MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE

MATERIALS

 Any ball objects with same sizes - to represent atoms

 Glue/Toothpicks - to connect atom from one another
 Masking Tape - to attach the Ping-Pong balls together
 Calipers /ruler - to measure the edge length of the unit cell

PROCEDURE

A. Simple Cube (SC)

1. Use Ping-Pong balls to represent an atom.

2. Make two planes consisting four atoms each plane.

3. Cohere the two planes to each other forming a 4x4 atom structure.

4. Determine the coordination number of the SC.

5. Find out the number of atoms in a cell.

6. Measure the edge length of the cube using caliper.

a= 2r

5. Compute for the value of atoms in a cell:

Volume of atoms in a unit cell = (no. of atoms in a unit cell) x (volume of the atom)

Volume of the atom = volume of the sphere = π r3

6. Compute for the volume of the unit cell:

Volume of the unit cell= volume of a cube= a3

7. Compute for the atomic packing factor and packing efficiency:

Packing efficiency = APF x 100%

B. Body- Centered Cubic (BCC)

1. Use Ping-Pong balls to make a model of an atom.

2. Using toothpicks combine 2 planes of atoms consisting four Ping-Pong balls each plane.

3. Take another atom then put ate the interlude of the first atom plane.
 4. Take the second atom plane and then top it on the previous arrangement.

5. Determine the coordination number of the BCC.

6. Find out the number of atoms in a cell.

7. Measure the edge length of the cube using caliper.

a=

8. Compute for the value of atoms in a unit cell:

Volume of atoms in a unit cell = (no. of atoms in a unit cell) x (volume of the atom)

Volume of the atom = volume of the sphere = π r 3

9. Compute for the volume of the unit cell:

Volume of the unit cell = volume of a cube = a 3

10. Compute for the atomic packing factor and packing efficiency:

Packing efficiency = APF x 100%

C. Face- Centered Cubic (FCC)

1. Construct three closed-pack layers a, having sic Ping-Pong balls forming reverse triangle with
one Ping-Pong ball as its base; B, having six Ping-Pong balls forming triangle with three Ping-Pong balls
as its base; C that has only one Ping-Pong ball.

2. Stack in the three layer A,B, and C. Layer A as the bottom followed by layer B anf then layer C
on its top and on the lowest part of layer A.

3. Determine the coordination number of the FCC.

4. Find out the number of atoms in a cell.

5. Measure the edge length of the cube using caliper.

a= 2r

6. Compute for the value of atoms in a unit cell:

Volume of atoms in a unit cell = (no. of atoms in a unit cell) x (volume of the atom)

Volume of the atom = volume of the sphere = π r 3

 7. Compute for the volume of the unit cell:

Volume of the unit cell = volume of a cube = a 3

8. Compute for the atomic packing factor and factor efficiency:

Packing efficiency = APF x 100%

D. Hexagonal Closed- Packed (HCP)

1. Adhere seven atoms with each other to become one plane forming hexagon having six atoms
with the seventh atom in the middle (plane A). Make two planes for this arrangement.

2. Adhere three pieces atoms for plane B.

3. Pile all the planes in the ABA order. Locate the plane B atoms in the intervenes set up on
plane A.
4. Determine the coordination number of the FCC.

5. Find out the number of atoms in a cell.

6. Measure the height and the edge length using caliper.

a= 2r

c=
7. Compute for the value of atoms in a unit cell:

Volume of atoms in a unit cell = (no. of atoms in a unit cell) x (volume of the atom)

Volume of the atom = volume of the sphere = π r 3

8. Compute for the volume of the unit cell:

Volume of the unit cell = volume of hexagonal prism= ac 3

9. Compute for the atomic packing factor and factor efficiency:

Packing efficiency = APF x 100%

A. Simple cube (SC)

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B. Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)

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C. Face- Centered Cubic (FCC)

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D. Hexagonal Closed- Packed (HCP)

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