Mecánica de Fluidos

Flujo Interno en Tuberías

José Macías
2021

J. Macías 1
Flujo Interno en Tuberías: ¿Para qué?

J. Macías 2
Apocalipsis! No hay más Agua en el Mundo

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Desde el Principio de
Energía
Principio Fundamental para el
transporte de líquidos

Hasta ahora las pérdidas por fricción o disipación viscosa hL

fueron despreciables o un dato conocido.
En este capítulo abordaremos los principios para estimar estas
pérdidas y los motivos que las generan.

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Viscous Flow in Ducts
This chapter is completely devoted to an important practical fluids engineering
problem: flow in ducts with various velocities, various fluids, and various duct
shapes.

Piping systems are encountered in almost every engineering design and

thus have been studied extensively.

The basic piping problem is:

▪ Given the pipe geometry and its added components (such as fittings,
valves, bends, and diffusers) plus the desired flow rate and fluid
properties, what pressure drop is needed to drive the flow?

An alternative form:
▪ Given the pressure drop available from a pump, what flow rate will
ensure? The correlations discussed in this chapter are adequate to solve
most such piping problems.

Nota: Incompressible flow.

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J. Macías 6
 Regímenes de Flujo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9A-
uUG0WR0w&list=PLEYqyyrm-
hQ09B9JWzypjjTMAITgUItVh&i
ndex=1

LAMINAR Y TURBULENTO

Flow issuing at constant speed from a pipe: (a) high viscosity, low-Reynolds-number, laminar
flow; (b) low-viscosity, high-Reynolds-number, turbulent flow. Note the ragged, disorderly shape
of the jet. (National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films, Education Development Center, Inc., © 1972.)

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El problema de la Mecánica
de Fluidos

• No general analysis of fluid motion yet exists.

• There are several dozen known particular solutions, there are
many approximate digital computer solutions, and there are a
great many experimental data.
• There is a lot of theory available if we neglect such important
effects as viscosity and compressibility, but there is no
general theory and there may never be.
• The reason is that a profound and vexing change in fluid behavior
occurs at moderate Reynolds numbers.

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El número de Reynolds

The three regimes of viscous flow:

(a) laminar flow at low Re; (b) transition at intermediate Re; (c) turbulent flow at high Re.

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 Laminar VS Turbulent

For steady flow at a known flow rate, these regions exhibit the following:

Laminar flow:
A local velocity constant with time, but which varies spatially due to viscous
shear and geometry.

Turbulent flow:
A local velocity which has a constant mean value but also has a statistically
random fluctuating component due to turbulence in the flow.

We can now define the Recr critical or transition Reynolds number

Recr ≡ Reynolds number below which the flow is laminar, above which the flow
is turbulent

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 Regímenes de Flujo

En los fluidos existe una gran variedad de

aplicaciones o problemas de diferente
Naturaleza. Esto significa que los regímenes
Laminar y Turbulento se manifiestan en
diferentes umbrales de Reynolds.
Por ejemplo, para el problema de un ducto
totalmente lleno:

J. Macías 11
 Regímenes de Flujo

The Reynolds number ranges for which

laminar, transitional, or turbulent pipe
flows are obtained cannot be precisely given.
The actual transition from laminar to turbulent
flow may take place at various Reynolds
numbers, depending on how much the flow is
disturbed by vibrations of the pipe, roughness
of the entrance region, and the like.

For general engineering purposes: The flow

in a round pipe is laminar if the Reynolds
number is less than approximately 2300.
The flow in a round pipe is turbulent if the
Reynolds number is greater than
approximately 4000.

𝑅𝑒𝐿 ≤ 2300
𝑅𝑒𝑇 ≥ 4000
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Note: Other geometries, such as plates,
airfoils, cylinders, and spheres, have
completely different transition
Reynolds numbers.

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 ≈ 5𝑥105

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 Reynolds is just a primary
parameter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btdwB40dtGo
At this introductory level we merely point out
that the primary parameter affecting
transition is the Reynolds number. The
following approximate ranges occur:

• 0 < Re < 1: highly viscous laminar

“creeping” motion
• 1 < Re < 100: laminar, strong Reynolds
number dependence
• 100 < Re < 103: laminar, boundary layer
theory useful
• 103 < Re < 104: transition to turbulence
• 104 < Re ,<106: turbulent, moderate
Reynolds number dependence
• 106 < Re < ∞ : turbulent, slight
Reynolds number dependence

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 Pressure drop

Laminar flow theory is now well developed,

and many solutions are known, but no analyses
can simulate the fine-scale random fluctuations
of turbulent flow.
Therefore, most turbulent flow theory is Caídas de presión en
semi-empirical, based on dimensional analysis tuberías hL
and physical reasoning; it is concerned with the
mean flow properties only and the mean of the
Flujo laminar es
fluctuations, not their rapid variations.
proporcional a la velocidad.
The turbulent flow “theory” presented later, it
is unbelievably crude yet surprisingly Flujo turbulento es
effective. proporcional a la velocidad
al cuadrado.

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 Aplicación:
¿Reynolds Casero?
10 min

Determine el número de Reynolds para el flujo

de abastecimiento de agua potable en su
residencia.

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 Región de Entrada

En algún caso particular es importante analizar

la caída de presión en las regiones de entrada a
una tubería. Específicamente para problemas
con longitudes cortas de tubería
(intercambiadores de calor por ejemplo), o
simplemente para estimar la región de flujo
desarrollado como es el caso de un túnel de
viento.

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 Región de entrada

The region of the flow in which the effects of

the viscous shearing forces caused by fluid
viscosity are felt is called the velocity boundary
layer or just the boundary layer.
At a finite distance from the entrance, the
boundary layers merge and the inviscid core
disappears.
The tube flow is then entirely viscous, and the
axial velocity adjusts slightly further until
at 𝒙=𝑳𝒆, it no longer changes with 𝑥 and is
said to be fully developed, 𝑢≈𝑢(𝑟) only.
Downstream of 𝑥=𝐿𝑒 the velocity profile is
constant, the wall shear is constant, and the
pressure drops linearly with 𝒙, for either
laminar or turbulent flow.

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Developing velocity profiles
and pressure changes in the
entrance of a duct flow.
For laminar flow:

For Turbulent flow (recent CFD results):

Practical engineering interest:

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 Head Loss - The Friction
Factor hL or hf

Prueba de Lectura próxima clase:

https://espolec-
my.sharepoint.com/:b:/g/personal/almacias_e
spol_edu_ec/ETllNXpfjXhCmC5U_0M_3Pk
Bp30vCV2BNZKP6N2X-HUi5A?e=0OzxdV

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Resumen
• This chapter presents methodologies for predicting viscous effects and
viscous flow losses for internal flows in pipes, ducts, and conduits.
• Typically, the first step in determining viscous effects is to determine the
flow regime at the specified condition. The two possibilities are:
• Laminar flow
• Turbulent flow
• We defined the Re

• We defined the Recr

• We defined the characteristics of the entrance region for internal flows:

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