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COVID-19 TREATMENTS BY UNIQUE

BEUTYFULL FLOWER AND STAPELIA OBDUCTA
ENDEMIC PLANT SOUTH AFRICA

Beautiful red and green flower like succulent

potted in terracotta at the Florida Botanical
Garden in Largo Stock Photo: 334113382 -
Alamy" https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-

and-green-flower-like-succulent-potted-in-
terracotta-at-the-florida-botanical-garden-in-
largo-image334113382.html

2,Stapelia obducta CACTUSPEDIA A flower just

opened (before it takes on its more usual shape
with the petal http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia

COVID-19 treatment with unique plants and

endemic plants in South Africa

How will a unique COVID-19 be treated with

unique plants? A unique plant is a beautiful red
and green flower like a succulent potted clay in
the Florida Botanical Garden and endemic plant
of south Africa staplea obducta Stapelia |
PlantZAfrica Known globally as African starfish
flowers, and locally as carrion flowers, members
of the genus Stapelia are usually characterised
by their foul-smelling flowers reminiscent of the
odour of rotting meat. The hairs, coloration and
surface mimic decaying animal matter and
attract mostly flies, which act as pollinators. The
strong carrion scent is sometimes recognisable
at a great distance, especially on hot afternoons.
Surprisingly, species such as S. erectiflora and S.
flavopurpurea have sweetly scented flowers, but
they are rare. Description Stapelias are low,
perennial succulents. The stems, their surface
and branching make them immediately
recognisable. The stems are almost always erect
and are usually uniformly green to reddish,
depending on the extent of exposure to the sun.

Only rarely are they mottled with red or purple on

green. The stems of a small group of species are
greyish with darker purple in the grooves
between the angles. Thickness of the stems
varies from 5-50 mm in diameter. Tubercles on
the stems are laterally flattened and vertically
joined into continuous rows, rendering the stems
4-angled. Each tubercle bears a small leaf
rudiment, which may vary in width from 1-6 mm.
It is short-lived and leaves a round scar at the tip
of the tubercle. The pubescence of the stem
surface is caused by the elongation of the outer
walls of the epidermal cells into slender papillae.
The short papillae in some forms of S. schinzii, S.
hirsuta and S. remota give the plants a glabrous
and shiny appearance. The flowers are star-
shaped. Large-flowered species bear their
flowers usually at or near the base of the plant.
The flowers of the smaller-flowered species are
usually dispersed at various heights on the
stems, sometimes at the base. Flowers in an
inflorescence generally open in succession. The
flowers are extremely variable in size (6-400 mm
across), but there is usually little variation in the
shape, invariably being almost flat and deeply
lobed. In most species, the corolla has relatively
long lobes and a small, central, united area. The
surface of the corolla is characteristic. The
outside is usually uniformly papillate and the
inside transversely rugose (wrinkled). Two series
of corona lobes are present: an outer and inner
corona. The fruit (follicles) are pubescent,
sometimes containing a large number of seeds.

Seeds have a thin outer margin and a tuft of

hairs (coma) helping with wind dispersal.
Conservation Status In general, stapelias are
never very abundant and are scattered over vast
areas. In Namibia Stapelia pearsonii is listed as
rare. On an interim Red Data assessment
(August 2006) of the Threatened Species
Programme (TSP, SANBI), 20 taxa are listed in
the following IUCN categories: four Data
Deficient (DD), 10 Least Concern (LC), three Near
Threatened (NT) (Stapelia baylissii, S. clavicorona
and S. tsomoensis ), and three Vulnerable (VU)
(Stapelia obducta and both subspecies of S.
praetermissa). The general threat seems to be
degradation of habitat, but for most of the listed
species the threats are unknown. Distribution
and habitat Stapelia is native to the arid regions
of tropical and southern Africa, in Botswana,
Zimbabwe and especially in Namibia and South
Africa where about 43 species occur. Outside
this region they are also found in southern
Angola, scattered in northern Zambia, southern
Malawi and central Mozambique. Collections
from southern Tanzania and Kenya are probably
of plants that have escaped from cultivation.
Plants are found in nearly all habitats, but mostly
in well-drained soils in the drier regions. In South
Africa they are widely distributed, but
concentrated around the mountainous edge of
the country. It is absent from the sandy central
parts of the Kalahari, the most arid areas of the
Namib and the wetter, higher parts of the
Drakensberg. Stapelia contains a number of very

localised endemics such as S. clavicorona and S.

remota. Derivation of name and historical
aspects The name Stapelia was introduced by
Linnaeus who described it in 1737. The name
honours Johannes van Stapel, a 17th century
physician and botanist. Ecology Members of this
strictly entomophilous (strongly associated with
insects) genus occupy a wide diversity of
habitats, mostly in arid areas. The putrid smell of
the flowers of many species attracts flies and
other insects for pollination (myophily). It has
been reported that flies are sometimes so
deceived by the odour that they lay their eggs
around the fleshy corona, convinced that it will
be a food source for their hatching larvae. The
male and female parts of the flower and various
membranes and sacs are fused into a complex
structure which usually traps the mouthparts or
legs of insects. A clip attached to two pollen sacs
of the plant becomes attached to an insect in its
struggle to free itself. This is deposited on the
next flower visited where the pollen germinates,
causes fertilisation and the development of seed.
Individual flowers are mostly short-lived, but in
some cases plants have extended flowering
periods through the sequential formation of new
ones under favourable conditions. The light seed,
with its coma and wing-like margin, is adapted to
wind dispersal. Most species appear to be
relatively short-lived under natural conditions.
They are generally widely scattered, and
populations sometimes vary considerably in
density over time, even disappearing from a

locality where they were previously plentiful.

Uses Parts of Stapelia gigantea have been
reported to be used by the Zulus as a remedy for
hysteria. These plants are, however, mainly
sought by collectors of succulent plants.
Growing Stapelia Stapelias are subjects of
interest rather than beauty and are frequently
grown by collectors of succulents. Some large-
flowered species make a good show when grown
in masses in the garden. In general they are
drought-resistant succulents suited for rockeries,
and the small-flowered species are suitable as
container plants. They are excellent subjects for
a water-wise garden. The sterile stems are very
attractive when planted in full sunlight. When in
full flower, pollinators are attracted by the odour.
For the eco-friendly gardener this is a way of
attracting food for birds and reptiles such as
lizards to the garden. Carrion flowers grow very
easily in all parts of South Africa. They like a
sunny position and will also grow in light,
semishade in hot climates. The soil should have
good drainage and a pH of 6.5-7.5. Most species
do best in a well-drained sandy medium
consisting of equal parts of washed river sand,
potting soil and topsoil. Provided that they are
not over-watered and are given a warm position,
stapelias will flower successfully. Plants from the
wetter regions should be watered more often
than those originating from the drier regions.
Rather water plants sparingly than excessively.
The plants require a period without water in
summer or winter (a dormant phase), depending

on whether they come from the summer or

winter rainfall area. They can survive long
periods without water, but be sure to water them
before they shrink too much and will not be able
to recover. In nature they are mostly sheltered
from the sun by the shade of thickets and shrubs
or their roots escape high temperatures by
growing below rocks and slabs, only exposing
the stems. Stapelias are easily propagated by
stem cuttings or seed. Seeds take about a year
to ripen, but germinate rapidly after sowing.
Fresh seeds usually germinate better. Sow seed
in spring in a well-drained, light, sandy soil mixed
with compost and cover with a thin layer of soil.
Keep the temperature at 25-35 °C, in a shaded
and fairly moist position. Keep plants well
ventilated and in good light to prevent damping
off. Treat the seedling medium with a fungicide,
but keep in mind that some chemicals may stunt
their growth. Once the seedlings have
germinated and are about 50 mm high, they can
be pricked out and planted (be careful not to
damage the roots when pricking out). Generally
the plants grow fast and most will flower within
two to three years when grown from seed.
Cuttings should be taken during the active
growing stage to ensure good rooting, before the
plants enter their dormant phase. Cuttings can
flower in their first year, depending on the size of
the cutting. Stapelias grow easily from cuttings
as long as they are given adequate time to dry
out before planting (at least two weeks). Leave
the cuttings in the shade to dry out. Use a

fungicide drench before planting. Place them in a

well-ventilated area with about 40% shade. Water
daily during very hot weather. Plants that do not
grow well from cuttings can also be propagated
by grafting. Woolly aphids on the roots and
underground stems and mealy bugs on the
stems and bases are the most common
problems. A strong jet of water or a 50/50 mix of
methylated spirits and water can be used to
eradicate these pests. Black rot, a secondary
infection after woolly aphid attacks, is also
problematic. Remove all traces of black rot with
a sterile knife, spray the plant with Benelate and
dust with flowers of sulphur. As soon as stem rot
is noticed, the affected parts should immediately
be cut away and destroyed. Because of the many
diseases to which succulent Apocynaceae
(including Stapelia ) are prone, they are some of
the most difficult succulents to grow. Species
Stapelia gigantea is a very variable species with
the largest flowers in the genus ranging from
100-400 mm in diameter. It is the most widely
north-south distributed species and occurs in
Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana,
Zimbabwe and South Africa. It grows in many
habitats and may form clumps of 1-2 m in
diameter. See more info below Stapelia
grandiflora is probably one of the best recorded
of all S. African stapeliads. It is widely but scantly
distributed over the Great Karoo, Free State and
southwards to Port Elizabeth, but occurs mainly
in the Eastern Cape. This is one of the species
with the most robust stems and may reach a

height of 300 mm, with compressed angles and

prominent teeth. Flower buds are typically
rounded where the segments meet; the flowers
are up to 150 mm in diameter, dark purple-brown,
usually darker towards the tips of the segments,
with long purple hairs on the disc. The lower part
of the lobes is ciliate with long, simple, white
hairs. It is distinguished from S. gigantea on
account of distribution and the shape of the bud.
It is also closely allied to S. hirsuta. Stapelia
gettliffei is native to the warmer, dry, sandy parts
of the Limpopo River catchments in
southeastern Botswana, the northern parts of
South Africa, southern Zimbabwe, and just over
the border into Mozambique to the east. It
usually grows in low-lying areas in shaded
situations, often with other stapelias of the same
localities. See more info below Stapelia gettliffei
plants usually sprawl in the shade of bushes and
in the open are more erect and tightly knit.
Tubercles are tipped with long, narrow leaf
rudiments, the largest in the genus. The stems
turn red in the dry season and become paper-
thin. The flowers have long pedicels facing
upwards, with the corolla marked in purple lines
on a cream-coloured background, and the
margins and central section have hairs.
Flowering occurs from December-May. The
specific epithet honours George Frederick
Rawson Gettliffe (1873-1948), who collected
extensively in remote areas of the northern parts
of South Africa. The Venda name for the species
is mahushule. Stapelia kwebensis is the most

widely distributed in an east-west direction, from

Kaokoveld (northern Namibia, southern Angola )
through the Kalahari in Botswana, eastwards in
the northernmost parts of South Africa, and in
Zimbabwe. Plants usually grow in flat, rocky
areas, in the open or below bushes. The stems
are bright green, short-toothed with erect,
prominent rudimentary leaves. Natural hybrids
appear infrequently. Flowers are small, carried on
short pedicels near the apex or in the middle of
the stem and vary in coloration from yellow-ish
to green to brown or dark red. Plants produce
their evil-smelling flowers from December to
May. The stems are slender and pale green, with
the area between the ribs darker. The first plants
were discovered on the Kwebe Hills (south of
Lake Ngami ) in northern Botswana, hence the
specific epithet. It is difficult to cultivate under
humid and wet summer rainfall conditions.
Stapelia olivacea is a South African endemic and
grows amongst stones and boulders in
mountainous areas of the Great Karoo (north-
central Karoo and southwestern Free State).
Despite its wide range, it is locally very rare and
does not appear to be common anywhere today.
See more info below . Stapelia olivacea flowers
are small, almost flat, with white hairs along the
margins. The colour is very variable. Apparently
darker maroon-red flowers usually emit a strong,
offensive odour of excrement, but the greenish
flowers have a mushroom-like smell that is more
pleasant. The stems are greyish along the flanks,
with the grooves in between a darker green,

sometimes purplish. The stems form attractive,

neat clumps about 100 mm high. The epithet
refers to the olive-green colour used in the first
painting of this species. Stapelia rufa is endemic
to South Africa, with populations widely
scattered between Upington, Oudtshoorn,
Montagu and Ladismith. It usually grows on
stony, north-facing slopes, and like many
stapeliads, in the protection of bushes. Plants
bear small flowers, usually towards the base. The
flowers are reddish to brown, the segments of
the corolla narrowing into long slender points.
The stems are 4-angled but somewhat round in
cross section and without grooves between the
flanks of the stem. This species flowers in
spring. Stapelia engleriana is a South African
endemic, widely distributed in the drier areas of
the southwestern Karoo between Laingsburg,
Beaufort West and Prince Albert. If these
stapelias are sheltered by other plants, they can
become up to 300 mm tall. The characteristic
thick, square, prostrate to rhizomatous stems are
easily identifiable. The lobes of the flowers are
folded back completely, giving the flowers a
round, button-shaped appearance. The flowers
are purplebrown to red-maroon, about 25 mm in
diameter and sometimes last for more than a
week. It is generally a less attractive plant with
an untidy habit due to new growth starting from
points where the stem has been damaged or
broken. Stapelia flavopurpurea is not a common
species but is widely distributed in both Namibia
and South Africa (western Karoo to the Northern

Cape). Plants grow amongst stones at the base

of other shrubs. The short, uniformly green
stems are 4-angled and up to 100 mm tall. The
star-like flowers of this striking species are
deeply lobed and the margins are folded
backwards, with a central disc covered in short,
clavate, purple to white hairs. Flowers are borne
(sometimes in clusters) near the tips of the
stems and have been reported to be pleasantly
scented. It superficially resembles the flowers of
Tridentea virescens, the only other stapeliad that
exhibits such extravagant and exotic coloration.
The flowers are usually bright yellow, but various
shades from yellow, green, red to brown have
been reported. Although the flowers are smaller
than those of most other species in the genus,
they are very beautiful and lack the unpleasant
smell so characteristic of most members of this
genus. Stapelia unicornis is confined to the
southern parts of the Lebombo Mountains in
South Africa (Mpumalanga and KwaZulu- Natal),
Mozambique and Swaziland. Plants grow on
shallow soils, ledges and rocky outcrops. The
pale green stems form stout clumps, rarely
higher than 100 mm. The flowers are pale green-
pinkish and about 100 mm in diameter. The
centre of the flower is almost bowlshaped. A
species closely related to S. gigantea, but with
smaller flowers that are decisively bowl-shaped
and with different inner corona lobes. Plants are
relatively easily cultivated. Stapelia leendertziae
is most conspicuous when in flower owing to the
unique large, bell-shaped, deep reddish to dark

purple flowers that are up to 120 mm long. It is

widely grown in gardens but distinctly
uncommon in the wild. It occurs on the
mountains of the northeastern escarpment and
Swaziland where it seems to be confined to
rocky ground with shallow soils. See more info
below. Stapelia leendertziae stems are darker
and dull green compared to those of S. gigantea
and S. unicornis. Flowers are produced at the
base or in the lower half from new branches.
This species was named after Miss Reino
Leendertz, the first official botanist employed at
the Transvaal Museum and who was the first to
collect this species near Heidelberg in 1909.
Flowering time is November- January. It is readily
cultivated and can withstand a fair degree of
frost. Known as aaskelk, aasklok or rooiaasblom
(Afr.). Stapelia clavicorona is an endemic
restricted to the northern slopes of the
Soutpansberg in the Limpopo Province of South
Africa. Plants grow on hot, stony slopes and
consist of a few, robust stems (by far the most
robust stems in the genus) that are deeply
indented between the angles. Stems are olive-
green and turn reddish in the dry season. Older
stems become corky and white. Flowers are
relatively small (50 mm in diameter). The pale
pinkish green flowers are textured with club-
shaped hairs along the margins of the corolla.
Propagation from cuttings and seed is relatively
easy. Plants flower from October-December. It
was first collected in 1931 and the specific
epithet refers to the club-shaped (clavate) corona

lobes. Stapelia schinzii is found in Namibia and

southern Angola. Three varieties are recognised,
the typical one only occurring in Namibia. The
plants are large and robust, and sometimes
spread for up to 1 m, stems arising from a short
horizontal base. The stems are mostly purple-
mottled and up to 60 mm tall. Compared to the
stems, the dark red to maroon flowers are
relatively large (up to 120 mm in diameter). They
have elongate corolla lobes, fringed with vibratile,
purple, club-shaped hairs. This is the species
with the largest flowers in Namibia and is closely
related to the threatened S. pillansii. Stapelia
hirsuta is widely distributed and extremely
variable, with five varieties recognised by Bruyns
(2005). It is found in Namaqualand and the
Eastern Cape ( South Africa ) and in southern
Namibia, seemingly restricted to the mainly
winter rainfall areas. It is closely related to S.
grandiflora. The stems are up to 200 mm high,
with flowers 100-200 mm across. The flowers
are cream-coloured, purple at the centre, with
purplish transverse lines on the lobes which have
purple-brown tips. The corona, flower size,
proportions of the corolla, density and texture of
hairs, and details of patterning and colour, all
vary within wide limits. This was the second
species to be discovered and is locally known as
haasoor (Afr.). References Albers, F. & Meve, U.
2002. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants.
Asclepiadaceae. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Armstrong, W.P. 1997. Stinking flowers.
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm

Bruyns, P.V. 2005. Stapeliads of southern Africa

and Madagascar, vol. 1. Umdaus Press, Hatfield,
Pretoria. Court, D. 2000. Succulent flora of
southern Africa, revised edn. Balkema,
Rotterdam. Hardy, D. & Fabian, A. 1992.
Succulents of the Transvaal. Southern Book
Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Leach,
L.C. 1985. A revision of Stapelia L.
(Asclepiadaceae). Excelsa Taxonomic Series, No.
3. Aloe, Cactus and Succulent Society,
Zimbabwe. Leistner, O.A. (ed.) 2000. Seeds
plants of southern Africa : families and genera.
Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute,
Pretoria. Leistner, O.A. 2005. Seed plants of
southern tropical Africa : families and genera.
South African Botanical Diversity Network Report
No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria. Oliver, I.B. 1998. Grow
succulents. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series.
National Botanical Institute, Cape Town. Smith,
C.A. 1966. Common names of South African
plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South
Africa No. 35. Van Wyk, B-E. & Gericke, N. 2000.
People's plants: a guide to useful plants of
southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. S.P.
Bester National Herbarium November 2006 Plant
Attributes: Plant Type: Succulent SA Distribution:
Soil type: Flowering season: PH: Flower colour:
Aspect: Gardening skill: Special Features:
Horticultural zones Medical plants that curing
corona disease Medical plants that curing
corona disease (COVID-19 ), HIV and all Virus
Related Diseases Cure COVID-19 and HIV and all
Virus Related deasese by unique plants herbs

endemic plant of south Africa to the Philippines.

They are used in medicine, as well as for
medicinal purposes. of years.Illness is only one
of many risks that must be considered when
plants aand the world. They are used in
medicine, as well as for medicinal purposes.e
taken out of their physical environment and
produced in plain places under what are often
irregular circumstances. (Britannica .) Viruses
and the diseases they cause commonly have
different names. Measles, for example, is caused
by the rubeola virus, German measles by the
rubella virus, AIDS by HIV. The disease causing
the sickness in Wuhan was named COVID-19
(Corona Virus Disease of 2019) and the virus
itself was provisionally referred to as 2019-nCoV
(novel coronavirus of 2019, where “novel” meant
previously unknown to science). Plant disease,
an impairment of the normal state of a plant that
interrupts or modifies its vital functions. All
species of plants, wild and cultivated alike, are
subject to disease. Although each species is
susceptible to characteristic diseases, these are,
in each case, relatively few in number. The
occurrence and prevalence of plant diseases
vary from season to season, depending on the
presence of the pathogen, environmental
conditions, and the crops and varieties grown.
Some plant varieties are particularly subject to
outbreaks of diseases while others are more
resistant to them. See also list of plant diseases.
( Britannica .) Stapelia obducta CACTUSPEDIA A
flower just opened (before it takes on its more

usual shape with the petals folded back).

MAINTENANCE: Spring: When winter ends and
they begin to grow again, they will require much
more water and soaking the pots will no longer
put the plants at risk for rot . In the spring they
will grow well in partial shade and leaving them
out in the rain may provide them with the water
they need. Summer: In the summer months they
will tolerate heavy rain , but will be just as happy
if the season is dry. It's best to sort out the stems
while the plants are resting in the summer before
they begin their autumnal growth cycle . They
will tolerate very hot weather outdoors as long as
they are kept in filtered light and this will
encourage them to flower in the Autumn. They
also enjoy some fertiliser. Moving the plants as
they are developing buds may cause them to
spontaneously abort the flowers all together.
Autumn: In the fall keep them outdoors until the
night time temperatures drop below the 5°C.
Winter : Winter care presents no problems at
5°-10° C with plenty of light. As soon as they are
flowered be sure to take extra precautions to
keep them dry , because damp cool conditions
when the plants are resting is an invitation to
fungal infections , but according to temperatures
–some occasional lit watering may be use
Propagation: Easiest with stem cuttings. Allow
cuttings to dry a day before planting. Stems
must be laid (Not buried) on gritty compost and
will then root from the underside of the stems. It
can also be increased from seeds sowing in
spring in moist, sandy peat moss . Barely cover

seeds . Seeds germinate quickly. In any season

it's best to lay the stems out for several days
before replanting them and then pot them only in
dry soil and with hold any water until they begin
to shrivel or start growing again. Potting
medium: Since roots are quite shallow, use a
cactus mix or add extra perlite or pumice to
regular soil potting soil. A gritty, very freedraining
compost is suitable, and clay pots help the
plants to dry out between watering. Re-pot every
2 years. Pest and diseases : Stapelia are
generally fairly easy to grow, especially if kept
pest-free. They are very susceptible to stem and
root mealy bugs, and damage from these may
well initiate fungal attack . Any time when there
is a dead or dying stem in the pot it is important
to remove it immediately and completely before
other healthy stems can become ill too, isolate
the healthy parts, dry them off, and re-root them
in new compost. Stapelia L. Family:
Apocynaceae Common names: carrion flower
(Eng.); aasblom (Afr.) View other plants in this
family View other plants in this genus Known
globally as African starfish flowers, and locally as
carrion flowers, members of the genus Stapelia
are usually characterised by their foul-smelling
flowers reminiscent of the odour of rotting meat.
The hairs, coloration and surface mimic decaying
animal matter and attract mostly flies, which act
as pollinators. The strong carrion scent is
sometimes recognisable at a great distance,
especially on hot afternoons. Surprisingly,
species such as S. erectiflora and S.

flavopurpurea have sweetly scented flowers, but

they are rare. Description Stapelias are low,
perennial succulents. The stems, their surface
and branching make them immediately
recognisable. The stems are almost always erect
and are usually uniformly green to reddish,
depending on the extent of exposure to the sun.
Only rarely are they mottled with red or purple on
green. The stems of a small group of species are
greyish with darker purple in the grooves
between the angles. Thickness of the stems
varies from 5-50 mm in diameter. Tubercles on
the stems are laterally flattened and vertically
joined into continuous rows, rendering the stems
4-angled. Each tubercle bears a small leaf
rudiment, which may vary in width from 1-6 mm.
It is short-lived and leaves a round scar at the tip
of the tubercle. The pubescence of the stem
surface is caused by the elongation of the outer
walls of the epidermal cells into slender papillae.
The short papillae in some forms of S. schinzii, S.
hirsuta and S. remota give the plants a glabrous
and shiny appearance. The flowers are star-
shaped. Large-flowered species bear their
flowers usually at or near the base of the plant.
The flowers of the smaller-flowered species are
usually dispersed at various heights on the
stems, sometimes at the base. Flowers in an
inflorescence generally open in succession. The
flowers are extremely variable in size (6-400 mm
across), but there is usually little variation in the
shape, invariably being almost flat and deeply
lobed. In most species, the corolla has relatively

long lobes and a small, central, united area. The

surface of the corolla is characteristic. The
outside is usually uniformly papillate and the
inside transversely rugose (wrinkled). Two series
of corona lobes are present: an outer and inner
corona. The fruit (follicles) are pubescent,
sometimes containing a large number of seeds.
Seeds have a thin outer margin and a tuft of
hairs (coma) helping with wind dispersal.
Conservation Status In general, stapelias are
never very abundant and are scattered over vast
areas. In Namibia Stapelia pearsonii is listed as
rare. On an interim Red Data assessment
(August 2006) of the Threatened Species
Programme (TSP, SANBI), 20 taxa are listed in
the following IUCN categories: four Data
Deficient (DD), 10 Least Concern (LC), three Near
Threatened (NT) ( Stapelia baylissii, S.
clavicorona and S. tsomoensis ), and three
Vulnerable (VU) (Stapelia obducta and both
subspecies of S. praetermissa ). The general
threat seems to be degradation of habitat, but for
most of the listed species the threats are
unknown. Distribution and habitat Stapelia is
native to the arid regions of tropical and southern
Africa, in Botswana, Zimbabwe and especially in
Namibia and South Africa where about 43
species occur. Outside this region they are also
found in southern Angola, scattered in northern
Zambia, southern Malawi and central
Mozambique. Collections from southern
Tanzania and Kenya are probably of plants that
have escaped from cultivation. Plants are found

in nearly all habitats, but mostly in well-drained

soils in the drier regions. In South Africa they are
widely distributed, but concentrated around the
mountainous edge of the country. It is absent
from the sandy central parts of the Kalahari, the
most arid areas of the Namib and the wetter,
higher parts of the Drakensberg. Stapelia
contains a number of very localised endemics
such as S. clavicorona and S. remota.
References Albers, F. & Meve, U. 2002. Illustrated
handbook of succulent plants. Asclepiadaceae.
Springer Verlag, Berlin. Armstrong, W.P. 1997.
Stinking flowers. http://
waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm Bruyns,
P.V. 2005. Stapeliads of southern Africa and
Madagascar, vol. 1. Umdaus Press, Hatfield,
Pretoria. Court, D. 2000. Succulent flora of
southern Africa, revised edn. Balkema,
Rotterdam. Hardy, D. & Fabian, A. 1992.
Succulents of the Transvaal. Southern Book
Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Leach,
L.C. 1985. A revision of Stapelia L.
(Asclepiadaceae). Excelsa Taxonomic Series, No.
3. Aloe, Cactus and Succulent Society,
Zimbabwe. Leistner, O.A. (ed.) 2000. Seeds
plants of southern Africa : families and genera.
Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute,
Pretoria. Leistner, O.A. 2005. Seed plants of
southern tropical Africa : families and genera.
South African Botanical Diversity Network Report
No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria. Oliver, I.B. 1998. Grow
succulents. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series.
National Botanical Institute, Cape Town. Smith,

C.A. 1966. Common names of South African

plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South
Africa No. 35. Van Wyk, B-E. & Gericke, N. 2000.
People's plants: a guide to useful plants of
southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. S.P.
Bester National Herbarium November 2006
Derivation of name and historical aspects The
name Stapelia was introduced by Linnaeus who
described it in 1737. The name honours
Johannes van Stapel, a 17th century physician
and botanist. Ecology Members of this strictly
entomophilous (strongly associated with
insects) genus occupy a wide diversity of
habitats, mostly in arid areas. The putrid smell of
the flowers of many species attracts flies and
other insects for pollination (myophily). It has
been reported that flies are sometimes so
deceived by the odour that they lay their eggs
around the fleshy corona, convinced that it will
be a food source for their hatching larvae. The
male and female parts of the flower and various
membranes and sacs are fused into a complex
structure which usually traps the mouthparts or
legs of insects. A clip attached to two pollen sacs
of the plant becomes attached to an insect in its
struggle to free itself. This is deposited on the
next flower visited where the pollen germinates,
causes fertilisation and the development of seed.
Individual flowers are mostly short-lived, but in
some cases plants have extended flowering
periods through the sequential formation of new
ones under favourable conditions. The light seed,
with its coma and wing-like margin, is adapted to

wind dispersal. Most species appear to be

relatively short-lived under natural conditions.
They are generally widely scattered, and
populations sometimes vary considerably in
density over time, even disappearing from a
locality where they were previously plentiful.
Uses Parts of Stapelia gigantea have been
reported to be used by the Zulus as a remedy for
hysteria. These plants are, however, mainly
sought by collectors of succulent plants.
Growing Stapelia Stapelias are subjects of
interest rather than beauty and are frequently
grown by collectors of succulents. Some
largeflowered species make a good show when
grown in masses in the garden. In general they
are drought-resistant succulents suited for
rockeries, and the small-flowered species are
suitable as container plants. They are excellent
subjects for a water-wise garden. The sterile
stems are very attractive when planted in full
sunlight. When in full flower, pollinators are
attracted by the odour. For the eco-friendly
gardener this is a way of attracting food for birds
and reptiles such as lizards to the garden.
Carrion flowers grow very easily in all parts of
South Africa. They like a sunny position and will
also grow in light, semishade in hot climates. The
soil should have good drainage and a pH of 6.5-
7.5. Most species do best in a welldrained sandy
medium consisting of equal parts of washed
river sand, potting soil and topsoil. Provided that
they are not over-watered and are given a warm
position, stapelias will flower successfully. Plants

from the wetter regions should be watered more

often than those originating from the drier
regions. Rather water plants sparingly than
excessively. The plants require a period without
water in summer or winter (a dormant phase),
depending on whether they come from the
summer or winter rainfall area. They can survive
long periods without water, but be sure to water
them before they shrink too much and will not be
able to recover. In nature they are mostly
sheltered from the sun by the shade of thickets
and shrubs or their roots escape high
temperatures by growing below rocks and slabs,
only exposing the stems. Stapelias are easily
propagated by stem cuttings or seed. Seeds take
about a year to ripen, but germinate rapidly after
sowing. Fresh seeds usually germinate better.
Sow seed in spring in a well-drained, light, sandy
soil mixed with compost and cover with a thin
layer of soil. Keep the temperature at 25-35 °C, in
a shaded and fairly moist position. Keep plants
well ventilated and in good light to prevent
damping off. Treat the seedling medium with a
fungicide, but keep in mind that some chemicals
may stunt their growth. Once the seedlings have
germinated and are about 50 mm high, they can
be pricked out and planted (be careful not to
damage the roots when pricking out). Generally
the plants grow fast and most will flower within
two to three years when grown from seed.
Cuttings should be taken during the active
growing stage to ensure good rooting, before the
plants enter their dormant phase. Cuttings can

flower in their first year, depending on the size of

the cutting. Stapelias grow easily from cuttings
as long as they are given adequate time to dry
out before planting (at least two weeks). Leave
the cuttings in the shade to dry out. Use a
fungicide drench before planting. Place them in a
wellventilated area with about 40% shade. Water
daily during very hot weather. Plants that do not
grow well from cuttings can also be propagated
by grafting. Woolly aphids on the roots and
underground stems and mealy bugs on the
stems and bases are the most common
problems. A strong jet of water or a 50/50 mix of
methylated spirits and water can be used to
eradicate these pests. Woolly aphidsseeds at
least once per year. If you're growing lettuce or
other vegetables, keep them in aand human
beings. This type of virus is also known as the
influenza B Bloodborne illness, any of the set of
diseases caused by pathogens , e.g., viruses or
microorganisms that are held in and spread
through contact with people.General Bloodborne
diseases add hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and being
immunodeficiency microorganism (HIV ) .Viral
hemorrhagic fevers, , e.g., Ebola virus illness and
Lassa fever, are different instances. (Britannica .)
fish crab anchovy cantaloupe  crab  manatees
®IgG4-related illness (IgG4-RD ), once known as
IgG4-related general illness, is the degenerative
inflammatory condition characterised by tissue
penetration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting
plasma cells, several points of fibrosis (scarring)
and a usually prompt response to oral steroids.At

about 51–70 percent of people with the illness,

serum IgG4 concentrations are raised during the
intense period. (Wallace , Zachary S. Et al., 26
Aug 2015) (Stone et al., Oct 2012) (Deshpande et
al., 18 May 2012) are often yellowish. The leaves
of these plants are very long and have a thick,
dark colorAlthough the odds of any single
medical design succeeding are reduced, this
possibility that one of them can is
higher.Standard and variety should minimize
risks.These authors are predicting nominal
returns of 5-8 percent for the debtholders and
8.9-11.4 percent for the stake holders.These
figures are generally aligned with median interest
and debt returns, and very distinct from the
common uneven distribution of investments in
medical research between a couple of large
successes and many duds. (the Economist., Jan.
2013) D is very strong. The outer part of the
Corolla may be described as ÂPlants the Beauty
and Sustenance of the Living Planet Plants are
the oldest inhabitants of earth and they appeared
on land about 425 million years ago.They are the
longest living organisms on this planet. Plants
are estimated to have 300-315 thousand
species. Plant and animal kingdoms are part of
Allah’s grand design and are interdependent for
their existence on this planet. The plants are
essential for life on earth because all food chains
start with plants. The plants generate oxygen
and consume carbon dioxide to manufacture
their food through the process of
photosynthesis. This process is also termed as

carbon fixation. The plants are thus source of

almost all atmospheric oxygen which is
consumed by animals for respiration. The
animals perish and decompose to form
ingredients which are taken up by plant roots and
utilized as food. Animals and plants thus create a
delicate balance for sustenance of life upon
earth. Of course water being a basic requirement
for existence of life . Some Fascinating Facts
about Plants -Titan Arum ( Amorphophallus
titanum ) is a flowering plant with the largest
inflorescence which can reach the size of 10
feet. It is also known as corpse plant or carrion
flower due to its peculiar rotten meat like smell.
With this smell it lures meat eating insects for
pollination. The first flowering takes 7-10 years
with subsequent flowers appearing every 2-3
years. The spathe which looks like a large petal
generally starts opening in the evening and
remains open during the night and then wilts.
The flower is grown in private lawns with great
interest and its blooming celebrated with
enthusiasm. It has single leaf which may attain
the height of 20 feet. Rose family of plants
includes in addition to rose flower apples, pears,
plums, cherries, almonds and peaches. -Pitcher
plants are known for being predators of animals
and feed on them. But a bigger species
Nepenthes rajah has very interesting symbiotic
relationship with animals like shrews and bats
which benefits both of them. The pitchers of
these plants are quite large and are used by
these animals as toilet bowl. In turn the plants

use the fecal matter, which is rich in nitrogen as

food. Carnivorous Pitcher Plants These are
mysterious meat eating plants belonging to
families Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae.
These are also called pitcher plants due to
peculiar shape of their leaves. Insects are mostly
their prey but larger pitchers may trap bigger
animals like frogs, snakes and birds. -Their
leaves are unique in the kingdom plantae since
these are transformed for trapping the prey.
These leaves are deeply curled to form a cup like
structure which moves on mid vein. In some
species the leaves are shaped like pitcher. -These
leaves have bright colors and attractive patterns
to lure their prey. The pitchers are filled with
sweet smelling sticky fluid having digestive
chemicals similar to secretions in the stomach of
animals. -The unsuspecting prey lands on the
pitcher in the hope of getting nectar and gets
trapped in the sticky fluid. The contents of the
fluid quickly dissolve the body of the prey and it
is sucked into the plant system as food. The
Carbon Cycle The process of utilization of carbon
by plants and animals is unending and can be
summarized as depicted in carbon cycle
below.The root is underground part and acts as
anchor the aerial parts to fix them firmly in soil.
Its main function is to absorb water from the soil
along with soluble plant nutrients. The nutrient
solution is transported through stem to the aerial
parts. From the leaf the dilute solution is
concentrated while excessive water is
evaporated to the atmosphere through the

process of transpiration. The nutrients are

utilized by the plants for food manufacture.
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process
by which plants manufacture their food though it
is also carried out by a few other organisms like
algae. Organisms capable of photosynthesis are
termed as ‘photoautotrophs’ This is the most
significant process for the sustenance of life on
this planet .It has been estimated that around
130 tetra watts of energy are captured by the
process of photosynthesis. About 110-115
thousand million metric tons of carbon is
converted into biomass annually. It takes place
subject to following prerequisites. -Presence of
water -Carbon dioxide -Optimum temperature -
Sunlight energy -Chlorophyll Photosynthesis is
the process in which the plants convert the
energy of sunlight into organic chemical energy
in the form of carbohydrates i.e. sugars.
Photosynthesis is opposite of respiration in
which glucose and other compounds are
oxidised to produce carbon dioxide and water
which results in release of energy for metabolic
processes of the plant. Water is the basic
requirement as it is essential for all biological
processes. It occurs at optimum temperature
and slows down or stops at low or extremely
high temperature range. Photosynthesis takes
place in day time when abundant solar radiation
is available. Carbon dioxide is crucial to
photosynthesis since plants split it to utilize its
carbon and oxygen is released in the air which is
essential for survival of animals. Carbon dioxide

ratio in atmosphere is just 0.035 %, but its role in

plants hence existence of life is vital. Chlorophyll:
Chlorophyll is a chlorine pigment with
magnesium at the centre of the chlorine ring
which imparts green color to the leaves. It is
present in plant cells in the chloroplasts which
are mostly concentrated in the leaves. Each cell
may contain from 10-100 chloroplasts and a
square millimeter of leaf area can have 450,000
to 800,000 chloroplasts. The significance of
chlorophyll Here the reference to green contents
in plants i.e. chlorophyll and its link to production
of all fruits and crops has been explicitly
established. The Arabic word ‘Khadran’, means
green and has been taken as referring to
chlorophyll by scholars including Maurice
Bucaille. The process of photosynthesis is highly
complex and scientists have not yet been able to
decipher it completely. The end product i.e. sugar
is the result of many intermediates. The simplest
reaction is depicted in the following equation:
6H2O +6CO2 light C6H12O6+6O2 Water +carbon
dioxide sugar +oxygen The sugar undergoes
many transformations before they are stored in
fruits, tubers, seeds or other plant parts. The
stored food is recycled to breakdown complex
sugar to simpler forms in the process of
respiration. The energy thus released is used by
plants in different biological process for
existence of their species. As we have seen
oxygen is essential for the process of
combustion. Oxygen is produced by plants in the
process of photosynthesis which takes place due

to reactions induced by green matter in leaves

i.e. chlorophyll. Here Allah says that fire has been
produced by Him out of green trees which is a
clear reference to release of oxygen because
trees/wood burn only when dry and not while
green. When we study , the topic is Allah’s power
of resurrection of human being on the day of
judgement. This is a discreet pointer to this fact
because burning produces carbon dioxide which
is released into the atmosphere and ashes which
return to soil. Apparently the matter is destroyed,
but same is resurrected with the process of
photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by plants
from soil. New plants are born and the eternal
cycle of living things coming out of dead and
dead things coming out of living goes on.
Reproduction in plants: Plants like all living
organisms reproduce for survival of their
species. Plants produce seeds which in turn
germinate and grow to full bloom plants/trees,
though asexual reproduction is also common.
Based on mode of reproduction the plants have
been classified as under: Gymnosperms: Non
flowering plants. They don’t produce seed and
reproduce asexually. Angiosperms : Flowering
plants which produce seed. Sexual reproduction:
It involves fusion of male and female gametes
(pollen and egg) to produce a new plant through
reproductive cycle. Asexual reproduction: It is
growing of new plants involving vegetative parts
of parent plants like cuttings, buds, grafting,
roots, stems, suckers and tissue culture. This is
cloning and the new plants resemble in

characteristics and appearance to those of the

parents. The Flower Seeds and fruits are
produced from flowers. A typical flower has
following parts though wide variation and
adaptations prevail:- Calyx : This is the outermost
whorl which is usually green and consists of
units called sepals. Sepals enclose other flower
parts in the bud stage. Variations in size and
color are found in some flowers. Corolla : This
whorl contains petals which are mostly delicate
and have attractive color to seduce insects and
other animals for pollination. The petals are
arranged in symmetrical forms which are used
by botanists to establish relationship among
plant species. If there is more than one flower on
an axis, the cluster is called inflorescence.
Stamens (Androecium): The next whorl
consisting of units called stamens which form
male reproductive organs. Stamens consists of
two parts; stalk called filament, topped by anther
where pollen is produced and dispersed.
Carpel/ovary (Gynoecium) : This is female
reproductive part of the flower. This is the
innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or
more units called carpels. The carpels fuse to
form hollow structure, the ovary. Gynoecium
consisting of ovary, stigma, and style is also
termed as pistil. The ovary produces ovules or
eggs.Pollination: The pollen produced by anthers
having spores reaches the pistil to fertilize the
female eggs and the process of reproduction
sets in. Male and female parts having half
number of chromosomes fuse to produce fruits

and seeds. The process of access of pollen to

the female part of the flower is termed as
pollination. Some flowers are fertilized from the
pollen by the same flower which is called self
pollination. If pollens of other plants fertilize, it is
termed as cross pollination. Various carriers
perform in this important process i.e. Pollination
by insects and other animals: Insects and other
animals play an important role in pollination.
They are attracted to the flowers by scent, bright
colors or collection of nectar as food. While
visiting flowers, pollen sticks to their body parts
and they transfer it to female parts while visiting
other flowers. Pollination by air : Air is a major
agent in transfer of pollen to female parts. Pollen
of plants using air as pollination agent is light
produced in great numbers and dry. The flowers
of such plants are not attractive and pollen has
little nutritional value since this is not required.
Stapelia obducta CACTUSPEDIA A flower just
opened (before it takes on its more usual shape
with the petals folded back). MAINTENANCE:
Spring: When winter ends and they begin to grow
again, they will require much more water and
soaking the pots will no longer put the plants at
risk for rot . In the spring they will grow well in
partial shade and leaving them out in the rain
may provide them with the water they need.
Summer: In the summer months they will
tolerate heavy rain , but will be just as happy if
the season is dry. It's best to sort out the stems
while the plants are resting in the summer before
they begin their autumnal growth cycle . They

will tolerate very hot weather outdoors as long as

they are kept in filtered light and this will
encourage them to flower in the Autumn. They
also enjoy some fertiliser. Moving the plants as
they are developing buds may cause them to
spontaneously abort the flowers all together.
Autumn: In the fall keep them outdoors until the
night time temperatures drop below the 5°C.
Winter : Winter care presents no problems at
5°-10° C with plenty of light. As soon as they are
flowered be sure to take extra precautions to
keep them dry , because damp cool conditions
when the plants are resting is an invitation to
fungal infections , but according to temperatures
–some occasional lit watering may be use
Propagation: Easiest with stem cuttings. Allow
cuttings to dry a day before planting. Stems
must be laid (Not buried) on gritty compost and
will then root from the underside of the stems. It
can also be increased from seeds sowing in
spring in moist, sandy peat moss . Barely cover
seeds . Seeds germinate quickly. In any season
it's best to lay the stems out for several days
before replanting them and then pot them only in
dry soil and with hold any water until they begin
to shrivel or start growing again. Potting
medium: Since roots are quite shallow, use a
cactus mix or add extra perlite or pumice to
regular soil potting soil. A gritty, very freedraining
compost is suitable, and clay pots help the
plants to dry out between watering. Re-pot every
2 years. Pest and diseases : Stapelia are
generally fairly easy to grow, especially if kept

pest-free. They are very susceptible to stem and

root mealy bugs, and damage from these may
well initiate fungal attack . Any time when there
is a dead or dying stem in the pot it is important
to remove it immediately and completely before
other healthy stems can become ill too, isolate
the healthy parts, dry them off, and re-root them
in new compost. Stapelia L. Family:
Apocynaceae Common names: carrion flower
(Eng.); aasblom (Afr.) View other plants in this
family QR code link View other plants in this
genus Known globally as African starfish flowers,
and locally as carrion flowers, members of the
genus Stapelia are usually characterised by their
foul-smelling flowers reminiscent of the odour of
rotting meat. The hairs, coloration and surface
mimic decaying animal matter and attract
mostly flies, which act as pollinators. The strong
carrion scent is sometimes recognisable at a
great distance, especially on hot afternoons.
Surprisingly, species such as S. erectiflora and S.
flavopurpurea have sweetly scented flowers, but
they are rare. Description Stapelias are low,
perennial succulents. The stems, their surface
and branching make them immediately
recognisable. The stems are almost always erect
and are usually uniformly green to reddish,
depending on the extent of exposure to the sun.
Only rarely are they mottled with red or purple on
green. The stems of a small group of species are
greyish with darker purple in the grooves
between the angles. Thickness of the stems
varies from 5-50 mm in diameter. Tubercles on

the stems are laterally flattened and vertically

joined into continuous rows, rendering the stems
4-angled. Each tubercle bears a small leaf
rudiment, which may vary in width from 1-6 mm.
It is short-lived and leaves a round scar at the tip
of the tubercle. The pubescence of the stem
surface is caused by the elongation of the outer
walls of the epidermal cells into slender papillae.
The short papillae in some forms of S. schinzii, S.
hirsuta and S. remota give the plants a glabrous
and shiny appearance. The flowers are star-
shaped. Large-flowered species bear their
flowers usually at or near the base of the plant.
The flowers of the smaller-flowered species are
usually dispersed at various heights on the
stems, sometimes at the base. Flowers in an
inflorescence generally open in succession. The
flowers are extremely variable in size (6-400 mm
across), but there is usually little variation in the
shape, invariably being almost flat and deeply
lobed. In most species, the corolla has relatively
long lobes and a small, central, united area. The
surface of the corolla is characteristic. The
outside is usually uniformly papillate and the
inside transversely rugose (wrinkled). Two series
of corona lobes are present: an outer and inner
corona. The fruit (follicles) are pubescent,
sometimes containing a large number of seeds.
Seeds have a thin outer margin and a tuft of
hairs (coma) helping with wind dispersal.
Conservation Status In general, stapelias are
never very abundant and are scattered over vast
areas. In Namibia Stapelia pearsonii is listed as

rare. On an interim Red Data assessment

(August 2006) of the Threatened Species
Programme (TSP, SANBI), 20 taxa are listed in
the following IUCN categories: four Data
Deficient (DD), 10 Least Concern (LC), three Near
Threatened (NT) ( Stapelia baylissii, S.
clavicorona and S. tsomoensis ), and three
Vulnerable (VU) (Stapelia obducta and both
subspecies of S. praetermissa ). The general
threat seems to be degradation of habitat, but for
most of the listed species the threats are
unknown. Distribution and habitat Stapelia is
native to the arid regions of tropical and southern
Africa, in Botswana, Zimbabwe and especially in
Namibia and South Africa where about 43
species occur. Outside this region they are also
found in southern Angola, scattered in northern
Zambia, southern Malawi and central
Mozambique. Collections from southern
Tanzania and Kenya are probably of plants that
have escaped from cultivation. Plants are found
in nearly all habitats, but mostly in well-drained
soils in the drier regions. In South Africa they are
widely distributed, but concentrated around the
mountainous edge of the country. It is absent
from the sandy central parts of the Kalahari, the
most arid areas of the Namib and the wetter,
higher parts of the Drakensberg. Stapelia
contains a number of very localised endemics
such as S. clavicorona and S. remota.
References Albers, F. & Meve, U. 2002. Illustrated
handbook of succulent plants. Asclepiadaceae.
Springer Verlag, Berlin. Armstrong, W.P. 1997.

Stinking flowers. http://

waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm Bruyns,
P.V. 2005. Stapeliads of southern Africa and
Madagascar, vol. 1. Umdaus Press, Hatfield,
Pretoria. Court, D. 2000. Succulent flora of
southern Africa, revised edn. Balkema,
Rotterdam. Hardy, D. & Fabian, A. 1992.
Succulents of the Transvaal. Southern Book
Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Leach,
L.C. 1985. A revision of Stapelia L.
(Asclepiadaceae). Excelsa Taxonomic Series, No.
3. Aloe, Cactus and Succulent Society,
Zimbabwe. Leistner, O.A. (ed.) 2000. Seeds
plants of southern Africa : families and genera.
Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute,
Pretoria. Leistner, O.A. 2005. Seed plants of
southern tropical Africa : families and genera.
South African Botanical Diversity Network Report
No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria. Oliver, I.B. 1998. Grow
succulents. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series.
National Botanical Institute, Cape Town. Smith,
C.A. 1966. Common names of South African
plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South
Africa No. 35. Van Wyk, B-E. & Gericke, N. 2000.
People's plants: a guide to useful plants of
southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. S.P.
Bester National Herbarium November 2006
Derivation of name and historical aspects The
name Stapelia was introduced by Linnaeus who
described it in 1737. The name honours
Johannes van Stapel, a 17th century physician
and botanist. Ecology Members of this strictly
entomophilous (strongly associated with

insects) genus occupy a wide diversity of

habitats, mostly in arid areas. The putrid smell of
the flowers of many species attracts flies and
other insects for pollination (myophily). It has
been reported that flies are sometimes so
deceived by the odour that they lay their eggs
around the fleshy corona, convinced that it will
be a food source for their hatching larvae. The
male and female parts of the flower and various
membranes and sacs are fused into a complex
structure which usually traps the mouthparts or
legs of insects. A clip attached to two pollen sacs
of the plant becomes attached to an insect in its
struggle to free itself. This is deposited on the
next flower visited where the pollen germinates,
causes fertilisation and the development of seed.
Individual flowers are mostly short-lived, but in
some cases plants have extended flowering
periods through the sequential formation of new
ones under favourable conditions. The light seed,
with its coma and wing-like margin, is adapted to
wind dispersal. Most species appear to be
relatively short-lived under natural conditions.
They are generally widely scattered, and
populations sometimes vary considerably in
density over time, even disappearing from a
locality where they were previously plentiful.
Uses Parts of Stapelia gigantea have been
reported to be used by the Zulus as a remedy for
hysteria. These plants are, however, mainly
sought by collectors of succulent plants.
Growing Stapelia Stapelias are subjects of
interest rather than beauty and are frequently

grown by collectors of succulents. Some

largeflowered species make a good show when
grown in masses in the garden. In general they
are drought-resistant succulents suited for
rockeries, and the small-flowered species are
suitable as container plants. They are excellent
subjects for a water-wise garden. The sterile
stems are very attractive when planted in full
sunlight. When in full flower, pollinators are
attracted by the odour. For the eco-friendly
gardener this is a way of attracting food for birds
and reptiles such as lizards to the garden.
Carrion flowers grow very easily in all parts of
South Africa. They like a sunny position and will
also grow in light, semishade in hot climates. The
soil should have good drainage and a pH of 6.5-
7.5. Most species do best in a welldrained sandy
medium consisting of equal parts of washed
river sand, potting soil and topsoil. Provided that
they are not over-watered and are given a warm
position, stapelias will flower successfully. Plants
from the wetter regions should be watered more
often than those originating from the drier
regions. Rather water plants sparingly than
excessively. The plants require a period without
water in summer or winter (a dormant phase),
depending on whether they come from the
summer or winter rainfall area. They can survive
long periods without water, but be sure to water
them before they shrink too much and will not be
able to recover. In nature they are mostly
sheltered from the sun by the shade of thickets
and shrubs or their roots escape high

temperatures by growing below rocks and slabs,

only exposing the stems. Stapelias are easily
propagated by stem cuttings or seed. Seeds take
about a year to ripen, but germinate rapidly after
sowing. Fresh seeds usually germinate better.
Sow seed in spring in a well-drained, light, sandy
soil mixed with compost and cover with a thin
layer of soil. Keep the temperature at 25-35 °C, in
a shaded and fairly moist position. Keep plants
well ventilated and in good light to prevent
damping off. Treat the seedling medium with a
fungicide, but keep in mind that some chemicals
may stunt their growth. Once the seedlings have
germinated and are about 50 mm high, they can
be pricked out and planted (be careful not to
damage the roots when pricking out). Generally
the plants grow fast and most will flower within
two to three years when grown from seed.
Cuttings should be taken during the active
growing stage to ensure good rooting, before the
plants enter their dormant phase. Cuttings can
flower in their first year, depending on the size of
the cutting. Stapelias grow easily from cuttings
as long as they are given adequate time to dry
out before planting (at least two weeks). Leave
the cuttings in the shade to dry out. Use a
fungicide drench before planting. Place them in a
wellventilated area with about 40% shade. Water
daily during very hot weather. Plants that do not
grow well from cuttings can also be propagated
by grafting. Woolly aphids on the roots and
underground stems and mealy bugs on the
stems and bases are the most common

problems. A strong jet of water or a 50/50 mix of

methylated spirits and water can be used to
eradicate these pests. Woolly aphids Kalanchoe
humilis DESCRIPTION: Easy care large succulent
with large oval flat grey-green leaves marked
with maroon-red. The leaves are arranged in an
upright rosette. Happy mature plants will grow a
flower spike with smaller leaves along it and tiny
flowers. USES: Ornamental plant ideal in well lit
areas Striking landscaping plant for waterwise
gardens in frost-free areas. PLANTING: Plant in
free draining or even rocky soil in pots or out in
the garden, taking care to keep the crown above
the soil. Suited to full sun where it will develop
more colour. Protect plants from single-digit
temperatures. CARE: Like most succulents,
require little water. Fortnightly watering during
the warmer months will keep plants looking lush;
reduce water in winter so the soil almost dries
out. Fertilise during spring with an organic liquid
feed mixed at half rate. If potted plants become
crowded as pups develop, remove young plants
and share with neighbours or repot. HEIGHT &
WIDTH: 90cm H x 60cm W. YOUR PLANTS:
Supplied as plugs', slightly smaller than our usual
tubestock but with a healthy root system ready
for planting or potting on. Please help me with
my research. I am very grateful conclusion point
on my additional pre review COVID-19 treatment
with unique plants and endemic plants in South
Africa How will a unique COVID-19 be treated
with unique plants? A unique plant is a beautiful
red and green flower like a succulent potted clay

in the Florida Botanical Garden in Largo Stock

Photo: 334113382 Alamy
"https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-and-
green-flower-likeplant Potted succulents in
terracotta-in-florida-botanical garden in Largo
image334113382.html How will the pandemic
COVID-19 be treated by a plant endemic in South
Africa from stapelia obducta?
http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia Corona virus and its
causes The new coronavirus, now called SARS-
CoV-2, causes COVID-19. Initial reports on the
new coronavirus appeared from Wuhan, China,
on December 31, 2019, with patients suffering
from pneumonia of unknown origin. As of March
2, more than 90,000 cases have been confirmed
worldwide, including 45,705 cases that have
ended in a recovering hospital and more than
3,000 deaths. Scientists are not sure where the
virus originated, although they know that
coronaviruses (which also include SARS and
MERS) can be transmitted between animals and
humans. According to the World Health
Organization, corona viruses (CoV) are a large
group of viruses that cause diseases ranging
from colds to more serious diseases such as
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV)
and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-
CoV). There are at least six other types of
coronavirus that can infect humans. Some cause
colds, while others cause SARS and Middle East
respiratory syndrome. It is believed that the
SARS-Cove-2 strain originated in bats. Therefore,
coronaviruses are animal origin, which means

that they are transmitted between animals and

people. Bats, they say, are the cause of this virus.
But in Wuhan, where the evil virus started, bats
have not been found, so what could be the cause
of the Corona virus? In fact, many scientists have
presented in a different way. Some scientists say
that it is true that the epidemic is transmitted
between humans and animals, but I agree with
that, but from my point of view I am asking about
the cause of the Corona virus to answer these
questions. I think that corona or COVID-19
originated from A white-tailed bald eagle collides
with fish during the summer, and a mixture of
different eagles was a combination of their own
virus in the nature virus and pollution from climate
change will return from the smoke industry to
contribute to the formation in addition to a mixture
of different types of naturally owned eagle virus
which It is not a symptom and diagnosis of eagle
eagles But this virus helps eagle tripping and
heart, but we hope that this will be the virus to
humans and other animals, making it spreads and
B so, while the return to the main point After
joining all of the above, the circumstances made
clear his main reasons for causing the epidemic,
but the first infected animal is if we say its eagle
while referring to how a person was exposed to
detect epidemic diseases? In fact, as I tried to
explain above after an covid -19 infected eagle
collided with a fish collision during the summer,
COVID- 19 had been circulating in the ocean since
it collided with fish during the summer. You know
that oceans were exposed to COVID-19 while an

eagle collided with a fish while a person came to

search for Fish for general consumption so COVID-
19 infectious fish are spread to humans according
to my assumptions to summarize belowPlease
help me with my research. I am very grateful for
your support and encouragement. Smoke industry
Climate change Atmospheric pollution and
poisoning of all airs, especially the white-tailed
bald eagle The eagle in summer makes catching
with fish An epidemic virus Spreads in Oceans
after the eagle collides with the fish ----- Fisher
Man of the Consumer for humans Medicinal plants
that heal * corana remove COVID-19 from both
the patient and the animal Medicinal uses of
unique plants are a beautiful red and green
flower like succulent pots in Florida Botanical
Garden in Largo Stock Photo: 334113382 Alamy
"https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-and-
green-flower as a succulent potted plant. In the
terracotta-in-Florida-botanical garden in Largo
image334113382.html 1, Improving breathtaking
tightness for a COVID-19 patient by inhaling the
powder of this plant 2, Clean COVID-19 lung
disease 3, Remove carbon emissions from the
lungs and lead to the drainage of solid liquids
from the lungs that completely remove and
enable oxygen to visualize in the lungs and fixed
4, to reconstruct a broken lateral bone from
human action without surgery is possible only
during inhalation of the powder from this red and
grammatical green flower such as leaves of
plants and succulent herbs, and this time it will
pump the lungs to drain fluid through this

inhalation and re-install the broken side bone

displaced to the right place 5, While we see about
animals infected with COVID-19, we simply have
to make a water solution for this red and canine
green flower like the leaves of the potted plants
in the water make this aqueous solution an
animal in addition this plant aqueous solutions is
preventing anti gamma corona viruses rays ,
broad spectrum and rainbow from this bald
eagle virus so if you treating like this no more
frustration again about spreading virus and also
bald eagle never able to see them again after you
have treats infected animal with COVID-19 by
unique plants aqua solutions animal Drinks
without any doubt animals will cure COVID-19
and this is true for all animalsPlease help me
with my research. I am very grateful for your
support and encouragement. 2, a plant endemic
to South Africa Stapelia obducta cactuspedia
Zahra just opened (before she takes on her more
usual shape With the petal
http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia A plant endemic to
South Africa “staplea obducta” for treatment of
COVID-19, HIV and all other virus-related
diseases In short 1,this plant cures every virus
related deasese or COVID-19 and HIV and all
Virus Related 2, cure blood born deasese and
AiDS or HIV 3, cure lung cancer and cure TB
patient 4, cleaning up the atmosphere and make
to stable and serves to planet to exist This plants
cures for every deasese but the the details parts
of the this plant with picture i have attached you
in pdf form Explanation of this plant I will leave it

to reporters to allow it to further investigate but I

hope it has been explained in the pre-DOC I sent
you before prepared by Ahmed Tofik Ali From
Ethiopia, Oromia, east harerghe Baroda town See
you again Thank you !!! References (Jul. 2018).
Plant disease. Britannica. Retrieved from
www.britannica.com/science/plant-disease(
Britannica .) (Jul. 2018). Bloodborne disease.
Britannica. Retrieved from
www.britannica.com/science/bloodborne-
disease( Britannica .) Wallace, Zachary S.;
Deshpande, Vikram; Mattoo, Hamid; Mahajan,
Vinay S.; Kulikova, Maria; Pillai, Shiv; Stone, John
H. (26 August 2015). "IgG4-Related Disease:
Clinical and Laboratory Features in One Hundred
Twenty-Five Patients". Arthritis & Rheumatology.
67 (9): 2466–2475. doi:10.1002/art.39205. PMC
4621270 . PMID 25988916. (Wallace, Zachary S.
et al., 26 August 2015) John H. Stone; Arezou
Khosroshahi; Vikram Deshpande; John K. C.
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Masaki; Kenji Notohara; Kazuichi Okazaki; Ji Kon
Ryu; Takako Saeki; Dushyant Sahani; Yasuharu
Sato; Thomas Smyrk; James R. Stone; Masayuki
Takahira; Hisanori Umehara; George Webster;
Motohisa Yamamoto; Eunhee Yi; Tadashi
Yoshino; Giuseppe Zamboni; Yoh Zen; Suresh

Chari (October 2012). "Recommendations for the

nomenclature of IgG4-related disease and its
individual organ system manifestations". Arthritis
& Rheumatism. 64 (10): 3061–3067.
doi:10.1002/art.34593. PMID 22736240. (Stone
et al., October 2012) Vikram Deshpande; Yoh
Zen; John KC Chan; Eunhee E Yi; Yasuharu Sato;
Tadashi Yoshino; Günter Klöppe; J Godfrey
Heathcote; Arezou Khosroshahi; Judith A Ferry;
Rob C Aalberse; Donald B Bloch; William R
Brugge; Adrian C Bateman; Mollie N Carruthers;
Suresh T Chari; Wah Cheuk; Lynn D Cornell;
Carlos Fernandez-Del Castillo; David G Forcione;
Daniel L Hamilos; Terumi Kamisawa; Satomi
Kasashima; Shigeyuki Kawa; Mitsuhiro Kawano;
Gregory Y Lauwers; Yasufumi Masaki; Yasuni
Nakanuma; Kenji Notohara; Kazuichi Okazaki; Ji
Kon Ryu; Takako Saeki; Dushyant V Sahani;
Thomas C Smyrk; James R Stone; Masayuki
Takahira; George J Webster; Motohisa
Yamamoto; Giuseppe Zamboni; Hisanori
Umehara; John H Stone (18 May 2012).
 "Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-
related disease". Modern Pathology. 25 (9):
1181– 1192. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.72.
PMID 22596100. (Deshpande et al., 18 May
2012) The Economist. (Jan. 2013). Disease or
cure? The Economist. Retrieved from
https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-
economics/21570722-howsecuritisation-may-
help-your-health-disease-or-cure(The Economist.,
Jan. 2013) (Jul. 2018). Plant disease. Britannica.
Retrieved from

www.britannica.com/science/plant-disease(
Britannica .) Prepared by Ahmed Tofik Ali from
Ethiopia Oromia East hararge borada town
Thankyou see you again

SOURCE
© 2020 the Reviewer (CC BY 4.0 ).

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REFERENCES
Leif, S., Susanna, L. 2011. Botanic gardens in
the age of climate change. Biodiversity and
Conservation.

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