Cooperation and Competition [hore Genre Focus: information writing Product ‘A paragraph on cooperation or competition in earning writing Process Share ideas about learning. Read about Cooperative Learning. Conduct a survey about how otter peuple feat Use vocabulary and expressions for writing about advantages and disadvantages. ‘Lear about paragraph unity and paragraph parts. £6 Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence win championships. 33 Michael Jordan ‘American basketball player(1963-)na ke Bh when and why do you learn things easly? EZ wnat is aimost impossible for you to team? ED 00 you prefer to study alone or with others?Preparing to Write @Q_ Tracing about photos of people Learning Tese photos show people studying alone an in groups. your opinion which ofthese is rst effective for Teaming? wy? Share your answers with a partner. Suen stung alone “students studying together 1 sudents toying in a large grou 28 choptor2 ansQD _Dbsrainstorming and sharing ideas About Learning Fist. ead the following statements, Cie A If you agree oD if you disagree Add a sentence of your ‘wn Then talk about your answers with a partner. “always want tobe the best in my’ class. "mn a very competitive person. ‘Competition helps me succeed.” A ° 2. “Tike to lear with one other student. I ean ask questions, and we can Help each other I dont like to ask questions infront of the whole class.” A > 3. “Tes fun ancl hetpful to work in groups. get to know my classmates better, an ‘weall each each other.” A ° 4, “Tam not comfortable working with other students. I prefer to work alone,” a D 5. Add your sentence here: EX rewriting about How You Learn Best Do you lea best working with «one two tre, ormore stunts ory working sone? White abot this for ve mines EX Preparing to Read vou ae going to read about a wey olearing in eoups Before you red, answer these questions 1. When was the lst time you worked with one of more students to complete an assignment? What was the assignment? How did you divide up the work? Did you like working with other students? 2, What are some good things about learning in groups? cooperation and Compothion 2930 chapter 2 Bireaaing — How Do We Learn Best What We Need to Learn? Cooperative Learning: Wesink or swim together. Individual Learning We sink or swim alone. Competitive Learning: If swim, then you must sink. Ifyou swim, then T must sink Students are often asked to work together in class. Through “group work,” they work in pais, triads, or teams tod a research report, make a presentation, oF ‘complete a chapter review: One well-known approach to working in groups is called (Cooperative Learning and itis used in classrooms ranging from kindergarten to ‘university. Teachers who use Cooperative Learning believe that having students "work cooperatively, not incvidualy or competitively, leads to greater success for all These teachers believe that Cooperative Learning teaches students to *swin together” in mastering skis and knowledge. Guidelines for Cooperative Learning specify a clear task, a common goal, and time forthe group to complete the task. In lion, each group rember has a specific role and is required to work on the task equally: Having a role helps each group member to succeed, Cooperative Learning, © teaches group members appropriate ways to help each other and encourages everyone to do his or her best work, The group receives recognition for successful ‘cnpletion ofthe activity and the individual gets eredit forthe information learned. Cooperative Learning provides students with positive experiences that not only teach them academic skils and knowledge, but also teach important social sil. Fam, frends, and bosses are always looking for people who understand how to 1 live and work effectively with others, and Cooperative Learning teaches ese sil Adapted fom material by Jan Hanveddy Understanding What You Read Answer these questions in small groups. 4. At what ages ean students work in Cooperative Learning groups? 2. What do teachers believe about Cooperative Learning? 3, What are three guidelines for Cooperative Learning? 4, What does sire mean? What does swrim mean?'5. What socal skills can students eam from a Cooperative Leaming situation? 6. Do you think that Cooperative Learning helps students learn? Why, or wy not? ‘Thinking Critically: Considering Advantages and Disadvantages Thinking about the postive and negative aspects ofan issue isan important cit ‘al tinking sil. These postive and negative aspects are often called advantages ‘and cisacvantages, Making a ist of advantages and dlsadvantages is helpfalin forming an opinion (© Wi considering vantages aa oeadvantges seve blown at ‘ol ts atarage and canoer ot watrg ns Tee en ress sore ak Seahreges Wen ee aecairar ews cemiea advantag Working in Groups ments Py Destnering information cna surement om Act 2on page 2 You agree with change ta sentence exaes a rl phon ata al tft. teres en camp “Competition helps me succeed” Competition helps students succeed \Write your sentence atthe top of the questionnaire onthe next page. You ae going ‘collect opinions from others (and practice your English) by interviewing fe people ‘bout their opinion on tis topic Take notes so you can bing the resuits of your Interviews to class. "== Cooperation and competion 31sianer ool ew ie nm [ne Sema wre | ef e |e |e | es ene = 7 ae Oi mp si ve gn Tu eo oH [EEE Focusing on Words and Phrases 32 rer creer eeu ar cru recer ue ces Ti practicing Useful Vocabulary Match the words on te left from te article in part to their synonyms. rite the letter on the line. Then write ve sentences using the words and synonyms. _—t.colaboratve a, lea techniques — 2. appropriate b. groups of two —— 3.task . groups of three 4. master sis 4. assignment — 5. pairs «. together —— 6. independent f sutable —— 7.resuts 8 alone = Brads hi. outcomes chapter 2 =|Your sentences: 1 WRITING ABOUT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QUALITIES ‘The folowing verb expressions are useful in writing bout postive and negative qual ties Review thelist and study the example sentences, alow (someone to do something) ‘Working independently allows Soto stay up very late and finish Nis homework, encourage (something) ‘Team projects encourage compromising enable ‘Working in triads enables Marissa to ask her partners for help (someone todo something) create ‘Cooperative Learning creates problems for some Students when they (something) have to work with afc classmates, provide ‘Working together provides opportunites for students to get along (something for someone) with many afferent classmates, promote something) ‘Some educators thnk tat Cooperative Learning promotes success for everyone, prepare (someone for something) Employers want schools to prepare students for work with diferent people. teach ‘Some believe that Cooperative Learning teaches students o “Swim (someone todo something) _| together" in mastering sil and knowledge. prevent ‘Some people believe classroom lectures preven students from eam (someone from something) _| ing to work together. ‘iscourage Talking in class can discourage leaning (something) =» cooperation and Competition 3334 Blwriting about advantages and Disadvantages Arswer hese questions ith information about your preferences and experiences Use the vers rm the chart ‘on tre previous page tohep you write about postive and negative qualities. 4. Does working alone and independently enable you to learn more than working ina group? 2, How does working in groups promote social skills? 23 Inyour opinion, does working in a group teach something tat you cant learn ‘working alone? 4, How does working independently prepare you for the future? '5, Hows does working ina group prepare you forthe future? {6 How does not doing homework prevent people from earring? 7. What can discourage you from wanting to work ina group? EX choosing appropriate Words chaose an appropriate word to complete each ‘ofthe sentences below agvantages competitively encourages teaches collaboratively enables promote togethor 41. Cooperative Learning i a teaching technique that students to work in groups toward a comnon goal. 2. When working students work aginst each other to succeed, 13 Cooperative Learning postive socal behaviors, 4, Learn 1s possible in any subject. 5. One study concludes that work-groups motivation art enthusiasm 6. Working in groups has lots of _____ for students. 7. Cooperative Learning "team spi.” Cchapter2 =TA writing a Paragraph About 2 Learning Environment were do you tern best? Whictlearng environment works best fr you? Write a paragraph about where you lem best begining with one of these: inside, outside n silence, where there's nus. Extan why. (OU may Wan fo Use you wring fom the Freewrtng exercise inpart 1) | writing a Paragraph About a Positive Learning Experience write Paragraph about a posite learning experience you had recent, Did you participate in 2 group or work independenty? Ea Organizing and Developing Your Ideas Review Points. Every paragranh has atopic sentence. ‘The topic sentence tels the reader what the paragraph is about [New Points: Paragraph Unity ‘A paragraph has unity when all ofthe sentences relate to and develop the topic sentence. dees in a unified paragraph are easy to follow and understand, Identifying a Unified Paragraph Read Paragraph A below and Paragraph 8 ‘onthe next page Which oe is beter example of a une paragraph A. Cooperation is one of the most important things to learn, and my ‘school gives uss many opportunities to practice. Once you're out of school, you can't always work with the people you want to, so its good to lear to ‘cooperate with everyone. My teachers assign group projects so that we can eam to work together. In one of my classes, there is “Unanimous Superior” rating for students who have learned well and cooperated with others while ‘completing the assignment. Sometimes we don't get along with others in our group. If we argue, we'll never finish the project, so we learn to compromise. believe that cooperation i the key for doing well in and out of school. ‘== Cooperation and competion — 3536 chapter 2 B. Ona basketball team, you have to pass the ball instead of hogan it, and that's cooperation, One time in my math class, we had to do a group project in pairs, I really didn't like the person I was supposed to work with. ‘My partner and I talked, We ended up doing the work, and we got a good ‘grade, My goal right now is to cooperate with others even if T don't want to, work with them, [will do my best. Paragraph Ais an example ofa untied paragraph. The topic sentence tls the reader what the paragranh is about (cooperation is important and the school provides ways ta learn i), Each sentence relates tothe topic sentence, Paragraph B isn't unified. Can you see why? In Paragraph B, the topic sentence “suggests thatthe reader going to read an explanation of cooperation. aut the ‘writer continues to descrive a previous experience and then describe a gal “Though the topic ofthe paragraph is cooperation, the sentences donot directly rotate to te topic sentence, PARAGRAPH PARTS ‘= A paragraph is organizes when all ofthe sentences folow algical order. Related information should go together 1 There are many aferent ways to organize a paragraph. The order you choose usually depends on the topic ofthe paragraph and the purpese of your writing A well-organized paragraph looks like this: “opie Sentence: States your main dea, ridge Sentence: Explains your tape sentence andor connects it to your examples. Explanation, elaboration, Example Sentences: Develop and support the main idea Restatement: Retums to or restates the main dea. Bi icentifying parts of a Paragraph Fer each ofthe parranns onthe next page: = uncetine the bridge sentence. «= puta way line under the sentences that explain, elaborate, or are examples = puta dotted line under the sentence that restates the main deaA. This year, learned how to work together and cooperate in a group. Most of the time, Im assigned to work with other students, and the students ‘in my group haven't always been very easy to get along with. Eventually, | realized that iT try hard enough, our group will do well. must be patient because it takes time, My teacher taught us that even when some members: of the group don't get along, the goal is to complete the assignment, I'm ‘lad Learned how to work with other students because I think I will have to do this alot in the future. B. The single greatest advantage of Cooperative Learning for language students js that they speak a lot. Working in groups really promotes lan- guage learning, Students studying a language leam to speak by speaking, In a traditional classroom, students speak one at a time, and the teacher speaks more than the students. In Cooperative Leaming groups, many students get to speak at the same time. Cooperative Learning is great for language learning. C. Several studies show that Cooperative Leaming has many positive results. These studies are from universities around the world and in many subjects. Results show that Cooperative Learning increases student moti- vation to learn. I helps students complete a task and encourages a positive attitude toward the subject. It improves relationships between students and gives students better feelings about themselves, Overall, students get higher scores on tests and are better critical thinkers. Cooperative Learn- ‘ng has many advantages, EXchoosing sentences that support the Main dea Eat lowing Deragraphs. Find the main idea: then cross out any sentences tha donot relate to A. Some students do well in a competitive classroom. These students work hard to be better than other students, Participating in sports can ake one competitive, Teachers create competition in learning by talking about the students withthe highest scores. They also create competition by having students play games. Some teachers even give prizes to the winner, Prizes are expensive sometimes. Competition for some students ean moti vate them to learn more. B. Students who prefer to work alone often have trouble concentrat- ing when other students are nearby. They try to find quiet places to study, Coffee shops are noisy. They can study successfully in libraries, study rooms, or alone at home. Sometimes they use ear plugs to find quiet and to concentrate.(They wear head phones to listen to musig, These students do best when there are no distractions, ‘== Cooperation and Compettion 3738 Bh writing a paragraph from Notes reat te folowing rates rom a cass discusion about education at American uvrstes. Then use the nots to write a wel organized paragraph wth al the necessary element: pc sentence, bridge fontona tnamples, an restatoment. ince te nats suggest more than ne main idea, you trust choose a unying theme for your paragraph and eliminate af unelted ies. Fel {fee to ad normaton based on your knowledge and experience Fst, complete the cutie below te notes tel you organize your ideas. Notes wee ee ecee SS rr Students are very competitive at large US. universities. Professors have many tricks to prevent cheating ‘There's a high failure rate at large American universities. Professors sometimes switch exam questions at the last minute. Professors supply test booklets: students cannot use their own, ‘Monitors patrol large exam halls Students sit far away from each other Cheating Is « cause for dismissal from most US. universities At large US. universities. you rarely see students discussing their (grades with each other. shoring notes, or forming study groups Extremely difficult introductory courses eliminate a certain percentage of students from the more popular majors. ‘opie sentence: chapter? 8example 1: example 2 example 3: Example 4: i tement: cooperation and Competition — 3940 Chapter 2 4 Doing esearch onthe interet ec Paragraph Unity and a Strong Vocabulary Paragraph unity is very important in any welting on the TOEFL © Internet-Based ‘Test (1. Noel unified paragraphs give the raters a positive impression of your response. Unifying @ paragraph also gives you a chance to show that you have @ strong English vocabulary. By using several word or phrases that mean almost the same thing, you can ‘ive your response a fluid, natural tone. On the other hand, a esponse that un- necessarily uses the same word or pase over and over seems dsorganized and repetitive. Imagine that you have started a paragraph wath this topic sentence: Both the reading and the lecture point out that wind is a major factor inthe spread ofa wildfire. ‘You coud build the paragraph with sentences that repeated the words wire ‘and wind, but that would not sound very smoot. t might also make a rater think ‘that you have a limited vocabulary. A better approach is to vay your expressions, 2 inthis sample paragraph Both the reading and the lecture point out that wind is a major factor in the spread of a wildfire. Strong breezes might push the blaze eastward for some time and then suddenly chang direction. Such sudden turnarounds are greatly feared by firefighters, who might be trapped by the shifting inferno, The lecture mentions that this unpre- dictable airflow is made worse by local pressure differences created by the fire itself. The reading deseribes extreme events called “frestorms,” Dut the lecture says that very few true firestorms actually occut. To be ‘truly a firestorm, a fire must be so intense that tomauo-like gales actu: ally suck objects into a low-pressure zone at the heart of the flames. ‘TOEFL and TOEIO ae entered waders of Eacaton Tet Publication snot endorsed or approsed by ETS, wice (TS) THFor the previous reading, notice the variety of words with similar meanings inthe table below. Wind cn breezes ‘blaze airflow fire Torado-ike goles inferno festorms flames Practice ‘choose one ofthe items below and make a table with words that mean almost the same as each underines word, a How does the lecture about pets cast daubt on the reading’s opposition tothe owning of animals as personal property? ‘Describe a situation in which indecision caused you to miss an ‘opportunity. ©. What are the best ways to Keep aletics from ruining college's aca: demic reputation? d. The reading and the lecture define global trade in different ways ‘What are the main differences between the tro? iar Bhvsiting about cooperation or competition in Learning use wnat you've learned rom this chapter to complete ths assignment Write a paragraph on cooperation or competition in learning. Focus on advantages or disadvantages, Use the chart below to plan your ti ‘competition 1 ill write about Iwillfocuson | ————advantages_ |. — co disadvantages ‘+ cooperation and Competition 44Enz Evaluating Your Writing Use the following rubric to score your writing. Read the rubric wit your cass, and ‘then give your wing a score. A classmate and a teacher wil Score your writing aso and explain reasons for tele scares. Alter scoring, you can revise and improve this paragraph, or you can walt and revise your writing ater Chapter 3, 42 Rubric for writing About Cooperation or Competition in Learning, ‘Content: Topic of wing clear and advantages and isadvan- tages ae completly developed; writing may includ information, ‘examples, anecdotes and/or opinion to hlp the reacer under stand the water's point of view. Organization: Topic sentence is clea, andideas are unified to ‘explain advantages an cisadvantages; paragraph parts ae clear Language: Vocabulary is specific; sentence types are varied to keep the writing interesting ‘Grammar: Subjects and verbs agree; there are very few com> ‘mon grammar problems (pronouns articles, and plurals) so the meaning is clear. Spelling and Mechanics: Most words are spelled correctly, and punctuation scorect. Adequate Content: writing presents a topic and advantages and asad vantages. ‘Organization: Paragraph include a topicsentence; most ideas relat to topic sentenoe; mast parts ofthe paragrah are clear anior present. ‘Language: Vocabulary is esr sentences ee most the same ‘ype Grammar: Subjects and verbs mosty agree; common grammar problems (pronouns, articles, and plurals) are distracting. ‘Spelling and Mechanics: Writing has some distracting speling andlor punctuation mistakes. chapter 2aSelf-Assessment Log In his chapter, you worked through the folowing activities, How much dd they help you become a better wniter? Check A lot, lite, or Not ata | talked about diferent ways to learn. | read about Cooperative Learning. | surveyed people about how they learn best a a a | practiced vocabulary and expressions ~for writing about learning ~for writing about advantages and disadvantages. eared about paragraph unity. eames about paragraph parts. ‘evaluated my frst craft (Add something) Content: writing does not presenta topic clearly or advan tages and disadvantages may be unclear or Incomplete Organization: Paragraph parts are missing or unciear; there are some missing sentences, or thore are ideas that donot relate to the topic sentence Language: Vocabulary fs not speciic or corect andr there are 00 many mistakes to understand andior follow the ides; sen ‘ences have mistakes (Grammar: Writing has many common grammar problems (pr: outs articles and plurals that are confusing tothe reader. Speling and Mechanics: Writing has mary distracting speling andior punctuation mistakes Alot —Alittle Not atal! a a a a a a coce vece oove © Cooperation and compotion 43