QUARTZ

Paris
SUPMECA – I

Materials Science and Engineering

2nd Section
Spring 20

Fundamental Concepts in Steels and

Heat Treatment of steels

e. bayraktar
SUPMECA/QUARTZ- Paris, France, Research Laboratory

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 Definitions: Components and Phases QUARTZ
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Component - chemically recognizable species (Fe and C in carbon steel,

H2O and NaCl in salted water). A binary alloy contains two components,
a ternary alloy – three, etc.

Phase – a portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical

characteristics.

Two distinct phases in a system have distinct physical or chemical

characteristics (e.g. water and ice) and are separated from each other
by definite phase boundaries.

A phase may contain one or more components.

A single-phase system is called homogeneous,

Systems with two or more phases are mixtures or heterogeneous

systems.

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Definitions: Solubility Limit QUARTZ
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Solvent - host or major component in solution,

Solute - minor component in solution.

Solubility Limit of a component in a phase is the

maximum amount of the component that can be dissolved in it

(e.g. alcohol has unlimited solubility in water, sugar has a

limited solubility, oil is insoluble).

The same concepts apply to solid phases: Cu and Ni are

mutually soluble in any amount (unlimited solid solubility),
while C has a limited solubility in Fe.

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 Iron-Cémentite (Metastable)
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 Iron-Graphite (Stable)
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 Phase Diagram (Metastable) QUARTZ
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Eutectic Reaction at a constant temperature;

max=1147°C
(Liquid   Iron + Fe3C
(Liquid  austenite + cementite)
Eutectique shaped stick

4.3%  2.06% + 6.67%

Liquid  A solid + B solid

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 QUARTZ
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Eutectoid Reaction at a constant temperature;

max=727°C
(Solid Iron)   Iron + Fe3C
(austenite  ferrite + cementite)
Lamellar Perlite

Asolid  Bsolid + Csolid

0.8% 0.025% + 6.67%

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 Why Heat Treatment ?
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The purpose of heat treatment is to cause desired

changes in the metallurgical structure and thus in the
properties of metal parts (always in solid state).

Heat treatment can affect the properties of most

metals and alloys, but ferrous alloys, principally steels,
undergo the most dramatic increases in properties.

In general, the most stable steel structures are

produced when a steel is heated to the high-
temperature austenitic state (to be defined later) and
slowly cooled under near-equilibrium conditions.
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 QUARTZ
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This type of treatment, often referred to as annealing or

normalizing, produces a structure that has a low level of
residual stresses locked within the part, and the
structures can be predicted Froman equilibrium diagram.

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However, the properties that interest heat treaters the
most are those exhibiting high strength and hardness,
usually accompanied by high levels of residual stresses!!.

These are metastable structures produced by non-

equilibrium cooling or quenching from the austenitic state.
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 QUARTZ
Heating and cooling curves for pure iron Paris

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 Martensite start Ms and finish Mf QUARTZ
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DSC curve temperature versus carbon content

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 QUARTZ
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Component of the iron-carbon system

Phase or Mixture of Phases Name

Solid solution of carbon in  (d) iron Ferrite

Solid solution of carbon in -iron Austenite
Iron Carbide (Fe3C) Cementite
Eutectic mixture of carbon solid solution of in -iron with iron carbide Ledeburite
Eutectoid mixture of carbon solid solution of in -iron with iron carbide Pearlite

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 Effect of carbon concentration on hardness for structures
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with different martensite content; Paris

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 QUARTZ
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Effect of carbon concentration on temperature for starting and
completing
the martensite formation Ms and Mf

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 QUARTZ
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Quenching
and
Quenching Technology

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 Coupling effects between cooling rate, phase transformation and
stresses, and their influence on the material properties QUARTZ
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 More Information !!!
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The cooling rate influences the phase transformation of the metallic

structure, whereas the latent heat due to structural changes
affects the cooling rate.

All of the phase transformations of austenite during quenching are

accompanied by volume expansion. In addition, steels contract with
decreasing temperature.

Locally and temporally different changes of structure and

temperature cause non-uniform volumetric changes in the quenched
part that can result in transformational and thermal stresses.

These stresses accelerate or hinder the phase transformation and

influence the volume expansion.
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 More Information !!!!!!!
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While the phase transformation brings out a defined metallic

structure, the volumetric dilatation and thermal and transformational
stresses result in deformation and residual stresses.

At room temperature, both characteristics influence the material

properties.

The coupling effects between temperature distribution during quenching,

metallic structure, and stresses require correct cooling rate during heat
treatment.

This includes sufficient reproducibility and predictability of quenching

performance as well as the ability to exactly control quenching intensity by
varying the type of quenchant and its physical state.

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 Quenching Process (Trempe) QUARTZ
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The main objective of the quenching process is to achieve the desired

microstructure, hardness, and strength while minimizing residual
stresses and distortion.

The most common quenchants in hardening practice are liquids

including water, water that contains salt, aqueous polymer solutions,
and hardening oils.

Inert gases, molten salt, molten metal, and fluidized beds are also
used.

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 CCT diagrams
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 CCT diagrams
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e.b
steel with about 1.5 wt% Cr and 0.7 wt%
Mo 45CrMoV67
CCT diagrams
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Influence of cooling rate on the transformation temperatures of austenite.
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a) Metastable iron–cementite equilibrium diagram;
b) Change of transformation temperatures of a 1040 steel with
increasing cooling rate;
c) CCT diagram of a 1040 steel

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Influence of alloying elements on hardness distribution over
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the cross-section of cylindrical samples. The samples were Paris

quenched in water at 30°C and an agitation rate of 0.3 m/s.

1040 steel and 5140 steel

Diameter 15mm Diameter 40mm

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 Effect of tensile stresses on the change of relative length QUARTZ
during very fast cooling compared to a slow cooling rate, Paris

shown schematically

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 TYPES OF STEELS BASED ON
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DEOXIDATION PRACTICE Paris

Steels, when cast into ingots, can be classified into four types
according to the deoxydation practice or, alternatively, by the
amount of gas evolved during solidification.

These four types are called

killed,
Semi-killed,
capped, and
rimmed steels

Now (New families !!!!!!!!)

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 QUARTZ
Killed Steels Paris

Killed steel is a type of steel from which there is practically no

evolution of gas during solidification

All alloy steels, most low-alloy steels, and many carbon steels are
usually killed. The continuous casting billets are also killed.

The essential quality criterion is soundness. Killed steel is

characterized by a homogeneous structure and even distribution of
chemical compositions and properties.

Killed steel is produced by the use of a deoxidizer such as Al and

a ferro-alloy of Mn or Si;

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 Semi-killed Steels
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Gas evolution is not completely suppressed by deoxidizing additions in
semi-killed steel, because it is partially deoxidized. Semi-killed
steels generally have a carbon content in the range of 0.15–0.30%.

Rimmed Steels

Rimmed steel is characterized by a great degree of gas evolution

during solidification in the mould and a remarkable difference in
chemical composition across the section and from the top to the
bottom of the ingot

Capped Steels
Capped steel is a type of steel with characteristics similar to those
of a rimmed steel but to a degree intermediate between that of
rimmed and semi-killed steels. Less deoxidizer is used to produce a
e .capped
b ingot than to produce a semi-killed ingot 28
 Eight typical conditions of commercial steel ingots, cast in QUARTZ
identical bottle-top moulds, in relation to the degree of Paris

suppression of gas evolution.

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 QUARTZ
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 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BASED ON
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION QUARTZ
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1- Carbon and Carbon–Manganese Steels

(Mn 1.65% , S 0.05% , P 0.04% , Si 0.60%, and Cu 0.60%)

2- Low-Alloy Steels (alloy content<5%)

3- High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA)

4- Tool Steels

5- Stainless Steels

6- High Alloy Steels (alloy content>5%)

7- Special steel (i.e. Maraging Steels)
Maraging steels contain 10–19% Ni, 0–18% Co, 3–14% Mo, 0.2–1.6%
Ti, 0.1–0.2% Al, and
Some intermetallic compounds are Ni3Ti, Ni3Mo, Fe2Mo, etc.
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Heat Treatment: in order to observe heat treatment hardening

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and prepare the hardenability curve for a steel bar

HARDENABILITY:

Strength of a given steel is proportional to its hardness;

(the higher the hardness, the stronger the steel)
carbon content of a steel = f (the maximum hardness attainable)
The most important factor influencing the maximum hardness is mass of the
metal being quenched.
In a small section, the heat is extracted quickly, thus exceeding the
critical cooling rate of the specific steel.

The critical cooling rate is that rate of cooling which must be exceeded to
prevent formation of non-martensite products.

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 QUARTZ
There is a direct and consistent relationship Paris

between hardness and cooling rate.

However the relationship is highly non-linear.
There is a standardized test for predictions of hardness.
This is the Jominy end-quenched test.

A round bar with a standard size is heated to form austenite and is

than end-quenched with a water stream of specified flow rate and
pressure.

Hardness values along the bar are determined on a Rockwell

hardness tester and a Hardenability curve is plotted.

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 HARDENABILITY TESTING: QUARTZ
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Studying the hardening response of the steel to cooling in a

standardized configuration in which a variety of cooling rates can
be easily and consistently reproduced from one test to another

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 QUARTZ
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Some major types of heat treatment processes

Annealing: only to reduce the hardness, improve machinability,

facilitate cold-working, and produce a desired microstructure
annealing,
Steel is heated above transformation temperature to form
austenite, and cooled very slowly, usually in the furnace.

Normalizing: steel is also heated above austenitising temperature,

but cooling is accomplished by still air cooling in a furnace.

Steel is normalized to refine grain size, make its structure more

uniform, or to improve machinability.

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 QUARTZ
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Some major types of heat treatment processes

Hardening: carried out by quenching a steel, that is cooling it

rapidly from a temperature above the transformation temperature.

Steel is quenched in water or brine for the most rapid cooling, in oil
for some alloy steels, and in air for certain higher alloy steels.

With this fast cooling rate, the transformation from austenite to

pearlite cannot occur and the new phase obtained by quenching is
called martensite (a supersaturated metastable phase and has body
centered tetragonal lattice (bct) instead of bcc .

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Tempering (REVENUE): consists of reheating a quenched steel to a
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suitable temperature below the transformation temperature for an

appropriate time and cooling back to room temperature.

Freshly quenched martensite is hard but not ductile.

Tempering is needed to impart ductility to martensite usually at a
small sacrifice in strength.

Stress Relieving: When a metal is heated, expansion occurs which is

more or less proportional to the temperature rise. Upon cooling a
metal, the reverse reaction takes place. A contraction is observed.
When a steel bar or plate is heated at one point more than at
another, as in welding or during forging, internal stresses are set
up. During heating, expansion of the heated area cannot take place
unhindered, and it tends to deform
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 for presenting end-quench hardenability data QUARTZ
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e.b
Production of steel Paris

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