ENGLISH AND LITERATURE SUBJECT

FIGURES OF SPEECH
 Is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its definition. Any intentional deviation
from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies or embellishes both written and
spoken language.

FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES.

 Figures of Resemblance or Relationship
 Figures of Emphasis or Understatement
 Figures of Sound
 Verbal, Games and Gymnastics
 Errors

FIGURES OF RESEMBLANCE OR RELATIONSHIP

 Comparing two things and so as contrasting.

1. SIMILE PERSONIFICATION
 Comparing two things that are completely  Human characteristics are attributed to
different kind. nonhuman things.
 As fast as a butterfly, as beautiful like a falcon.  Thunder roars, Lightning dances.
 As fast as a Turtle, As slows as a Cheetah
6. METONYMY
2. METAPHOR  Replacing an object or idea (change of name)
 Describes but isn't literally true. It equates two with something related to it instead to what is
things not because they actually are the same, actually meant.
but for the sake of comparison or symbolism.  The pen is mightier than the sword
Use for making poetry.  Edward Bullet Lytton
 Her laughter sounds music to my ears.
8. SYNECDOCHE
3. KENNING  A literary device in which a part of something
 Uses (2) two words combined to make a poetic is substituted for a whole.
expression.  Hired hands - Workers
 Bookworm - someone who loves books
 Four-eyes - someone who wears glasses 9. EUPHEMISM
 Two-faced  Use of words in an unusual or imaginative
manner.
4. CONCEIT  We have high standards in applicants. He said.
 A combination of simile and metaphor that Instead of saying You are not qualified.
forms a meaning and connection.
 Our story, like a broken clock and flipping
pages of book. You can only reminisce.

5. PARALLELISM
 Two (2) or more element of a sentence that
have the same grammatical structure.
 That's one small step for man, One giant leap
for mankind.
 Neil Armstrong
 FIGURES OF EMPHASIS OR UNDERSTATEMENT
1. HYPERBOLE
 An overstatement that exaggerates statements
or claims not meant to be taken literally.
 I'm so rich, I can buy the world.
2. LITOTES
 A form of understatement in which something
is expressed ironically by negating it's contrary.
 You won't get hungry with that. He told me.
While I hold the basket full of fruits.
3. RHETORICAL QUESTION
 A question asked in order to create a dramatic
effect but the answer may be obvious or
immediately provided by the questioner.
 After chasing him, She asks herself "How could
I be so stupid?.
4. ANTITHESIS
 In which irreconcilable opposites are strongly
contrasting ideas are placed in sharp and
sustained tension.
 You can do it! A year of pain is just a short
time.
5. CLIMAX
 In which words and clauses are arranged in
order of increasing importance.
 She fell, She begs, She's broken, She cried.
6. OXYMORON
 A self-contradicting or group of words.
 Why, then, O brawling love! Oh loving hate!
 Shakespeare
7. PARADOX
 Statement that provokes itself might be true or
not at the same time. They at least sound
reasonable.
 If I know a thing, I know nothing.
8. IRONY
 Is associated with both tragedy and humor.
Reality Vs Expectation.
 I don't love him anymore but I cried and I
dunno why.
 FIGURES OF SOUND/S
1. ALLITERATION
 It is when (2) two or more words that shares the same consonant vowel.
 She sell seashells by the sea shore.
2. REPETITION
 In which a word or a phrase is repeated (2) two or more times.
 Well! Well! Well! (expression)
3. ANAPHORA
 Is a figure of speech in which words repeat at the beginning of clauses, phrases or sentences.
 So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.
 Martin Luther King
4. ONOMATOPOEIA
 In which words evoke the actual sound of the thing they refer to or describe.
 The BOOM of a grenade. The BANG of a gun.

VERBAL,GAMES AND GYMNASTICS

1. PUN
 A clever and witty form of figurative language. Play on words that have the same sound but different
in meaning.
 A boiled egg in the morning is hard to beat. (the ex. Not mine)
2. ANAGRAM
 Is a word play in which letters of a word or phrase are rearranged in such a way that a new word or
phrase is form.
 Listen - Silent
ERRORS

1. MALAPROPISM
 Refers to the incorrect use of a word in place of a similar sounding word.
 Illiterate him quite from you memory. Correct word:Obliterate (Ex. Not mine)
2. PERIPHRASIS
 When a speaker uses a multitude of words to express a thought instead of coming out and stating it
directly.
 I got drowned in a huge of sea water, instead of I got drowned in the sea.
3. SPOONERISM
 It is when a speaker got his/her twisted because of words that sounds alike. Verbally.
 Hate -eight, eight - ate.