SELF-ASSESSMENT

INSTRUCTION : Answer the following questions in your activity notebook.

1. What are the three main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

The Heart, Blood Vessel and the blood itself.

2. How many chambers make up the heart? Four

3. What are the chambers on top of the heart? The Left and Right Atria

4. What are the chambers on the bottom of the heart? The Left and Right Ventricle

5. What is the job of blood?

Blood has many different jobs in our body and it includes, transporting oxygen and nutrients to
the lungs and tissues. It is also responsible in forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss,
carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.

6. What 4 parts make up the blood? Explain the function of each.

Plasma - it transports blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste products,
antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help
maintain the body’s fluid balance.

Red Blood Cell (RBC) - responsible in carrying oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies
then they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.

White Blood Cell (WBC) - this is a part of the immune system and function in immune response
and they function as the body’s defense against infection wherein they fight viruses, bacteria and
foreign invaders that threatens the body’s health.

Platelets - responsible for blood clotting and stopping or preventing bleeding.

7. What vessel carries blood AWAY from the heart? Aorta

8. What vessel carries blood TO the heart? Vena Cava

9. What vessel connects arteries to veins? Capillaries

10. List 4 ways to keep your CV system healthy.

 Eat healthy foods such as foods that are good for the heart like fruits (strawberries) and leafy
green vegetables.

 Have a regular exercise daily

 Maintain a healthy weight

 Avoid vices that are not good for the health such as smoking, also stay away from second
hand smoke, and drinking too much alcoholic beverages.
Activity 1 : Diseases of Cardiovascular system

In your own words define the following.

1. Atherosclerosis

This is the thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by the build-up of fats, cholesterol or
substances in/on the artery walls. This build-up is called plaque and this plaque can cause the
artery to narrow which interferes in blood flow wherein it blocks the flow of blood in the artery.

2. Coronary Artery Disease

This is a serious condition wherein it is caused by build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries, the
blood vessels that are responsible in bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

3. Congestive Heart Failure

This is a heart condition wherein it occur when the heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it
should. Certain heart conditions such as narrowed arteries in the heart or high blood pressure can
gradually leave the heart too weak or stiff causing it not to pump efficiently.

4. Stroke

This occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain
tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients and brain cells will begin to die in minutes. Stroke is a
medical emergency and prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can reduce brain damage and
other complications.
Direction : Label the parts of the Heart

Superior Vena Cava AORTA

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Veins

Right
Atrium
Left Atrium

Tricuspid Valve

Left Ventricle Mitral Valve

Right Ventricle

Inferior Vena Cava

Ventricular
Septum

From the diagram, list in order the pathway of blood through the heart.

1. Superior or Inferior Vena Cava 7. Pulmonary Veins

2. Right Atrium 8. Left Atrium

3. Tricuspid Valve 9. Mitral Valve

4. Right Ventricle 10. Left Ventricle

5. Pulmonary Artery 11. Aorta

6. Lungs 12. Circle all of the above terms in which

OXYGEN IS PRESENT.
Define the following words.

1. Septum is the wall that separates the two chambers of the heart.

2. Hemoglobin is protein in the red blood cell that carries oxygen to the body’s organs and
tissues and transports carbon dioxide from the organs and tissues back to the lungs.

3. Coronary Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

4. Heart Attack is when the blood flow to the heart is blocked wherein there is a problem in
circulation.

5. Superior/Inferior - Superior Vena Cava is a major vein in the upper body. It carries blood
from the head, neck, upper chest, and arms to the heart. Inferior Vena Cava is a major vein in the
lower body. It carries blood from the legs, feet and organs in the abdomen and pelvis. The vena
cava is the largest vein in the body.

6. Cardiac Muscle also called as heart muscle or myocardium. It works to keep the heart
pumping through involuntary movements. It is located in the walls of the heart, appear striated
and are under involuntary control.

7. Stroke Volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during
each systolic cardiac contraction.

8. Resting Heart Rate or pulse is the number of times the heart beats per minute when the
body is at rest such as when you’re sitting, relaxed or lying down.
 Self-Assessment

Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each
sentence. Each term is used only once.

blood excretory integumentary liquid

nephrons respiratory solids ureter

urethra urinary urine water

1. The excretory system collects and eliminates wastes from the body.

2. The excretory system controls how much water is eliminated from the body.

3. The organs of the digestive system remove undigested solids, whereas the urinary system
removes liquid waste.

4. The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide and water vapor from the body.

5. The integumentary system secretes excess salt and water through sweat glands.

6. The urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.

7. The kidneys remove wastes from blood.

8. Networks of capillaries and small tubes in the kidneys are called nephrons.

9. When blood is filtered, urine is produced.

10. Urine leaves each kidney through a tube called the ureter.

11. The bladder is an organ that holds urine until it is excreted through the urethra.
  Multiple Choice

Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.

B 1. Which function is characteristic of the excretory system?

A. provides energy

B. eliminates waste

C. breaks down food

C 2. Which body system works with the excretory system to regulate fluid levels in
the body?

A. nervous system

B. immune system

C. reproductive system

Matching Type

Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it
correctly. Each term is used only once

B 3. organ that removes wastes from the blood A. bladder

C 4. capillaries and tubules where blood is B. kidney

filtered
C. nephrons
D 5. tube through which urine leaves the kidneys
D. ureter
A 6. organ that holds urine until it leaves the
body E. urethra

E 7. tube through which urine leaves the body

Activity 1 : All about Urinary System

Directions: Each of the following statements is false. Replace the underlined word(s) to
make the statement true by using a term from the list below. Write your changes on the
lines provided.

Write and answer this activity to your activity notebook.

NOTE: You may need to change a term to its plural form.

Urea bladder excretory system kidney

nephron ureter urethra urine

Bladder 1. Urine is stored in a muscular sac called the ureter.

Kidney 2. A bean-shaped organ called the bladder filters wastes

from the blood.

Ureter 3. Urine leaves the kidneys through the urethra.

Urine 4. Some wastes exit the body in a fluid called area.

Excretory System 5. The organs of the digestive system regulate fluid levels
and eliminate wastes from the body.

Nephrons 6. The actual filtration of blood occurs within the millions

of
ureters in the kidneys.

Urethra 7. Urine leaves the bladder through a duct called the

excretory system.

Nephron 8. Each nephron of the excretory system has a function.

Instruction : Add the following labels to the diagram below of the urinary system of a
mammal.

kidney; bladder; ureters; urethra, renal artery and vein, caudal vena cava,
sphincter.
CAUDAL VENA
CAVA

KIDNEYS
RENAL ARTERY

RENAL VEIN

URETERS

BLADDER

URETHRA

SPHINCTER
7. Match the organ with the function in the table below.

Kidney; cortex; ureter; bladder; renal vein; urethra; capsule; medulla;

renal pelvis; renal artery; sphincter
Organ Function
urethra Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
renal vein Carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney
medulla The inner region of the kidney
sphincter Muscle that opens to allow urine to be removed from bladder
cortex The outer region of the kidney
renal artery Carries oxygenated blood to the kidney
renal pelvis The part of the kidney that collects the urine before it passes

down the ureter

capsule The tough fibrous coat around the kidney
bladder Stores urine before it is removed from body
ureter The tube that carries urine away from the kidney
Kidney Converts blood to urine
CHAPTER END- EVALUATION

A. Functions of the Urinary System

1. The excretory system collects and eliminates wastes from the body and
regulates the level of fluid in the body.

2. If body waste is not eliminated, it could become toxic and damage organs.

3. The excretory system controls how much water leaves the body through
elimination.

4. The organs of the digestive system collect and remove undigested solids from food.

5. The urinary system processes, transports, collects, and removes liquid waste from
the body.

6. The integumentary system, which includes the skin, secretes excess salt and water
through sweat glands.

B. Organs of the Urinary System

1. The kidney is a bean-shaped organ that filters wastes from blood.

2. Nephrons are networks of capillaries and tubules in the kidneys, where filtration of
blood occurs.

3. When kidneys filter blood plasma, they produce a fluid called urine.

4. Urine leaves each kidney through a tube called the ureter.

5. Both ureters drain into the bladder. It is a muscular sac that holds urine until the
urine is excreted.

6. Urine leaves the bladder through a tube called the urethra.

7. The urethra contains circular muscles called sphincter that control the release of
urine.

C. Urinary Disorders

1. A urinary disorder is an illness that affects one or more organs of the urinary
system.
2. Common urinary disorders include kidney disease, urinary tract infection, kidney
stones, and bladder control problems.
 Self – assessment

Instruction : Answer the following questions, write it in your activity notebook.

. 1. What is a gamete? A mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with
another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
2. Name the male gamete and the female gamete? Male gamete (sperm), female gamete
(egg or ovum)

3. State the name of the pouch covering the testes. SCROTUM

4. Why is it important that the temperature of the scrotum remains at 35 degrees

Celsius?
The function of the scrotum is to protect the testes and to keep them at
a temperature several degrees below the normal body temperature. The relatively cool temperature
of the scrotum is thought to be important for the production of viable sperm.

Activity 1 : LABEL IT !

Instruction : Label the diagram of the male reproductive system shown.

Bladder

Seminal Vesicle

Prostate Gland

Bulbourethral Gland
Ercectile Tissue
Vas Deferens
Urethra

Epididymis
Testis

Scrotum
Penis
1. In males where is testosterone produce. TESTES 

2. State the function of the epididymis The primary functions of the epididymis  are sperm
transport and sperm maturation. The  epididymis serves this function across many mammalian
species. As sperm travel through the epididymis they are exposed to a number of signals from
the cells of the epididymis that drive their maturation.
3. What is vasectomy.
Vasectomy is a form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to your semen. It's done by
cutting and sealing the tubes that carry sperm which is the vas deferens.

4. Name the tube through which sperm are released through the penis EPIDIDYMIS 

5. Explain the difference between seminal fluid and semen

Semen, also called seminal fluid, fluid that is emitted from the male reproductive tract and
that contains sperm cells, which are capable of fertilizing the female's eggs.  Semen also
contains liquids that combine to form  seminal plasma, which helps keep the sperm cells
viable.Sperm is a part of semen, but semen isn't a part of sperm. Semen, also called
ejaculate or cum, is the whitish fluid that comes out of the penis when a person comes .

6. The release of sperm from the penis is called EJACULATION

7. Why do sperm producing cells divide by meiosis.

It is because meiosis produces the cells which include half the Chromosomes count to that of
parent cell. It produces female egg cell and hence when the 2 combine during the fertilization
process the new cell produced has suitable Chromosomes count.

8. What is puberty.
Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body
capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the
ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy.

9. In males state the function of FSH

FSH stimulates testicular growth and enhances the production of an androgen-binding protein by
the Sertoli cells, which are a component of the testicular tubule necessary for sustaining the
maturing sperm cell.

10. In males state the function of LH

In men, LH stimulates testosterone production from the interstitial cells of the testes (Leydig cells).

11.Testosterone causes secondary male characteristics. List 3 such characteristics

 Deepening of the voice
 Growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair
 The beginnings of the sex drive.

12. In relation to male infertility state a cause Male infertility can be caused by low sperm
production, abnormal sperm function or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. Illnesses,
injuries, chronic health problems, lifestyle choices and other factors may contribute to  male
infertility.

A prevention Avoid Being Overweight: Excess weight has often been associated with sperm
production problems. To prevent this from becoming an issue, maintain a healthy weight as per
your body type. Overcome Additions to Alcohol, Smoking and Drugs: Addictions tend to disrupt
the proper functioning of biological processes.

A treatment Treatments for male infertility include: Surgery. For example, a varicocele

can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens repaired. Prior
vasectomies can be reversed.
Activity 2 : Label the diagram of the female reproductive system

Structure of the Female reproductive system

Fallopian
Fallopian tube
tube
(Oviduct)
(Oviduct)

Funnel
Funnel

Ovary
Ovary

Ovarian
OvarianLigament
Ligament
Uterus
Uterus
Liningofofuterus
Lining Uterus
(endometrium)
(Endometrium)
Cervix
Cervix
Wall
Wallofof
uterus
Uterus
Vagina
Vagina

Vulva
Vulva

13. In females where does meiosis occur OVARIES

14. What is a graafian follicle, the Graafian follicle is the follicular stage after the first meiotic
division but before ovulation. It therefore contains a 2N haploid oocyte. It is characterized by a
large follicular antrum that makes up most of the follicle.

15. What hormone does the graafian follicle produce progesterone and estrogen

16. After ovulation what is the follicle known as corpus luteum

17. What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum progesterone

18. State the function of the fallopian tube

Fallopian tube, also called oviduct or uterine tube, either of a pair of long narrow ducts located in
the human female abdominal cavity that transport male sperm cells to the egg, provide a suitable
environment for fertilization, and transport the egg from the ovary, where it is produced, to the
central channel (lumen).

19. The lining of the womb is called the endometrium.

20. List two functions of the vagina It's where the penis is inserted during sexual
intercourse. It's the pathway (the birth canal) through which a baby leaves a woman's
body during childbirth. It's the route through which menstrual blood leaves the body
during periods.

21. What is the menstrual cycle The menstruation cycle refers to the cycles in which a woman's
uterus grows and sheds a lining (the endometrium) which could support the development of a
fertilized egg. It typically occurs in 28 day cycles, so a woman generally gets her period every
28 days.

22. Explain the term menopause Menopause is defined as the point in time when menstrual
cycles permanently cease due to the natural depletion of ovarian oocytes from aging. The
diagnosis is typically made retrospectively after the woman has missed menses for 12
consecutive months.
23. On which days of a typical cycle does menstruation (having a period) occur, an average
menstrual cycle lasts 28 days.
Activity 3 : Label the stages of the menstrual cycle shown in the illustration below.
IfIffertilisation
fertilization hasnot
has not occurred,
occurred thethe
The Menstrual Cycle cycle
cyclebegins
beginsagain
againwith
withthe
thebreakdown
breakdown
of the endometrium.
of the endometrium.
28 1 2
27
26 3 Day one to five: Blood from
4 DAY 1-5 : Blood from the
25 the lining
wombis lining is shed
5 womb shed from
24 the bodyfrom the body
23 6
22 7 After day
After 5 the
day lining
five, theoflining
the uterus repairs and
21 of theuputerus
8 builds again repairs and
20 build up again
9
19
18 10
Fertile period
17 11
16 12
15 14 13

Implantation may
Implantation mayhappen
happen Ovulation
Ovulation occurs
occurs on Day
on Day 14 14

24. Name a hormone which prevents eggs from developing in females PROGESTERONE
25. Which hormones in female are associated which secondary sexual characteristics ESTRADIOL.
26. State two secondary sexual characteristics in females, secondary sex characteristics
include relative lack of body hair, thicker hair on the head (in some cases), rounded hips/figure,
a decreased ability to generate muscle mass at a fast rate, decreased upper body strength,
breasts, ability to nurse children, a menstrual cycle, and increased body fat .
27. State a cause prevention and treatment of infertility in females, Infertility in women is
most often treated by one or more of the following methods: Taking hormones to address a
hormone imbalance, endometriosis, or a short menstrual cycle. Taking medications to stimulate
ovulation. Using supplements to enhance fertility – shop supplements. Taking antibiotics to
remove an infection.
28. What is fertilization Fertilization: The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with
the female gamete, or ovum. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.
29. Where does fertilization normally occur FALLOPIAN TUBE

30. List two methods of birth control IUD and Condoms

31. What is implantation Implantation is when a fertilized egg, or blastocyst, has attached to the
lining of the uterine wall. It marks the beginning of pregnancy.

32. When a sperm and egg join a zygote is formed which is called a blastocyst after
approximately one week.

33. An amnion and amniotic fluid surround the foetus. State the function of these
structures. The amnion is a thin, tough membrane that protects a developing child. It allows
for nutrients to reach the fetus and wastes to be removed. Amniotic fluid is found inside of the
amnion and will provide protection for the developing child until it is time for the pregnancy to
end.

34. Which organ is made both from tissue of the embryo and the mother? PLACENTA

35. List two functions of the placenta it supply's the baby and waste elimination .

36. Why is it important that the mothers and babies blood supply do not mix? The
placenta acts as an exchange surface between the mother and the fetus. Nutrients and oxygen
 are passed over by diffusion only. If the mother's and fetus's blood mixed, it could be deadly for
both of them. If the mother and the fetus had different blood types, they might both die if their
blood mixed.

37. What connects the embryo to the placenta? UMBILICAL CORD

38. Which hormones are secreted during pregnancy Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone
(HCG), Human Placental Lactogen (HPL), Estrogen, and Progesterone.

39. What happens to the walls of the uterus when the levels of progesterone are low? Low
progesterone levels can cause: infertility or miscarriages. uterine bleeding or
irregular periods and spotting.

40. Where is oxytocin made HYPOTHALAMUS and what is its function? It acts as a
neurotransmitter. It plays an important role in reproduction. In females, the
hormone triggers labor and the release of breast milk.

41. What happens during stage 1 of birth. The first stage of labor and birth occurs when you
begin to feel regular contractions, which cause the cervix to open (dilate) and
soften, shorten and thin (effacement). This allows the baby to move into the birth
canal. The first stage is the longest of the three stages.

42. At which stage of birth is the placenta expelled from the mother? Third Stage

43. What is lactation. Lactation, secretion and yielding of milk by females after giving birth. The
milk is produced by the mammary glands, which are contained within the breasts. breast-
feeding; lactation. A mother holding and breast-feeding her newborn baby girl.

44. State two advantages of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding burns extra calories, so it can help
you lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxytocin, which helps your uterus
return to its pre-pregnancy size and may reduce uterine bleeding after birth. Breastfeeding also
lowers your risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

45. Name the hormone which stimulated milk production in the mammary glands. PROLACTIN
CHAPTER END-EVALUATION

Female Reproductive System

Directions: Using the sixteen words provided, fill in the blanks to make this explanation of the male
reproductive system correct. Each will be used once.

Cervix clitoris ovaries

Egg cells ovum ovulation
Estrogen labia progesterone
Vagina hymen fallopian tubes
Puberty uterus menstruation
Sperm cell

First, egg cells are produced in two almond-shaped organs known as the ovaries. During the process of

ovulation, a mature egg (ovum) is released and enters one of two fallopian tubes.

For a few days the egg cell travels towards the pear-shaped uterus.

The lining of this organ thickens in preparation for a fertilized egg. If the egg is not fertilized by the male

sperm cell, it will leave the body together with the lining of the uterus and a small amount of blood. This

is called menstruation. The lower portion of the uterus is called the cervix and is a common site of

cancer in women. The female organ of intercourse is the vagina.

A circular fold of skin is usually present at the entrance to this organ and is called the hymen.

Outside of this organ are folds of skin covered with pubic hair known as the labia.

Between these skin folds is a small, round, sensitive area of skin called the clitoris.

The development of the reproductive system is triggered by the hormones estrogen and progesterone,

which cause many physical changes in a girl. This period of change is called puberty.
Male Reproductive System

Directions: Using the fifteen words provided, fill in the blanks to make this explanation of the male
reproductive system correct. Each will be used once.

Cowper’s gland semen seminal vesicle

epididymis sperm nocturnal emissions
erection testes vas deferens
orgasm urine urethra
scrotum prostate penis

First, sperm are produced in the small seminiferous tubules of the testes. These oval-shaped glands are

protected by a sac called the scrotum. After the sperm cells are produced, they are stored in a large

coiled tube on the outer surface of each testicle called the epididymis. From this tube the sperm go into

a larger tube called the vas deferens, which eventually carries them to the external male reproductive

organ, the penis. Along the way sperm is nourished by a sugary fluid from the seminal vesicle, a

chemical fluid from the prostate which is the most common site of cancer in men, and fluid from the

cowpers gland which are two small glands located near the bladder. These fluids plus the sperm cells

combine to form semen, the fluid ejaculated from the penis during orgasm. Before a male can ejaculate,

the spongy tissue surrounding the penis becomes engorged with blood causing the penis to become stiff

and hard.

This is known as an erection. The tube that carries the semen from the body is the urethra. This tube

also carries urine from the bladder. Males can also have uncontrolled ejaculation during sleep, which are

called Nocturnal Emissions.