1

Manufacturing Industries

Manufacturing: It is defined as the production of goods in large

quantities after processing from raw materials to
more valuable products is called manufacturing

* Importance of Manufacturing
- Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of economic
development of the country.

(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture

(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural
income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary
sectors.
(iii) It eradicates unemployment and poverty from our country
(iv) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce,
and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(v) In manufacturing raw materials are transformed into wide
variety of finished goods which are higher value

* 'Agriculture' and 'industry' are complementary to each other"

(OR)
" Agriculture and industry are not exclusive to each other"

- They are not exclusive to each other. They move hand in hand
(1) The agro-based industries depend on agriculture for raw
materials. Manufacturing industries sell thier products such as
fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation pumps, PVC pipe, etc. to
farmers.
(2) The agro-based industries have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising its productivity.
(3) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing
industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their
production process very efficient .
2
* Contribution of industry to national economy:

- Manufacturing sector contribute around 17% to total GDP of

India.
- Availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market
influences the location of an industry

[1] Agro-based industries :

- Industries based on agricultural raw material ate known as Agro
based Industries.

[2] Textile industry:

(i) It contributes significantly to industrial production.
(ii) Generates more employment [ 35 million persons directly]
(iii) Its foreign exchange earnings are about 24.6%.
(iv) It contributes 4% to our GDP.
(v) Only industry in the country which is self-reliant.

[3] Cotton textiles:

(i) In ancient India, hand spinning and handloom weaving
techqines were used.
(ii) In 18th century, power-looms came into use.
(iii) Famous states: Maharashtra and Gujarat.
(iv) India cotton is famous in many countries.

* Challanges faced by cotton textiles:

(i) Irregular power supply
(ii) Stiff competition
(iii) Old machinery
(iv) Low labour output

* Reasons for the concentration of cotton textile industry in

Maharashtra and Gujarat ate:
(i) Availability of raw materials
(ii)Transport
(iii) Market
(iv) Labour
(v) Moist climate
3
[4] Jute industry:
(i) Largest producer of raw jute.
(ii) famous state : West Bengal.
(iii) Availability of waterways network and cheap labour

* Challanges faced by jute industry:

(i) Stiff competition
• There is competition with synthetic fibre that is cheaper.
• To stimulate demand , the products of jute has to be diversified.

[5] Sugar industry:

(i) 2nd largest producer.
(ii) Famous states: Maharashtra
(iii) Raw material : High sucrose sugarcane

* Challanges:
(i) The seasonal nature of the industry
(ii) Old and inefficient method of production
(iv) Transport delay in reaching cane to the factories
(v) Need to maximise the use of baggase

* Mineral Industries
- Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are
called mineral based industries.

[1] Iron and steel Industry:

(i) Basic industry: because all the other industries depend on it for
their machinery.
(ii) production and heavy industry: all the raw material as well as
finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy
transportation costs.
(iii) Uses: construction material, defence, medical etc.
(iv) Iron ore, coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of
approximately 4:2:1.

4
*'Chhotanagpur Plateau Region' has the maximum concentration
of iron and steel industries because:
(1) Low cost of iron ore
(2) High grade raw material in proximity
(3) Availability of cheap labour
(4) Dense transport network
(5) Port facility
(6) Vast growth potential in the home market

• Factors responsible for not performing to our full potential are:

(1) low productivity of labour
(2) Poor infrastructure
(3) Irregular supply of energy
(4) High costs

[2] Aluminum smelting industry:

(i) Qualities: light, resistant to corrosion, good conductor of heat,
malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other
metals.
(ii) Uses: manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
(iii) Position: Aluminum smelting is the second important
metallurgical industry in India.

[3] Chemical Industry:

(i) It is fast growing and diversifying industry
(ii) Its contribution to GDP is 3%.
(iii) Rapid growth in both organic and inorganic sectors.
(iv) Products: sulphuric acid, nitric acid, synthetic fibres

[4] Fertlizer industry:

(i) Products: Nitrogenous fertilizers
(ii) Raw material: potash (imported good)
(iii) Growth after green revolution
(iv) States: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Punjab

[5] Cement industry:

(i) Raw material: Silica, Limestone, Alumina.
(ii) Used for construction purposes
(iii) First cement plant: 1904 in Chennai.
5
[6] Automobile industry:
(i) Manufacture cars, buses, trucks.
(ii) India has 30+ automobile industry
(iii) Present in Delhi, Gurugram, Pune, etc.

[7] Information and technology industry:

(i) Products: Televisions, mobiles, laptops, etc.
(ii) Grew with rise in hardware and software development.
(iii) Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.

* Industrial Pollution:
- With the industrial development, increase in pollution has resulted
to environment degradation.
- Industries are responsible for four types of pollution mainly:

[1] Air pollution:

(i) Presence of undesirable toxic gases in air has lead to air
pollution.
(ii) Ex: carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide
(iii) This affects human health, animals, plants.

[2] Water pollution:

(i) Presence of organic and inorganic waste in rivers has lead to
water pollution.
(ii) Ex: chemicals, dyes, salts.
(iii) This affects aquatic life and water quality.

[3] Thermal pollution:

(i) Presence of hot water in rivers has lead to thermal pollution.
(ii) This kills aquatic animals and contaminates underground water.

[4] Noise pollution:

(i) Loud sound created by motors, machines and generates cause
noise pollution.
(ii) This results into anger, high blood pressure and hearing
impairment.

*Control on Pollution:
6
• For Air pollution-- Grow more tress
• For Water pollution-- Treating waste
• For Thermal pollution-- Cooling water
• For Noise pollution-- Using noise absorbing materials and ear
plugs

----------------------------------------------××××××××--------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------××××××××--------------------------------------------------