it would be a better choice to
attempt to redefine the existingsurface patch, rather than
adding a new patch to fill the gap.
• Select the option, Extract surfaces around gap and edit them and left
• Select and blank the Solid and zoom into the locally extracted surfaces.
• Change to a wireframe view.
• Construct a composite curve (Starting in one of the corners), around the
outer edge of 2 smaller surfaces and locally along the edge of large
surface where it includes the gap (as shown below).
• Select and now Delete the 2 smaller surfaces enclosed within the
composite curve.
• Select the Composite Curve followed by Ctrl K (blank except).
• With the Composite Curve still selected, click on the Merge and Spline
option in the curves toolbar to remove redundant points within the default
0.01 tolerance.
The Preview for the surface has currently split it into 2 triangular patches instead of a more
viable, 4 sided patch. To achieve the latter, the corner points for a 4 sided patch will be
controlled from the Advanced options.
• Select the Advanced tab and left mouse click in the Corners box.
• Select Apply in the main Automatic Surfacing and close the form.
• Select Unblank to display all entities.
• Select and Delete the latest Composite Curve.
• With the Active, Solid displayed, select all local Surfaces and select the
Green tick to exit the Surface Editing process.
The modified Surface data will replace the original patches in the Solid.
The Gap is now shown as repaired, and is now identified by a green label on the actual Solid.
• Select the fourth fault in the list, and again, zoom into the problem area to
assess how best to make the repair.
To have a closer look at the problem it will initially be a good approach to have a closer look
at the problem surface by using the option Extract surfaces around gap and edit them. Once
the fault is assessed it may well be that a different method of repair is more suitable, in which
case the current repair option will be aborted.
• Select the option, and left mouse click on Process the selected fault.
The extracted surface is as shown above with a tiny gap in the base. This gap must be filled
in, and the easiest way is to abandon the current fault fixing option, to opt for Fill gap with a
non-tangential surface instead.
• Select the Red Cross option to abandon the current surface edit process.
• Back in the Solid Doctor wizard, select the Fill in gap with a non-
tangential surface option before selecting the Process the selected fault
icon.
The Gap is now shown as repaired, and is also identified by a green label on the actual Solid.
• Select the fifth fault in the list, and again, zoom into the problem area to
assess how best to make the repair.
On closer inspection, this gap appears to be similar to the previous one but mirrored across
on the other side of the Solid. As a result it is not necessary to have closer look at the actual
surface this time but to go straight for Fill gap with a non-tangential surface.
• Select the option, Fill gap with non-tangential surface and left mouse
The Gap is now shown as repaired, and is also identified by a green label on the actual Solid.
• In the Solid Doctor, select the Re-check the solid for faults option.
If the Parasolid is fully repaired the above message will be displayed and the Solid Doctor
wizard will close.
• Right mouse click on the Solid to open the local editing form at the top of
which the description confirms that it is a Version 8 Solid.
• Left mouse click on the solid to activate the Solid editing toolbar.
After the conversion to a Parasolid is finished, the following Query form is opened.
• Select Yes in the Query form to activate the Solid Doctor wizard.
In the Solid Doctor - explorer window, similar types of faults are organised into specifically
named folders (The contents of a folder are displayed on clicking on the ).
The faults are also labelled (purple) on the actual Solid in the graphics area.
• With Solid Faults selected and the default Attempt automatic repair
selected, click on Process the selected faults.
Note: Just one fault has been repaired and is now labelled green (instead of purple) on the
Parasolid. The same repaired fault is identified with a green tick in the Solid Doctor
explorer.
The repaired Gap is now removed from Solid Doctor form, and is no longer identified by a
green label on the Parasolid.
• Select Large faulty surfaces (1) in the Solid Doctor explorer and note
that only the related faults (one in this case) are highlighted on the
displayed Solid.
Note: Only the repair options potentially valid for the selected fault(s) will be made available
• Select the option, Extract surfaces and edit them and left mouse click
on Process the selected fault.
The faulty surface will become the only selected item in the graphics area.
• Select a Wireframe view and zoom into the trimmed areas of the
Surface.
There are two ‘microscopic’ bulges on the trimmed edge at the top of the spherical patch.
Even though they are almost invisible they still contravene the strict, accuracy rules for a
Parasolid and as a result must be fixed.
• Right click on the Surface and from the local menu select Surface Trim
Region Editing.
• Select and Delete the 3 pcurves (shown Red above) that run up to the top
of the Sphere (Note: Zoom in to locate the 2 tiny pcurves at the top).
• Close the Pcurve editing toolbar.
• Select the surface curve running around the ‘equator’ of the sphere.
• From the Curve editing toolbar select Turn point labels on.
• With the surface curve still selected click on Reverse the surface.
• With the surface curve still selected click on Open the surface.
• Select and Delete the redundant, vertically aligned surface curve, outside
of the area to be trimmed.
• Right click on the Surface and from the local menu select Surface Trim
Region Editing.
• Close the Boundary edits toolbar and Unblank (CTRL L) to redisplay the
solid along with the now, correctly trimmed surface,
• Make sure that the fixed trimmed Surface and Solid are selected and
then Accept all surface edit changes (Green Tick).
The repaired Surface will now be used to replace the faulty patch
on solid.
As shown above the Solid Doctor confirms that the fault has been repaired.
The 2 Large holes will be repaired next as the problem is likely to be more serious, requiring
a more complex procedure than for the 6 remaining Gaps.
• Select and open Large Holes (3) in the Solid Doctor explorer.
Three Large hole faults have been registered, and each one will be dealt with in turn until all
have been systematically repaired.
On closer inspection it is clear that the selected fault is due to the inside wall of the solid
overlapping beyond the fillet at the base. Note: Composite curve (purple) identifies the
edges of the Large Hole in the Solid.
• Select the option Extract surfaces and edit them and left mouse click
on Process the selected fault.
The faulty surfaces will become the only selected items in the graphics area.
• Zoom into a corner of the model to have a closer look at the fault.
• Select the Solid and apply Blank Exept (CTRL k) to remove the Surface
and Composite Curves from the view.
option.
• Click somewhere on the tangency path between the inner sidewall and
blend Surfaces.
• Select the Fast Forward option to create the required, closed Composite
Curve before selecting the red Accept option.
• Close the Composite Curve toolbar.
• Unblank (Ctrl L) all items and then select and blank (Ctrl J) the Solid.
Selection.
The pre-selected Composite curve is registered as the Cutting Object (green tick).
• Drag a box across all the Surfaces above the composite curve to trim
them back to it.
• If this action initially trims away the surfaces above the Composite curve
• Select Unblank (CTRL L) to redisplay the solid along with the now,
correctly trimmed surfaces,
• Make sure that the Solid and all Surfaces are selected and left mouse
click on Accept all surface edit changes (Green Tick).
As shown above the Solid Doctor confirms that the fault has been repaired. It should also be
noted that several other Surfaces, registered with faults in Large Holes (4) have also been
repaired as a consequence of the last operation.
• Select the remaining set of Surfaces registered in Large holes (1) in the
Solid Doctor explorer.
The process has exposed a Surfaces overlap problem at the base of the fifth rib, from the
non-pipe end of the tank.
• Select the option Extract surfaces and edit them and left mouse click on
Process the selected fault.
• Delete the original Composite curve (purple) running along the base of
the rib surfaces.
• Select the Composite curve at the top of the Rib Surfaces.
Note the 2 points (6 & 7) that are almost coincident with each
other. This needs a closer look to investigate why?
The extra point (7) is where the side of the rib starts to follow the non-linear part of the main
body form. This will be dealt with as a triangular Fill-in surface.
• Select the Composite Curve running along the top edge of the rib
surfaces.
• In general edits select Move and in the form select Keep Original along
with Reposition move origin .
• Click on the top right corner of the Composite Curve and then the
corresponding key point at the base of the rib (as shown below).
• Select and delete all the original rib surfaces (Keep the base form
surface).
• Select the 2 Composite curves that define the top and base of the rib
form and in the Automatic Surfacing form select From separate (curves)
and Apply.
• Select and Delete the 2 composite curves used to create the new, single
rib surface
• Use Point Limit to dynamically extend the lower end of the rib surface
through the base surface.
• Use Limit Selection to trim back the new rib form to the base Surface.
• With all Surfaces and Solids selected, left mouse click on Accept all
surface edit changes.
As shown above the Solid Doctor confirms that the fault has been repaired.
The process of re-checking the Solid for further faults has exposed an additional Surfaces
overlap problem on the outside of the pipe form.
• Select the option Extract surfaces and edit them and left mouse click
on Process the selected fault.
• Select the outer pipe form, Surface and apply Blank Except (Ctrl K).
• Right mouse click on the outer pipe form, Surface and from the local
menu select Surface Trim Region Editing.
• Delete all existing pcurves (and the Boundary) from the Surface.
• Unblank (ctrl L) all items and then Blank all items except the fillet
Surface.
• Unblank (ctrl L) all items and then Blank all items except the outer pipe
form Surface and the new Composite Curve.
• Select Projected and click on the new Composite Curve to create a new
pcurve on the outer pipe form Surface.
• With all Surfaces and Solids selected, left mouse click on Accept all
surface edit changes.
To access the Assembly toolbar the Assembly option is selected from the main
PowerSHAPE toolbar.
Add components
Component Wizard
Create a relation
Distance/Angular exploding
t_gib
lifter_blade
u_couple
• Input the Name of new assembly as Lifters and then select OK to close
the form.
• Select all three solids in the graphics area and from the Assembly
toolbar select Create components from the selected solids.
u_couple
t_gib
The selected face of the t-gib solid is shaded pink with a red border and arrow to show that
it is assigned as the Master relation.
The selected face of the u_couple solid is shaded pink with a blue border and arrow to show
that it is assigned as the Slave relation.
Coincident
Angular
Perpendicular
• With the (default) Coincident option selected, left click on Apply, but
do not close the form.
The u_couple has moved upwards such that the previously selected face is now at the same Z
height as the, upper face of the t_gib.
The u_couple must now be turned through 180 degrees to be in the correct alignment to the
t_gib.
The (First) completed Master relation for the t_gib and the Slave relation for the First,
u_couple are saved in the left hand, Solid history tree.
• Select the Align or Anti-Align icon to flip the u_couple around 180
degrees.
• With the Select second attachment option now active, left mouse click
on the lower, end face of the u_couple solid (Slave).
Note:- the default Relation Type is Coincident with a default Distance value of 0. This will
later allow the user to display the u_couple at different positions along the t_gib
If a Solid is selected and the cursor is then clicked on it, a yellow arrow will be displayed
relating to the local face. If the cursor is then moved over the Solid, the yellow arrow will
keep moving to inherent key positions and alignments. If the cursor is carefully moved on to
the yellow arrow and then held down, the solid can then be dynamically moved and aligned
to key positions and alignments on a different solid. Once the desired result is achieved the
left mouse key is released to accept the move. Although this method of repositioning requires
more skill on the part of the user, it does avoid the need to create multiple relations to get to
the final assembly alignment.
• With the left mouse key released, move the cursor over the solid and
note how the yellow arrow keeps moving to new key positions and
alignments relating to planes and axes relating to the individual solid
faces.
Drag Move
• Move the cursor over the arc shaped form at the base of the lifter_blade
solid until the label, Plane Axis appears.
• Slowly move the cursor to the left of the yellow arrow head until it locks
onto the end of the face.
• Then, with the left mouse key depressed, dynamically drag the lifter
blade solid onto the corresponding arc shaped form on the u_couple
solid.
• When two opposing arrows plus the word Combine appear on the
u_couple solid (and the lifter_blade is visually aligned) release the left
mouse key to accept the move.
• Select the Partial Box icon to deselect the dynamic move options.
• Select an ISO 3 view.
• While the Select first attachment option is active, left mouse click on the
top Face (shown) of the u_couple solid (Master).
• With the Select second attachment option now active, left mouse click
on the top face of the t_gib solid (Slave).
• Select Unblank from the local screen menu to display all of the solid
components.
• Change the Distance value to 200 and then select to close the toolbar.
• Change the Angle value to -15 and then select to close the toolbar.
Exercise