Control and co-ordination

In living organisms various life process and body organs are in harmony and work together in a regular manner
through a system called control and co-ordination.
Stimulus- change in outer environment is called stimulus. Eg- heat, light etc.
Living organisms respond towards stimulus.
Receptors- are responsible for receiving the stimulus
Name of the receptor location function
Olfactory receptor nose For smell
Gustatory receptor tongue For taste
Optic receptor eyes For vision
Auditory receptor ears For hearing
Thigmo receptors skin For touch
Q Name the structural and functional unit of control and co- ordination?
Ans- Nerve cell or Neuron
Functions of various parts of neuron or nerve cell-
Dendrite- these are small extensions arising from cell body having various receptors which receive the stimulus.
Cell body or cyton
Axon- a long branch arising from cell body which carry impulses from cell body to nerve ending or axon endings.
Q What is synapse? What happens at the synapse between two nerve cell?
Ans- Synapse is the gap between two nerve cell. Here electrical impulses are changes into chemical form which are
again received by dendrite part of second nerve cell.
Q WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY REFLEX ACTION?
ANS- An action which is immediate, involuntary and which is not controlled by the brain directly is called reflex
action. Eg- removing hand when we touch hot object, closing eyes when sharp light enter into them, mouth get
watered when we see tasty food, knee jerk action.
REFLEX ARC- The path which is followed by the reflex action to complete is called reflex arc.
The components are-
Receptor- receive the stimulus
Sensory neuron or nerve- carry nerve impulse from receptor to a part of central nervous system mainly spinal cord.
Relay neuron- convert sensory signals into motor signals.
Motor neuron- carry motor neuron back to the effector organ.
Q What is the role of brain in reflex action?
Ans- the brain have indirect role in reflex action. After completion of the reflex action the thinking of the same
process occur in the brain.
CNS- Central nervous system ( brain + spinal cord)
PNS- Peripheral nervous system ( it consist of CNS+ CRANIAL NERVES( nerves from brain ) + spinal cord ( nerves
from spinal cord)
Q HOW DOES THE NERVOUS TISSUE GET PROTECTED( BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD)?
ANS- BRAIN- Brain is present in the bony cavity called skull or cranium or brain box which help in protection and
protect it from mechanical injury.
Brain also have fluid called cerebro spinal fluid which act as a shock observer and protect brain from external
pressure.
Meninges also help in protection.
SPINAL CORD- is protected by bumpy structure called vertebral column.
Q what are the functions of various parts of the brain?
Ans- Fore brain- it is the main thinking part of the brain control voluntary action like walking talking.
It have various lobes of vision, sound recognition, taste, feeling of hunger and thirst.
It contain largest part of the brain CEREBRUM which also responsible for memory, intelligence, recognition and
recalling.
MID BRAIN- control involuntary actions.
Hind brain- it also control involuntary actions. It contains PONS, MEDULLA and CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA- it control heart beat, pulse rate, salivation and vomiting.
Cerebellum- it maintain posture and balance of the body.
It is also responsible for precision. Like riding a bicycle etc.
Q WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION?
ANS- It is the point where nerve cell endings and voluntary muscles or striated or skeletal muscles meet .
Q How does the nervous tissue cause action?
Ans- Impulses reaches to the muscles at neuro muscular junction . muscles have special protein help in the
contraction and relaxation of muscles so that muscles change their shape. In this way muscles are able to move.
CO – ORDINATION IN PLANTS-
Plants neither have brain , nerves etc. but from day today examples we say that plants also respond towards
stimulus. Plants show two type of movement.
NASTIC MOVEMENTS TROPIC MOVEMENTS
These movements are independent of growth. These movements are dependent upon growth.
These are not directional. These are directional.
These are not related to growth. These are related to growth.
These are fast. These are slow.
Eg- touch me not plant ( Mimosa family) Eg- movement of sunflower towards sun.
drooped when we touch it.

Q Why touch me not plant get drooped when we touch it?

Ans- when we touch the chui mui we observed that the leaves of plants drooped when we touch it away from the
point of touch. This is due to change in water pressure in plants i.e. swelling or shrinking of the cells occur.
Q Define phototropism?
Ans- it is the movement of plant parts towards light.
Activity- take a potted plant. Put it in a dark room having a single source of light. After 2-3 days we observe that
stem portion is bending towards sunlight i.e. positively phototrophic while root portion is moving away from sunlight
i.e. negatively phototrophic.
Q define geotropism
Ans-It is the movement of plant parts towards earth or gravity.
Stem portion is negatively geotropic while root portion is positively phototropic.
Q define chemotropism?
Ans- movement of plant parts towards chemicals.
Eg- germination of pollen grains on the stigma of a flower.
Q define hydrotropism?
Ans- it is the movement of plant parts towards water
Activity- Put some seeds in the soil . Give water continuously . after few days seedlings are formed. The radicle (root)
portion move towards the soil having water while plumule (stem) portion move towards light without water. It
means roots are positively hydrotropic while stem is negatively hydrotropic.
Q what are plant hormones or phyto hormones?
Ans- the chemicals responsible for growth and development of the plant are called plant hormones.
Eg- 1. GROWTH PROMOTING HORMONE- Auxin, gibbrelins, cytokinin
2. GROWTH INHIBITING HORMONE- Abscisic acid ( ABA)
Q DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF VARIOUS HORMONES?
ANS- 1. AUXIN-
 Photosensitive hormone found in shoot apex responsible for upward growth and of the stem.
 Responsible for tendril formation on plants having weak stem called climbers round a support. The amount
of auxin released increased around a support.
 Responsible for bending of stem portion away from sunlight. Auxin move away from sunlight towards shady
areas. So auxin get accumulated towards shady areas leads to appearance of bending of stem.
.State how concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from
light ?
Answer. When light falls on the side of the shoot auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. This
concentration of the auxin stimulates the cell to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus
plant appears to bend towards light.

2. GIBBRELLINS- * Help to increase internodal distance and used to improve the shape of the fruits.
3. CYTOKININ- * Help in cell division.
4. ABSCISIC ACID- It is the plant stress hormone inhibit growth and responsible for wilting of leaves.
5. ETHYLENE- gaseous hormone responsible for ripening of fruits.
Q DIFFERENTITAE BETWEEN NERVOUS AND HORMONAL CO ORDINATION?
HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM-
ENDOCRINE GLANDS – These are ductless glands. They pour their secretions called hormones directly into blood
stream to various parts of the body.
HORMONES- Hormones are the chemicals which are released in traces by endocrine glands. They act as inter cellular
messangers.
EXOCRINE GLANDS- These are glands having ducts. They secrete digestive juices with the help of ducts to the target
organ. Eg- liver
NAME LOCATION HORMONE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY
PITUITAR BRAIN Growth hormone Growth and development of the body. Giantism- if secreted
Y GLAND Also called master endocrine gland in excess
because it control the activity of other Dwarfism- if
glands directly or in directly. secreted in less
quantity
Thyroid neck Thyroxin Control metabolism of carbohydrate, Goitre- if thyroxin
gland protein and fats. released in less
Require iodine for normal functioning. quantity due to
deficiency of iodine ,
there is swelling in
the neck region. So
doctors always
advised to take
iodised salt.
pancreas abdomen insulin Maintain or lower the blood glucose or Diabetes- i.e.
blood sugar level. increase in blood
sugar level.
Adrenal Above Adrenaline and Maintain emergency conditions of the
gland kidney Nor adrenaline body.
During fear, fight body require high
amount of energy, for this adrenaline gland
secrete adrenaline into blood. It increase
blood pressure, heart beat and rate of
respiration. Body stop utilising glucose and
al glucose molecule break down to provide
energy to cope up with the emergency
situation.
Testis scrotum Testosterone Sperm production
Secondary sexual character in male

ovary abdomen Estrogen and Maintain pregnancy, menstrual cycle, egg

progestron production

Feed back mechanism- to control the timings and amount of hormone released there is a mechanism called feed
back mechanism. Eg- when sugar level increased pancreas secrete insulin , when it become normal then it stop
secreting insulin.