INDEX

Page no

ABSTRACT 1-1

1. INTRODUCTION 2-5

2. APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 6-18

2.1 NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING

2.2 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

2.3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY

2.4 CARBON DATING

2.5 MATHEMATICS POLICE WOMEN

CONCLUSION 19-19

REFERENCES 20-20
 ABSTRACT

Abstract world of mathematics concept, which is where the model is built.

We then manipulate the model using the techniques and computer aided numerical

computation. Finally we re-enter the real world, taking with us solutions to the

mathematical problems, which is translated into a useful solutions to the real

problems. The applications of first order ordinary differential equations in physics,

chemistry, engineering and statistics have been studied. Newton’s law of cooling

were used to find the solution of the temperature problems that requires the use of

the first order differential equation and these solutions are very useful in

mathematics and physics especially in analyzing problems. Exponential growth

and decay were used to find the solutions of the growth and decay time of the

bacteria. Radioactive decay was used to find the solutions of the half-life time

period of the nuclei. Carbon dating was used to find the solutions of the half-life of

the organic matter such as wood or bone. And finally mathematics police women

application was useful to find the time of the murder, it is a very useful application

in mathematics. These are all studied in applications of first order ordinary

differential equation.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

A first order differential equation is an equation that contain only first

derivative, and it has many applications in mathematics, physics, chemistry,
engineering and many other subjects.

In some of the applications that are in mathematics, a first order differential

equation plays a virtual role.

According to some historians of mathematics the study of differential

equation began in 1675. The research for general methods of integrating
differential equation began when Issac- Newton classified first order differential
equations into three classes.

The first two classes contain only ordinary derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to single variable and are known as ordinary
differential equations.

The Newton would express the right side of the equation in powers of the
dependent an infinite series. The coefficients of the infinite number of particular
solutions, it wasn't until the middle of 18th century that the full significance of this
fact, i.e., that the general solution of the first order differential equation depends
upon an arbitrary constant was realized.

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Definition:

The ordinary differential equation is a differential equation, which involving

ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to a single
independent variable, which has only first order derivatives, is called a first order
ordinary differential equation.

For an example, is a first order ordinary differential equation.

Here “y” is a dependent variable, “x” is an independent variable and is the

derivative term which order is one, so it is a first order ordinary differential

equation.

The standard form of first order ordinary differential equation is

or M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0.

The first order ordinary differential equations are used in many applications
in mathematics, Physics, chemistry, engineering and many other subjects, in which
some are the following concepts.

1. Newton’s law of cooling

2. Exponential growth and decay
3. Radioactive decay
4. Carbon dating
5. Mixture of two salt solutions
6. Series circuits
7. Survivability with AIDS
8. Draining a tank
9. Economics and Finance
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 10.Mathematics police women
11. Drug distribution in human body
12.A pursuit problem
13. Harvesting of Renewable Natural Resource
14. Determining the motion of a projectile, rocket
15. Determining the charge or current in a electricity
16.Determination of curves that have a certain geometrical properties
17. Conduction of heat in a rod or in a slab
18. Determining the vibrations of a wire or membrane.

Some of the above applications of first order differential equations are defined
as:

Newton’s law of cooling: Newton’s law of cooling states that “the rate of heat
loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in temperatures between the
body and surroundings”.

where ‘k’ is a constant.

Exponential growth and decay: The rate of change of some quantity ‘x’ is
proportional to the amount of that quantity.

Radioactive decay: Radioactive decay is the process of the losing nuclei.

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Half-Life: The Half-life of a radioactive element is the time required for half of the
radioactive nuclei decay present in a sample.( i.e., for the quantity to be reduced by
one – half)

Carbon dating: Radiocarbon dating is a process used by anthropologists and

archaeologists to estimate the age of organic matter (such as wood or bone). The
vast majority of carbon on earth is non-radioactive through the intake of
radioactive carbon dioxide . When the plant or animal dies, it ceases its
intake of carbon-14 and the amount present at the time of death begins to decreases
(since the decays and is not replenished). Since the half-life of is known
to be 5730 years, by the concentration of in a sample, its age can be
determined.

Mathematics police women: The time of death of a murdered person can be

determined with the help of modeling through differential equation. A police
personnel discovers the body of a dead person presumably murdered and problem
is to estimate the time of death. The body is located in a room that is kept at a
constant 70. For some time after the death, the body will radiate heat in to the
cooler room, causing the body’s temperature to decrease assuming that the victim’s
temperature was normal 98.6F at the time of the death. Forensic expert will try to
estimate this time from body’s current temperature and calculating how long it
would have to lose heat to reach this point.

According to Newton’s law of cooling, the body will radiate heat energy into
the room at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature between the body
and the room.

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 2. APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER ORDINARY
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

In this section, we discuss the following applications of first order ordinary

differential equations in detailed.

1. Newton's law of cooling

2. Exponential growth and decay
3. Radioactive decay
4. Carbon dating
5. Mathematics police women

2.1 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING:

When a hot object is placed in a cool room, the object dissipates heat to the
surroundings and its temperature decreases. Newton’s law of cooling states that the
“the rate at which the objects temperature decreases is proportional to the
difference between the temperature of the object and the surrounding temperature.
At the beginning of the cooling process, the difference between these temperatures
is greatest, so this is when the rate of temperature decreases is greatest. However,
as the object cools, the temperature difference gets smaller and the cooling rate
decreases; thus the object cools more and more slowly as time passes. To
formulate this process mathematically, let T (t) denote the temperature of the
object at a time t and let denote the temperature of the surroundings. Newton’s
law of cooling then says since <T (that is, since the room is cooler than the
object), T decreases, so the rate of changes of its temperature, , is
necessarily negative.

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 Let

Example: A cup of coffee (temperature = 190 ) is placed in a room whose

temperature is 70 . After, five minutes, the temperature of the coffee has dropped
to 160 . How many more minutes must elapse before the temperature of the
coffee is130 ?

Solution: Assuming the coffee obeys the Newton’s law of cooling.

It’s temperature T as a function of time is given by =70

Since T (0) =190, the value of constant integration (c) can be evaluated

T (0) = 190

190 = 70+C

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 C=120

Furthermore, since information about the cooling rate is provided (T=160 at

a time t=5 minutes), the cooling constant k can be determined.

T (5) = 160

160 =70+C

160 = 70+120

= 3/4

5k = ln ¾

k = 1/5 ln ¾

Therefore, the temperature of the coffee t minutes after it’s placed in the
room is

T (t) =70+120

Now setting T = 130 and solving for t.

130 = 70+120

ln ½

(1/5 ln ¾)t = ln ½

t=

t = 12 minutes.

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This is the total amount of time after the coffee is initially placed in the room for
its temperature to drop to 130 . Therefore, after waiting five minutes for the
coffee to cool from 190 to 160 , it is necessary to then wait additional seven
minutes for it to cool down to 130 .

2.2 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY:

In many natural phenomena, quantities grow or decay at a rate proportional to

their size. If is the number of individuals in a population of animals or

bacteria at time t, then it seems reasonable to expect that the rate of growth is

proportional to the population x (t).

Using the initial condition x (0) = , i.e

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where ‘k’ is a constant and the above equation is sometimes called the law of
natural growth( if k > 0) or the law of natural decay ( if k < 0). Thus, the law of
Exponential growth and Decay can be written as , where C is the
initial value and can be founded from the initial condition x ( = .

K is the constant of proportionality, which is can be founded from an

additional condition which might be given in the problem.

Example: A certain culture of bacteria grows at rate proportional to its size. If

the size doubles in 4 days, find the time required for the culture to increase to 10
times to its original size?

Solution: Let x (t) be the size of the culture after t days.

We will use the initial condition x (0) =

To find the arbitrary constant c and we will find the additional constant k by
using the additional condition

We have

From the initial condition x(0)= , i.e., t=0, x= we will have arbitrary
constant c thus,

Hence, we have x
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 Now by using the additional condition

i.e., t=4, we can find the additional constant k.

Thus the time is required for the culture to increase 10 times to its original
size can be found from

2.3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY:

Some nuclei are energetically unstable and can spontaneously transform into
more stable forms by various processes known collectively as radioactive decay.
The rate at which a particular radioactive sample will decay depends on the
identity of the sample. Tables have been compiled which list the half-lives of
various radio isotopes. The half-life is the amount of time required for one-half the
nuclei in a sample of the isotope to decay; Therefore, the shorter the half-life, the
more rapid the decay rate.

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 The rate at which a sample decays is proportional to the amount of the
sample present. Therefore, if X (t) denotes the amount of a radioactive substance
present at time t.

The positive constant k is called the rate constant for the particular radio isotope.

Using the initial condition x (0) = , i.e

This is the solution of the above first order differential equation.

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Half-Life: The Half-life of a radioactive element is the time required for half of the
radioactive nuclei decay present in a sample.( i.e for the quantity to be reduced by
one – half).

Since the half-life and rate constant are inversely proportional. The shorter the
half-life, the greater the rate constant and consequently the more rapid the decay.

Example: The number of atoms of plutonium-210 remaining after‘t’ days, with

an initial amount of radioactive atoms is given by . Find the
half -life of plutonium-210?

Solution: Given that

We have

K=

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 We know that

Half life

Half-life of plutonium-210 ( ) =

= 0.14000*

= 140 days

Therefore the half life of plutonium-210 is 140 days.

2.4 CARBON DATING:

Radiocarbon dating is a process used by anthropologists and archaeologists

to estimate the age of organic matter (such as wood or bone). The vast majority of
carbon on earth is non-radioactive through the intake of radioactive carbon
dioxide . When the plant or animal dies, it ceases its intake of carbon-14,
and the amount present at the time of death begins to decreases (since the
decays and is not replenished). Since the half-life of is known to be 5730
years, by the concentration of in a sample, its age can be determined.

Example: A fragment of bone is discovered to certain 20% of the usual

concentration. Estimate the age of the bone?

Solution: The relative amount of in the bone has decreased to 20% of its
original value (that is, the value when the animal was alive).

Thus, the problem is to calculate the value of t at which x(t)= (where

x= the amount of present).

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 We have

Since, the half-life of is known to be 5730 years.

We know that the exponential decay equation

2.5 MATHEMATICS POLICE WOMEN:

The time of death of a murdered person can be determined with the help of
modeling through differential equation. A police personnel discovers the body of a
dead person presumably murdered and problem is to estimate the time of death.
The body is located in a room that is kept at a constant 70 . For some time after
the death, the body will radiate heat in to the cooler room, causing the body’s
temperature to decrease assuming that the victim’s temperature was normal 98.6F
at the time of the death. Forensic expert will try to estimate this time from body’s

15
current temperature and calculating how long it would have to lose heat to reach
this point.

According to Newton’s law of cooling, the body will radiate heat energy into
the room at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature between the body
and the room.

If T(t) is the body temperature at time t, then for some constant of

proportionality k.

This is a separable differential equation and is written as

|T-70| =

Let A=

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Constants k and B can be determined provided the following information is
available: Time of arrival of police personnel, the temperature of the body just
after his arrival, temperature of the body after certain interval of time.

Example: Let the officer arrived at 10.40 p.m. and the body temperature was 94.4
degrees. Let the officer makes another measurement of temperature say after
90minutes, that is at 12.10 a.m. and temperature was 89 degrees. When was the
murder happened?

Solution: Given that T (0) = 94.4

94. 4 =

At t = 0, 94.4 =

B = 24.4

At t =90, T (90) = 89

89 = 70 + B

The officer has now temperature function T (t) =

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When the last time the body was 98.6 degrees, then

T (t) =

98.6 =

t = -57.07 minutes

The death occurred approximately 57.07 minutes before the measurement at 10.40
p.m. that is at 9.40 p.m. approximately.

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 CONCLUSION

Differential equation plays a major role in applications of science and

engineering. It arises in wide variety of engineering applications. These equations
can be typically solved using either analytical or numerical methods. Since many
of the differential equations arising in real life application cannot be solved
analytically or we can say that their analytical solution does not exist. For such
type of problems certain numerical methods exists in the literature. In this project,
our main focus is to present the problems on the temperature and half life time.

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 REFERENCES

1. Class lecture – Prof. Dr. Md. Golam Hossain , department of statistics

University Rajshahi.
2. Ross, S.L(1989). Differential Equations, 4th ed., Wiley, N.Y.
3. http://www.google.com.bd/search?q=ENGG2013+Unit+24&oq=ENGG201
3+24&aqs=chrome..69i57.2731j0j7&sorceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
4. http://www.google.com.bd/search?q=ENGG2013+Unit+24&oq=ENGG201
3+24&aqs=chrome..69i57.2731j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-
8#q=minggu-2-1-engineering-mathematics-differential-equations
5. https://www.analyzemath.com/calcus/Differential-
Equations/applications.html

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