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    © All Rights Reserved
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    16 views22 pages

    Power Plant Economics 2k17

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Edwin
    power plants

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22
    CS rages a A ° 2 Power Plant Economics 21, Pover Plant . . ager plan isan asenby of euiment dat prada a eave a cr nr Bea eupment f SSUgrion incldee generator, transformers, twitch gees FGinue gars Resi shore he uin pre power ayiem — From the econome point of view itis desirable that when large Amount of eecise power ie tobe tranamitted overlong fitancs it ‘hould be travemied at a voltage higher than the ditributon ‘eltage, Tha voltage for transmission shouldbe 29 chocen that st {vee best eficene, regulation and economy. Step up transformer {E'bed to step up the generation valage to tranemtason vole ‘thich is rvaly 182 EV At the transmission eub ation the voltage Is euepoed down to mediam vltage uel 33° 8 3 KV. The feeders tarry the power tothe distnbution substations. Feeders should rot be tapped for direct power supply. The function of transformers at the distnbution subsstaton {s to step down the veltage to low Aistibution vltage whichis ubully 400 to 290 V. Distebtore are ‘used to supplypower tothe consumers, ‘Transmission of electric power overlong distances canbe doe ‘ott eanoically by using exes high voltage (EHV) Wen In he world today many A.C. entra high voltage lines aren operation These EV linee operate voltages higher than the high voltage € « ‘ined Le. 290 KV. The E.HLV. lines are now in operation in Europe: Ua Sts Senta an operate 390 KV 40 WV, 300 and 700, ysl higher vltage 1000 KV lev! are ine experimental tage ina thr leno RH. ino bt oped tat Son uch Teen fon of Sper Gril be developed. 122, Types of Power Plante ‘Based upon the various factors the power plants are clasiied as ollowe “1. Onthe basis of fuel used () Steam Power Plant (@) consdensing powerplant (non-condensing power plant (Uo) Diowe power plant. (ii) Nuclear power plat Gio) Hydro elect powerplant (©) Gas i) Peak lod powerplant (i) Central Power station G wiated power station. (© Stationary i) Locomotive, 28, Requirement of ‘The factors tobe ke are folows lant design pt in view white designing 2 power station 1. eonomy of expenditure. minimum Capita cont (U) Operaiing and maintenance cost Safety of plant and personnel 3. Reliaitity 4 Bicones 6. Base of maintenance 6. Good working conditions 7. Minimum tranemiaion los 24, Useful Lifeof « Power Plant. Every powerplant wears as the time proceeds and it becomes Jess fit for te The deterioration ofthe equipment takes place beeause of age of service, wear and tear and corrwion, By a thorough peagramme of preventive maintenance and repair ti pesble fo Keep the power station in god eondiuons ta get prope sevice (om SC power plant becomes obsolete when ican be replaced by ene ‘more modern design which operates ata reduction in total enna feats. Persie, usefl ef a power plant is that ater which ‘epeirs bese so freent and expenaive that ii 7 lace ‘Uso ie of the ‘etl if of. ‘etal life of some of ‘steam power Plan it indiatad in Table 21 cqulpmeat of e Table 24 Eauipment Teh i are) Steam urine 20 Steam turbo genratis r= Re abes ons pater [ Water tbe 0 Cost and ash machinery io-20 Pome 1s eed water hestere 20 Condecere By Stacks 1-90 Siokere 1-2 Tranemisin lines im Transtrmers ito Motor 2 Erect nters and instruments ions 24. Comparison of Public Supply and Private Generating Plant Industral concerns may gonerate their own power or may turchase power from public supply company. The tee are compared POWER FLAT ReONOMILS e I wn a re i The apace required forthe installation of power generating ‘unite consderably large. The same space cxa be saved and used For oma ather purpose such a forthe expansion of industry (©) Private Generating Plant (Industries where power demand i small and where power {is requitedcontimsously such asi hora, private poser goneratan {if preferred. In such cases power generation by diel power plant {economic Indusines where westespreduced can te used fue, pefer to generate their ower power. For example in tpar ls the Ie ‘over of sugarcane called begnsse cat be burnt 4” fl 1 Baler thi ean be used for steam generation, Gil) In industries ke sugar mills and teste mls steam is required for prcetsing work. Therefore, s.-h industries generate their own power by steam turbines so that ste st oa:nig the urine canbe used for processing work 24. Prediction of Future Londs When a power station isto be installed in a particular area {ti desirate that masa power demand uf aaa should be known, This help in deciding the capacity othe power Slaton Aihough itis dict to forecast eeactly the faturelosd requirements ef the aren but sppronimate ceumate abut power demand shouldbe made, Two methods ave used to forecast the oad (Statistica method (i Field survey method In satsial method data of ennl mason demand pertain {othe aren is calcd for pas several ents on Tom te ate exerted Tatre oad canbe judged Inf survey ret stng reaulrements ofthe rea for iferent las such at moseot rts. monica nd residential aed ou. Then the ns load requirements ae decided taking nts aroun the vars Telos ke population growth standard of lenge the peopl, cma ‘the regions and industrial development. " ‘The load prediction or forecasting may he done for covering a period of ESS (i eH covering a priod of about SUNOERT (Gi Loni covering a period of shou S0FRTOEMORE, For the installation of « new power project or fr the expansion ‘Whe existing power plant, it ie necessary to estimate the total mount of lad that would be required to be met for various purposes ‘he economies of the installation or expansion of a power pleat alle for the cerrect prediction of lond. The usual practice followed nthe hydro-power plant planning ig that the fll potential of the troject is develoged in stages. The power required for immediate Jemand is developed in:Ist stage and remaining potential being {eveloped in s-beequent sige ‘There are number of formulae used (or estimating power ‘generation requicements logioG = K-98 logic Me SS ‘Terms and Definitions a alates tnt et Mma ‘consumer is connections for 4 lamps of €0 watts (W) each, and power ‘£00 W und a radio consuming 60 W, then the toil connected load ‘the consumer. + 60 + 500 + 60 = 240 + 600 + 60 = 800 W. to thei allaak fitent simultancously then ‘mum demand wil be equal to ‘Boe gencally the aetua! maximum demand is tea tha the eunnected foad because all the devices never run at full Toad ot she same time, Maximum demand of a power station isthe fmavissum land on the power sation Ina given period. POWER PLANT ECONOMICS ot sd in the period ‘considered. The aren under the curve divided by the total numberof hours giver the average load on the power station. The peak toad indicated by the load curve represents the marimuny demand on ‘the power station Fit 22 teed Core Lod cures give fll information about the incoming lad anc Ine to decide the installed capacity of the power Hatin and to decide the ceunnmica sizes of various generating unite, They also help to estimate the generating cost and to deside the operating behedule af the power station ne. the snquence in which different ‘Fenerating unite shouldbe run. Pig. 22 shows a load curve. i fctors play am impertant por co Ue coat of on pe unit. The higher the load factor the Teser willbe the ‘ast of generation pe unit for the arme maximum demand ‘Load factor for dierent types of conmomers are 8 flows )- Residetitload 10-158 (2) Commerciat oad 25-10% ii) Municipa! Yond om Go) Industri toad (@) Small sete indusies 30-50% () Medion sie indy “res 560%, (e) Heavy Industries 70-80%, 2 vol par Base load plants run on 2 high load factor whereas the load {actor of peak load plants usually ow. (i) Base Load and Peak Load Power Plants. The power plants work at diferent loud factors. The power plants uted to apply the load of the base portion of load curve are ealled base Toad power plants. Base load power plants run throughout the year, are of large capacity and'run at high load factors and are Fehiy ecient. The fixed and sem-fixed cost of these plans ‘usually high. The power|plant hich sdppyithe ladon the tap portion of load curve are called peck load plants. They are ‘temillercapact.run fos short period in the year and work tt loed low factors Zak lad plants should be capeble of quick artng Hydro and nuclear power stations re usually classified as base Toad power stations. Thermal power stations may be taken as Intermediate power stations whereas dinsel power stabs are usual Cassfed as peak load stations: Partie operation of diferent power lations and the coordination af generation elscrgty lade to Considerable saving in comoarison with te same load ed by Independent power stations ‘To meet the Nuctustig power demand the power shuld be produced conforming tothe drande. These day excepto fw aatad projects hydel power used along with conventions! steam power fhe discharge Uwough the water ture ‘riiout much rouble Time talento scueate «hydro power sation Weta 18 minulay The tine of henking up a oiler of steam power {Cation vanes from 29 10 hours depending upon sie. Therefore, [Whow scape practe that power system shold consist of weam td ydl power each supplementing the other During combined working bys powerplant and stam power lant the hydro plant with arple water storage should be wed a8 nt should be used a pak loud ‘ot rlleent then steam owe li {Thi hydro powerplant should supply the peak loud ‘The major advantage of steam powerplants that they canbe lected nent the lod centre, This reduces the transmission oss land cos of anamisonlins, In hydropower pants there is mare Gree dependcnes onthe waist of water which ntrn depends ‘nthe natural phenomenon of rsn- Although the operating cost of Syarolecre per plant ery leas but excessive, distanoe fom theond centre may sme time prohibit these of uch a plant In POWER PLANT ECONOMICS ss favour of thermal power plant. Some hydr-power plants are supplemented by steam powerplant or diesel engine powerplant. ‘The requirement ofa bae loud powerplant areas follows. (i ecapitl cost shouldbe low Gi) Yeahould be able wo supply the lad continuously. (i) Ts operation cost should be low as it has to operate most ofthe me. io) Ita maintenance cost shold below ‘The requirement o «peak lod plant area flows (@) Te shouldbe capable of being started from cold conditions thin minim ine (©) a operating cost should be ow. (6) Capital coat invlved should be minimum. (oid Plant Capmeity Factor. Ite defined a the ratio of etual nergy prodvced in iowa ars (xh) tothe maximum possible Shor Sat could have been produced daring the same prod Plant eapesty factor = 87 when B = Bray produced (A) in given period Capua ofthe plant in kW {= otal number o ours nthe ven perio (vi) Pant Use Factor. It is defined a8 the rato of energy produced in given time tthe maxim posse energy that could Five been produced during the actual number of ours the plant sesimoperaton f Plantwse tector = 2 share 4 acual umber of hours the plant Has be () Diversity Factor I is defined the ratio of sum of Individual asimu demand tthe simultaneous maxima demand a aystam Deval the maximum demand of varus consumers do itocur atthe ae time and simultaneous maxim demand hen thee tal masionum demand. Power sation should be [epabieareupsinne simultaneous mextmar demand. Diversity feEeoria more than unity POWEIMPLANT Some typical demand factors are mentioned in Table 22 Table 22 Type of Consumer ‘Demand Factor =e __ Demand Fostor Lighting up to UA KW 100 esidenee) | to ua kW 06 over LW 080 Lighting Schools, Hostels, 050 (ommercis) | Small Industry Pheaties 860 Restaurants, Ofces, Stores 070, ‘Upto 10H, 075 General Power | 1010 20 HP. oss, Service 2010 100 HP. 058. above 100 HP. 050 Some typical diversity factors are mentioned in Table 2 Tablo2s Diversity Factors ‘Type of Consumer ighting | Lighting | ~ General (Residence) | Commercial | Power Serivce Between substations | 11 Tr ry Between Feeders 12 12 12 Between Transformers | 1 13 13 Between Consumers 25 18 16 ©) Load Duration Curve. Losd duration curve represents ‘re-errangement of all the load elements of chronological led curve ‘in the order of descending magnitude, This curve is derived frm Ove chronological load curve. Consider typical dey load curve (Fig 2-3) POWER PLANT ECONOMICS ss {for « power station. It is chserved thatthe. ‘station ie 32 WW fom ‘are plotted in dese called load dution curve 4 under the load duration curve and the corresponding chronological load curve is equal and representa total energy deinered ‘by the ganeration station. Load duration curve gives a lens anahns af generating power economically. Proper selection of base lad poses Planta and peak load power plants beromes exscr ua Ee pe ama tant ower plants itis desirable to anstal tee snerating units each being capable of supplying maximum demand fo that if one unit isnot working due to repait or breakdown the ‘ther is able to maintain uninterrupted supply of energy Incest laege power plants using several generating units the teal mctligg ‘capacity ts Kept equal tothe expected ma smng the power station Installation of more generating orate of incrase of maximum Tn a power plant with several othe units needed to indicate the variation rent generaling units ean be placed in operation Plant capacity can be decided by studying the luration curve and the atiipated future demand lending upon the expect demand over the nett fow yenre enerating unite most ‘Ciba eo thatthe dif St the desired time Toad @ owen PLANT 6 28. Principles of Power Plant Design ‘White designing » power plaot the following factors should be ‘onaiered : ©) Low tapi st ~ ee + Ga” alably of suprying power (Gi) Low euintenancn cost 4) Low operating cost (0) High efficiency . {id Low conto energy eonerated (ei) Reserve capacity to meet fore power den (eit) Simplicity of design. ‘The above factors depend upon powerplant site, availablity fa mata, avalabity of wate, type lad, maximus power demand, generaung equipment et (20 Beonomic Load Sharing between Base Load and Peak Ne Tad Power Stations Consider a system Baving load duration curve shown in Fg ‘25, The load to be supplied by a baseload power plane ad peak oT Toad poner plat t 4 Late = Annual cost of tase Ind | 3 ower station Has oo. cB : gover station af . Coe RA KW 9 Pen Cy RgkW + Py KWH, Assuming R, > Ry and Pres Let M = Maximum demari othe syste E = Total number o nit Wh) generdted 1M, = Peak load of baseload station £5 = No of units kWh) generated by base lod sation 1M, = Peak load on peacload station» M =f, 2, = Units generated by pak lad station = BF Che Ral + Py rower riaxreconomics —— @ ” y= Ry(M ~My) + Pa(B- Bi) P = Total annual cost of operation ofthe system Ca Cae C= RM, 4 Pi + Ry MM) +P BF) [Now for minimum cost Thi gives ; the numberof unite generated by the bate load station is represented by area under staight line AB, «45, = Area of ip ABCD = dM «AB De hy . Oa RR ‘hie indents that for economic lod power station should rn for #122 hours in one yea AoA ring the peak load Typeot tonite ‘The various type oloads are a allows Fesidential Lond. It includes domestic lights, power needed for domestic appliances such a8 radio, television, water hostess, tefrigerators,eletrie cookers and sinall motor for pumping ommercit Load. Winches ighting for sop, advert ond lecscal appliances usedm shops and restaurants ee Indstrial Lond. Weevnsiss of ond demand of various indust ies Manicial Load. 1 consists of street lighting, power for water supply und drainage purposes = POW retired Irigation Load, Electrical atoiatin Loa. Hecriealgower eed for pumps driven by a ply water Uo flds ie included iw this tse of ‘Traction Lod It neues tram cars, telly, bases wnt rah POWER PLANT ECONOMICS & 59 1, .. Fixed cost. It includes the following cost : (@) Capital cost of power plant. (i) Cost of land ; (ii) Cost of building ; (iii) Cost of equipment ; (iv) Cost of Installation; (v) Cost of designing and planning the station. (®) Capital cost of primary distribution system which includes cost of sub-stations, cost of transmission linegetc. Fixed cost consists of the following (i) Interest, taxes and insurance on the capital cost. (ii) General management cost. (iii) Depreciation cost. Depreciation cost is the amount to be set aside per year from income to meet the depreciation caused by the age of service, wear and tear of machinery. Depreciation amount collected per year helps in replacing and repairing the equipment. ‘There are several methods of calculating the annual depreciation cost. The most commonly used methods are as follows : 1. Straight line method. 2. Sinking fund method. (o) Straight Line Method. According to this method it is assumed that depreciation occurs uniformly according to a straight line law as shown in Fig. 2-11 (a). The annual amount to be set jide is calculated by the following expression : _ s Annual depreciation reserve where A= Principal sum (capital cost of plant) S = Salvage value or Residual value of power plant at the end of n years. . n= Probable duration of useful life of power plant in years. ‘The amount collected every year as depreciation fund does not depend on the interest it may draw. Any interest if earned by the depreciation ainéunt is considered as income (6) Sinking Fund Method. In this method the annual amount to be set aside per year consist of annual instalments plus the interest on all the instalments POWER PLANT ECONOMICS es Subtracting the two equations fror nP-S)=Alerr“" m each other, we get | > (eee 4-0-9 |ayarri] 2. Enengy Cost. It consists of the following costs, (Cost of fuel ; (ii) Cost of operating labours ; (éii) Cost of maintenasée labour and materials ; (iv) Cost of supplies such as: (a) water for feeding boilers, for condensers and for general use, (6) Lubricating oils, (©) water treatment chemicals ete. In power generation activities minimum annual costs are achieved by a proper balance of the fixed and operating costs. The fundamental way to compare alternate schemes of power generation ‘is to compare their total annual costs. 3. Customer Charges. The costs included in these charges depend upon the number of customers. The various costs to be considered are as follows : (@) Capital cost of secondary distribution system and depreciation cost, taxes and intere~: on this capital cost. Gi) Cost of inspection and maintenance of distribution lines and the transformers. : (ii) cost of labour required for meter reading and office work. (iv) cost of publicity. 4. Investor's Profit. The investor expects a satisfactory return on the capital investment. The rate of profit varies according to the business conditions prevailing in different localities, Cost of power generation can be reduced by adopting the following economical measures (By reducing initial investment in the power plant. (ii) By selecting generating units of adequate capacity (ii) By Tunning the power playt at maximum possible load factor. POWER PLANT ECONOMICS It is expressed by the expression Y 2B, Zy + Ep Zt BaZa teen where E}, Ey, Ey .... are unit energy charges for energy blocks of magnitude Z;, Zz, Zs, ..... respectively (Fig. 2-15). (v) Two part Tariff (Hopkinson Demand Rate). In this tariff the total charges are based on the maximum demand and energy consumed. It is expressed as Y=D.X+EZ A separate meter is required to record the maximum demand. ‘This tariff is used for industrial loads. (vi) Three-part Tariff. (Doherty Rate). According to this tariff - the customer pays some fixed amount in addition to the charges for maximum demand and energy consumed. The fixed amount to be charged depends upon the occasional increase in fuel price, rise in ‘wages of labour etc. It is expressed by the expression Y=DX+EZ+C. 2.18. Economics in Plant Selection ‘A power plant should be reliable. The capacity of a power plant depends upon the power demand. The capacity of a power plant should be more than predicted maximum demand. It is desirable that the number of generating units should be two or more than two, The number of generating units should be so chosen that the plant capacity is used efficiently. Generating cost for large size units running at high load factor is substantially low. However, the unit has to be operated near its point of maximum economy for most of the time through a proper load sharing programme. Too many stand bys increase the capital investment and raise the overall cost of generation. The thermal efficiency and operating cost of a steam power plant depend upon the steam conditions such as throttle pressure and ten.perature. ‘The efficiency of a boiler is maximum at rated capacity. Boiler fitted with heat recovering devices like air preheater, economiser: etc. gives efficiency of the order of 90% . But the cost of additional ‘equipment (air preheater economiser) has to be balanced against gain in operating cost. Power can be produced at low lost from a hydropower plant Provided water is available in large quantities. The capital cost per ‘uit installed is higher if the quantity of water available is small. 6 ol evan Mie tating prego att and ete wl hi, wees eer eerie om arabe So Sain atinrenemee ce he eras ina Page uae caces i ers ae ine nies an smu oa pant aieak and heat ne sear oer plans ncalled nan aes having oa ent ogres Pry es for at sat Se iraad 2 se taped oe ed Se sorte tests aeroplane arin Spal Serrano thd fay sds ge elo er Sep rain sa se aad Soto one Gamo aap eet at kek oes ree ope armmiecao i Teco eros ude goer plane mare than am send et eae on eta pee pats ses Bos Loam Dinar pantera dee Doel Binoerieaw cla asd lon rap enn rb ne ane gar esd sor tists on ees Baden ete ctl rh coment Reopened Sophie manus pec asaeou aac oat Sipae Toetes totes pooch dn sabe aly Sits ec tee tee ele hot Sua thn of ene ti eae oe, Thao Sciptante tegenaar eesoe ied rene oat Sori cies choo ee gu Sool rr ts Sipeen anton eau utd gine weve est l In order t met the vr lod he pine mover nd ener av ty gue up ood nd at Sanaa he Site oe Setar athe tm, The eqree Tan a cst ae the sna ye SECEPY Goetoe Bella ydrepores plana are ah oe Trcteanee ae ony Lenora gina a ee raonl ered tr a talae a ee meee ec see pena ‘ge nel te Ee cate ue ee od i ot ttc cee wp he re SE a ree te ee spre Fee ee nition me sn esata ey Rrtanr economics er 1 Gontinuty of power supply at all ies, To supply variable load ‘combined working of power stations i aloe economca For example to supply a lod the base lad may be supplied by um powerplant and peak loed may be supplied by = hydropower Plant or diesel powerplant ‘The site and number of generating unite should be ao chosen that ech wil operate on about full lad or the load st which Ve tives maximum efficieney. The reserve required would only be one ‘nit ofthe largeat ste In a power statin neither there shouldbe only one generating unit nor should there be a large numberof smell sets of diferent sizes. In scam power plant generating sets of 80 ta 500 MW are quite commonly used whereas the maximum size of iesel power plant generating sets about #000 KW. Hydro electe [generating ort. up tow capacity of 200 MW ere in use intUSA 2.16, Economic of Power Generation Economy is the main principle of design of a power plant. Power plant economics ic important in contralling the total power ‘vats lo the consumer. Power should be supplied to the consumer at Le lowest pesble cot por KWh. The tatl cot of power generation 4s made up of xed coot and operating cast. Feed cot coniats of Later on capital tate, ineurance and mansgernent cst. Operating ot consists of cot of fue labour, repairs, stores and supervision ‘The eat of power goneration can be reduced by (© Selecting equipment oflonger Ife and proper capacities, di) Running the power station at high load factor. (Gi) creasing the efficiency ofthe powerplant. (t) Caryng ot paper maintenance of power lat equipment to avoid plant breakdowns, Supe (0) Keeping proper supervision a8 a good supervision is ‘flected in lesser breakdowns and extended plent hie (i) Using a plant of simple design that does not need hi ‘shill personne. over plant elation depen upon the Bed cost and operat ost The fel costs are relatcely low end Bue conta operauce, fd maintenance charges ste le high ina ate O 8 nel Bower pant The fal cast in sul ight diesel power pans ce {ox hydro powerplant the fied charges are high of the onde of 19 L000 of thet fenton Punish eae ems eopertng {eet ina team power statin A Upical proportion af generat ‘cost for @ steam power station 1. as follows: * ~ iy se 6 own rant Put cet =s0w408 uaed charges (or the plant = 50 060%, Operation and matntenance coat = 510 10%) ‘The power generating unite shouldbe run a about full load or the load at which they can give maximum efficiency. The way of 40 (purine) 100 10 PM. w10AM. 40 (purring) ° mur deme ‘The ebove values show that simultaneous ms ie MOR. on the power st [Bxample 24, The annual pea lad on 2.30 MW power sition 125 ME The power ation supplies loads having masimum demands Wo tow 2 ui, 8 MW and 45 MI. The annual load factor is oe Find () Average load. (0) Diversity fctor. Solution, Cepacty of power station = 20 MW (8) Brergy supplied per yar, (& Demand factor rower pLaxr economics & 9 Maximum demand on power station = 25 MW Average load ) Load factor» pg Atemme ond Average lod = 0-45 x25 = 11-25 MW. (©) Boerey applied per year = Average bed x Number of hours in one year 1 (11-26 x 1000) 8760 = 98.55 x 108 kWh, (2) Diversity tector 085 26045. 28 yy Ben - a TFB +8445 Example 26. For a power sation the yearly load duration curve laa traight line from 30,000 f0 4,000 AW. To meet the load hve tarbogearator are installed. The capacity of tp generators is 418,000 AW each and the third ts rated of 5000 AW. Determine the falowing (@) Load factor, (b)Capocty factor plant factor, ©) Mazin demand. Solution. As shown in Fig. 2:20 the lad curve iss Tine fromm 30,000 to 4,900 kW * veiehe tad i St pom & ® Power PLANT nergy generated per year 1 Area under the curve 4000 8160 + 3 «8760 «2600 = 8760 4000 + 12,000) = 8760 ‘Energy gered pergear 5 ara 12260 « 17000 Average load "760 ~ 17.900KW 7.000 kWh Maximum demands 30,000 kW. endtacor = 22002 soar este ae Capacity of plant. 16,000 + 16,000 + 6,00 = 95,000 kW £8760 17000 _ 17000 . 49. 49m, Cepacy factor = $260%.17000 Example 26. A power sation has two 60 MW units each ‘running for 7000 hours a year and one 30 MW unit running for 1500 hours year. The energy produced per yeor is 700 x 10°4Wh (Calculate he flowing (@) Plant oad fastor (0) Plan: use fstr or ulzation factor. Solution. c) Tota eapacity of powerplant, C= 60-60 +30 = 190. MW = 150 « 1000) AW. Average load» 200210 yy (100 being Une number of hour inane year) Lod actor = (Assuming power stations capacity equal to maximum demand) rE agg + 059+ 69% Ane, POWER PLANT ECONOMICS (_ : a ©) Actual energy generated = 700 x108 =kWh, [Energy that could be generated by two 60 MW units and one 90 MW unite = 2 60x 7000 + $0 1500 = 84 104 4 45 108 = 88.5 x 10! MWh = 88.5 x 10% 10° kWh 885 x 10" KW, Manus itor = 20°10 9792 79% Ane Example 2-7. A base load power station and stendby power Station share a comimon load os follows Base lod station annual output = 150x108 WA Bose lad sation capacity =35 mw Maximum demand on base load station = 30 MW Standby station opacity = Mw ‘Standby station annul output = 10a ‘Maximum demand (peak load) on stondby sation = 15 MW, Determine the following for both power station (©) Lod factor ©) Capecity factor Plant factor). Solution. a) Base load station Average load = E010" | 7.199 xy, landtactor py Arerae toad = 17100 179 = wx i000 * 330 150 108 = BOI 049 som 87 +0 roma eat @) Standby power station Anmua average load » 1430" 1600 kW. Aaa nd tacor iia g 14x08 el ag i cont ier = RR lt 2000098. "Ane ample 28. A poe station iso npply terion ofa shone se aad BOM a ond So Hbn he eal led (ese ton andthe dvr fctar ofthe load at the sttion 5 Detrmine the fling () Maximum denandon the station Inatatedcapaciyeesenting numberof i ©. Annual energy siplied Solution. () Diversity fair mf ndedual maria demand * jimultsneous maximum demand ‘Simultaneous maximum demand ‘Sum of individ maximum demand . ‘Diversity factor 20+ 16428 «gow. = 215225» go, ‘Hence maximum demand on statin = 40 MW. @) Installed capacity ofthe plant can be taken equal to wu obindividual maximum demand. Tatalled capacity = 20+ 15 +25 = 60 MW. ‘Two unite each of eapacity 99 MW can be installed. Average load Maxum denn Average load = Load factor = Meximum demand 05 x 40 x 1000 = 20 1000 kW. (©) Lead factor owen pant scononcs © ® oerey produced per yar = 205 10008760 = 176210 ww, Example $8. 4 power sition is said te have o use fcr of Shard postr fete of 40% Hw many hors tid operate Solution. Lat B= Energy produced Cm Capacity of plant ‘= Number of hours the plant has been in operation {= 6760 hours (numberof hours in an year) one ok 7) = at 0 Te Dividing Gi by (0, we get 88+ ocba SF hs y= 2408760 = OO B60 2455 hour “, Example 210. Determine the generating cov per unit of & ‘NOW poser sation with the following data Capital cout =P d0<10 Annual cost of fst = Re. 60,000 ‘Annual wages and tazes = Rs. 96,000 ‘Interest and depreciation = 10% ‘Annual load factor =45%, Solution. Interest and depreciation 10 2G eters ecto (Coat of ful + Coat ofw aes and taxes = 80,000 + 9,000 = Re 170000 = Rs. 1.7 108 ry POR. PLANT | ‘average oad = Load fcior

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