Lev

ell
i
ngnot
es-
west
on

Reduct
ionofLev
els:
Met
hodsofbooki
ng

Therear
etwomethodsofworki
ngoutther
educedl
evel
softhepointfr
om thestaf
freadi
ngs
takeni
nthef
iel
d:1.Hei
ghtofI
nstr
umentorCol
li
mat
ionMethod.2.RiseandFall
Met hod.

1.Col
l
imat
ionMet
hod:

I
tconsi
stsi
nfi
ndingtheel
ev at
ionoftheplaneofcol
l
imat
ioni.
e.(
H.I
.)f
orever
yset
ti
ngoft he
i
nstr
umentandthenobtai
ningthereducedlevel
soft
hepoint
swithr
efer
encetot
herespecti
ve
pl
anofcoll
i
mati
on

Tost artwit
h, t
heH. Liscalculatedbyaddingt
hebacksi ghtoft
heR.L.ofthestart
ingpoi
nt.The
reducedl ev
elsoft heint
ermedi atepointandt
hefir
stchangepointar
et henobtai
nedby
subtracti
ngt herespecti
ver eadingsfr
om theH.I
.Whent heinst
rumentisshi
fted,anewplaneof
coll
imat i
onissetupandt hehei ghtofwhichi
scalcul
atedbyaddingbacksightreadingt
othe
R.L.ofthef i
rstchangepoint .

Thereducedlevel
softhesuccessi
vepoint
sandt hesecondchangepointar
cfoundoutby
subtr
acti
ngtheirst
affreadi
ngsfr
om t
hisnewH.I.Theprocessisrepeat
edunti
lal
ltheR.
Lsar
e
workedout,andthentheari
thmeti
cal
checkisappli
ed.

Ar
it
hmet
ical
Check:

Thedif
fer
encebetweenthesum ofthebacksightsandthesum ofthef
oresightsshoul
dbe
equalt
othedif
fer
enceofthefi
rstandthelastR.Lsi
.e.ΣB.S.–ΣF.S.=LastR.L.-
Fir
stR.L.Thi
s
checkver
if
iest
hecalcul
ati
onofR.Ls.oftheplanesofcol
li
mationandofthechangepointsonl
y.

Ther
eisnocheckont
her
educt
ionofR.
Ls.oft
hei
nter
medi
atepoi
nts.
2.Ri
seandFal
lMet
hod:

I
nt hi
smet hod,thedif
ferencebetweenconsecutivepoint
siscalculat
edbycompar i
ngeach
pointafterthefi
rstwiththatimmediat
elyprecedingit
.Thediffer
enceoftheirst
affreading
i
ndicatesr i
seorf al
laccordingasanystaf
freadingissmal l
erorgreatert
hanthatatthe
precedingpoint.TheR.L.ofeachpointisthenfoundbyaddi ngriseorsubtr
acti
ngfalltoorfr
om
theR.L.oft heprecedi
ngpoi nt.

Remember
:

Ifast
affreadi
ng(for
ereadi
ng)i
sgr
eat
ert
hant
hatatt
hepr
ecedi
ngpoi
nt,
thent
her
eisf
all
andi
f
small
erthenther
eisarise.

Ar
it
hmet
ical
Check:

Int
hismethod,ther
earethreechecksontheaccur
acyofreductionoflevel
s.Thedi
ffer
ence
bet
weenthesum oft hebacksight
sandthesum ofthefor
esi ghtsisequalt
othedif
ference
bet
weenthesum oft heri
sesandthatoft
hefall
sisequaltothedi f
fer
encebetweenthefir
st
andthel
astR.Ls.

ΣBS.–ΣF.
S.=ΣRi
se–Σf
all
=LastR.
L.–I
stR.
L.

Thi
smet
hodi
smadecl
earbyf
indi
ngR.
Ls.oft
hepoi
ntsi
nFi
g.7.
16i
nTabl
e7.
2.
Compar
isonoft
heCol
l
imat
ionandRi
seandFal
lMet
hodsofReduct
ionofLev
els:

Col
l
imat
ionMet
hod:

1.Inthecaseofmorei
nter
mediat
ereadi
ngs,
ther
eisconsi
der
abl
esav
ingofl
abourandt
imeas
i
tinvolv
esonlyafewcal
cul
ati
ons.

2.Ther
eisnocheckont
heR.
Lsofi
nter
medi
atest
ati
ons.

3.Ther
earetwochecksforar
it
hmeti
cal
accuracyi.
e.t
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenthesum ofback
si
ghtsoff
oresi
ghtsshouldbeequal
tothedi
ffer
enceoft
heIstandl
astR.
Ls.

4.Iti
sgener
all
yusedf
orlongit
udinalandcrossl
evel
li
ngoper
ati
onsandf
orgi
vi
ngl
evel
sof
roadsandcanal
sandsi
milarconstruct
ionalwor
ks.

Ri
seandFal
lMet
hod:

1.I
tisalabor
iousmethodasst
af fr
eadi
ngofeachpointontheground,
aftert
hefi
rsti
s
comparedwit
ht hatpr
ecedi
ngi
t,andthedi
ff
erenceoflev
elenter
edasar i
seorfal
l
.

2.Ther
eisacompl
etecheckont
her
educt
ionofR.
Ls.ofi
nter
medi
atest
ati
ons.

3.Ther
earethreechecksforari
thmet
ical
accuracy.Thedif
ferencebetweenthesum ofthe
backsi
ghtsandthesum ofthef or
esi
ghtsshouldbeequaltot hatbet
weenthesum ofthesum
ofri
sesandthesum ofthefall
saswellasthatbet
weent heIst.

Mai
nSour
cesofEr
rori
nLev
ell
i
ng|
Sur
vey
ing
Thef
oll
owi
ngar et
hemainsourcesoferr
orinl
evel
l
ing:
1.Inst
rument
alEr
ror
s2.Er
ror
sof
Mani
pul
ati
on3.Err
orsduetoSettl
ementofLev
elandStaf
f4.Err
orsduet
oNatur
alCauses5.
CommonMi st
akei
nLevel
li
ng.

1.I
nst
rument
alEr
ror
s:

(
i)I
mper
fectadj
ust
ment
:

Theessenti
alr
equir
ementinlevel
l
ingisthatthel
ineofcoll
imati
onmustbehor
izont
alwhenthe
i
nstrumentisl
evel
l
ed.Ifthel
eveli
sinperfectadj
ustment,t
heli
neofcoll
i
mati
onisparal
l
elt
ot he
bubbleaxi
ssothatitbecomeshori
zontalwhenthebubbleiscentr
ed.

Ift
headj ust
mentisnotcorrect,
theli
neofcol
l
imati
onwil
lbei
ncl
i
nedeventhoughthebubblei
s
centr
al.Theerrorduetotheincl
inat
ionoft
heli
neofcol
l
imati
oni
spropor
ti
onaltot
hedistance
ofthestafffr
om theinst
rument.

Thi
sismostcommonandser
ioussour
ceofer
ror
,itcanbeel
i
minat
ed:

(
a)Test
ingandadj
ust
ingt
hei
nst
rument
,and

(
b)Byequal
i
singt
hebacksi
ghtf
oresi
ghtdi
stances.

(
ii
)Def
ect
ivel
evel
tube:

I
ft hebubbl eissluggi
sh,itmayremai
nincent
reeventhoughthebubbleaxi
sisnothor
izontal
.
Andi fitisoversensit
ive,muchtimei
swastedinl
evel
li
ngtheinstrument
.Ther
efor
ethelevel
tubef i
ttedwiththelevelshoul
dbeonlyoft
herequi
redsensi
ti
v eness.

(
ii
i)Shakyt
ri
pod:
Ashakytri
podrender
stheinst
rumentunst
ableandthusleadst
oer
roneousr
eadi
ngs.Thet
ri
pod
shoul
dtheref
orebeexaminedandloosej
oint
sbetightened.

(
iv)I
ncor
rectgr
aduat
ionsoft
hest
aff
:

Whenthestaf
fisnewone,t
hegraduat
ionsshoul
dbecheckedupwithani
nvartapeasther
eis
ev
erypossi
bil
i
tyoferr
ori
ngraduat
ingthestaf
f.I
tishowev
ernegl
i
gibl
einor
dinarywork.

2.Er
ror
sofMani
pul
ati
on:

(
i)Car
elessl
evel
l
ing-
upoft
hei
nst
rument
:

Theinst
rumentshoul
dbeaccuratel
ylev
ell
edandt
hehandshoul
dnotr
estont
het
elescopeor
tr
ipodwhil
etaki
ngthereadi
ngs.

(
ii
)Thebubbl
enotbei
ngcent
ral
att
het
imeoft
aki
ngr
eadi
ng:

Thisisthemostser i
ousandcommonsourceoferr
or.Theposi
ti
onoft hebubbl
eshoul dbe
checkedjustbeforeandaft
ereachr
eadi
ngist
aken.Thebubbleshouldbebroughti
nt hecent
re
ofit
sr un,
ifnecessary
,bymeansofalev
ell
i
ngscrewmostnear l
yinl
inewiththetel
escope.

(
ii
i)Thepar
all
axnotr
emov
edpr
oper
ly:

Thiserr
ori
sduet oi
mperf
ectf
ocussingoft
heeye-
pieceandoft
heobj
ect
-gl
ass.Thepar
all
ax
shouldbeent
ir
elyel
i
minat
ionbyproperf
ocussi
ngbeforet
aki
nganyr
eadi
ng.

(
iv)Thest
affnotbei
nghel
dver
ti
cal
:
Ift
hest affisnotheldperfect
lyvertical
,thereadi
ngobt ainedwi l
l al
way sbetoogreat.Thiserr
or
i
smuchpr onouncedforgreaterreadingsofst af
f,t
hegr eaterthest affreadi
ng,t
hegreateristhe
err
or .Greatcareshould,
therefor
e, betakenwhent akingl ar
gerr eadings.Thiser
rorcanbe
avoidedbykeepi ngthestaffvert
ical byhavi
ngaspi ri
tlevelorapendul um plumb-
bobat t
ached
tothest afforbywav i
ngthest af
fandnot i
ngthesmal l
estr eading.

Sour
ce#3.Er
ror
sduet
oSet
tl
ementofLev
elandSt
aff
:

(
i)Set
tl
ementofl
evel
:

I
ft hel
eveli
ssetuponsof tgroundi
tmaygraduall
ysett
ledownintheint
erv
al betweentaki
nga
backsightandthefor
esightreadi
ng.I
twil
lmaketheforesightr
eadi
ngsmallerthanitshoul
d
be.Thelevelshoul
d,t
heref
ore,besetupasfaraspossi
bleonsoli
dgroundandt helegsof
tr
ipodfir
mlypressedi
ntotheground.

Alsotheforesi
ghtreadi
ngshouldbetakenassoonaf
tert
aki
ngt
hebacksightr
eadi
ngas
possibl
e.I
nexcepti
onall
ysoftground,
thelegsoft
het
ri
podmaybesetov
erlongwooden
stakesdri
venfi
rmlyint
otheground.

(
ii
)Set
tl
ementofst
aff
:

Atchangepoi nts,i
fthest af
fishel
donsoftground,t
hegroundmayset tl
edowndur i
ngt heti
me
theinst
rumenti sshift
edandsetupont hepoint.Theback-
sightwil
lbecomegreaterthanit
shouldbe.Thisi saserioussourceofer
rorandcanbeeliminatedbyavoidi
ngsoftgroundas
changepoint.Incase