ANATOMY AND

SECONDARY GROWTH
 ANATOMY OF ROOT
DICOT ROOT MONOCOT ROOT
EPIBLEMA Outermost layer. Root hairs in many cells Similar as dicot root
CORTEX Several layers of thin walled parenchyma cells with Similar as dicot root
intercellular spaces
ENDODERMI Innermost layer of cortex. Single layer of barrel-shaped cells Similar as dicot root
S without any intercellular spaces. Suberised casparian strips at
tangential and radial walls
PERICYCLE Lies next to endodermis ,few layers of thick-walled Similar to dicot root. Initiation of
parenchymatous cells. Initiation of lateral roots ,vascular lateral roots only. Cambium absent.
cambium and cork cambium during secondary growth Hence no secondary growth
PITH Small and inconspicuous Large and well developed
STELE Present Present
VASCULAR 2-4 Xylem and Phloem. RADIAL, EXARCH Cambium ring Polyarch (more than 6 vascular
BUNDLE formed at later stage. Parenchyma cells lying between xylem bundles).RADIAL, EXARCH,
and phloem known as conjunctive tissue Cambium absent. Conjunctive tissue
present
 ANATOMY OF ROOT
DIAGRAM

T.S. OF MONOCOT
T.S. OF DICOT ROOT
ROOT
 ANATOMY OF STEM
DICOT STEM MONOCOT STEM
EPIDERMIS Outermost protective layer. Covered with cuticle. Also bear trichomes and Same as dicot stem
a few stomata
CORTEX Divided into 3 sub zones:- hypodermis, general cortex and endodermis Only hypodermis

HYPODERMI Present just below epidermis. Consists of a few layer of collenchyma cells Sclerenchymatous hypodermis
S (provide mechanical strength to young stem)

Cortical Layer Below hypodermis, consist of rounded thin walled parenchymatous cells Absent
or general with conspicuous intercellular spaces
cortex
ENDODERMI Innermost layer of cortex. Cells rich in starch grains (known as starch Absent
S sheath), Single layered
PERICYCLE Inner to endodermis, Above phloem. Semi lunar patches of sclerenchyma Absent

PITH Rounded parenchyma cells with large intercellular spaces Absent

STELE Present Present
 ANATOMY OF STEM
DICOT STEM MONOCOT STEM
VASCULAR ENDARCH ENDARCH
BUNDLE Conjoint and open Conjoint and closed
Arranged in a ring Scattered
Bundle sheath absent Bundle sheath present
Phloem parenchyma present Phloem parenchyma absent
Medullary rays between vascular bundles No medullary rays
Water containing cavities absent Water containing cavities present
ANATOMY OF DICOT STEM
DIAGRAM

T.S. OF DICOT
ANATOMY OF MONOCOT STEM
DIAGRAM

T.S. OF MONOCOT
STEM
 ANATOMY OF LEAF
DICOT LEAF (DORSIVENTRAL LEAF) MONOCOT LEAF (ISOBILATERAL LEAF)
EPIDERMIS Present at both upper and lower surface Present at both the surface.
Upper surface- adaxial epidermis has little or no stomata Upper and lower surface show same number of
Lower surface- abaxial epidermis has more stomata stomata. Cuticle present
Conspicuous cuticle present Bulliform cells in adaxial epidermis in grasses
MESOPHYLL Tissue between upper and lower epidermis Mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and
Mesophyll having chloroplast made of parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
perform photosynthesis
Palisade parenchymaadaxially placed, elongated cells,
arranged vertically and parallel to each other
Spongy parenchyma abaxially placed, oval or round and
loosely arranged, situated below the palisade cells and
extends to the lower epidermis.
Numerous large spaces and air cavities between these cells.
VASCULAR Includes vascular bundles seen in the veins and the midrib. Parallel venation result in near equal size of
SYSTEM Size of the vascular bundles are dependent on the size of vascular bundles except in main veins
the veins. Veins vary in thickness in the reticulate venation.
Vascular bundles surrounded by a layer of thick walled
bundle sheath cells.
BULLIFORM CELLS
In grasses, some adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves.
 Large, empty, colorless cells.
Mechanism
i)When the bulliform cells in the leaves have absorbed water and are turgid, the leaf
surface is exposed.
Ii)When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to
minimize water loss
 DIAGRAM OF LEAF

T.S. OF DICOT LEAF T.S. OF MONOCOT LEAF