NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022

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Strategies for enhancement in food production

Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding
and raising livestock e.g., buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle etc
70 per cent of the world livestock population is in India and China.
but contribution to the world farm produce is only 25 %
Management of Farms and Farm Animals
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)
• To improve chances of successful production of hybrids MOET
Is used
• Give FSH like hormones to cow → Produce 6 – 8 egg
→Artificial insemination →Egg fertilized → 8 – 32 cell embryos
→ Transfer to surrogate mother → The genetic mother is
available for another round of super ovulation

Dairy Farm Management Bee-keeping

• Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its products • Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of
for human consumption. honeybees for the production of honey.
• To Improve quantity (Yield) Of milk • Most common species that is reared  Apis indica.
 House well, provide adequate water, food, Veterinary doctor • Bees provide Honey, Bee wax, Pollinators
• To Improve quality of milk
Fisheries
 Stringent cleanliness, Proper storage and transport facility
• Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, processing or
selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animal
Poultry Farm Management
• Freshwater fishes : Catla, Rohu and common carp etc
• Includes chicken and ducks, turkey, geese etc.
• Marine fishes : Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets etc
• ‘Bird flu virus’ once affected egg and chicken
• Difference between Aquaculture and pisciculture
 Aquaculture involves the rearing and culture of all aquatic
Animal Breeding
organisms such as fish, prawns, oysters, etc., whereas
• Breed: A group of animals related by descent and similar in most
pisciculture refers to only the rearing and culture of fish
characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration,
• Significant growth of global aquaculture production is called as
etc., are said to belong to a breed.
Blue Revolution
• Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals
Plant breeding
Inbreeding Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in
• Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related order to create desired plant types that are better suited for
individuals within the same breed for 4- 6 generations. cultivation, give better yields and are disease resistant
• Effects of inbreeding The main steps of plant breeding
 increases homozygosity
1) Collection of variability:
 necessary to evolve pure lines in any animals
• Genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme.
 helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less
• You may select wild relative of crop
desirable genes
• The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse
 exposes harmful recessive genes: inbreeding depression,
alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm
 Inbreeding depression leads to reduction in fertility and
collection
productivity
2) Evaluation and selection of parents
➢ Selection of superior males and females is crucial to avoid
• Evaluate germplasm and identify parents with desired character
inbreeding depression
3) Cross hybridisation among the selected parents
➢ To eliminate inbreeding depression: selected animal is mated
• Very time-consuming and tedious process since the pollen
with unrelated superior animal of same breed. A single
grains from the desirable plant have placed on the stigma of
outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression
selected female parent
4) Selection and testing of superior recombinants
Outbreeding
• Plants that are superior to both of the parents are selected
Outcrossing Crossbreeding Interspecific Hybridization • Self-pollination is done to achieve a state of uniformity
Breeding of animals within the same Superior males of one male and female animals of
breed, but having no common breed are mated with two different related species
(homozygosity), so that characters will not segregate in progeny.
ancestors on either side of their superior females of are mated. 5) Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars
pedigree up to 4-6 generations another breed. • New cultivar is tested in farmers’ fields, for at least three
Best for animals that are below Hisardale (Sheep) A mule is the offspring of a growing seasons.
average in productivity in milk developed in Punjab male donkey (jack) and a
production, growth rate in beef by crossing Bikaneri female horse (mare)
cattle etc ewes & Marino rams
Green revolution
A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression
• Plant breeding techniques (in 1960s) →development of several
Controlled breeding experiments high yielding varieties of wheat and rice → increases in food
production in country → Green revolution
Artificial insemination • Norman Borlaug is often called "the father of the Green
The semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent and Revolution"
injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female • M. S. Swaminathan, is the main architect or the Father of the
Green Revolution in India

Biology BOMB
 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022
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Crops developed through Plant breeding Crop bred by hybridization and selection
Wheat
Development of Semi dwarf variety of Wheat
Developed by Nobel laureate Norman E. Borlaug
Developed at International Centre for Wheat and Maize
Improvement in Mexico
Other varieties of wheat in India Sonalika and Kalyan Sona
Rice
Development of Semi dwarf variety of rice developed from IR8
and Taichung Native-1 Biofortification
Developed at IR 8 (International Rice Research Institute • World facing challenge of hidden hunger
(IRRI), Philippines) • Hidden hunger is a form of undernutrition that occurs when
Taichung Native-1 (Taiwan). intake of vitamins and minerals are low to sustain good health
Other varieties of wheat in India Jaya and Ratna • Solution to hidden hunger is Biofortification
Sugarcane Definition breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and
minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats is called
Saccharum barberi Saccharum officinarum Biofortification
Poor sugar content but grow well in High sugar content variety of south India Developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
north India but not grown well in North India
Crossed these two varieties to get sugarcane that can grow in north India Examples of Fortified crops:
Millets
Hybrid maize, jowar and bajra have been developed in India.
Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
Diseases caused by fungi brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane and
late blight of potato Single cell protein (scp)
Diseases caused by bacteria black rot of crucifers One of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human
Diseases caused by Virus tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic, etc. nutrition is Single Cell Protein (SCP).

Plant breeding for disease resistance Single cell Protein Advantages

Blue-green algae like Spirulina grown easily on materials like waste
1) Diseases resistant varieties developed through Conventional water, also reduces water pollution.
method of breeding (hybridisation and selection) Methylophilus Methylotrophus Have High biomass → High Protein
Mushroom This is fungi that is used as food

Tissue culture

• Tissue culture is a in-vitro technique of regenerating whole plant

2) Diseases resistant varieties developed by mutational breeding
• Mutations are induced by gamma radiations
• In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery
mildew were induced by mutations.
3) Diseases resistant varieties developed by wild cross
• Bhindi (Parbhani Kranti) is resistant to yellow mosaic virus.
• Developed by crossing Abelmoschus esculentus (bhindi) with its
wild variety
Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests
Various plants show certain characteristics for insect resistance
from explant i.e., any part of plant in a test tube, under sterile
conditions in special nutrient media.
• Nutrient medium must provide carbon sources as sucrose and
inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and auxins, cytokinin etc
• Capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is
called totipotency.
• Tissue culture is for crop improvement, it is possible to produce
thousands of plants in short duration, this process is k/a
Micropropagation
• All the plants that are produced are genetically same called as
soma clones.
• Plants produced on commercial scale: Tomato Banana, Apple
• Virus free plant can be obtained by culture of meristematic
tissue
• Protoplasts are isolated cells which do not have cell walls
• Isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants –can be
fused to get hybrid protoplasts, these hybrids are called somatic
hybrids while the process is called somatic hybridisation

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Biology BOMB