Engine Parameters

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 Combustion
VC Chamber
Gasket
TDC

Piston
VS Stroke

Cylinder
BDC

Connecting Bore
Rod

Crank Shaft
Crank Radius
Stroke

Crank Radius (crank throw)

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 Compression ratio (r)
Volume above piston at BDC
r
Volume above piston at TDC
VC  VS
r
VC
VS
r 1
VC
• VC = Clearance volume
• VS = Swept volume = /4 D2 L

where: L (stroke) = 2 ρ, ρ is the crankshaft radius

- Increasing the compression ration increases the thermal
efficiency, compression is limited by the knock limit. 3
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Engine Displacement, Swept
Volume or Engine Capacity (Ve):
TDC

Stroke VS VS VS VS

BDC

Bore

• Ve = VS n
• Ve = (/4) D2 L n
Where:
Ve = engine capacity, Vs = cylinder swept volume
n = number of cylinders, L = stroke, D = bore diameter
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Volumetric Efficiency V
Air Entering the Engine
ηV 
Engine Displacement

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Volumetric Efficiency V (cont.)
• Engines are only capable of 80% to 90%
volumetric efficiency.
• Volumetric efficiency depends upon throttle
opening and engine speed as well as induction
and exhaust system layout, port size and valve
timing and opening duration.
• High volumetric efficiency increases engine
power.
• Turbo charging is capable of increasing
volumetric efficiency up to 50%.
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 Indicated mean effective pressure
(imep)
Factors affecting imep:

• Compression ratio
• Air/fuel ratio
• Volumetric efficiency
• Ignition timing
• Valve timing and lift
• Air pressure and
temperature

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 Factors affecting (imep)
- Retarded ignition - Weak mixture
- Compression ratio - Super charged

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Pressure, Force, Work & Power
F (N)
a A (m2) c
p = imep (N/m2)

L (m)

F= P.A (N)
b

Work (W) = F.L (N m)

Time (t) = 60 / (Ne /k) (s)

Indicated power (Pi) cylinder = W/t = F.L .Ne/(k*60) (W)

(Pi) cylinder = (imep.A.L.Ne) / (k . 60) k = 2 (four stroke)

k = 1 (two stoke)
(Pi) engine = imep. (A.L.n) Ne / (k . 60)

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(Pi) engine = [imep. Ve . Ne/ (k . 60)] (W)
 Engine Indicated Power (Pi)
Engine power factors: Pi = imep.Ve.Ne / (60. k)
• Engine capacity (Ve)
• Engine Speed (rpm) (Ne)
• Number of strokes “k”
k=2, four stroke engine
k=1, two stoke engine
• (imep):
volumetric efficiency, compression ratio, ignition quality,
mixture strength, temperature …

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 Engine friction
Three types of friction-
bearing surfaces in
automobile engines:
• Journal
• Guide
• Thrust

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 Engine Brake Power (Pb)
-This is the power developed at the
crankshaft or flywheel.
-The term brake originated from the method
used to determine an engine’s power
output by measuring the torque using
some form of friction dynamometer.

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 Engine Mechanical Efficiency m
• Pb = Pi - Pf
Where:
Pi = indicated power
Pb= brake power
Pf = friction power

• m = Pb / Pi

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 Engine Brake Power (Pb)
• Pb = Pi m
• Pb = (imep Ve Ne / 60 k) m
• Pb = (imep m)Ve Ne / 60 k
• Pb = bemp Ve Ne / 60 k
Where:
bmep = brake mean effective pressure
bmep = imep m

* bmep is indication of engine efficiency regardless

of capacity or engine speed, 1000 kPa represent
high efficiency.
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 Gross & Net Brake Power
• Gross brake power is
measured without the
following items:
Cooling fan, coolant
pump, radiator, alternator,
exhaust system. (SAE)
• Net brake power is
measured with all the
above items. (DIN)
• Gross power is 10-15%
more than net power.

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 Engine Torque Te
Torque and crankshaft angle:
Work is also accomplished
when the torque is applied
through an angle.
• Distance xy = rθ
• W = F . xy = F r θ = T θ
• W per one revolution = T (2)
• P = W/t = T (2)/t = Tω/1000
Where: ω = 2 Ne/60
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 Engine Torque Te (Cont.)
• Pb = T ω = Te (2 Ne/60) = Te Ne / 9550 (kW)
• bmep . Ve . Ne / k 60 = Te (2 Ne/60)
• Te = bmep . Ve / 2 . K
Where:
Pe = Engine power (kW)
Ne = Engine speed (rpm)
Te = Engine torque (N m)
bemp = brake mean effective pressure (Pa)
Ve = engine capacity (m3)
k = 2, for 4-stroke engines
1, for 2-stroke engines
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 Engine Torque Te (Cont.)
- There is a direct
relationship between
BMEP and torque
output.
- The torque curve with
engine rpm is identical to
the bmep curve, with
different values.

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 Engine Fuel consumption (FC)
The amount of fuel an engine consumes can
be measured by:
• volume (cm3 or liter) per (sec. or mint, or hr)
or
• mass (kg) per (sec, or mint, or hr).

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 Engine Specific Fuel Consumption
(SFC)
• Specific fuel consumption represents the
mass or volume of fuel an engine
consumes per hour while it produces 1 kW
of power.
• Typical gasoline engines will have an SFC
of about 0.3 kg/(kW.h).
• SFC is an indication of the engine’s
thermal or heat efficiency.
.

• SFC  m (kg/h)/kW or kg/(kW h)

Pb
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 Engine Thermal Efficiency (th)
• The efficiency of an engine in converting the
heat energy contained in the liquid fuel into
mechanical energy is termed its thermal
efficiency.
• The petrol engine is particularly inefficient and
at its best may reach 25% efficiency.
• The thermal efficiency of a diesel engine can
reach 35% due to its higher compression
ratio.

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 Thermal Efficiency (Cont.)

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 Thermal Efficiency (th) (Cont.)
Pb . 60 .60
brake thermal efficiency (η th )  .

m . CV
3600 Pb
brake thermal efficiency (η th )  .

V . ρ . CV
where:
.

m is the fuel consumption (kg/h)

.

V is the fuel consumption (L/h)

CV is the calorific or heat value of 1 kg of the fuel
(kJ/kg or MJ/kg). (CV for gasoline is 40000 kJ/kg)
ρ is the relative density (kg/L) of the fuel.

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 Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
& Thermal efficiency (th)

3600 Pb 3600 3600

η th  .  . 
m . CV (m /Pb ) . CV SFC. CV

Where:
th = thermal efficiency
.

m = fuel consumption (kg/h)

Pb = brake power (kW)
CV = calorific value (kJ)
SFC = specific fuel consumption (kg/(kW.h))
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 Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
& Thermal efficiency (th)
• A mirror reflection of
the SFC curve shows
the shape of the
engine’s thermal
efficiency curve.
• The lowest point on
the SFC curve
becomes the highest
point on the thermal
efficiency curve.
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 Power Units
• BHP (bhp) = 550 ft lb/s
• PS = 75 kg m/s
• kW = 1000 (N m/s)

BHP = British and American “horse power”

PS ="PferdeStärke“ is "horse power“ in
German
• PS = 0.986 bhp, BHP = 1.0142 PS
• kW = 1.36 PS, PS = 0.73529 kW
• kW = 1.341 bhp, BHP = 0.7457 kW

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 Engine Performance Curves
1. Imep
2. Bemp and torque
3. Indicated power
4. Brake power
5. Indicated thermal
efficiency
6. Brake thermal
efficiency
7. Specific fuel
consumption
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