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Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Extremophilic Community from Soda

Lake, Ga'ar Lake, in Wadi Al-Natrun, Egypt

Article  in  THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (Botany) · January 2021

DOI: 10.5455/egyjebb.20210309063625

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DOI: 10.5455/egyjebb.20210309063625 AARU Impact Factor: 1.3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Na s h wa I . Ha g a g y
Na g l a a F. E l s h a f i
Samy A. Selim
He n d A . H a m e d o

Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Extremophilic Community from

Soda Lake, Ga’ar Lake, in Wadi Al -Natrun, Egypt

ABSTRACT:
Shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing is an
effective ecological sequencing approach that Na g l a a F. E l s h a f i 2
offers understanding of microbial community Samy A. Selim1,3
biodiversity and function. This study He n d A . H a m e d o 2
evaluated the phylogenetic diversity and 1
Botany and Microbiology Department,
metabolic potential of the haloalkaliphilic
Faculty of science, Suez Canal
microbial community of hypersaline and
University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
alkaline lake in Wadi Al-Natrun, Egypt, by
2
using High-throughput sequencing technique. Botany and Microbiology Department,
Metagenome comprised of 32,149,168 reads, Faculty of science, Al -Arish University,
and total read bases were 4.0G bp, with GC AL-Arish, Egypt.
content 61.589% and Q30 87.847%. The brine 3
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,
sample of Ga ’ ar lake have been proceeded College of Applied Medical Sciences,
with library construction and revealed an Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. 2014,
enormous value for archaeal structure and Saudi Arabia.
functionality. The community investigation
indicated the predominance of domain
Archaea (81%), represented by phylum
Euryarchaeota, family halobacteriaceae.
Domain Eubacteria (2%) comprised total
reads 208 OTUs of microbial community and ACCEPTED: Mar 28, 2021
included five phyla; Bacteraidetes (1.2%),
Proteobacteria (0.3%), Firmicutes (0.1%), ARTICLE CODE: 03.02.21
Chloroflexi (0.2%) and Actinobacteria (0.2%).
Only 17% of total community was unassigned.
In functional analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) INTRODUCTION:
terms derived from InterPro matches to brine Further research into extremophilic
sample revealed that 42% was biological microorganisms may reveal their ability to
processes, 52% genes for molecular functions withstand the harsh environments that we are
and 6% was cellular components. most likely to encounter on other pl anets.
Metagenomic sequence analysis indicated Although high-throughput sequencing
that this lake is promising for explori ng of technologies have been expanded in past
novel genes and extremophilic decades (Uritskiy and DiRuggiero , 2019),
microorganisms for various purposes. understanding the ecology and functional
diversity of extremophilic community is still
KEY WORDS: limited. Many scientists of physical
environments, based on comparative
Shotgun metagenomic; Biodiversity,
sequencing data, demonstrated that high
Functional analysis, Extremopiles, Soda Lake,
salinity, as well as extremes of pH,
Egypt.
temperature, primarily determined microbial
community (Xie et al., 2017). One of the
CORRESPONDENCE: naturally occurring extreme alkaline
Na s h wa I . Ha g a g y environments are Soda Lakes, t hey are
characterized by their highly pH values (pH 8
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty
to 11) and presence of high concentration of
of science, Suez Canal University,
sodium carbonate, and other salts, formed by
Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
evaporative concentration (Van den Burg,
E-mail: nashwa_ibrahim@science.suez.edu.eg 2003). They are colonized by a rich diversity
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22
of microbial natural life assembly them a
dynamic ecosystem. They are widely
distributed all over the world (Grant and
Sorokin, 2011).
Various alkaline, hypersaline lakes
throughout the world have been extensively
considered, the best studied lakes were in the
Kenyan-Tanzanyan Rift Valley in East Africa
(Grant and Sorokin, 2011). However, The
Egyptian soda lakes in the Natrun Valley
"Wadi Al-Natrun" are less explored alkaline
ecosystems, Wadi Al-Natrun is a constricted
depression located in the west of the Nile
Delta, nearly 110 km northwest of Cairo
between longitudes 30° 80' 20" and 30° 82'
90"E and latitudes 30° 81 ' 60" and 30°83'
20"N (Abd El Ghani et al., 2014). Beside the
valley expanses a sequence of eight large
alkaline, hypersaline lakes in addition to a
number of ephemeral pools.
Despite they have a number of novel
prokaryotic species, Archaea and Bacteria,
(Mesbah et al., 2007), a complete profile of
microbial community in these lakes has not
been determined. Only two molecular
phylogenetic diversity studies of the Wadi Al-
Natrun were performed, one study concerned
the prokaryotic phylogenetic diversity of three
lakes by using 16S rRNA clone libraries
(Mesbah et al., 2007), Grant et al. (2004) who
were studied the cellulytic enrichment cultures
and intensive on the iden tification of cellulose
genes (Grant et al., 2004). These previous
studies did not fully assess microbial diversity
nor did they identify which members of the
Fig. 1. Schematic map of soda lakes of Wadi Al-Natrun, showing the position of the study Lake.
Physico-chemical characterization of brine :
Physico-chemical parameters:
temperature, and salinity were measured by
pH and conductivity probes
pH/conductivity and temperature
Taiwan) in the field. Red or pink brine sample
was collected into 1000 ml bottles of sterile
Pyrex. The concentration of some ions, Ca 2 + ,
Mg 2 + , Na + , K + , Cl - , HCO 3 - , CO 3 - , SO 4 , P + 2 ,
and NO 3 - 2 in the environmental samples
under study was done in Soil Department,
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Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 17(1): 21 – 31 (2021)
community are functionally important.
Metagenomics DNA sequencing is a powerful
environmental sequencing approach that
provides insight into community biodiversity
and function. This creates a community
biodiversity profile that can be further
associated with functional composition
analysis of known and unknown organism
lineages as genera or taxa data (Marco,
2011).
Here, to our knowledge, we assess the
first metagenomics insight into phylogenetic
and metabolic diversity of the extremophilic
prokaryotic community inhabiting one of the
largest Lake, Ga'ar Lake located in Wadi Al -
Natrun, Egypt, by analyz ing brine sample
using 454 shotgun metagenome and to
compare with similar environments.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Sampling site and sample collection:
Lake Ga'ar, (N 30 o 27, 222`N, 30 o 10,
831`E), is never dry and contains permanently
a water typical compositi on surrounded by
Sabkhas (means "Natural salt pans or salt
flats), all over the year (Fig. 1). Field
measurements and sampling were conducted
in September 2014. Brine samples were
directly kept at 4 o C upon arrival at Suez
Canal University; the samples were subjected
to microbiological examination and chemical
characterization within 24 hr. The rest of the
environmental samples were frozen at -20 o C
for total metagenomic DNA extraction.
Faculty of agriculture, Suez Canal University
in according to standard procedures of
pH,
Clesceri et al. (1998).
(V.tech, DNA extraction, sequencing and
meter, bioinformatics analysis:
Metagenomic DNA was extracted
directly from 50 ml of brine, according to
Mesbah et al. (2007). Genomic material was
quantified by picogreen (Invitrogen, cat.
#P7589) method using Victor 3 fluorometry .
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Hagagy et al., Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Extremophilic Community from Soda Lake, Ga’ar Lake, in Wadi Al-Natrun, Egypt 23

The quality of the DNA was confirmed via Metagenomic mode. Further all genes
electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. predicted were searched for the functional
DNA sample of lake Ga , ar brine, was assignment using KEGG, COG and Pfam
delivered to MacroGen company databases. Different plots were generated
www.dna.macrogen.com for library using taxonomic abundance. Complete
construction and sequencing following taxonomic representation for brine sample
Illumina Hiseq2000 manual’s instructions. The using Krona
brine samples passed the QC results. The (https://github.com/marbl/Krona/wiki ) was
Illumina HiSeq2000 generates raw images generated.
utilizing HCS (HiSeq Control Software v 2.2) Data availability:
for system control and base calling through Metagenome sequence data are available on
integrated primary analysis software RTA EMBL Metagenomics under the accession no.
(Real Time Analysis. v1.18). The BCL (base PRJEEB18746
calls) binary is converted into FASTQ utilizing (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/ERR1770058).
Illumina package bcl2fastq (v1.8.4).
Bioinformatics analysis of the databa ses: RESULTS:
The data of structural and functional In Water sample (brine) of Ga'ar Lake,
analysis of Ga’ar Lake was annotated by EBI the total number of bases sequenced was
Metagenome Training online EBI 4,037,788,302 pb (4.0 G). Total number of
Metagenomics reads, in illumina paired-end sequencing, was
(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metagenomics ). As 39, 978,102 reads. Figure 2 shows the
well as, some metagenomics data w ere number of reads which pass the quality
analyzed by ArrayGen Technologies Pvt. Ltd., control steps in the pipeline. The GC content
India (www.arraygen.com). Metagenomics was 61.690%, and ratio of reads that have
reads were proceeded for quality check to passed quality score of over 30 (Q30) was
remove the bad quality base as well as any 83.912% (Fig. 3), the histograms show the
adapters present were removed using distributions of sequence lengths (Fig. 3A)
Cutadapt, and megahit and percentage GC content (Fig. 3B) for the
(https://github.com/voutcn/megahit) for the sequences having passed quality control. The
assembly. All the contigs less than 1200 were standard deviations are shown on each plot.
removed and only contigs with greater than The bar chart underneath each graph
1200 bp were further processed for gene indicates the minimum, mean and maximum
prediction and abundance for each sample length and mean GC and AT content,
against the assembled conti g sequence. respectively.
Gene/orf was predicted using PROKKA
(https://github.com/tseemann/prokka ).

Fig. 2. Number of sequences reads per QC step.

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24 Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 17(1): 21 – 31 (2021)

Fig. 3. Reads length histogram: (A) distributions of sequence lengths, (B) percentage GC content for the sequences.
Taxonomic analysis: Archaea (81.7%), comprised 10798 OTUs of
prokaryotic community, domain Eubacteria
The brine sample showed an enormous
(18%) comprised 2328 OTUs of microbial
consequence for archaeal composition and
community and less than 0.5% of OTUs were
functionality in Ga ’ ar lake, the community
assigned to viruses (Fig. 4).
analysis revealed predominance of domain

Fig. 4. Microbial community structure of Ga’ar Lake Metagenome.

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Hagagy et al., Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Extremophilic Community from Soda Lake, Ga’ar Lake, in Wadi Al-Natrun, Egypt 25

Microbial diversity at the phylum and
class levels, represented in contigs longer
than 1200 pb, are shown in figure 5A and 5B,
respectively; 81% of the OTUs assigned to
Euryarchaeota, Proteobacteria (7%), Chlorobi
and Actinobacteria (4%), while 1% of the
OTUs assigned to Spirochaeota, Firmicutes
and Cyanobacteria. Less than 1% of OTUs
assigned to phyla Crenarchaeota,
Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Tenericutes
and Thaumarchaeota. Most of the OTUs
(98%) assigned to Euryarchaeota were
affiliated with class Halobacteria, 153 OTUs
assigned to Euryarchaeota were affiliated with
class Methanomicrobia, 20 OTUs were
affiliated with class Methanopyri, 12 OTUs
were Thermoplasmata, only 5 and 3 OTUs
were affiliated to classes Archaeoglobi and
Methanobacteria, respectively.

Fig. 5. Microbial diversity at (A) the phylum level and (B) at the class level represented in contigs longer than 1200 pb.
From the OTUs assigned to Haloterrigena, Halomicrobium, Haloferex,
Halobacteria (families Natrialbaceae, Halobacterium, haloarcula, Halobiforma,
Halorubraceae and Haloferacaceae), the most Halogeometrcium, Halococcus,
dominant genera were Halorubrum (32%), Halostagnicola, Haloplanus, Haladaptatus,
Halorhabdus (18%), Natronococcus (2%) and Natrialba, Natronorubrum and Haloquadrtum.
Halonotius, Natronomonas each representing Moreover, 36% of the archaeal OTUs were
(1%). As well as other species represented unassigned genera included in
less than (1%) including Halobaculum, Halobacteriaceae (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Archaeal community structure of Ga’ar Lake Metagenome showing the most dominant genera.
As shown in figure 7, the most Bacteriodetes, 157 OTUs of total bacterial
prominent phylum of Eubacteria was community. 155 OTUs affiliated with family
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26
Rhodothermaceae, and the most dominant
species was Salinibacter (8%). 18% of the
bacterial OTUs assigned to Proteobacteria,
6% assigned to Firmicutes, while only 0.5% of
the bacterial OTUs were assigned to
Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. Within the
OTUs assigned to Proteobacteria, the
dominant fraction (81%) was affiliated with
Gammaproteobacteria (orders Chromatiales,
Fig. 7. Bacterial community structure of Ga’ar Lake Metagenome showing the dominant phyla.
Functional analysis:
A total of 15,750,883 sequences have
passed quality control with predicted CDS,
and out of them 2,692,838 (21.4%) contained
predicted proteins with known functions and
Fig. 8. The functional content of the sequences in the brine of Ga’ar Lake.
A summary of Gene Ontology (GO)
terms derived from Inte rPro matches to brine
sample is provided in the charts shown in
figure 9. The detection of genes encoded for
secondary metabolism and metabolism of
aromatic compounds indicates that the
studied lake was prosperous with
commercially valuable enzymes. A tota l of
1243352 annotations (42%) were assigned to
biological processes, 1539319 annotations
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Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 17(1): 21 – 31 (2021)
Oceanospirillales, Alteromonadales,
Xanthomonadales and Marinicellales) and
belonged to the most dominant genera
Halophila and Halomonas. From the OTUs
assigned to Proteobacteria, 8% was affiliated
with Alphaproteobacteria, 5% was affiliated
with Deltaproteobacteria, 3% was affiliated
with Espilonproteobacteria, and 3% was
affiliated with Betaproteobacteria.
inter promatch; (78.6%) contained predicted
proteins with unknown function, and 43.763
(0.00028%) were ribosomal RNA genes (Fig.
8).
(52%) were assigned to molecular functions,
and 1665583 annotations (6%) were assigned
to cellular components. As shown in figure 10
the proportion of SEED subsystems
(Overbeek et al., 2005) annotated in contigs
from the brine sample of the studied lake.
Most of genes related to central carbohydrate
metabolism, RNA processing and
modification, protein biosynthesis, folate and
pterines, isoprenoids, lysine, threonine,
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Hagagy et al., Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Extremophilic Community from Soda Lake, Ga’ar Lake, in Wadi Al-Natrun, Egypt 27

methionine and cysteine were overrepresented in brine sample.

Fig. 9. A summary of Gene Ontology (GO) terms derived from InterPro matches to the lake brine. A. for biological
processes, B. genes for Molecular functions, and C. for cellular components.
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28 Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 17(1): 21 – 31 (2021)

Fig. 10. Heatmap depicting the proportion of proteins related to SEED subsystems in the brine of Ga’ar Lake. Scale has
been applied by row.

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Hagagy et al., Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing of Extremophilic Community from Soda Lake, Ga’ar Lake, in Wadi Al-Natrun, Egypt 29

Chlorobi and Actinobacteria (4%), while 1% of

DISCUSSION:
This is the first pyrosequencing study
for Soda Lakes of Wadi Al -Natrun, Egypt, to
our knowledge. The metagenomics data
obtained here provide a complete profiling of
microbial diversity for one of the largest soda
lakes, Ga'ar Lake, for understanding
extremophilic community structure in such
unique environment. Also, this metagenomics
data provided significant clues
understanding the functional potential of soda
lake, Ga’ar Lake, with the probability of
obtaining novel genes, as well
extremophilic microorganisms, for
commercial and research purposes.
The results of physicochemical
characteristics of water and sediment samples
of the studied lake presented in Hamedo et al.
(2017), indicated that suitable conditions are
existed for the occurrence of halophilic and
haloalkaliphilic archaea in such alkaline,
hypersaline environment according to Selim et
al. (2012).
The high GC content (61.589%) may
correlate to the abundance of halophilic
strains within Euryarchaeota, (Ghai et al.,
2011; Hahnke et al., 2016). Here, the
community analysis revealed predominance of
domain Archaea (81.7%), comprised 1 0798
OTUs of prokaryotic community, domain
Eubacteria (18%) comprised 2328 OTUs of
microbial community and less than 0.5% of
OTUs were assigned to Viruses. These results
are in agreement with Simon et al. (2009) and
Xie et al. (2011) who reported that
metagenomic analysis using high throughput
sequencing or library construction was
prospective for demonstrating microbial
composition and functionality in extreme
environments. However, the results disagree
with Dudhagara et al. (2015) who reported
presence of 83.1% bacterial and only 10.5%
archaeal origin by metagenome of Lonar Soda
Lake, India, which confirm that the physico -
chemical characteristics of Soda Lakes of
Wadi Al-Natrun provided suitable conditions
for the archaeal growth than bacteria (Selim
et al., 2012).
The first culture-independent report on
the microbial diversity of three soda lakes of
the Wadi Al-Natrun (Hamra, Fazda and Um -
Risha) was considered using 16S rRNA clone
libraries by Mesbah et al. (2007). They
indicated that microbial diversity was low
compared to marine and aquatic
environments. The lakes were dominated by
three groups of Bacteria ( Firmicutes,
Bacteroidetes, a- and g-proteobacteria) and
two groups of Archaea (Halobacteriales and
Methanosarcinales). However, in
investigation, more diversity was assessed;
for archaeal OTUs, 81% of the OTUs assigned
to Euryarchaeota, Proteobacteria
the OTUs assigned to Spirochaeota,
Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria. Less than 1%
of OTUs assigned to phyla Crenarchaeota,
Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Tenericutes
and Thaumarchaeota. Most of the OTUs
(98%) assigned to Euryarchaeota were
affiliated with class Halobacteria (families
Natrialbaceae, Halorubraceae and
Haloferacaceae), 153 OTUs assigned to
in Euryarchaeota were affiliated with class
Methanomicrobia, 20 OTUs were affiliated
with class Methanopyri, 12 OTUs were
as Thermoplasmata, only 5 and 3 OTUs were
both affiliated to classes Archaeoglobi and
Methanobacteria respectively. Of notice, a
small proportion of sequenc es were related to
Crenarchaeota, which have been identified
previously in saline soils (Navarro -Noya et al.,
2015; Pandit et al., 2015), and also
Thaumarchaeota, a phylum of ammonia -
oxidizers which recently not harbor halophilic
microorganisms (de La Haba et al., 2011).
However, Thaumarchaeota have been found
to be the most dominant archaeal group in
aquatic and terrestrial saline habitats (Shi et
al., 2016) only few studies have reported its
presence in the saline soils (Navarro -Noya et
al., 2015; Xie et al., 2017).
Moreover, Similar to the archaeal
community, bacterial OTUs included phyla
containing well-known halophiles (Vera -
Gargallo and Ventosa, 2018). The most
prominent phylum was Bacteriodetes, 18% of
the bacterial OTUs assigned to Proteobacteria
(Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria,
Deltaproteobacteria, Espilonproteobacteria
and Betaproteobacteri), 6% assigned to
Firmicutes, while only 0.5% of the bacterial
OTUs were assigned to Actinobacteria and
Chloroflexi. Therefore, more metagenomic
studies are in need to explore the
extremophilic microbial communities
inhabiting this unique environment, soda
lakes.
The functional analysis was performed
in Ga’ar Lake, by using shotgun metagenomic
sequencing through Illumina Hiseq2000
instrument, indicated that 2,692,838 (21.4%)
contained predicted proteins with known
functions and inter pro match, and (78.6% %)
contained predicted proteins with unknown
function, and 43.763 (0.00028%) were
ribosomal RNA genes, the detection of genes
encoded for different f unction and activity as
14.4% genes belong to catalytic function, 5%
of genes belong to hydrolase activity, 11.1%
genes belong to ligase activity and 25.1%
genes belong to other activities, this is in
accordance with Keshri et al. (2013).
this The proportion of SEED subsystems
annotated in contigs from the brine sample of
the soda lake showed that most of genes
(7%), related to central carbohydrate metabolism,

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30
RNA processing and modification, protein
biosynthesis, folate and pterions, Isoprenoids,
lysine, threonine, methionine and cysteine
which were overrepresented in brine sample.
Although the SEED category correlating with
stress response genes may hypothesized to
be one of the most abundant in the
hypersaline environments, the results did not
show that trend. Not all genes involved in the
main mechanisms of osmoadaptation are
included in this SEED subsystem (for
instance, trehalose biosynthesis, ions
transport), which could partially explain this
case, this is in according to Vera -Gargallo
and Ventosa (2018). The re sults of this study
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‫تقنية تسلسل الحمض النووي عالية اإلنتاجية ”‪ “Shotgun Metagenome‬للمجتمعات‬

‫الميكروبية المتحملة للظروف القاسية من البحيرات القلوية‪ ،‬بحيرة الجعار‪ ،‬في وادي‬
‫النطرون‪ ،‬مصر‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫نشوى إبراهيم حجاجي‪ ،*١‬نجالء فتحي الشافعي‪ ،٢‬سامي عبد الحميد سليم‪ ،١،٣‬هند عبد الحميد حميدو‬
‫‪ ١‬قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة قناة السويس‪ ،‬اإلسماعيلية‪ ،٤١٥٢٢ ،‬مصر‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة العريش‪ ،‬العريش‪ ،‬مصر‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬قسم علوم المختبرات االكلينيكية‪ ،‬كلية العلوم الطبية التطبيقية‪ ،‬جامعة الجوف‪ ،‬سكاكا‪ ،٢٠١٤ ،‬المملكة العربية‬
‫السعودية‪.‬‬

‫أما البكتريا "‪ "Eubacteria‬المتواجدة تمثل (‪ )2%‬فقط من‬
‫المجتمع الميكروبي وتضم خمس مجموعات تتألف من‬
‫مجموع ‪ 208‬وحدات ”‪ “OTUs‬للمجتمع الميكروبي وتضم‬
‫خمس شعب؛)‪Proteobacteria ،Bacteraidetes (1.2%‬‬
‫)‪ Chloroflexi (0.2%) ،Firmicutes (0.1%) ،(0.3%‬و‬
‫)‪ .Actinobacteria (0.2%‬وتبين ان ‪ 17%‬فقط من المجتمع‬
‫الكلي لم يتم تعيينهم‪ .‬في التحليل الوظيفي‪ ،‬كشفت‬
‫مصطلحات علم الوجود الجيني )‪ (GO‬المستمدة من تطابق‬
‫‪InterPro‬مع العينة أن ‪ 42%‬كانت عمليات بيولوجية‪ ،‬و‬
‫‪ 52%‬جينات للوظائف الجزيئية و ‪ 6%‬كانت مكونات خلوية‪.‬‬
‫يشير تحليل تسلسل الميتاجينوم إلى أن هذه البحيرة‬
‫واعدة الستكشاف الجينات الجديدة والكائنات الحية الدقيقة‬
‫شديدة الحساسية ألغراض مختلفة‪.‬‬
‫"‪ "Archaea‬من طائفة ‪ ،Euryarchaeota‬عائلة ‪.alobacteriaceae‬‬
‫تقنية تسلسل الحمض النووي عالية اإلنتاجية‬
‫وا لمعروفة ب الميتاجينومية هي نهج تسلسل بيئي فعال‬
‫ما للتنوع البيولوجي والوظيفي في المجتمع‬ ‫يوفر فه ً‬
‫الميكروبي‪ .‬قيمت هذه الدراسة التنوع الوراثي واإلمكانات‬
‫األيضية للمجتمع الميكروبي "‪ "Haloalkaliphilic‬لبحيرة‬
‫شديدة الملوحة والقلوية في وادي النطرون في مصر‪،‬‬
‫باستخدام تقنية التسلسل عالي اإلنتاجية ( ‪(Illumina‬‬
‫‪ .Hiseq200‬يتكون ‪ Metagenome‬من ‪ 32،149،168‬قراءة‪،‬‬
‫وبلغ إجمالي قواعد القراءة ‪ ،4.0G pb‬مع محتوى ‪61.589٪‬‬
‫‪GC‬و‪ .87.847% Q30‬تمت متابعة عينة المياه عالية‬
‫الملوحة )‪ (Brine‬لبحيرة الجعار ‪ Ga'ar‬في بناء المكتبة‬
‫الجينية وكشفت عن قيمة هائلة للتنوع التكويني‬
‫والوظيفي لالركيا "‪ ،"Archaea‬وتبين أن (‪ )81%‬تمثل االركيا‬

‫‪ISSN: 1687-7497‬‬ ‫‪Online ISSN: 2090 - 0503‬‬ ‫‪https://www.ejmanager.com/my/ejeb‬‬

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