Construction Estimate 1 — 1. EXCAVATION Excavation is the process of loosening and removing earth rock from its original position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to a waste deposit: To estimate the volume of excavation, compute the area to be excavated then multiply by the depth: There are several formulas for excavation volume. For cut and fill ‘excavation, we can use any of the following formula, Volume = % ( A'+ A?) x Depth (or Length) Volume = Length x Width x Height (or Depth) TABLE 1-1 ANGLE OF REPOSE ‘Type of Materials © APProximate Slope Angle of Repose Weight (AB) @) Absit) ‘Sand - Dry 1:2.80 ~ 1:1.40 20~35 90~110 Sand - Moist 1:14.75 ~ 1:1.00 30~ 45 100 ~ 110 ‘Sand - Wet 21.20 20~40 110 ~ 120 Ordinary Earth - Dry 11.00 20~ 45 80~ 100 Ordinary Earth - Moist 31.00 25~45 80 ~ 100 Ordinary Earth - Wet 25~30 100 ~ 120 Gravel 30~48 100 ~ 135, Gravel, Sand, Clay 20~30 100 ~ 115 SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY R.N. TOLARBA 1.1. FREE HAUL - OVERHAUL Free-haul distance is the specified distance wherein an excavated material will be hauled without additional cost. The free-haul distance is 600 meters unless otherwise Specified in the contract. The overhaul is an authorized hauling in excess of the free-haul distance, 1.2. EXCAVATION LABOR OUTPUT There is no deffnite excavation work output. However, there are several data that are Useful for estimating excavation labor output. The following items and tabulations can be Used in estimating labor output in excavation: 1.2.4 Trenching by Hand 6.00 MH/m? 1.22 Trenching by Machine 0.20 MH/m>Construction Estimate 2 TABLE 1-2 MANUAL LABOR OUTPUT FOR MISCELLANEOUS EXCAVATION WORK Labor Estimate — 1 Man Working Rate Excavating Loam or Sand 0.76 cubic meter / hr Excavating Clay or Heavy Soil 0.61 cubic meter / hr Excavating Rock 0.38 cubic meter / hr Backfiling 1.22 cubic meter / hr Spreading, Tamping and Grading 2.09 cubic meter / hr Placing Escombro Fill 2.00 cubic meter / hr Placing Binders 4.00 cubic meter / hr Clearing Under Growth and Small Brush 40 square meter / hr Clearing Under Growth and Brush 12 in. Diameter 20 square meter /hr TABLE 1-3. MANUAL EXCAVATION Soil Excavation MH / m? Dry 250 ence Wet 351 ; Dry 4.90 Hard Medium pe 420 Dry. 73.50 ae Wet 13.50 SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY RN. TOLARBA TABLE 1-4 EXCAVATION Manual Cubic Meter /MD Remarks Common Earth 4.25 4-man Loam or Sand 0.78 4-man cae Clay or Heavy Soil 0.61 4=man Rock 0.38 4—man Machine Cubic Meter / EH. Remarks Common Earth 15.0 4=man Rock with Jack Hammer 6.0 4—man ‘@—man labor Crane and Clamshell 70.0 2— operator SOURCE: PNCC SPECIFICATIONSConstruction Estimate 3 TABLE 18 CAPABILITIES OF EQUIPMENT Equipment Type of Work Rate Clearing 500 square meter hr ‘Stripping 200 square meter /hr Dozer Excavation 25 cubic meter / hr ‘Quanying '50_cubic meter /hr Pushing 3 square meter / hr ame Sub-Grading 300 square meter / hr Spreading ‘40 _cubic meter /hr Pay Loader Loading 30 cubic meter /hr (Grane Shovel Loading 35 cubic meter /hr ‘Sheep's Foot ‘Static Roling (12-passes-15 om lift) Roller Vibratory Rolling 185 cubic meter / hr (4 passes — 15 om lift) No. SwRoad Static Rolling 24 cabic meter hr Roller (6 passes — 20 cm iif) Tractor-Drawn | Vibratory Rolling 7240 cubic meter /hr Roller (1.Drum) | _(6 passes ~ 20 cm lift) Tandem Roller | Static Rolling 24 cubic meter /hr (6 passes — 20 cm lift) Ton Dump Truck | Hauling Common Borrow 3.5 cubic metertruck Hauling Selected Borrow 5.0 cubic meteritruck Buggy Hauling Mixed Concrete 0.17 cubic meter /trip W. Borrow Hauling Aggregates. 0.07 cubic meter trip” Water Truck Watering 1000 sq. m. /hr. 46-S Cone. mixer 9 cubic meter /hr Rock Crusher ‘Crushing mixed sand and gravel | 30 cubic meter /hr Concrete Floor | Finishing concrete floor 7140 square meter hr Finisher Percussion Driling hard rock 0.23 meter 7hr Driling loose rock 0.30 meter / hr Driling limestone 0.38 meter / hr Drilling sticky clay 0.49 meter / hr Driling loose clay 0.76 meter / hr ‘Scraper towed 12 | Hauling heap capacity 11 cubic meter /tip cy capacity : Scraper Hauling heap capacity 22 cubic meter trip tourmapull 45 ton Concrete Mixer = ‘S™eubic meter hr Concrete Vibrator | Vibrating Mixed Concrete 40 cubic meter / hr Primer Distributor_| Spraying Asphalt Primer 300 sqm. /hr SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY R.N. TOLARBAConstruction Estimate 4 " 2. BACKFILL & COMPACTION To estimate backfilling or gravel bed, any of the formula for the excavation can be used: Volume = % ( A'+ A?) x Depth (or Length) Volume = Length x Width x Height (or Depth) If the backfiling will be compacted, Add: 10% for compaction and 3 % for wastage ‘To compute for the labor output, we can use any of the following : 2.1. Manual compaction 7.00 m/hr 4 - man work 2.2. Plate Compaction 18.00 m?/hr 4.-man work 23 Gravel spreading 2.09 m?/hr 4- man work 2.4, Gravel spreading 3.87 m?/manday = 1- man work 25. Escombro Backfiling 4.78 m®/hr 4- man work 2.6. Placing Binder Gravel 9.46 m*/hr 41 - man work TABLE 24 MANUAL BACK FILLING Soil ms hr Remarks Common Earth 4.22 4=man Gravel fill 4.20 4—man SOURCE : PNCC SPECIFICATIONS ' No. of Manhours Labor | Optr_| Oiler | Total BACK FILL Hand Placed & Tamped by Hand m | 2.77 27 Loader & Tamped by Vibro-Roller m 040 | 0.02 | 0.42 GRAVEL FILL Hand Placed & Tamped by Vibro-Roller_ |_m°_| 1.42 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 1.77 SELECTED FILL Hand Placed & Tamped by Vibro-Roller |_m* | 3.30 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 3.65 Loader & Tamped by Vibro-Roller im? 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.42 Preparation by SOF m | 1.70 4.70 ‘SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY RN. TOLARBAConstruction Estimate 5 —————— The manual trenching and backfilling of underground piping using excavation materials is as follows: TABLE 2-3 MANUAL TRENCHING & BACKFILLING FOR UNDERGROUND PIPING: Rate Oepth (inear meterinr) From 0.00 ~ 2.00 Me enanumee OBO penne ——— From 2.00~3.00 m 0.60 yy... From 3,00~ 4,00 m 0.40 From 4.00~5.00 m 0.30 ‘SOURCE : PNCC SPECIFICATIONS Remarks Clearing undergrowth & ~ ora 20.00 4—man Clearing undergrowth & _ San 40.00 4—man SOURCE : PNCC SPECIFICATIONS. TABLE 44 Work tem mm? / hr Remarks ee Disposal of spoil 0.59 1-man Hauling of Sol. = S~«.O 1=man — SOURCE : PNCC SPECIFICATIONS.' Construction Estimate 6 5. CONCRETE 5.1. CEMENT Hydraulic Cement - _ is a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-like substance that is resistant to disintegration in water. Portland Cement - Portland cement is not a brand but a type of hydraulic cement. It is most widely used in various small and large construction including roads: and highways. The American Society for Testing and Materials has established specifications and there are five ASTM Types of Portland Cement, namely: ‘Type—1 - general-purpose cement used in general construction where special properties are specified. ‘Type-—il - used in general concrete construction exposed to moderate sulfate action or where moderate heat of hydration is required. Type-ll- is a high-early strength cement that attains its design strength in a period of a week or less. Type-IV- a low-heat cement is specified when heat rise during hydration is a - critical factor or a high sulfate resistance is required. Pozzolan Cement - _ is an amorphous silica that hardens as a silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the presence of water. 5.2. AGGREGATES ‘The materials held together by the paste formed cement and water are the aggregates. It is desirable to have a mixture of fine and coarse grains, for graded aggregate will produce a more compact, hence stronger, concrete. Fine Aggregates__- is generally the product of natural disintegration of silica- bearing or calciunbearing rock. it is smaller than % in. in diameter. Common specification requires that not less than 95 to 100% shall pass the No.4 sieve and not more than 30 nor less than 10% shall pass the No. 50 sieve. Coarse Aggregates - _ materials larger than % in. in diameter are coarse aggregates. ‘The sizes vary from % to 3 in., the maximum for reinforced concrete being 1 or 1% in. It will usually constitute approximately 50 to 60% of the total aggregate. The total fine and coarse aggregate together generally occupy 60 to 80% of the volume of the concrete. 5.3. MIXING CONCRETE For a job-mixed concrete, mixing shall be done in a batch mixer of approved type. The mixer shall be rotated at a speed recommended speed by the manufacturer and mixing shall be continued for at least +:5 minutes after all materials are in drum, unless a shorter time is shown to be satisfactory by the criteria of Specifications for Ready Mixed Concrete for central mixers. (Source : ACI Building Code )Construction Estimate 7 —_ ‘When mixing is done at the site or in a central mixing plant, the mixing time should not be less than 50 seconds nor more than 90 seconds. ‘The flow of water should be uniform that all water shall be inside the drum by the end of the first 15 seconds of the mixing period. Mixed concrete from the central mixing plant shall be transported in truck mixers. The time elapsed from the time water is added to the mix until the concrete is deposited in place at the site shall not exceed 45 minutes when the concrete is hauled in non- agitating trucks, nor 90 minutes when hauled in truck mixers except in hot weather conditions. Re-tempering concrete by adding water or by any other means shall not be permitted, except that when concrete is delivered by truck mixers, additional water may be added to the batch materials and additional mixing is performed to increase the slump to meet the requirements if permitted by the engineer, provided that all these operations are performed within 45 minutes after the initial mixing operation and water-cement ratio is not exceeded. 5.4. CONCRETE PLACEMENT Concrete should be deposited as near as possible to the expansion and contraction joints without disturbing them, but shall be dumped from discharge bucket or hopper into joint assembly unless the hopper is well centered on the joint assembly. Vibrators should not be allowed to come in contact with a joint assembly, grade or side form. In no case it be operated longer than 15 seconds in any one location. 5.5. DESIGNING CONCRETE MIX BY WEIGHT METHOD Using this method of material proportioning, the specific gravity (SG) of cement, sand, and gravel at obtained. The concrete mixture air content to be within the range of 2.5~4.5 %. i ‘The sand-aggregate ration (S/A) is also assumed as within the 45.0~48.0 % range. This assumed value would determine the workability of the mixture in wherein the workability is inversely proportional to the S/A ratio selected. In determining the water-cement ratio (WIC), the Japan society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) water-cement ratio formula was adopted, 4 fer = > st’ 4- [3v /100(3)'"7) Where: V = varying coefficient (%), 9% and below fer’ = = = 161/245 (CMV) {kat/cm?) fo" = design concrete strength (psi) CAV = _ inverse WIC ratio (%)Construction Estimate 8 —_————$—$__—_ — Sample Design ‘As an example, let us determine the concrete mix proportions for a concrete batch with a required strength of 3500 psi @ 28 days. Given : SGofH,O 1.00 SG of sand 2.62 (see materials section) SG of gravel 2.73 (see materials section) ‘SG of cement 3.15 (see product brochure) 4.17 (see product brochure) 8 2 3 & & ~~Airrcontent 2.5%~ (assumed) —— - SIA ratio 4.8% — (assumed) v 9.0% (assumed) From JSCE formula ; fer’ = = x_ 3500 psi 1 - [3(9) [100 (3)'7) = 4146 psi x (1 kg/2.205 Ibs) x (1 inch /2.54 em)? = 291kgflem? * Using for’ = - 161/245 (CM) 291 kgf/cm? = - 161/245 (CM) cw = 1.845 Therefore (WIC) = 0.542 ~ 54.2 %, however, a 3.0% reduction is applied to the computed (W/C) ratio to serve as tolerance in trial mixing additional water portions due to differences in moisture contents of various sand lots. ‘Thus, the design ratiois (WIC) = 51.2% To ascertain the amount of cement required, let us set the water content to 184 kg/m® (This value will be determined through trial and error via the slump test method until a required slump say, 15~17 cm, was achieved consistently.) Using the computed design ratio (WIC) = 0.512 CEMENT = 184/0.512 = 359.3~360 kg/m? To establish the percentage of total aggregates required to cast one (1) cu concrete, we have, ‘Cement / SG of Cement) 4 = 4 —_—_—_———\—— |} +H20 +Air 1000 a 360/3.15 = 1-4 —————} + 0.184 + 0.025 1000 Epcarecares = = 0.677Construction Estimate 9 To determine the sand and gravel portions for one (1) cu.m. of concrete, SAND = % agoreoates X % sano X SG sano = 0.677 x 0.48 x 262 = 851 kg/m? GRAVEL = % saoreoares X % arava. X SG craves = 0677 x 052x273 = 961 kg/m? To determine the amount of Polyheed-R1 to be used, the product brochure recommends 0.588~0.780 % of the design cement amount. The SG of Polyheed-R1 = 1.17. In this case we assume the amount to be 0.700 % of the cement factor, thus, POLYHEED-R1 = .007 x360 = 2.62 liters /m? Converting to kg/m, we apply the SG of the admixture, thus, POLYHEED-R1 = 2.82liters/m? x 4.17 = 2.95 kg/m® To determine the amount of Micro-Air 303A to be used, the product brochure recommends this Air Entraining admixture to be first diluted using a mix of, 40.cc:303A + 990 ccwater = 1000 cc diluted 303A ‘The dosage recommended is 0.003% of the design cement amount. MICRO-AIR 303A = 0.00003 x 360 = 108cc/m? Consolidating all the computed data into a table, we now have a design criteria for one (1) cum. of concrete with compressive strength = 3500 psi @ 28 days. TABLE 5-1 SAMPLE DESIGN CRITERIA Gravel Micro- Max |wic| sia | Ai Cement | sand | Gravel | Polheed: | air H20 Content. RI Size (%6) (%) 13) 303A, Sze | | © | eH Cagis) | kai") | chaven’) | tka!) | Agim) 20_|s12| 480] 25 | 164 | 360 | 851 | 61 2.95 108, 50 kg per bog =Construction Estimate 10 5.6. WATER-CEMENT RATIO Water-Cement Ratio is best determined by the trial batch method to establish the right amount of water necessary for the kind of mixture required for the desired strength and consistency of the concrete. When strength data from trial batches or field experience are not available, we can use the following data: ‘TABLE 52 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE WATER-CEMENT RATIO FOR CONCRETE ‘Specified Compressive Maximum Permissible Water-Cement Ratio oo ‘Strength — Non-Air Entiained Concrete _Air-Enirained Conereta psi kg/m? Absolute Liters per Absolute: Liters per fatioby wt.__bag cement _ratiobywt__bag cement 2500 175 0.65 276 0.54 23.10 3000 210 0.58 (25.0 0.46 19.7 3500 245 0.51 22.0 0.40 17.0 4000 280 0.44 19.0 0.35 15.10 4500315 030 163 0.30_ 129 5.2.1 Non-air Entrained Concrete with a Water-Cement Ratio by weight of 5 gallons of water per bag 5,300 psi = 5.0 gallons of water per bag 3,700 psi - 7.0 gallons of water per bag normal atmosphere - _ 6.0 gallons of water per bag severe atmosphere - 5.5 gallons of water per bag 5.7. CONCRETE PROPORTION To obtain the number of bag of cement, volume of sand and gravel, determine the required mixture or required concrete strength. The volume of concrete in cubic meter will be multiplied by the following given factor of mixture, TABLE 53 CONCRETE PROPORTION Cement Sand Gravel — Class... psi kglem?.__. “pags === (mM) ——— ‘AKA | 4500-5000 350 35 Ost 1.02 AA ‘4000 280, 10.0. 0.44 0.92 A 3000-3500 240 95 0.42 0.84 B 20002500 175 35 0.52 0.87 c 1600 75 0.64 0.91 ‘SOURCE: PNCC SPECIFICATIONSConstruction Estimate 11 ‘TABLE 54 CONCRETE PROPORTION Cement coee 40 kg hag_[_ S50 kofbag we) (ca) AA 12.0 9.5 0.50 1.00 A 9.0 7.0 0.50 4.00 B 7.5 6.0 0.50 4.00 Cc 6.0 5.0 0.50 4.00 ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO TABLE 55 CONCRETE PROPORTION Cement Sand Gravel on 40kg ag _[ 50 kghag ry wry AA 10.50 0.42 0.84 A 8.20 7.84 0.44 0.88 B 6.80 6.48 0.44 0.88 Cc 5.80. 5.48 0.44 0.88 D 5.32 5.00 0.45 0.90 SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY R.N, TOLARBA 5.8. TEST OF CONCRETE The various test conducted are: 1. Slump Test — is the test applied to maintain and determine the degree of consistency of the concrete mixture. a. Place the freshly mixed concrete inside the mold in 3 layers. Each layer is rodded separately 25 times by a 16 mm diameter rod. Level the mold and lift at once. - — 7 Measure the slump action immediately by getting the difference in height between the height of the mold and the top of the slumped concrete. Ifthe stump is 10 cm, itis said to be 10 cm slump. ‘The degree of consistency could be ascertain by referring to the following: pa os ‘TABLE 56 RECOMMENDED SLUMPS FOR VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURES. ke Maximum Minimum ‘Types of Construction ey ‘ineh) Reinforced Foundation Walls and Footings 3 1 Plain Footings, Caissons and Substructure Walls 3 Beams and Reinforced Walls 4 4 Building Columns. 4 1 Pavements and Slabs 3 41 Mass Concrete 2 1 ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BY HARRY PARKER & JAMES AMBROSEConstruction Estimate 12 ———_— 2. Compression Test — is the process applied to determine the strength of concrete. For a coarse aggregate not more than 5 cm diameter, prepare a cylindrical ‘specimen 15 cm and 30 cm long. (For a coarse aggregate more than 5 cm diameter, cylindrical specimen diameter is 3x the maximum size of the aggregate and height is double its diameter. Mold shall be made of metal placed on a plane surface preferably from 6~12mm thick plate. Place concrete inside mold in 3 separate equal layers rodded separately 25 strokes with 16mm diameter rod. Level the surface with trowel and cover with a glass or plane steel. After 4 hours, cover specimen with thin layer of cement paste and cover again with plane steel or glass. After 24 hours, curing shall be made in a moist atmosphere at 21"centigrade. Test should be done at 7 and 28 days period. ‘Specimen is placed under testing machine, then a compressive load is applied until the specimen fails. The load that causes the failure is recorded. ‘The recorded load divided by the cross sectional area of the cylinder gives the ultimate compressive unit stress of the sample. 5.9. WEIGHT OF CONCRETE ‘There are three types of concrete according to their weight : 1. Light-Weight Concrete — is classified into three types depending upon the kind of aggregates used which predetermine their weight. b. Low Density Concrete — employed for insulation purposes. Unit weight rarely exceeds 800 kg/m*, Moderate Strength Concrete ~ used commonly to fill over light gauge steel floor panels. Unit weight of 360-860 kg/m” with compressive “strength of 70-176 kgi Structural Concrete - widely used in buildings, roads, bridges, etc.. Unit weight of 1,400~1,820 kg/m? 2. Medium Stone Concrete — is used as structural concrete. Weight is from 2,325~2,435kg/m?. 3. Heavy Weight Concrete - is used as shield against gamma rays reactor and other similar structures. It is also used as counter weight for a lift bridge. Contents area cement, heavy iron ores, crushed rocks, steel! scraps, punchings or shot as fine aggregate. b. Heavy Rock Aggregates — weighs 3,200~4,810 kg/m?. Iron Punchings - added to high density ores. Unit weight of 4,325~5,000 kg/m?.Construction Estimate 13 ——————— EEE ‘TABLE 5-7 APPROXIMATE TIME LIMIT BEFORE REMOVAL OF FORMWORKS & SUPPORTS. Types of Construction Days ‘Arch Centers 14-21 days Centering under Beams 14 days Floor Slabs 3~10 days Walls 7 ~14 days Columns, Sides of Beams anc 3=10.days. a SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY R. N. TOLARBA 5.10, LABOR OUT PUT FOR CONCRETING TABLE 58 MANHOURS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE PLACEMENT Itern__. Laborer | Carpenter | Operator |...iler.|_. Total ae Continuous Wall Footings Job Mix 5.10 0.05 005 | 5.20 Chute 0.75 O05 0.80 Buggies 0.98 0.98 Spread Type Footings Job Mix 5.10 005 | 005 | 520 Chute 0.86 0.07 0.93 Bu 4.14 1.14 Footing Tie Beams Job Mix 510 0.05 005 | 5.20 Chute 0.90 O07 0.97 Buggies: 1.48 1.48, Foundation Basement Walls ‘Job Mix 510 0.05 0.05 | 5.20 Chute 0.80 007 O97 Buggies 4.48 4.48 Columns By hand & Pulley ast ast Port-a-Lift 6.35 0.08 008 | 6.51 Crane, Bucket, Buggies | 2.02 0.16 016 | 2.34 Retaining Wall to 3m High By hand & Pulley 1274 127i Porta-Lift 10.60. dos | 008 | 10.76 Tooled Joint Finish 3.67 1.22 4.89Construction Estimate 14 TABLE 59 LABOR OUTPUT FOR CONCRETE PLACEMENT STRUCTURE MH / cubic meter ‘Column Footing, Wall Footing, Grade Beam, aaa Grade Slab, Columns Floor Beam, Bond Beams 2.82 Floor Slab — Suspended 2.60 Roof Beams, Bond Beams 2.88 Stairs and Landings 2.60 Roof Slab 2.91 Water Curing 2.00 / day EQUIPMENT EH Vibrator 16 min/ cubic meter Crane & Concrete Bucket a 4.00 cubic meter /hr LABOR ESTIMATE FOR 2 - MEN WORKING cubic meter / day Plain Flooring 1.20 Reinforced Flooring 0.84 Column & Beam 0.50 Finishing of Floor, Rough 72 square meter / dayConstruction Estimate 15 6. MASONRY Masonry is the name for walls, pillars, arches, and other structures made by laying bricks, stone blocks, and other stone like materials such as concrete blocks in a cementing material. 6.1. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK LAYING Concrete Hollow Block is the most widely used masonry materials for all types of construction walls, partitions, dividers, fences, etc. It is a building module resembling large bricks that are molded from sand and cement. TABLE 6-4 QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND FOR MORTAR AND PLASTER PER CUBIC METER Cement Sand Class Mixture 40kg fag | SOkgfbag | Cubic Meter A 180 145 1.0 B 120 95 1.0 c 9.0 7.0 1.0 D 1:5 75 6.0 1.0 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. ‘TABLE 6-2. QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND MORTAR FOR BLOCK LAYING PER SQUARE METER Size of cHB | CHB Serent Sand (Cubic ‘om) aid | 40 kg /bag 50 kg/bag Meter) B c D B c D 10x20x40 | 12.5 | 0.525 | 0.394 | 0.328 | 0.416 | 0.306 | 0.263 0.0438 15x20x40| 12.5 | 1.013 | 0.759 | 0.633 | 0.802] 0.591| 0.506} 0.0844 20x20x40| 12.5 | 1.500 | 1.125 | 0.938 | 1.188] 0.875] 0.750] 0.1250 ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDOConstruction Estimate 16 TABLE 63 LENGTH OF STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENT FOR CHB LAYING PER SQUARE METER Ness! | (enor earner | Hotzontal | TSS Bor inietr (om) Per Block Per Square (Layer) Per Block | Per Square 40 0.235, 2.93 2 0.264 3.30 60. 0.171 2.413 3 0.172- 215 80 0.128 1.60 4 0.138 1.72 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. TABLE 64 NO. OF KILOGRAMS OF G.L WIRE NO. 16 FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT PER SQUARE METER Vertical ‘zontal Kilograms Per Square Meter Spacing (cm) | Spacing (Layer) | 25 om tie 30 om tle 40 om tie 40 2 0.054 0.065 0.086 ae 3 0.039 0.047 0.063, 4 0.024 0.029 0.039 60 2 0.036 0.044 0.057, 3 0.026 0.032 0.042, 4 0.020 0.024 0.032 80 2 0.027 0.033, 0.044 3 0.020 0.024 0.032 4 0.015 0.018 0.024 1 Roll = 45 kilograms = 2,385.00 meters or 53 meters per kilogram SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDOConstruction Estimate 17 6.2, MORTAR FOR PLASTERING 6.2.1 Plastering of CHB Wall = 2 men plasters 8.00 m/day TABLE 6.5 QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND FOR PLASTERING PER SQUARE METER 40 kg Cement Mdture Class 16mm Thick | _20mm Thick _|_25 mm Thick A 0.288 0.360 0.450 B 0.192 0.240 0.300 c 0.144 0.180 0.225 D 0.120 0.150 0.188 Sand (m*) 0.016 0.020 0.025 ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. TABLE 6-8 QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND MORTAR FOR PLASTERING MORTAR PER SQUARE METER Cement j Side 40 kg bag ‘50 kg/bag Sie BTecyvTol;set{TcTyo One Face | 0.300 | 0.225 | 0.188 | 0.238] 0.175|0.150] 0.025 Two Face | 0.600 | 0.450.| 0.375 | 0.476 | 0.350/0.300] 0.025 SOURCE: CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MADE EASY BY R.N. TOLARBA 6.3. DECORATIVE BLOCKS TABLE 6-7 QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND MORTAR FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF BRICKS PER 100 BLOCKS . 40 kg Cement ‘Sand per Size (om) ean Tete Mixture Class 100 TTATo A Bae rkee 6 42 19 38.5 0.346 0.230 0.0192, 10 14 19 33.3 0.612 0.408 0.0340 10 14 23 278 0.684 0.455 0.0380 10 14 24 16.0 0.882 0.588 0.0490 10 14 39 16.7 0.972 0.648 0.0540 10 19 39 42.5 1.062, 0.708 0.0590 {SOURCE: BMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FALARDOConstruction Estimate 18 TABLE 6-8 QUANTITY OF DECORATIVE BLOCKS, CEMENT AND SAND PER 100 BLOCKS 40 kg Cement Sand per Size (cm) Pepnelint Mixture Class 100 Ww T A B Blocks 5 10 200 0:180_| 0.120 0.010 5 15 133 0.270 | 0.180. 0.015 5 20. 100 0.380 | 0.240 0.020, 6 25 80 0.450 | 0.300 | 0.025 10 20 50 0.720 | 0.480 0.040 10 25. 40. ‘0.900 | 0.600 0.050 10 30 33 1,080 | 0.720 0.060. ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. g 6.4. ADOBE STONE ‘TABLE 6-9 QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND FOR ADOBE MORTAR PER SQUARE METER. Com. Size | N°. Seren —T sand (Cubic (cm) oa 40 kg foag 50 kg/bag Meter) spilclo}|etlclo 15x15x45| 12 _| 0.281 | 0.211|0.176| 0.222|0.164/0.141| 0.024 15x20x45| 10 __| 0.252| 0.189 | 0.158 | 0.200] 0.147|0.126| _ 0.021 15x30x30| 11 | 0228 | 0.171| 0.143|0.180/0.133[0.114| _o.019 15x30x40| 8 | 0208 | 0.158 | 0.130/ 0.165] 0.122| 0.104] 0.017 15x30x45| 6.5 | 0.190| 0.1431 0.119| 0.151 0.111] 0.095] 0.016 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAIARDO TABLE 6.10 QUANTITY OF ADOBE STONE, CEMENT AND SAND FOR BUTTRESSES AND FooTines: , 40 kg Cement Buttress and Footing Mees cll aoa Butiress | No.of | Numberper | c D (cum) Cross Section | Course _| square meter 30x45 2 12 o0a7_| 0021 | 0017 | 0.0023 45x45 3 18 0.029 | 0.022 | 0.018 | 0.0025 45x60 4 24 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.017_| 0.0023 45x75 5 30. 0.032 | 0.024 | 0,020_| 0.0026 45x95 8 36. 0.034 [0.025 | 0.021 | 0.0028 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDOConstruction Estimate 19 SS 6.5. LABOR OUTPUT FOR MASONRY WOi TABLE 611 LABOR OUTPUT FOR MISCELLANEOUS MASONRY WORK LABOR ESTIMATE — 2 MEN WORKING RATE 4" CHB Laying 1.50 square meter / hr 6" CHB Laying 1.25 square meter / hr 8° CHB Laying 4.00 square meter / hr Finishing of CHB Joints 420 pieces /day Finishing of Floor; Rough 100 pisses day 0 int*/day —— Plastering 8.00 square meter / day_Construction Estimate 20 7. FORMS Form is a temporary boarding, sheathing or pan used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete, 7.1 GREASING OF FORMS Crude oil is the most economical and satisfactory materials for this purpose. The crude il is mixed with No. 40 Motor Oil to a portion of 1:3 mixture or with varying viscosity according to the temperature. Thicker mixture is recommended on warm weather. 7.2FORMS FOR COLUMN ‘TABLE 7-1 QUANTITY OF PLYWOOD FORM AND ITS FRAME FOR COLUMNS PER SQUARE METER LATERAL AREA Size of Frame or Ribs Plywood Size | Number of Board Ft Per Sq. M. in Meter Pieces ae rx 0.80 x 1.80 0.84 13.50 21.00 4.20 x 2.40 0.46 13.50 21.00 ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. ‘TABLE-7-2-QUANTITY OF LUMBER AND FORM FOR CIRCULAR COLUMN LAYER UNIT TYPE Ci Board Foot BorG.1 Sheet se Form 40cm 15m 20cm 4x2 13.0 9.0 7.0 ras 26.0 18.0 14.0 2x3 39.0 27.0 21.0 3h" Plywood O77 0.77 O77 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDOConstruction Estimate 21 SS 7.3 FORMS FOR BEAM AND GIRDER TABLE 7-3 QUANTITY OF PLYWOOD FORM AND ITS FRAME FOR BEAM AND GIRDER PER SQUARE METER Number of Pieces Size of Frame or Ribs Size ir Board Ft Per Sq. M. ize in joard Ft. Per Sq. M. Meter ‘Width of Form (cm) ‘@-sides) 20,30,40,60 | Others | 1"x2" | 2*x2" | 2"x3" 120x240} 0.40 0.43 3.20 6.40 9.50 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. 7.4SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING Scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing platform for working men. It is a temporary framework for other purposes..Staging is a more ______ substantial framework progressively built-up as tail building rises up. The term staging is applied because it is built up in stages one storey at time. ‘TABLE 7-4 QUANTITY OF PLYWOOD FORM AND ITS FRAME FOR BEAM AND GIRDER Column Beam Flooring Laneal Board Ft Per Meter | Board Ft. Board Ft Per Meter Height Len Per Sq. M. 2" x2" 21.00 11.70 4.00 4.70 6.10 2x3 31.67 17.50 6.00 _ 9.10 _ 2xar 42.25 23.35 8.00 9.35 12.10 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAIARDO TABLE 7-5 NO. OF MANHOURS PER SECTION OF SCAFFOLDING 10r2 Section High More Than 2 Section High Erection | Dismantle | Total Erection | Dismantie Total 1-2 1.20 0.35 2.05 7 1.40 1,00 2.40 Section a 5 0.75 0.50 1.25 0.85 0.60 1.45 Section 6~up 0.65 0.35, 0.95, 0.75 0.40 1.15, SectionConstruction Estimate 22 7.5 LABOR OUTPUT TABLE 7-8 LABOR OUTPUT FOR FORMWORKS LABOR ESTIMATE - 2 MEN WORKING RATE FABRICATION. 7.86 square meter /hr INSTALLATION. ‘Wall on Ground 7,00 square meter hr ‘Wall Above Ground. 10.85 square meter / hr Beams (0.65 square meter /hr Columns: 0.85 square meter /hr Suspended Slab 0.00" to 16°,00 1.20 square meter /hr 18.00" fo 36.00" 0.80 square meter /hr 36.00" _up (0.60 square meter /hr Footing, Grade Beams, Columns. 2.50 MH / square meter Beams, Bond Beams, Floor Slabs 2.80 MH / square meter Roof Beams, Bond Beams 3.01 MH / square meter Roof Siab 3.34 MH / square meter Retaining Walls 2.40 MH / square meter Stairs and Landings: 2.48 MH / square meter Form Oil Application 6.00 MH / 10 sq. m. Girts '50~70_bdft / mandays. Plates ‘90~120 bait /mandays: Fascia Board 25-35 _baft /mandays: STRIPPING ‘Wail on Ground 7,00 square meter /hr ‘Wall Above Ground 1.55 square meter /hr Beams 7.95 square meter /hr Columns ‘35 square meter /hr ‘Suspended Slab 0.00" to 18°.00 3,60 square meter /hr 18,00" to 36.00" 2.40 square meter /hr 86.00" up 7.85 square meter /hr ‘TABLE 7-7 LABOR MANHOURS FOR FORMWORKS ITEMS Carpenter | _ Helper. Total Continuous Wall Type. 0.70 0.40, 4.10 Foundation or Pile Cap 1.50 0.65 2.15 Grade Beam of Footing Beam. 0.75 0.40 4.15, ‘Walls From Ground to 8 Ft. High 4.10) 0.72 2.92 ‘Walls From 8 Ft. to 16 Ft. High 4.21 0.78 4.99 Walls From 16 Ft. to 20 Ft High 4.35 0.90 2.25 Columns. 4.22 0.80. 2.02 Beams & Girders. 4.80 4.22 3.12 Elevated Siabs 4.15 1.16 2.31 Elevated Slabs (Adjusted Shores) 0.70 0.90 1.60Construction Estimate 23 TABLE 7-7 LABOR MANHOURS FOR FORMWORKS RE-USE FACTORS. ITEMS Carpenter |_Helper_|_ Total Repair - First Use 0.01 0.003 0.013, Repair ~ Second Use 0.02 0.004 0.624 Repair — Third Use 0.03 0.006 | 0.033 Repair ~ Subsequent Re-use 0.04 0.007 | 0.047 Olling After Each Use 0.05 0.005 | 0.055 TABLE 7-8 QUANTITIES FOR BUDGET ESTIMATE REBARS FORMWORKS Wied (kgs)__| Board Feet | Plywood RG. Column Footing 50-80, R.C. Wall Footing 40~80 R.C. Pedestal 110-240 R.C. Column 150~250 580 72 RC. Footing and Tie Beam. 7120-250 R. C. Grade Wall 5020. R.C. Suspended Siab and Beam 700=250 | 250-255 | 2.82 RC. Sab on Fill 4 Thick NOS @ 12 EW. 2 No.4 @ 12° EW. 74. Thick _No3@ 12 EW. 33. No.4 @ 12° EW. 59) @ Thick _No3@ 12°EW. 30. No.4 @ 127 EW. 50. & Thick No.3 @ 12° EW. 24 No.4 @ 12° EW. 37 RC, Suspended Slab 80-140 _| 250-255 | 2.82 R.C. Walls # Thick No.3 @ 17 EW. a 300 485 No.3 @ 10° EW. ED No.4 @ 12° EW. 22 RG. Retaining Wall 700-180 R. C. Pilaster 80-150 HARDWARES : CW.N. = 1" Tie Wire = 1 roll is equivalent to 45 kilograms or approximately 2,385 meters or 53 meters per kilogram. ‘Weight of Rebars (kgs) divided by 3000 No. of Rolls of G.1. Wire No. 16 70% of C.W.N. - 4” 60% of C.W.N. - 4” 60% of C.WN. - 4”Construction Estimate 24 8. REINFORCEMENTS Concrete design assumes that concrete and steel reinforcement act together in resisting load and likewise to be in simultaneous deformation, otherwise, the steel bars might slip from the concrete in the absence of sufficient bond due to excessive load, 8.1 WEIGHT OF REINFORCING BARS TABLE 81 STANDARD WEIGHT OF REINFORCING BARS Nominal | Unit. | ASTM Weight in Kilograms Diameter | Weight | Designation Tae | tel | ogee | ee 6 | 0222 | No.2 1665 | 2.000 | 2.331 | 2664 10 | os16 | Nos 4620 | 5.544 | 6.468 | 7.392 12 0.888. No. 4 6.660 7.992 9.324 10.656 16__|_1579 | No.5 {11.843 | 14.211 | 16.580 | 18.948 20 2.466 No.6 18.495 | 22.194 | 25.893 | 29.592 25 | 3054 | Nos 26.905 | 34.686 | 40.467 | 46.248 ze | 4033 | Noo 36.248 | 43.497 | 50.747 | 57.986 32 6.313 No. 10 47.348 | 56.817 | 66.286 | 75.756 ze_| 7991 | No.1 | 47.946 | 59.933 | 71.919 | 23.906 | 95.802 SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FAJARDO. = TABLE 82 STEEL GRADE AND STRENGTH PER MM* - —- ASTM Yield Point Minimum. Philippine Newton Force ‘Standard 2 psi kg/mm? mm’ psi kg/mm? Grade 60 | Grade 410 41.808 60,000 620 63.22 90,000 Intermediate} Grade 275 28.042 40,000 480 48.95 70,000 Grade 40 a Structural | Grade 230 24.453 33,50 | 390 39.77 ‘5,000 . Grade _ SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE BY MAX FRIARDOConstruction Estimate 25 ee 8.2 CONCRETE COVERING ee Reinforcing steel bars, pre-stressing tendons or ducts are usually provided with a specified minimum concrete cover. Bundle bars has a minimum concrete cover equal to the equivalent of the bundle but not exceeding 5 cm or the following tabulation: TABLE &3 MINIMUM CONCRETE COVERING IN CENTIMETERS ‘Structure Min, Cover CAST-IN-PLACE NON-PRESTRESSED 7,_Cast against and permanently in contact with earth a0 2._ Exposed to earth and weather No.6 ~ No.18 Steel Bars (@ 20mm~G5mm) I 50 No.5 and smaller (@ 1émm and smaller ) 40 3__Exposed to weather or in contact with the ground Slabs, walls, joists No.14 ~ No.18 Steel Bars (@ 44mm~65mm) 40 No.11 and smaller (@ 35mm and smaller) 2.0 Beams, girders, columns ‘Stirups or spirals. 40 Shells and folded plate members ‘No.6 and larger (@ 20mm and larger) | 20 No.5 and smaller (@ 16mm and smaller) | 1.5 ‘Wall panels I No.14 ~ No.18 Steel Bars (@ 44mm-65mm) ! 40 No.11 and smaller (@ 35mm and smaller ) 2.0 Other Members No.14 ~ No.18 Steel Bars (@ 44mm-65mm) 50 No.6 ~No.11 Steel Bars_(@ 20mm-35mm) 4.0 No.5 and smaller (@ 16mm and smaller ) 30 @_Not exposed to weather nor in contact with the ground Slabs, walls, joists No.14 ~No.18 Steel Bars (@ 44mm-65mm) I 32 No.11 and smaller (@ 35mm and smaller) I 1.0 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS 7_ Cast against and permanently in contact with earth f a0 2. Exposed to earth and weather Wall Panels, siabs and joists 25 ‘Other Members 40 3__Not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground Slabs, walls, joists 20 Beams, girders, columns | Principal Reinforcements | 40, ‘Stirups or spirals I 25 Shells and folded plate members 1 Reinforcements (16mm and smaller ) 10 (ther reinforcements 2.0Construction Estimate 26 8.3BAR SPACING | 4. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not be less than the ‘normal diameter of the bars or 26mm for column, this requirement was increased to 4.5 bar diameter or 40mm. 2. Where beam reinforcements are placed into 2 or more layers, the clear distance between layers must not be less than 25mm or 1-inch and the Bars in the upper layer should be placed directly above those in the bottom layers. 3, Inwalls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, principal reinforcements are spaced not farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thichness nor more than 450mm. ‘Clear distance between pre-tensioning steel at each end of the member shall not be less than 4 times the diameter of individual nor 3 times the dianteter of the strands. 5. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or less|than 25mm having a minimum diameter of 10mm. Spiral splices shall be 48 bar diameter but not less than 300mm or welded. Minimum spiral reinforcements shail be 10mm. 6. Lateral ties shall be at least No.3 bars (@ 10mm) spaced not to exceed 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter or 48 tie bar diamieter or the least dimension of té column. 7. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcements shall not be plat d farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness nor more than 450mm. 8.4 SPLICING, HOOK AND BEND | Lap shall not be used for bars larger than No.11 or 35mm steel bars. 2. Lap splices of bundled bars shall be based on the lap splice length required for individual bars of the same size as the bar spliced and such individual splicing within the bundle shall not overiap each other:- Welded splices or other positive connections maybe used. A full welded splice is one which the bars are butted and welded to develop tension or compression of at least 125 % of the specified yield strength of the bars. 4. If the splice of joints under maximum stress could not be avoided, it should be staggered. Continuous reinforcements minimum overlap length is 24d or 300mm whichever is greater. » 8.5 COLUMN ——~— 4. Short Column-—-When the unsupported-height is not greaterthan-10 times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section. | 2. Long Column — When the unsupported height is more than #10 times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section. The cross sectional area of the vertical reinforcement shall not be less than 0.01 nor more than 0.09 times the gross area of the column section. |Construction Estimate 27 TABLE 84 PROPERTIES OF STANDARD REINFORCING BARS Size Nominal Diameter Nominal Area Nominal Perimeter Weight. ny | coo | ny | conmy | cin or | co _| crm 3 0.375. 9.52 0.14 71 1.178 29.92 | 0.376 | 0.560 4 0.500. 12.70, 0.20 429 1.571 39.90 | 0.668 | 0.994 5 0.625. 15.88 0.31 200 1.963, 49.88 | 1.043 | 1.552 6 0.750 19.05, 0.44 284 2.356. 59.84 | 1.502 | 2.235 7 0.875 22.22 0.60 387 2.749 69.82 | 2.044 | 3.042 8 1,000. 25.40 0.79 510 3.142 79.81 | 2.670 | 3.973 o 1.128 28.65, 1.00 645, 3.544 90.02 | 3.400 | 5.060 10 1.270 32.26 1.27 819 3.990 101.35 | 4.303 | 6.404 11 1.410, 35.81 1.56 14006 4.430 112.52 | 5.313 | 7.907 14 1.693, 43.00 225 1452 5.320 135.13 |_7.650_| 11.380 18 2.257 57.33 4.00 2581 7.030 180.09 | 13.600 | 20.240 ‘SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BY HARRY PARKER & JAMES AMBROSE TABLE 85 NUMBER OF SPIRAL REINFORCING BARS PER METER HEIGHT Column] Pitch | No. of Tum Number of Stepl Bars From Diameter | (cm) | PerMeter rie Height 6.00m 8.00m 12.00m 50 21.0 2.604 7.706 7.269 30.00 625 17.0 2.108 1381 1.027 7:50 143 4.778 4.165 0.866 5.00 21.0 2.894 1.896 1.410 32.50 6.25 17.0 2.342 1.535 1.141 7.50 143 1.975 4.294 0.962 5.0 21.0 3.183 2.085 1.550 35.00 6.25 17.0 2577 1.688 1.255 7.50 143 2.172 41.423 1.058 5.00 21.0 3.472 2.275 1.692 37.50 6.25 170 2811 1.842 1.393 7.50 143 2.370 1.524 1.154 5.0 21.0 3.762 2.465 1.833 40.00 625 17.0 3.045 1.995 1.484 7:50 143 2.567 4.682 1.251 6.00 21.0 4.051 2.654 1.974 42.50 625 17.0 3.281 2.149 1.598 7.50 143 2.765 1.812 4.347 5.0 21.0 4.340 2.844 2.115 45.00 6.25 17.0 3.513 2.302 41.712 7.50 143 2.962 4.940 1.443 5.00 21.0 4.630 3.033 2.2568 47.50 6.25 17.0 3.748 2.455 1.826 7.50 143 3.159 2.070 4.539 50.00 5.0 21.0 4.919 3.223 2.387Construction Estimate 28 6.25 17.0 3.982 2.609 1.940 7.50 143 3.357. 2.199 1.635, 5.00 21.0 5.498 3. 2.678 55.00 625 17.0 3.752 248 1.828 7.50 143 3.752 2. 4.828 5.0 21.0 6.077 3.981 2.960 60.00 6.25 17.0 4919 33 2.396 7.50 143. 4.148 2747 2.020 5.00 21.0 7.234 47 3.524 70.00 6.25 170 5.856 3.837 2.853 7.50 14.3 4.936 3. 2.405, 5.0 21.0 8.391 3.498 ‘4.088 80.00 6.25 17.0 6.793 4451 3.310 7.50 143 5.726 3.752 2.790 5.00 21.0 9.549 6.256 4.652 90.00 625 179 7.730 5.064 3.766 7.50 143 6.366 4.471 3.101 5.0 21.0 10.708 7.014 5216 100.00 6.25 17.0 ‘8.667 5. 4.222 7.50 143 7.137 4676 3.477 ‘SAMPLE : AA spiral column with a cross sectional area of 50cm requires 10m If there are 14 columns at 7.00 meters high, find the number of 101 for Scm pitch spirals. COLUMN REINFORCEMENT SPIRAL TIES. J Pitch FIGURE 7-6 SPIRAL COLUMN Find the total length of the 14 columns. 7.00 mht. X 14 columns = 98 meters Refer to Table 7-6. For a 50 cm column diameter 5.0 cm pitch. Multiply , 98 x 3.223 = 315.8 say 316 pcs. Order: 316 pcs. 10mm x:9.00 m steel bars. spiral reinforcement. ‘steel bars neededConstruction Estimate 29 Solving for Tie Wire: - Find the number of vertical bars per column = 12 pes Refer to Table 7-6. along the 50 cm. Column diameter, § cm. Pitch, the number of tum per meter height is 21; | Multiply: 12x21 = 252 ties per meter height The total wire for 14 column bar intersections at 7.00 m height, 252x7.00x14 = 24,696 pieces Total length of the wire at 30 cm. long per tie wire. 24,696x0.30 = 7,409 meters Convert to kilograms, divide by 53 meters. | 7,409 divided by 53 = 139.8 say 140 kilograms Order : 140 kilograms of No.16 G.l. Wire. 8.6 BEAMS The width of beam will affect its resistance to bending. Most concrete beams tend to fall within the limited range in terms of the ratio of width to depth. The typical range is for a width/depth ratio between 1:1.5 and 1:2.5, with an average of the result of satisfying typical requirements for flexure: shear, bar spacing, and deflection. | TABLE 88 MINIMUM BEAM WIDTHS (INCHES) Number Eee eae eee Chime ose, 8 2 wm 4 2 0 t 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 3. 1 1 0 0 10 «10 0 1 1 ee 10 tO 0p i este toe (13) ata) 5 0 4 1 2 «2 «183 4 6 17 6 4 2 8 4 4 1 7 1% 2 Minimum width in inches for beams with 1.5-inch cover, No.3 U-stirups, clear spacing between bars of one bar diameter or minimum of 1.0-inch, Minimum practical width for beam with No.3 U- stirrups : 10 inches. SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BY HARRY PARKER & shes AMBROSEConstruction Estimate 30 TABLE 8.7 MAXIMUM NUMBER AND SIZE OF BARS IN A BEAM | 6 20 8 » | as 4 2-No.11 4—No. 5—No. 9 eal 4-No. 6 SNe 8 5=No. 6 5-No. 7 : 6—No. 4 7=No. 4 us us us us TABLE 88 MAXIMUM SPANS FOR BEAMS Maximum permissible span (i Overall beam depth H ‘Simply ‘One end Both ends (inch) ‘Supported continuous continuous Cantilever 10 13.30 15.40 17.50 | 6.70 2 16.00 18.50 21.00 8.00 14 18.70 21.60 24.50 9.30 16 21.30 24.70 28.00 10.7 18 24.00 27.70 31.50 12.0 20 26.70 30.80 35.00 13.3 24 32.00 37.00 42.00 16.0 30 40.00 46.20 52.50 20.0 36 48.00 55.50 63.00 _| 24.0 Based on requirements of Table 7-12. For normal weight concrete and reirforcing with f, = 60 ksi. For f,= 40 ksi, multiply table values by 1.25. SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BY HARRY PARKER & JAMES AMBROSEConstruction Estimate 31 ees 8.7 ONE WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB The One way reinforced concrete slab is adopted when the concrete beams or girders that supports the floor slab is almost or rectangular in shape. TABLE 89 QUANTITY OF STEEL BARS AND TIE WIRES IN A ONE-WAY REINFORCED eee CONCRETE SLAB == ar ™ = a Length of tie wire — Number of Steel Bars per Squaremeter——— Tor square meter - 1. 5.0m 6.0m 7.50 m 9.0m 12.0m || 25cm 30cm 10.0 4.493, 3.687 2.856 2.320 1.834 0.242 0.291 125 3.911 3.186 2.483 2.015 1.593 0.197, 0.236 15.0 3.524 2.866 2.234 1.812 1.433 0.163 0.195, 17.50 3.247 2.637 2.056 1.667 1.319 0.141 0.169 20.0 3.039 2.485, 1.192 1.558 1.233 0.126 0.152 22.5 2.878 2.332 1.819 1.473 1.166 0.111 0.133, 25.0 2.749 2.225 1.737 1.405 1.113, 0.107 0.121 275 2.643, 2.138 1.669 1.350 1.069 0.091 0.109 30.0 2.554 2.065 1.612 1.304 1.033_|| 0.086 0.103 8.8 TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB ‘The two way reinforced concrete slab is adopted when the concrete beams or girders that supports the floor slab is almost or square in position or shape. TABLE 840 QUANTITY OF STEEL BARS AND TIE WIRES IN A ONE-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB Bar Length of fie wire spadk Number of Steel Bars per Square meter er eta ener cm, 5.0m | 60m [750m [90m | 120m | 25cm | 30cm 10.0 | 4.953] 3.995 | 3.050 | 3.047 | 2.000 | 0.364 | 0.437 125 | 4409 | 3549 | 2703 | 2734 | 1.775 | 0279 | 0.335 15.0 | 4.047 | 3.252 | 2471 | 2524 | 1.626 | 0.238°| 0.286 17.50 | 3.788 | 3.039 | 2306 | 2377 | 1.520 | 0208 | 0.250 200 | 3804 | 2880 | 2182 | 2266 | 1.440 | 0185 | 0.222 225 | 3443 | 2756 | 2085 | 2179 | 1378 | 0.168 25.0 | 3.322 | 2656 | 2.008 | 2.109 | 1.328 | 0.156 275 | 3.223 | 2575 | 1.945 | 2.053 | 1.288 || 0.146 30.0 | 3.141 | 2507 | 1.892 | 2.005 | 1.254 || 0.138 t TABLE 811 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS RATIO eh ‘Simply supported 1120 ‘One end continuous 1124 Both ends continuous 1/28 Cantilever 1110 eeConstruction Estimate 32 ee TABLE 5.12 _ MINIMUM THICKNESS OF ONE-WAY SLABS OR BEAMS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS. ‘ARE COMPUTED | Min. thickness of slab or height of beam. Type of fy=40ksi fy =60 ksi Member End Conditions (276 Mpa) (414 Mpa) ‘Solid one-way slabs Simple support L725 L720 One end continuous L/30 Liza Both ends continuous L135 L728 Cantilever Las Lito Beams orjoists | Simple support L120 Lie ‘One end continuous L123 L185 Both ends continuous L126 24 Cantilever Lo Lie SOURCE: SIMPLIFIED) DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BY HARRY PARKER & JAMES AMBROSE | 8.9BAR CUTTING AND BEND POINTS 1. Every bar should be continued to at least a distance to the effective depth of the beam or 12 bar diameter whichever is larger. ‘At least 1/8 of the positive moment of steel (bottom bars) shall be continued uninterrupted along the same face of the beam to a distance of at least 15 centimeters into the support. At least 13 of the negative moment (top) reinforcing bars shall be extended beyond the extreme position not less than 1/16 of the clear beam whichever is greater. 2 I TABLE 8-13 MINIMUM DIAMETERS OF BEND FOR STANDARD HOOK | Bar Size Minimum Diameter No. 3 to 8 6 bar diameter No.9 to11 8 bar diameter No. 14 to 18 10 bar diameter Hook and bend jrefers to “Standard Hook” accomplished by a semi-circular plus an extension of at least 4 bar diameter but not less than 65mm at the free end of the bar or a 90° tum plus ar} extension of at least 12 bar diameter at the free end of the bar. The maximum diameter (other than stirrups and hooks) should not be less than 40mm for No.3 bars (210mm); 50mm for No.4(@12mm) bars, and 65mm for No.5 bars(@16mm)Construction Estimate 33 TABLE 8414 END HOOKS (mm) Bar | Finished Bend 180° | 90° Size_| Diameter | A or G i _llaoe 10 ST 127 76 | 150. 12 75 150 102. | 203, 16 33 178 127 |) 254 20 114 203 150 305 25 150 279 203 406 —— =a = 240 =—38t—| 298 | das oo 82 273 432 337, |___ 559 36 305. 483 375. | 610 Aare 12 Ads . = Ab Pp 180° END HOOK 90° END HOOK TABLE 8-15 STIRRUPS & TIE HOOKS (mm) Bar Finished Bend 135° 90° Size | Diameter | a or | HiAppron) | A or G 10 38 102 64 | 104 ~ ~ 12 - 51 114 76 [14 * 16 64 140 95 ] 150. 120 016,25 Aoje Gb tor 10,12 oo pe &) H 90° HOOKConstruction Estimate 34 124 ITs al (an R 135° FIGURE - STANDARD HOOKS: 8.10 STEEL BARS IDENTIFICATION Reinforcing steel bars are provided with distinctive markings identi by initials, bar size number including the type of steel such as : N-- F Billet crown a A - for Axis Rail sign for rail stee! | ‘Additional markings for identying steel grades are represented by | lines as shown in the figure below: FIGURE - MARKING SYSTEM 8.11 LABOR OUT PUT FOR STEEL BARS | Reinforcements of footings up to roofing averages at 9 manhours /100 kilogramsElectrical Estimate 1 . INSTALLATION MAN-HOUR UNITS OPERATORS OR JOB FACTORS i Operators adjust standard or unit time to specific conditions. | 1. Standby ‘Add Lump Sum Job manning for intermittent work which must be closely coordinated with the work of other trades. (Example ~ Mechanic assigned to job during foundation work to install ‘occasional cutlets, bolts for equipment supports, etc.) 2. Weather da Percentage 0-20 Percentage added to affected work for interruptions involving stantiby time as a result of weather conditions. Usually a small percentage, often ignored, in drdinary work, it can be very important on certain types of projects, notably line construction. 3. Size ‘Ada Percentage 0.30 Percentage added to affected work to adjust for the size of the project. Small projects involve frequent interruptions, as between floors. Large projects permit continuous work. ‘The size operator is usually applied only to the branch circuit roughing. Foundation area less than 1,000 sq. ft 30% Foundation area 1,000 - 5,000 sq. ft. 15% Foundation area 5,000 - 10,000 sq. ft. 7% Foundation area 10,000 - 20,900 sq. ft. 3% Foundation area over than 20,000 sq. ft. 0% 4. Coordination Add Percentage 0-10 Percentage added to affected work by other trades, usually branch circuit roughing, to adjust for degree of cooperation to be expected. | Poor cooperation 10% Normal cooperation 5% Excellent cooperation 0% Unknown 5% 5. Complexity Add Percentage 0-15 Percentage added to adjust for the study-time, layout time and supprvision required, The following are typical: Warehouse 0% ‘Small store | 2% Residence 5% Gas station 6% School 8% Church 10% Industrial plant 12% cee eres Laboratory" =o 15% | 6. Efficiency Percentage +? Percentage added or subtracted from the total labor hours to| adjust for probable productive efficiency of available manpower and management. This operator corrects the standard time to actual experience and current labor productivity.ow Electrical Estimate 2 1. RIGID CONDUIT , BRANCH CIRCUITS i 4.4 Rigid Conduit | Manhours Conduit in reinforced concrate slab winch [#00 | parC Straight runs with minimum bends inch [480 | perCft iin _|6.30 | perCit Deep boxes Ceiling [35 perc Wall 65. perc Shallow boxes with offsets Ceiling | 40 perc Wall 70 perc 1.B Rigid Conduit Manhours ‘Conduit in filin tle or pan type floor ‘inch | 410] pach construction %inch [470 | perch Two ells per run 1 inch _|6.40_| per Cit Outlets Ceiling | 40 per C Wall 70 per C 4.6 Rigid Conduit Manhours ‘Conduit in suspended calling ‘inch 1400 | perCt ‘Straight runs with minimum bends %incn |460 | perc 1 inch _|6.30 | perCft Outlets Ceiling [45 per C Walt 70 perc es 4.0 Rigid Conduit Manhours Conduit exposed on accessible surface, ‘inch [500] perch ‘on hangers, or on beam clamps %inch | 5.80 | perch tinh 17.50 | perf Outlet boxes Ceiling [45 perC Wall 45 per C Threaded fitings Ceiling [45 per C Wail 45 perc “Thread less fittings Celing [35 per C Wall 35 perC ' | NOTES: | a. No fastenings or hangers included in 1.0 units b. Units may be used for exposed work on wood without additional fastening time. For exposed work on concrete, brick, tile ar steel, add labor hours for installation of fastenings, hangers, clamps, etc. d. Add for high work. 10 — footceiling Net 11-15 foot ceiling +10% 16-20 foot ceiling +25% For higher work, add a lump sum for each area based on means available for “ reaching the job faceElectrical Estimate 3 2. ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING , BRANCH CIRCUITS 2A EMT. | Manhours In reinforced concrete slab ‘inch [280 | perch Straight runs with minimum bends Y%inch 3.00 | perf 4 inch [4.10 | perCft Deep boxes Ceiling [35 perc Wall 65 per C Shallow boxes with offsets Ceiling | 40 perc Wall 70 perc 2B EMT. | Manhours Tn fil'in te or pan type floor construction Yeinch 00] perCf Two ells per run %inch 20 | perc ft 4 inch | 4.30 per C ft Outlets Ceiling [40 per Wall 70 perC 20 EMT. Manhours In suspended calling %inch 3.00 | perCft Straight runs with minimum bends inch |320 | perCft 4 inch [4.30 | perC ft Outlets Ceiling perc Wall io__| perc. 2D EMT. | Manhours. Exposed on accessible surface, on ‘inch [480 | perc hangers, or on beam clamps %inch 5,00 | perCft 1 inch [540 | perCft Outlet boxes Ceiling [35 per Wall 35 per Fittings Ceiling [35 perc ‘Wall 35 perc NOTES : | a pap No fastenings or hangers included in 2.D units Units may be used for exposed work on wood without additional fastening time. For exposed work on concrete, brick, tile or steel, add labor hous for installation of fastenings, rangers, clamps, te. ‘Add for high work. 10 — footceiling Net 11-15 foot calling +10% 16-20 foot ceiling +25% For higher work, add a lump sum for each area based on mearjs available for reaching the job face tElectrical Estimate 4 3. RIGID CONDUIT ROUGHING FOR SIGNAL WIRING AND SPECIAL SYSTEMS 3.8 Rigid Conduit | Manhours Kinch 1350 | perC® Slab winch |410 | perch 1inch | 500 | perc Outlet 80 per C 3B Rigid Conduit Manhours ‘inch [360] perch Tile or pan Yinch ]420 | percr iinch [600 | perc Outlets 85 perC 3.6 Rigid Conduit | Manhours Finch pero Suspended ceiling inch perch 4 inch perC ft Outeis_—— “perc 3.D Rigid Conduit Manhours inch percr Exposed Shinch perCit Linch perCft Outlet perc Notes: a. See notes under 1.D b. Outlets are 52151 boxes. For larger or special outlet add 30.00 per C.