Exercise – 16 28 − 3x

(Special Equations) y=
4
Solutions for questions 1 to 15: x 4 8
y 4 1
In two combinations only, she could have purchased the
 3a  items. Choice (B)
1. Remainder of   = 2. When a = 3, it is true.
 7 
11. Let x, y, z be the number of books of each of the types Ι, ΙΙ
The least positive value of a = 3 Ans: (3) and ΙΙΙ purchased by Raghu.
i.e., ⇒ 11x + 8y + 6z = 114
Since x = 6
 5x 
2. Remainder of   = 5. The possible values of x are 1, 8y + 6z = 114 – 66 = 48
 9  48 − 8y
10, 19, 28 ……. which is an arithmetic progression with z=
6
common difference ‘9’. Ans: (9)
y 3
z 4
27 − 3x He could have purchased the books in only one way.
3. 3x + 4y = 27 ⇒y=
4 Choice (A)
The following are the possible positive integral values of x,
y that satisfy the above equation. 12. Let the number of caps and T-Shirts he sold be x and y
x 1 5 respectively
y 6 3 24x + 80y = 832
Two only Ans: (2) ⇒ 3x + 10y = 104
104 − 3x
y=
4. 7x + 4y = 48 ⇒ y = 48 − 7x 10
4 x 8 18 28
When x = 4, y = 5 is the only positive integral solution. y 8 5 2
y=5 Ans: (5) as y ≮ x x = 8, y = 8
Total number of articles sold = 16 Ans: (16)
38 + 3y
5. 5x–3y = 38 ⇒x= 13. Let the number of apples, pomegranates and oranges sold
5 be x, y and z respectively.
When y = 4; x = 10 Choice (C) Amount spent = 18x + 16y + 8z = 464
⇒ 9x + 8y + 4z = 232 …… (1)
6. 4x + 3y = 52 ⇒ y = 52 − 4x Given y = 2z
3 (1) ⇒ 9x + 16z + 4z = 232 ⇒ 9x + 20z = 232
The following are the values of x, y that satisfy the given 232 20z 2z
equation. As Rem = 7, it follows that Rem = Rem = 7.
x 1 4 7 10 9 9 9
y 16 12 8 4 Setting 2z = 9 + 7, we get z = 8 and x = 8.
There are four solutions Choice (D) The other solutions are (x, z)
= (8 – 20, 8 + 9) or (8 + 20, 8 – 9) ………
7. 5x – 7y = 35 As x > o, z > o, (x, z) = (8, 8) is the only solution.
35 + 7y Since y = 2z, y = 16
5x = 35 + 7y ⇒x= x = 8, y = 16 and z = 8
5 Total number of apples, pomegranates and oranges sold is 32.
y 5 10 15 Ans: (32)
x 14 21 28
Note: We need the value of (y, x) and not (x, y). 14. Let the number of cows, dogs, cats be x, y, y respectively.
Choice (D) (x > y)
12x + 8y + 4y = 120
8. 8x – 5y = 42 ⇒ 12x + 12y = 120
42 + 5y x + y = 10
x= The possible values of x, y are
8
x 6 7 8 9
y 6 14 22 30
y 4 3 2 1
x 9 14 19 24
There are 4 solutions. Ans: (4)
One of the possible values of x + y is 54 Choice (D)
15. Let the two digit number be 10x + y
9. Let us say that Raghu purchased x pens and y pencils.
The number obtained by reversing the digits is 10y + x
12x+8y = 96 or 3x+2y = 24
difference between them is
2y = 24 – 3x
(10y + x) – (10x+y) = 54
24 − 3x ⇒ (9y – 9x) = 54 ⇒ y – x = 6
y=
2 The possible numbers are 17, 28, 39. Of these, the least
x must be an even number number is 17. Choice (C)
x 2 4 6
y 9 6 3 Exercise – 17
He can purchase a maximum of 11 articles. (Quadratic Equations)
Ans: (11)
Solutions for questions 1 to 40:
10. Let x of type Ι and y number of type ΙΙ materials be
purchased. 1. x2 − 13x + 42 = 0
9x + 12y = 84 (x − 6) (x − 7) = 0
3x + 4y = 28 x = 6 or 7
The roots are 6, 7. Choice (C)
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2. 2x2 − 9x – 18 = 0
2x2 − 12x + 3x − 18 = 0 The product of the roots 6 α2 = c
a
2x(x − 6) + 3 (x − 6) = 0
2
(x − 6)(2x + 3) = 0 -b c
 ∴ 6 .  = ⇒ 6b 2 = 25 ac . Choice (C)
The roots are , 6. Choice (B)  5a  a


3. Sum of the roots α + (α + 13) = 5. ∴ α = -4 12. If α, β are the roots of f(x) ≡ ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the
Product of the roots = (−4) (9) = −36 1
equation with roots 1 , 1 is obtained by setting f   = 0
c = −36. Ans: (–36) α β x
 
2
 1  1
4. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, if ,
 
are ∴ a  + b  + c = 0
 
x x
rational and the mixed quadratic surd p + q is a root, then
⇒ cx2 + bx + a = 0. Choice (B)
p - q is also a root and vice versa. α = 7 − 5 then
13. If α, β are the roots of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the
β = 7 + 5 is also a root. equation with roots α + 2, β + 2 is given by f(x − 2) = 0
α + β = 14, αβ = 44 ∴ 3(x − 2)2 − 4(x − 2) + 7 = 0
One quadratic equation is x2 − (α + β)x + αβ = 0 ⇒ 3x2 − 16x + 27 = 0. Choice (A)
i.e., x2 − 14x + 44 = 0. Choice (D)
14. Let f(x) = x2 + 3x + 7
5. Let α, β be the roots. As α = 6 + 3 , it follows that Given f(x) > 0, b2 − 4ac = 32 – 4(7) = -19
b2 − 4ac < 0 and coefficient of x2 is positive.
β=6− 3 ∴ For all real values of x, x2 + 3x + 7 is positive.
Product αβ = (6 + 3 )(6 − 3 ) = 33 Alternative Solution:
2 2
k = 33. Ans : (33) x2 + 2.  3 . x +  3  −  3  + 7
2 2 2
6. Let α, β be the roots of 3x2 − x − 10 = 0 2
 -10  3  19
α + β = and αβ = =  x +  + , which is positive for all real values of x.
 3  2 4
 
3(α + β − αβ) = 3  +  = 11 Ans: (11) Choice (D)
 
15. 2x2 − 7x − 4 = 0
7. Let α, β be the roots of the equation. Discriminant b2 − 4ac
Then α + β = 17 and αβ = − 60. = (−7)2 – 4 (2) (−4) = 81, which is positive.
The equation is x2 − (α + β) x + αβ = 0 The roots are real, and distinct. As 81 is a perfect square
i.e., x2 − 17x – 60 = 0. Choice (A) and the coefficients (2, -7) are all rational, the roots are also
8. Let the roots be α, 3α rational. Choice (C)
αβ = −48 i.e., 3α2 = 48 16. The discriminant of 9x2 − 30x + 25 = 0 is
⇒ α = 16 = 4 and 3α = 3(4) = 12 (−30)2 – 4 (9) (25) = 0.
The sum of the roots α + 3α = 4α = m ∴ The roots are real and equal. Choice (B)
m = 4(4) = 16. Ans: (16)
17. 2x2 − 5x − 7 = 0
9. Given x1, x2 are the roots of 3x2 − 2x − 8 = 0 5 -7
α + β = and αβ =
 -8 2 2
∴ x1 + x2 = , x1 x2 =
 3 α3 − β3 = (α − β)3 + 3 α β (α − β)
x1 x 2
+
x 2 x1
− x1 x2 (α − β) = (α+β)2 - 4αβ
2
x 12 + x 22 5  -7
= − x 1x 2 =   - 4. 
x1 x 2 2  2 

=
(x1 + x 2 )2 − 2x1 x 2 − x α−β=
9
1x 2 2
x1x 2
3
9  - 7  9  351
α3 – β3 =   + 3
2
2  −8   = . Choice (A)
 3  − 2  3  8 − 13 16 1  2  2  2  8
   
= + = + = Choice (D)
 −8 3 6 6 2 18. If α, β are the roots of f(x) = 0, then one equation with roots
 
 3  x
with 2α, 2β is f   = 0.
10. The given equation has equal roots  2
b2 − 4ac = 0 2
x
4(5m − 4)2 = 4(94) = 0 i.e., 3  − 8  x  − 11 = 0
⇒ (5m − 4)2 = 36  2
2  
⇒ 5m − 4 = 6 or 5m -4 = -6 i.e., 3x2 − 16x − 44 = 0. Choice (D)
⇒ m = 2 or −2 5 .
As m ∈ Z, m = 2. Ans: (2) 19. When one root α = 4 + 5 , then the other root β = 4 - 5
(Conjugate). (We assume that the coefficients are rational)
11. Let the roots be 2 α, 3 α. The equation x2 − (α + β)x + α β = 0 has the specified
-b roots.
The sum of the roots 5 α =
a x2 − 8x + 11 = 0. Choice (A)

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 -8
20. α + β = -  -6 , αβ = Let α =
−1 + 3 i
.
5 5 2
1 1 α+β 6 5 -3
+ = = = . Choice (B) −1 − 3 i
α β αβ -8 5 4 ∴ The other would be β = .
2
∴ α6 = 1 and β12 = (α2)12 = 1. The given expression is 2.
21. 2x2 − 5x + 7
 5  −1+ 3i
We can denote
= 2  x − x+7
2
 2  2 .

 −1 − 3 i
5 5 5  , we can write α = β2.
2 2 As this is the square of
= 2  x − 2 x +   -    + 7 2
  4   4   4   ∴ β12 = (β3)4 = 1 and α6 = (β 2)6 = β12 = 1.

2
In either case, the given expression is 2. Ans: (2)
 5 25
= 2 x −  − +7
 4 8 25. The given expression is 3x2 + 5x – 7. As the coefficient of
2 x2 is positive, the expression has a minimum value. This
 5 31
= 2x−  + , which is positive for all real values of x. 4 ac - b 2
value is equal to
 4  8 4a
4(3)(- 7)- (5)2 - 84 - 25
No value of x satisfies the given condition. The solution
-109
set is the empty set. Choice (A) = =
4(3)
= . Choice (A)
12 12
c -3
22. Product of the roots =
a a 26. In 8 − 3x − 6x2, the coefficient of x2 is negative. The
expression has a maximum value. This is
-3 -3
=2⇒a= . Choice (C) 4ac - b2 4(- 6)(8)- (- 3)
2
a 2 =
4a 4(- 6)
23. 3x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
67
-8
α + β = -  -2 , α β = = = 8.375. Ans : (8.375)
8
3 3

(α − β) = (α+β)2 - 4αβ 27. The maximum or minimum value of ax2 + bc + c is attained

i.e., - (-24 ) = 3
-b
at x = Ans : (3)
2 2a 2 ( 4)
2 -8 4 96 100
=   - 4.  = + =
3  3  9 9 9
28. 2x2 − 7x − 9 = 0
∴ α − β = ± 10 . 7 -9
3 α + β = , αβ =
2 2
–10/3 is a possible value. Choice (B) The equation is x2 − (α + β + αβ) x + (α + β) αβ = 0 has the
2
required roots.
24. x + x + 1 = 0
− 1± 1− 4 − 1± 3 i x2 −  7 - 9  x +  7   -9  = 0
∴ x= = , where i = − 1
2 2  2  2 
2 2
63
We want the value of E = α + β . This is not a ⇒x +x−
6 12 2
= 0 or 4x2 + 4x − 63 = 0. Choice (B)
4
symmetric expression. Normally, its value would depend on
which root we denote as α and which one as β. For example, if
29. Discriminant ∆ ≡ b2 − 4ac = (−20)2 − 4(4) (25) = 0
α = 2, β = 3, then, E = 26 + 312 while if α = 3, β = 2, then, E
∴ The roots are equal. As the coefficients (4, –20, 25) are
= 36 + 212 But for the given equation, it does not matter.
The roots are the complex cube roots of 1. Consider just all rational, and ∆ is a perfect square, the roots are rational.
one of the roots. Choice (B)

1+ 3i 30. 3x2 – 5 kx + 7 = 0 one root of this equation is –2

Let α =
2 ∴ 3(−2)2 − 5k (−2) + 7 = 0
⇒ 19 + 10k = 0
−2 −2 3i −1 − 3 i
α =
2
= -19
4 2 ⇒k = = −1.9. Ans: (–1.9)
10
α3 =
(1 + 3) = 1
4 31. (x + 5)2 + (x − 5)2 = 148
From the options, consider x = 7
α4 = α (α3) = α
(7 + 5)2 + (7 − 5)2 = 148.
Thus the 4th, 7th, 10th,…..powers are all equal to α. Also αn, x = 7 satisfies the equation. Choice (D)
where n = –2, –5, –8,….. are also equal to α.
Similarly, the 2nd, 5th, 8th….. and αn, where n = –1, –4, 32. x + 4 + 2x −1 = 6
–7,…. are all equal. Squaring both sides, we get
Therefore, if we consider all the integral powers of α, we (x + 4) + (2x – 1) + 2 (x + 4 )( 2 x − 1) = 36
get only 3 distinct numbers, which are α, α2 and 1.
⇒ 3 x + 2 ( x + 4 ) ( 2 x − 1) = 33
−1 − 3 i
We get the same conclusion, if we start with . ⇒ 2 ( x + 4 ) ( 2 x − 1) = 3 (11 − x )
2 Again, squaring both sides, we get
If does not matter, which of the two roots is denoted as α. 4(2x2 + 7x – 4) = 9(x2 –22x + 121)

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 ⇒ (x – 5) (x – 221) = 0 40. Let the two numbers be x, x − 9
∴ x = 5 or x = 221. The sum of squares
While x = 5 satisfies the given equation, we have to take = x2 + (x − 9)2 = 305
the negative root of 2x – 1 to make the LHS of the given ⇒ 2x2 − 18x − 224 = 0
equation equal to the RHS. Ans: (5) ⇒ x2 − 9x − 112 = 0
(x − 16)(x + 7) = 0
5 7 x = 16 ∵ −7 ∉ N
33. + =2
x -7 x -5 Sum of numbers 2x − 9
⇒ 5(x − 5) + 7(x − 7) = 2 (x − 7)(x − 5)
32 − 9 = 23. Ans: (23)
⇒ 12x − 74 = (2x2 − 24x + 70)
Exercise – 18
⇒ 2x2 − 36x + 144 = 0
⇒ x2 − 18x + 72 = 0 (Inequations and Modulus)
⇒ (x − 6)(x − 12) = 0
x = 6 or x = 12. The sum of these values is 18. Ans: (18) Solutions for questions 1 to 40:

34. Let the number of pens purchased be x. 1. 4x – 7 < – 3x + 14

The price of each pen ` (x − 7) ⇒ 7x < 21
Total price (in rupees) = x (x − 7) = 98 ⇒ x < 3. Choice (C)
x2 − 7x − 98 = 0
⇒ (x − 14)(x + 7) = 0 ⇒ x = 14 2. 5x + 2 > 9x + 22
Price of each pen = 14 − 7 = 7. Ans: (7) ⇒ 5x – 9x > 22 – 2
⇒ –4x > 20
35. (m − n)x2 − (m − p)x − (p − n) = 0 ⇒ x < –5. Choice (B)
The sum of the coefficient’s is (m – n) – (m – p) – (p – n) = 0.
∴ 1 is a root of the given equation. 3. |9x + 4| = 14 (1)
Since the roots are equal, the other root is also 1, i.e., the −4
When x > , then
product is 9
-(p - n)  c  |9x + 4| = 9x + 4
=1∴ =1 (1) ⇒ |9x + 4| = 14
m- n  a 
⇒ 9x + 4 = 14
⇒n−p=m− n
2n = m + p. 10
⇒x=
⇒ m, n, p are in arithmetic progression. Choice (A) 9
−4
36. Let α, β be the roots When x < , then
9
α+β
= 10 .5 ⇒ α + β = 21 ……. (1) |9x + 4| = – (9x + 4)
2
(1) ⇒ – (9x + 4) = 14
αβ = 3 6 ⇒ α β = 54 ……. (2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get ⇒ 9x = –18
α = 18 and β = 3 or vice versa. ⇒ x = –2.
The required equation is x2 − 21x + 54 = 0. 10
Choice (C) ∴Only is there among the options. Choice (D)
9
37. a (a − 3) (a − 4) (a − 7) = 220
4. 5x – 6 ≥ 2x + 3 and 4x – 5 ≥ –5x + 3
⇒ a (a − 7)(a − 3)(a − 4) = 220
∴3x ≥ 9 and 9x ≥ 8
(a2 − 7a)(a2 − 7a + 12) = 220
Let a2 − 7a = x 8
or x ≥ 3 and x ≥ ⇒ x ≥ 3. Choice (A)
X (x + 12) = 220 9
x2 + 12x − 220 = 0
(x + 22) (x − 10) = 0 5. 3x – 7 ≤ x + 1 and 8x – 3 ≥ 11x + 6
⇒ x = −22 (∵ x < 0). ∴2x ≤ 8 and –3x ≥ 9
⇒ a2 − 7a = −22. Ans: (–22) ⇒ x ≤ 4 and x ≤ –3 ⇒ x ≤ –3. Choice (B)

38. The sum of the coefficients is a − b + c − 2c + b − a + c = 0. 6. |5x + 7| ≤ 3

∴ x = 1 is a root of the given equation. The product of the ⇒ –3 ≤ 5x + 7 ≤ 3
b-a+c 5x + 7 ≥ –3, 5x ≤ –4
roots =
a-b +c 5x ≥ –10, x ≤ – 4 ⇒ x ≥ –2 and x ≤ −4
5 5
b-a+c
Since one root is 1, the other root is
a -b + c
. x ∈ − 2, −4  . Choice (A)
 5 
Choice (D)
39. Let the number be x 7. |2x – 3| ≥ 5
Its reciprocal is 1 ⇒ 2x – 3 ≤ –5 or 2x – 3 ≥ 5
x ⇒ 2x ≤ –2 or 2x ≥ 8
1 80 x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 4
Difference = x − =
x 9 ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [4, ∞). Choice (D)
⇒ 9(x2 − 1) = 80x
⇒ 9x2 − 80x − 9 = 0 4x − 3
⇒ (x − 9)(9x + 1) = 0 8. ≥5
5
-1
⇒ x = 9 or . As x > 1, x = 9. ⇒ |4x – 3| ≥ 25
9
4x – 3 ≤ –25 or 4x – 3 ≥ 25
The number is 9. Ans: (9)
⇒ 4x ≤ –22 or 4x ≥ 28
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 −11 2x2 + 11x + 12 = 0
x≤ or x ≥ 7 ⇒ (2x + 3) (x + 4) = 0
2
−3
x ∈  − ∞, − 11 ∪ (7, ∞). Choice (C) x=
2
and –4

 2 
There exist 4 solutions for the given equation Ans: (4)

2x − 1 17. |x – |2x – 1|| = 11 …(1)

9. <0
x+2 1
If 2x – 1 > 0, x > ,….(C)
(2x − 1)( x + 2) 2
⇒ <0 |2x – 1| = 2x – 1
( x + 2)2
(1) ⇒ |x – 2x + 1| = 11 ⇒ |-x + 1| = 11
 1 or –x + 1 = ± 11
⇒ (2x – 1) (x + 2) < 0 ⇒ x ∈  − 2, . Choice (A)
 2  x = –10 or x = 12.
Only x = 12 satisfies the condition C.
1
10. x2 – 17x + 60 ≤ 0 Case ΙΙ If x < i.e. 2x – 1 < 0 ….(D)
⇒ (x – 12) (x – 5) ≤ 0 2
⇒ x ∈ [5, 12]. Choice (B) (1) ⇒ |x + 2x – 1| = 11
3x – 1 = ± 11
11. 7x – 5 < 18 and 3x + 7 > 12 −10
⇒ 7x < 23 and 3x > 5 x = 4 or
3
5 −10
⇒ x < 23 and x > only x = , satisfies the condition D.
7 3 3
i.e. x < 3
2 and x > 1 2 −10
3 ∴ Only two roots exist they are x = 12 and Ans: (2)
7 3
The integers in this range are 2 and 3, i.e. two in numbers
Ans: (2) 18. |x – 3| + |x + 3| = 0
There is no x value that satisfies the above equation as
2
12. x – x + 7 < 0 x – 3 and x + 3 cannot be simultaneously equal to zero.
b2 – 4ac = 1 – 4 (7) < 0 Choice (D)
Coefficient of x2 is positive
∴ No solution exists. Choice (A) 19. 3x – 5 < 7 and |x – 5| > 9
3x – 5 < 7 ⇒ x < 4 --------------(1)
2
13. 3x – 5 – x < 0
b2 – 4ac = 9 – 20 < 0 |x – 5| > 9
Since the coefficient of x2 is negative, the expression is x – 5 < – 9 or x – 5 > 9
negative for all real numbers. The solution set is R. x < –4 or x > 14--------------(2)
Choice (B) From (1) and (2), x < –4
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –4). Choice (C)
x −3
14. <1
2x + 5 20.
1
<0
x −3 x − 3 − 2x − 5 x2 − 4
⇒ –1 < 0 ⇒ <0
2x + 5 2x + 5 ⇒ x2 – 4 < 0
⇒ (x + 2) (x – 2) < 0
−( x + 8) ( x + 8)(2x + 5)
⇒ <0 ⇒ >0 ⇒ x ∈ (–2, 2). Choice (B)
2x + 5 (2x + 5)2
(x + 8) (2x + 5) > 0 21. |3x – 5| = 13
Required solution is 3x – 5 = ± 13
 −5  −8
x ∉ − 8, x = 6 or
 2  3
 8
 −5  ∴ 6,− . Choice (C)
or x ∈ (–∞, –8) ∪  , ∞   3
 2 
 −5  22. A = {x/x|x-3|=40}
or R – − 8, . Choice (C)
 2  x |x – 3| = 40 ---------- (1)
When x > 3 (1) ⇒ x (x – 3) = 40
⇒ x2 – 3x – 40 = 0
15. 7x – 5 ≥ 9 and 4x + 1 < 17 ⇒ (x – 8) (x + 5) = 0
⇒ 7x ≥ 14 and 4x < 16 ⇒ x = –5, 8
⇒ x ≥ 2 and x < 4
∴ Here the minimum integral value of x is 2 and the greatest ∵ x > 3, x ≠ –5
integral value is 3. When x < 3
∴ The difference is 1. Ans: (1) (1) ⇒ –x (x – 3) = 40
⇒ x2 – 3x + 40 = 0
16. 2x2 – 11 |x| – 12 = 0 ⇒ b2 – 4ac = (–3)2 – 4(40)
When x > 0 then the equation becomes 2x2 – 11x + 12 = 0 This is negative.
(2x – 3) (x – 4) = 0 ∴ No real roots exists
3 ∴ A = {8}. Choice (D)
⇒x= and = 4
2
23. Case Ι
Case II When x is negative then |x – 2| + |x + 3| = 5 ------ (1)
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 When x ≥ 2, then |x – 2| = x – 2 and |x + 3| = x + 3 Choice (C)
(1) ⇒x – 2 + x + 3 = 5
⇒ 2x + 1 = 5 ⇒ x = 2 31. |3x – 1|is positive for all x.
∴ No value of x exists such that |3x – 1| < 0. The number of
Case ΙΙ When x ≤ – 3 then integers that satisfy the inequality is 0. Ans: (0)
|x – 2| = –(x – 2) and |x + 3| = –(x + 3)
(1) ⇒ –(x – 2) – (x + 3) = 5 ⇒ –2x – 1 = 5 32. 7x – 4 > 2x + 6 and x – 7 < 9 – 3x
⇒ x = –3 ∴5x > 10 and 4x < 16 ⇒ x > 2 and x < 4
Case III When –3 < x < 2, |x – 2| = – (x – 2) The required solution is x ∈ (2, 4). Choice (A)
and |x + 3| = x + 3
(1) ⇒ –(x – 2) + (x + 3) = 5 33. 2x2 – 8x – 13 > –24
∴ The solution set is –3 ≤ x ≤ 2 ⇒ 2x2 – 8x + 11 > 0 (1)
i.e. [–3, 2]. Choice (A) b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(2) (11) < 0. As the coefficient of x2 is
positive, the expression on the LHS of (1) is positive for
24. The given expression is E = 3x–7+10. all x.
7 Alternative solution
When x = , E = 10 2x2 – 8x + 11
3 
For all other x ∈ R, since |3x – 7| is positive, E > 10 = 2   – 4 + 

∴ The minimum value is 10. 
Ans: (10) = 2   – 4 + 4 + 

= 2 (x–2)2+3
6 6 This is positive for every real value of x.
25. Let f(x) = 17 – |5x – 6|, When x = , f   = 17 and for all
5  5  ∴ Solution is x ∈ R. Choice (B)
other x ∈ R, f(x) < 17
∴The maximum value of the given expression is 17. 2x − 1 2x − 1
34. ≤ –2 ⇒ +2 ≤ 0
Ans: (17) x+5 x+5
2x − 1 + 2x + 10
26. |x|2 – 4|x| + 4 = 0 ⇒ ≤0
Let |x| = y x+5
∴ y2 – 4y + 4 = 0 ⇒ (y – 2)2 = 0 4x + 9 ( 4x + 9)( x + 5)
⇒ y = 2 ⇒ |x| = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2. Choice (D) ⇒ ≤0⇒ ≤0
x+5 ( x + 5)2
4x 2 − 5x − 21 ⇒ (4x + 9) (x + 5) ≤ 0
27. ≤ 0 --------- (1)
9x + 1
2  − 9
X∈  − 5,
2
Clearly 9x + 1 is always positive. For any real value of x  4 
(1) is true, when 4x2 – 5x – 21 ≤ 0
The integers in this interval are –4, –3, i.e., two in number.
4x2 – 12x + 7x – 21 ≤ 0
Ans: (2)
⇒ 4x (x – 3) + 7(x – 3) ≤ 0
⇒ (x – 3) (4x + 7) ≤ 0 4x 2 − 4x − 15
35. ≤1
⇒ x ∈  −7 ,3 . Choice (D) 2x 2 − x − 6
 4 
 
4x 2 − 4x − 15
⇒ –1 ≤ 0
3 x 2 − 2x − 8 (3 x + 4)( x − 2) 2x 2 − x − 6
28. ≥0⇒ ≥0
2x + 1 2x + 1 4x 2 − 4x − 15 − 2x 2 + x + 6
≤0
(3x + 4)(2x + 1)( x − 2) 2x 2 − x − 6
⇒ ≥0
(2x + 1)2 2x 2 − 3 x − 9
⇒ ≤0
⇒ (3x + 4) (2x + 1) (x – 2) ≥ 0 2x 2 − x − 6
−4 −1 ( 2 x + 3)( x − 3 )
Critical values of x are , ,2 ⇒ ≤0
3 2 ( 2 x + 3)( x − 2)
x −3
× × ⇒ ≤0
x−2
(x – 3) (x – 2) ≤ 0
2 ⇒ x ∈ (2, 3]. Choice (D)
–4/3 –/2
2x − 11 + x 2
The solution set is 36. Let =y
2x − 6
 − 4 − 1  ∪ [2, ∞).
 ,  Choice (D) ∴ x + 2x – 11 = 2xy – 6y
2

 3 2  ⇒ x2 + 2x(1 – y) + 6y – 11 = 0
If x is real, then b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
29. x|x| = 16 ------------ (1) 22 (1 – y)2 – 4(6y – 11) ≥ 0
When x > 0, |x| = x ⇒ (1 – y)2 – 6y + 11 ≥ 0
(1) ⇒ x2 = 16 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ y2 – 8y + 12 ≥ 0
When x < 0, |x| = –x ⇒ (y – 6) (y – 2) ≥ 0
(1) ⇒ x (–x) = 16 ⇒ y ∉ (2, 6)
∴ x = 4 is the only solution Ans: (4) or y = R – (2, 6)
or y ∈ (–∞, 2] ∪ [6, ∞). Choice (C)
30. When x ≥ 3, |2x – 3| = 2x – 3 and |x – 2| = x – 2 37. As a, b, c are in arithmetic progression, a + c = 2b
∴ |2x – 3| – |x – 2| = 2x – 3 – (x – 2) = x – 1.

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 n 47, 55, 63. Choice (C)
an + c n a+c
We know that ≥   for all values of n
2  2  2. –15, –8, –1,…….. is an arithmetic progression with first
Setting n = 2, term a = –15 and common difference d = –8 –(–15) = 7
2 tn = a + (n – 1)d,
a2 + c 2 a+c t15 = –15 + (15 – 1) (7)
≥   = –15 + 98 = 83 Ans: (83)
2  2 
a2 + c 2 a +c 2 2 3. 21, 17, 13,….is an AP.
⇒ ≥ b2 ⇒ ≥1 t1 = a = 21, d = t2 – t1 = 17 – 21 = –4
2 2b2 Let tn< 0
The equality holds when a = b = c. a + (n – 1)d < 0
a2 + b2 i.e., 21 + (n – 1) (–4) < 0
∴The minimum value of is 1 Ans: (1) ⇒ 21 – 4n + 4 < 0
2b 2 –4n < –25
38. a, b, c, d are positive numbers 25
n> = 6.25
a2 + b2 ≥ 2ab -----------(1) (A.M ≥ G.M) and 4
c2 + d2 ≥ 2cd --------------(2) As n is a positive integer, the least value is 7.
b2 + c2 ≥ 2bc -----------(3) The first negative term is 7th term Ans: (7)
a2 + d2 ≥ 2ad -----------------(4)
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) ⇒ 2(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) ≥ 2(ab + bc + cd 4. –31, –34, –37,……is an AP with the first term (a) = –31 and
+ ad) the common difference (d) = –3
The nth term, tn = a + (n – 1)d
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d2
⇒ ≥1 = –31 + (n – 1) (–3) = –3n – 28 Choice (B)
ab + bc + cd + ad
∴The minimum value is 1. It occurs when a = b = c = d. 1 2
Ans: (1) 5. 2, 2 , 2 , 3…..is an AP.
3 3
1 1 7 1
39. ≥ ⇒ |2x – 3| ≤ 3 t1 = a = 2, d = –2 =
| 2x − 3 | 3 3 3
⇒ –3 ≤ 2x – 3 ≤ 3 ⇒ 0 ≤ 2x ≤ 6 tn = a + (n – 1) d
⇒0≤x≤3 1
t22 = 2 + (22 – 1) =9 Ans: (9)
The maximum value of x is 3 Ans: (3) 3
40. For any number of positive numbers. As we know
3 1 3 −1
A.M ≥ G.M ≥ H.M 6. 7, 6 , 6 ,… is an AP with t1 = a = 7, d = 6 –7 =
4 2 4 4
a+b+c 3 3
∴ ≥ abc ≥ Let tn = –19
3  1 1 1 ∴ a + (n – 1)d = –19
 + + 
a b c  −1   −1 
⇒ 7 + (n – 1)   = –19 ⇒ (n – 1)  4  = –26
a+b+c 3  4   
≥ abc ⇒ (a + b + c)3 ≥ 27 abc ....(1)
3 ⇒ n – 1 = 104 ⇒ n = 105 Ans: (105)
3 3
abc ≥ (GM ≥ HM) 7. Given tn = 3n – 5
1 1 1
+ + T10 = 3 (10) – 5 = 25 Ans: (25)
a b c
27 8. Given t3 = 22 and t10 = 64
⇒ abc ≥ i.e., a + (3 – 1)d = 22 and a + (10 – 1)d = 64
3
 1 1 1 a + 2d = 22 --------(1) and a + 9d = 64 ------- (2)
 + + 
a b c Solving (1) and (2), we get d = 6, a = 10
∴d=6 Ans: (6)
3
 1 1 1 27
 + +  ≥ ----------(2) 9. Given t4 = 23 and t9 = 48
a b c abc
∴ a + 3d = 23 ---------(1) and a + 8d = 48 ----- (2)
a+b+c 3 Solving (1) and (2), we get d = 5 and a = 8
≥
3 1 1 1 t20 = a + 19d
+ + = 8 + 19(5) = 103 Ans: (103)
a b c
(AM ≥ HM) 10. Let the nth term, tn, of the sequence 21, 14, 7,….be zero.
9 Here, a = 21, d = –7
⇒a+b+c≥ tn = 0 ⇒ a + (n – 1)d = 0
1 1 1
+ + 21 + (n – 1) (–7) = 0
a b c n=4
1  1 1 1 1 ∴ The fourth term of the sequence is zero. Choice (B)
Or  + +  ≥ -------------(3)
9 a b c a+b+c 11. –6, –3, 0,…….is an AP
From (1), (2) and (3) all true. Choice (D) t1 = a = –6, d = 3, n = 16
Sum of n terms of AP is
n
Exercise – 19 Sn = {2a + (n – 1) d}
(Sequences and series) 2
16
1. 23, 31, 39, ….. is an arithmetic progression whose common S16 = {2(–6) + (16 – 1) (3)}
difference = 31 – 23 = 8 2
∴ The next three terms are = 8{–12 + 45} = 264. Choice (A)
39 + 8, 39 + 2.8, 39 + 3.8, i.e., 12. Let the sum of the first n terms of 21, 14, 7……be zero.

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 a = 21, d = –7 and tn + 2 = b
n ∴ t1 = 21 and t5 = 35
Sn = 0 ⇒ {2a + (n – 1) d} = 0
2 7
a + 4d = 35 ⇒ 21 + 4d = 35 ⇒ d =
⇒ 2 (21) + (n – 1) (–7) = 0 2
N=7 The middle term of the AP is t3 = a + 2d = 21 + 7 = 28
The sum of the first 7 terms is zero. Choice (D) Ans: (28)

13. Given 11 t6 = 6t11 22. When n arithmetic means are inserted between p and q
∴ 11 (a + 5d) = 6(a + 10d) ⇒ 5a = 5d then t1 = p and tn + 2 = q
⇒a=d⇒a–d=0 Ans: (0) q−p
∴ a + (n + 2 – 1) d = q ⇒ d = . Choice (C)
n+1
14. Given 5 t5 = 10t10
∴ 5(a + 4d) = 10 (a + 9d) 23. Given t1 = a = 21, d = 3.5
⇒ 5a + 20d = 10a + 90d ⇒ 5a = –70d Let tn = 35 ⇒ a + (n – 1) d = 35
Or a + 14d = 0 i.e. t15 = 0 Ans: (0) 21 + (n – 1) 3.5 = 35
2
n–1=4⇒n=5
15. Given sn = 3n – 5n ∴ The sum of the terms,
t12 = S12 – S11
S12 = 3(12)2 – 5(12) = 372
n
Sn = {a + l} (ℓ is last term of AP)
S11 = 3(11)2 – 5(11) = 308 2
∴ t12 = 372 – 308 = 64 Ans : (64) 5
= {21 + 35} = 140. Ans: (140)
2
16. Let the three terms of the AP be a – d, a, a + d.
(a – d) + a + (a + d) = –21 ⇒ a = –7.
24. Given Sn = 385
Also, (a – d)2 + (a + d)2 = 226
In an arithmetic progression, if a is the first term and l is the
⇒ 2(a2 + d2) = 226
last term, then the arithmetic mean of the progression
⇒ (–7)2 + d2 = 113 ⇒ d = ± 8
is (a + l)⁄2
The three numbers are –15, –7, 1. ()
Their product is 105. Choice (D) ∴ = 38.5

n
17. The amounts deposited form an arithmetic sequence Sn = {a + ℓ} = 385 ⇒ n (38.5) = 385
10, 20, 30,…..of 33 terms 2
Here a = 10, d = 10, n = 33 ⇒ n = 10. Choice (B)
n
Sn = {2a + (n – 1) d} a+b 17 + 25
2 25. Arithmetic mean of a, b is = = 21
33 2 2
= {2.10 + 32(10)} = 5610 Ans: (21)
2
∴ Hari will receive an amount of `5610 from Ravi. 5 1
t2
Choice (C) 26. Common ratio r = = = . Choice (A)
t1 15 3
18. Let the five terms of the AP be a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d,
a + 2d Their sum is 5a = 165 ⇒ a = 33 t2 32 t 16 1
27. 64, 32, 16,…….. Here = = 3 = =
The difference between the first and the last terms, t1 64 t2 32 2
(a + 2d) – (a – 2d) = 20 ⇒ d = 5
The fourth term of the AP = a + d = 38. Ans: (38) ∴ The given sequence is a geometric progression.
1
a = 64, r = (common ratio)
19. The first and last three-digit numbers that leave a 2
remainder of 23 when divided by 36 are 131 and  1  1  1
995 respectively. The three-digit numbers that satisfy the The next three terms are 16   , 16  4  , 16  8 
given condition form an AP. The first term is 131 and the  
2    
common difference is 36 i.e., a = 131, l = 995, d = 36 i.e. 8, 4, 2. Choice (D)
The required sum
n n −1
Sn = {a + l} 1  1 1
2 28. tn = arn – 1, Here a = 27, r = , ∴ tn = 27   = .
tn = a + (n – 1)d
3 3 3n − 4
864 = 34 – n Choice (D)
995 = 131 + (n -1) 36 ⇒ = n – 1 ⇒ n = 25
36 n
 − 1
Sn =
25
{131 + 995} 29. Given tn = 3  
2  2 
= 14,075. 1
 − 1 −3
Choice (B) t1 = 3   = 2
 
2
20. Here a = 1, d = 1, n = n 2
 − 1 3
∑n t2 = 3   = 4
∴ Arithmetic mean of n natural numbers =  
2
n
n(n + 1) t2 3  2  −1
n +1 ∴ Common ratio r =  =
4  − 3  2
= .
= 2 = . Choice (D) t1
n 2 Choice (C)

21. When n means are inserted between a and b, then t1 = a

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 n Their product is 1.
 1
30. tn = 125   i.e., a3 = 1 ⇒ a = 1
5 1 7
5
From (1), +r= –1
 1 1 1 r 2
t6 = 125   =
 
5 5 2
=
25
= 5-2. Choice (B)
(r +1
2
=
5 )
⇒ 2r2 – 5r + 2 = 0
r 2
31. Let tn = 486 1
⇒ (2r – 1) (r – 2) = 0 ⇒ r = or 2
2 2⁄3 2
a= ,r= ⁄ =3
2 9
9 1
tn = arn – 1 = 486 ∴ The terms in increasing order are , 1, 2
2 2
i.e (3)n – 1 = 486
9 Difference required = 2 – 1 = 1 Ans: (1)
486 × 9
⇒ 3n – 1 = = 37
2 36. Geometric mean of a, b is ab , Here a = 32, b = 8
⇒n–1=7⇒n=8 Ans: (8) G.M = 32(8) = 16 Ans: (16)
1
32. t3= and t7 = 2 37. Geometric mean of x1, x2, x3 ….., xn is n x 1x 2 x 3 .....x n
8
5
1 i.e. √31 32 33 34 35 = 33 = 27 Ans: (27)
⇒ ar2 = -------(1)
8
38. When n geometric means are inserted between a, b, we
ar6 =2 --------(2)
get a GP with n + 2 terms, with t1 = a and tn + 2 = b
6
ar 2 ∴ t1 = a = 2 and t6 = 486
2÷1⇒ =
ar 2 1 t6 = a.r5 = 486 ⇒ r5 = 243 ⇒ r = 3
8 3rd geometric mean = t4 of the G.P
⇒ r4 = 24⇒ r = 2 or –2 Choice (D) = ar3 = 2(3)3 = 54 Ans: (54)

9 2 39. In the GP, a = 3, r = 3

33. Given t2 = and t6 = Let sn> 9800
8 9
4
(
a rn − 1
> 9800
)
t 6 ar 2 5 8 2 r −1
= =   ⇒ r4 =   3(3n –1)
t2 ar 9 9 3 ⇒
2
> 9800
⇒ 3 – 1 > 9800 (2 )
2
∴r= (∵ r > 0) n
3
3
9 2 3 27
⇒a=   = 19600
8  2 
ar =
8 16 ⇒ 3n> +1
3
9
27 2 ⇒ 3n> 6534
1
∴ t10 = ar9 =  
16 3 3
6
⇒ 3n> 37
3 3 29 1 25 2 ∴ n > 7 i.e. The least value of n in 8
= = =   . Choice (A)
24 39 3 6 2 3 At least 8 terms of GP should be added, so that the sum
exceeds 9800. Choice (D)

t2 3125 1 81 t
34. t1 = a = 15625, r = = = 40. A = , r = 2 = 243 256 = 3
t1 15625 5 256 t1 1024 81 4

Sn =
(
a rn − 1
or
)
a 1− rn ( ) ∴r=
3
<1
r −1 1− r 4
  1 n  81
1 −    a
 5  ∴ S∞ = = 256
  1− r 3
19531 = 15625 1−
1 4
1−
5 81  4  81
n =   = . Choice
19531 4  1 256  1  64
× =1–  
15625 5 5 (A)
n 7
 1 −1  1 a
–   = = –   41. s∞ =
5 78125 5 1− r
⇒n=7 Ans: (7) 1 1
Here r = , S∞ =
a 8 2
35. Let the three numbers of the GP be , a, ar 1
r ⇒ = a
2 1
Their sum is 7 . 1−
2 8
1  7 ⇒ a = 1  7  = 7 . Choice (B)
i.e., a  + 1 + r  = ----------(1) 2  8  16
r  2
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 1 1
= .∵ →0 Choice (A)
1 1 1 ∞
42. , , ,…… 8
7 11 15 49. Let a, b be any two numbers.
The reciprocals of the above terms are 7, 11, 15……are in a+b
AP The arithmetic mean of a, b, is --------(1)
2
∴ The given series is an H.P
a = 7, d = 4 The geometric mean of a, b is ab ---------- (2)
t5 = a + (5 – 1) d
= 7 + 4(4) = 23
2ab
The harmonic mean of a, b is ---------- (3)
1 a+b
∴ 5th term of the HP is . Choice (D)
23 a+b  2ab 
(1) × (3) ⇒   = ab
2 a+b

( )
4 4 2
43. In the HP, t3 = , t7 =
5 9 = ab
Let the corresponding AP be a, a + d, . . . = (Geometric mean)2
5 9 ∴ For any two real numbers, the arithmetic mean,
a + 2d = --------- (1) and a + 6d = -------(2) geometric mean and harmonic mean are in geometric
4 4 progression. Choice (B)
1
Solving (1) and (2) we get a = 3 , d = 50. a, b, c are in harmonic progression
4 4
1 1
th
14 term of A.P = a + 13d i.e, , , 1 are in AP.
16 a b c
= 3 + 13  1  = =4
4 a+b+c a+b+c
4   4 ⇒ a+b+c , , are in A.P
a b c
1
t14 of H.P = . Choice (C) a b+c b a+c c a+b
4 ⇒ + , + , + are in A.P
a a b b c c
b+c a+b
2ab ⇒1+ ,1+ a + c ,1+ are in A.P
44. The harmonic mean of a, b is .Here a = 4, b = 16. a b c
a+b
a+c a+b
2(4 )(16 ) 32 ⇒ b+c , , are in AP.
HM = = = 6.4. Ans: (6.4) a b c
4 + 16 5
a b c
⇒ , , are in HP. Choice (C)
45. When three harmonic means are inserted between b+c a+c a+b
1 3
and , we get an HP of 5 terms. Exercise – 20
3 17
(Functions)
1 3
t1 = and t5 =
3 17 Solutions for questions 1 to 55:
Let a, a + d, . . . be the corresponding AP.
17 1. The roster form of the set is {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}.
2
a = 3 and a + 4d = ∴d= Choice (C)
3 3
The third term of the AP 2. y N and 3 < y < 8
13
2 ⇒ y = 4, 5, 6 or 7.
= 3 + 2  = . Also x = 2y – 3. Substituting for y, we get x as 5, 7, 9 or 11
3
3
A = {5, 7, 9, 11}. Choice (B)
The corresponding term of the HP is 3/13. Choice (B)
3. The set builder form of the set X = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} is {x/x
46. 1 + 1 + 1 + ….+ 1 is a prime number less than 15} Choice (A)
5(7) 7(9 ) 9(11) 33(35 )
4. All the subsets in choices A, B, C are subsets of set B.
1  2 2 2 2.  Choice (D)
= + + + .... +
2  5(7) 7(9) 9(11) 
33(35 ) 
5. The number of subsets of a nonempty set would have its
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 least value, when the number of elements in the set has its
=  − + − + − + .... + −  least value, viz 1. The number of subsets of a singleton set
2  5 7 7 9 9 11 33 35  is two. One subset is the null set and the other is the set
1 1 1  1  7 − 1 itself. Choice (C)
=  −  =  
2  5 35  2  35  6. The number of subsets of a set containing n elements is 2n.
3 Choice (A)
= . Choice (C)
35 7. Given n(B) = 5, then the number of proper subsets other
than the null set is 25 – 2, i.e.,30 Ans: (30)
2
47. G = AH (standard result). Choice (B)
8. The number of elements of the given set = 3
3 3 + 3 Number of subsets = 23 = 8 Ans: (8)
48. + +……
8(11) 11(14 ) 14(17 )
9. n(A) = 3 Number of subset of A = 23 = 8.
=  1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ..... A is true.
 8 11 11 14 14 17  {2, 3} is an element of A, rather than a subset.

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 We would write {2, 3} A rather than {2, 3} ⊆ A.Also, D9 = 0 < x < 3
D12 = 0 < x < 4
we would write {{2,3}} ⊆ A rather than {2,3} ⊆ A. D9 ∩ D12 = 0 < x < 3 = (0, 3) Choice (C)
B is also true.
C is also true. Choice (D) 23. If A ⊂ B then, n(A ∩ B) = n(A)
10. (A) For any x, x ≠ x is false. No such elements exist. The
The maximum number of elements in A ∩ B is 5.
given set is a null set.
Ans: (5)
(B) 2y where y > 1 is an even number greater than 2.
24. If A ⊂ B then n(A ∪ B) = n(B)
x is not a prime
Choice (B)
(C) | x – 3| ≤ –4 is false. The modulus has to be
nonnegative. This too is a null set Choice (D)
25. When A, B are disjoint sets, then
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) = 7 + 6 = 13 Ans: (13)
11. The concept of a set is simpler than other concepts that are
studied later. An element either belongs to a set or it does
not. There is no scope to say that it belongs (or occurs) 3x 2 + 5x + 6
26. P =
2 times, 3 times etc. This additional idea, though very x
important, is not part of the idea of a set. We use the term
‘multiset’ for this. Thus, the multiset of the prime factors of 6
= 3x + 5 +
12 is different from the multiset of the prime factors of 24. x
But the set of prime factors of 12 is the same as the set of x ∈ N and P ∈ N ⇒ x = 1, 2, 3, 6
prime factors of 24. The individual elements of the given x = 1, 2 P = 14
collection are 1, {1, 2}, 2, 3, {3, 4}. These are 5 in number.
Ans: (5) x=3 P = 16

12. A and B do not have any common elements. x=6 P = 24

A, B are disjoint Choice (A)
∴ A = {14,16,24}
13. As y = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, n(A) = 3 Ans: (3)
X = {4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64}. This is the same as Y.
X and Y are equal sets. If we can set up a one-to-one 27. n(A ∪ B) = n(A – B) + n(B)
correspondence between the elements of two sets, the sets 7 + 16 = 23
are said to be equivalent. For finite sets, this simply means Note: n(A) is not needed. Ans: (23)
that the two sets have the same number of elements. Two
equal sets are always equivalent, whether they are finite or 28. The dual of the statement A – (B ∪ C) = (A – B) ∩ (A – C) is
infinite. Choice (D) A – (B ∩ C) = (A – B) ∪ (A – C)
The dual of a statement is obtained by interchanging
14. A – B is the set of elements that belong to A but not to B. ∪ and ∩. Choice (B)
A – B = {1, 3, 5, 7} Choice (D)
29. |x – 5| ≤ 7 –7 ≤ x – 5 ≤ 7 –2 ≤ x ≤ 12 ---- (1)
15. A ∆ B = (A – B) U (B – A) P = {–2, –1, 0, . . . 12}
A – B = {2, 3, 4} |x – 2| < 5 –5 < x – 2 < 5 –3 < x < 7 ----- (2)
B–A={} Q = {–2, –1, 0, .. . .6}
A ∆ B = {2, 3, 4} Choice (B) P ∩ Q = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, which has 9 elements.
Ans: (9)
16. The individual and different letters are M, I, S, P which are
four in number. 30. If a set has n elements, the number of subsets that contain
n(A) = 4 Ans: (4) exactly r elements is given by nCr.
Here n = 7, r = 4 and 7Cr = 35. Ans: (35)
17. The statements in both choices B and C are DeMorgans’
laws. Choice (D) 31. n(A) = 7
The subset must contain the 3 specified elements. For
18. The number of elements of the power set of a set that has each of the other 4 elements, we have 2 choices – include
n elements is 2n. or exclude. Therefore, these are 24, viz 16 such subsets.
2n = 64 = 26; n = 6 Ans: (6) Ans: (16)

19. The prime factors of 30 are 2, 3, 5 32. The subset must contain 1, 3, 8 and must not contain 2, 3.
A = {2, 3, 5} The two-way choice (of including or excluding) is there only
B = Factors of 24 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24} for the other two elements, viz 6 and 12. The number of
A ∩ B = {2, 3} such subsets is 22, ie 4. Ans: (4)
n(A ∩ B) = 2 Ans: (2)
33. The number of subsets that contain at least four elements
20. B = {2, 3, 6, 7} = number of subsets containing 4, 5, 6 or 7 elements
C = {1, 3, 6, 8, 10} = 7C 4 + 7C 5 + 7C 6 + 7C 7
= 35 + 21 + 7 + 1 = 64 Ans: (64)
B U C = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10}
A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7} 34. The number of subsets that contain at most 4 elements
A ∩ (B U C) = {1, 3, 6, 7) Choice (B) = number of subsets that contain 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 elements
(or) total number of subsets – number of subsets that
21. µ = {1, 2, ……, 10} contain 5 or 6 or 7 elements.
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10} = 27 – (7C5 + 7C6 + 7C7) = 99 Ans: (99)
A′ = µ – A = {1, 4, 6, 9}
B = {1, 3, 7, 8, 9} 35. The number of nonempty proper subsets of a set having ‘n’
B′ = µ – B = {2, 4, 5, 6, 10} elements, (say m) is 2n – 2
A′ ∩ B′ = {4, 6} Choice (D) Here, n = 7 and m = 27 – 2 = 126
Ans: (126)
n
22. Dn = {x/0 < x < } 36. Let n(A) = p, n(B) = q
3
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 The number of functions that can be defined from set A to 51. n(A) = 5, n(B) = 2. Let B = {1, 2}
set B is qp. There are 32 functions that can be defined from A to B.
Here q = 6, p = 5 Only two of these are not into, viz f(x) = 1, f(x) = 2.
and qp = 65 = 7776 Ans: (7776) Ans: (2)
37. The number of relations that can be defined from set A to
n(A × B) n(A) . n(B) 52. Let f(x) = log(2x – 5) + 3x − 9
set B is 2 =2
= 23 × 4 = 212 = 4096 Ans: (4096) f1(x) = log(2x – 5), f2(x) = 3 x − 9 .
The domain f(x) is the intersection of the domains of f1(x)
38. n(A) = 5, n(B) = 4
and f2(x)
The maximum number of elements in a relation from set A
f1(x) = log(2x – 5)
to set B is n(A × B). This is n(A) × n(B) = 5(4) = 20
As log is defined only for positive numbers, the domain of
Ans: (20)
f1(x) is given by
39. n(A) = 6 n(B) = 8
Number of one–one function is 8)* Ans: (20160) 2x – 5 > 0 x>
5
--------- (1)
2
40. n(A) = 5. Number of bijective function = 5! = 120
f2(x) = 3 x − 9
Ans: (120)
The square root is not real for negative values.
41. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {3, 4, 5} 9
(A) is not a function for two reasons. (i) 4 in A does not 3x – 9 ≥ 0 x≥ = 3 -------- (2)
have an image in B. (ii) 1 in A has 2 images in B. 3
(B) is not a function as 3 in A does not have an image in 5
B. Domain of f(x) is ( , ) ∩ [3, )
2
(C) is a function. Each element in A has a unique image in
B. i.e. [3, ) Choice (C)
(D) is not a function as neither 1 nor 2 in A has an image
in B. Also 5 does not belong to A at all. Choice (C) 1
53. Let f(x) = + x2 − 9 ,
x −5
42. The number of constant functions from set A to set B is
1
n(B) i.e., 3 Ans: (3) f1(x) = and f2(x) = x 2 − 9
x −5
43. The domain is the set of all the first coordinates. This is f1(x) is not defined only when x = 5
{1, 2, 3, 4} Choice (B) Domain of f1(x) = R – {5} ---------- (1)
44. The range is the set of all the second coordinates i.e. {3, 4, 5} f2(x) = x 2 − 9
Choice (A) Domain of f2 is given by x2 – 9 ≥ 0
x ≤ –3 or x ≥ 3 ----------- (2)
45. fof(a)
Domain of f is
= f[f(a)]
R – {5} ∩ (– , –3] [3, )
= f(b) = c
(– , –3] [3, 5) (5, ) Choice (D)
fof(a) = c. Choice (D)
54. For every function f, f(x) + f(–x) is even.
46. f(x) = 3x – 5 and g(x) = x2 + 1
Choice (A)
gof(0) = g[f(a)]
g(–5) = (–5)2 + 1
55. f(x) = 2x + 7 and g(x) = 3x – 5
gof(0) = 26 Ans: (26)
f(2) + g(–1) = 2(2) + 7 + 3(–1) – 5 = 3
3x − 1 −3 and (f.g) (–1) = f(–1). g(–1)
47. f(x) = , (x ≠ ) = (2(–1) + 7) (3(–1) – 5)
2x + 3 2 = 5(–8) = –40 Ans: (3, –40)
Let f–1(x) = y, i.e., f(y) = x
3y − 1 Exercise – 21
=x 2xy + 3x = 3y – 1
2y + 3 (Graphs)
3x + 1 Solutions for questions 1 to 15:
y(2x – 3) = –(3x + 1) y=
3 − 2x
3x + 1 3 1. All the given points satisfy f(x) = 3x − 5. Choice (D)
f–1(x) = (x ≠ )
3 − 2x 2 2. Only choice (C) satisfies i.e., 2(2) − 3(2) < 7.
3(−2) + 1 −5 −2 < 7, True. Choice (C)
f–1(–2) =
3 − 2(− 2 )
= Choice (B)
7
3. Equation of the form ax + by + c = 0.
(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0) always represents a straight line.
48. A function is bijective if it is both one-one and onto. Both Choice (C)
choices A and C satisfy these conditions, while B does not.
Choice (D) 4. For a given graph, if a vertical line drawn anywhere in the
49. Let n(A) = a, n(B) = b. Given a = 5, b = 4. domain, meets the graph at exactly one point, the graph
If a ≤ b, the number of one-one functions that can be represents a function. Only choice (D) satisfies this.
defined from A to B is bPa. Choice (D)
If a > b, there can be no one-one function from A to B. Here
a > b. Therefore, the number of one-one functions that can 5. The change of sign of y reflects the graph in X-axis.
be defined from A to B is 0. Ans: (0) Choice (B)
50. In general, the composition of functions satisfies only the 6. Change of sign of both x and y reflects the graph in the
associative property. (among the properties given in the origin. This is equivalent to reflecting in both the axes in
options). either order. Choice (C)
Only choice (B) is true. Choice (B)

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 x y ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD
7. The given graph represented by + ≥ 1 i.e., 3x + 2y ≤ −6, AB = 4, CD = 2, Distance between AB and CD is 3
-2 -3
both (−2, −3) and (1, −5) satisfies the graph. 1
Area ABCD = |3(4 + 2)| = 9
Choice (D) 2
8. The graph in figure (2) is obtained by moving horizontally (or)
right for 4 units and shifting vertically above for 2 units. This A = (x1, y1) = (3, 0), B = (x2, y2) = (3, 4)
is denoted by y = g(x − 4) + 2. Choice (A) C = (x3, y3) = (0, 4), D = (x4, y4) = (0, 2)
Area of ABCD
9. The graph in figure (2) is obtained by shifting the graph in 1 x1 - x 3 x2 - x 4 1 3 3
figure (1) by 3 units vertically down which is denoted by = = = 9 sq. units
y = f(x) − 3. Choice (D) 2 y1 - y 3 y2 - y 4 2 -4 2
Ans: (9)
10. The graph in figure (2) is obtained from figure (1) by shifting
the graph horizontally left side for 6 units which is denoted Exercise – 22
by y = h(x + 6). Choice (C) (Indices and Surds)

11. Graph in figure (2) is obtained from graph in figure (1) by Solutions for questions 1 to 40:
reflecting the graph in Y-axis which can be obtained by
replacing x by –x in y = f(x). i.e., Graph in figure (2) is 1. 59n – 5 = 52n +30
y = f(−x). Choice (A) ⇒ 9n – 5 = 2n + 30 ⇒ n = 5 Ans: (5)
12. The graph in figure (2) is obtained from figure (1) by
2. 97x – 5 = 274x + 8
reflecting in X-axis which is denoted by y = −g(x).
Choice (B) ⇒ (32)7x – 5 = (33)4x + 8

13. The graph in figure (2) can be obtained in two ways. ⇒ 314x – 10 = 312x + 24
(1) by reflecting in both the axes ⇒14x – 10 = 12x + 24 ⇒ 2x = 34 ⇒x = 17 Ans: (17)
(2) by reflecting in Y-axis alone which is both choice (B)
and choice (C). Choice (D) 3. 33y + 3 = 33y + 1 + 648
⇒ 33y(33 – 3) = 648
14. x2 + y2 ≤ 49 represents the interior area of the circle. The
area required is denoted by the shaded region in the figure
⇒ 33y =
648
Y = 27 = 33
24
⇒ 3y = 3 ⇒ y = 1 Ans: (1)

2 2 B
x+y≥7 4. 2+√2,
-.
= ( 2 )2p +7
x + y = 49 P+5 2P + 5
⇒2. 2 2 =2 2
P+5 2P + 7
⇒ +1=
−7 0 X 2 2
7
⇒ P + 7 = 2P + 7 ⇒ P = 0 Ans: (0)

5. 45m = 1024 × 4m – 3
x+y=7
4 5m
= 1024 ⇒ 45m – m + 3 = 45
4m −3
x+y≥7 4m + 3 = 5
The area required = Area of the quadrant − Area of ∆ OAB. m = ½ = 0.5 Choice (C)
1  22  49 77 − 49
=   49 − = = 14 Ans: (14) x +2
4  7  2 2  3
4  625
6. =
 5 81
15. The area denoted by the given relations is shown in the  
figure x +2
The required area is the area bounded by quadrilateral 4
3 4 5
ABCD.   = 
5 3
x+2
= −4
C B 4
4 x = –18 Choice (B)

7.
(49)−52 (16)8 (7)5
2
425 (32)−5
D
A
= 7 ( ) (2 ) (7 )
2
−5
2 4 8 5

(2 ) (25 )
0 3
2 25 5 −5

= 7–5 + 5 232 – 50 + 25 = 27 = 128 Choice (A)

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 5 −7 253 (125)4 −7 2
( ) (5 ) 3 3 4
8. =5 5 16. x = –(y + z) ⇒ x + y + z = 0 ⇒ x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
(625) (25)
3
4
7
2
(5 ) (5 )
4
3
4 2
7
2
Consider p + q + r = x + y + z = x + y + z
2 2 2 3 3 3

yz zx xy xyz
= 5–7 + 6 + 12 – 3 – 7 = 5 Choice (D)
(
= 3 Qx+y+z=0 )
9.
(343 )a (49 )a + 3 (7 )a − 2 apaqar = ap+q+r
7 a + 3 (49 )a − 5 (343 )a + 4 ∴ap + q + r = a3 Choice (C)
a a+3
 7 3  . 7 2  (7 )a − 2  1  1
p q
=      x +   x −  r
a −5 a+4  y  y x
7 a + 3. 7 2   7 3  17. =  
    p q
 1  1 y
73a + 2a + 6 + a – 2 – a – 3 – 2a + 10 – 3a – 12 y +  y − 
1  x   x 
= 7–1 = Choice (A) p q
7  xy + 1   xy − 1 
   
y   y 
r
x
10. (49)3/2 – (27)2/3 – (64)4/3 ⇒  . =  
= (72)3/2 – (33)2/3 – (43)4/3 p q
 xy + 1   xy − 1  y
= 73 – 32 – 44  x   x 
   
= 343 – 9 – 256 = 78 Choice (B)
p q r
 xy + 1 x   xy − 1 x  x
     
4 3
12 –  y xy + 1   y xy − 1  =  y 
11. 24 +4 + 1728      
3 4
p q r p+q r
x x x x x
8 3 . 4 + 4. 3 + 12 – 12 12  
y .  =   ⇒   =   ⇒ r = p + q
  y
  y y y
= –2 12 = – 48 Choice (C)
Choice (B)

12. 1 – [{1 – (a2 + 1)–1}–1 –1] –1/2 18. 5x = p, 5y = q and 5z = r

5 x.5 z
2
a pr
= 1– [{ }–1 –1] –1/2 5x – y + z = = Choice (A)
a +12
5y q
 a2 +1 
=1–  − 1 −1 / 2
a 7 x − y a7 y − z a7 z − x
 a 
(a a a )
2 19.
  x y z 6
=1–a Choice (C)
13. Let x = 0.00000027132 a7x − y +7y − z +7z− x
a 6 (x + y + z )
x(1010) = 2713.2 =
and x(1011) = 27132
∴ Minimum value of z = 11 Ans: (11) =a 6x + 6y + 6z – 6x – 6y – 6z
= a0 = 1 Ans: (1)

2
3
 1 1  2 2   1 1  2 2 
 a 3 −b 3    a 3 −(ab ) 13 +b 3  x  b 3 −c 3   b 3 + (bc ) 13 +c 3 
20. 3x = 6561 = 38
       
      ⇒ 3 x3 = 38 ⇒ x3 = 8 ⇒ x = 2
14. x Ans: (2)
 1 1  2 2 
 3 − a 3   c 3 + (ca )13 +a 3  21. Consider the first term.
c  
  
x  
a 2x a 2x ax
= =
x+y x+z
a x  a x + a y + a z 
2x
 1 
3
 1 
3  1 
3 
1 
3  1 
3
 1 
3 a +a +a a + ay + az
x

a
3  −b 3 
  

b
3


− c 3  

c
3  − a 3 
  
 
           
= x     . x     . x     Similarly
a 2y ay
(∵ (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) = a3 – b3) = and
2y x+y y+z
a +a +a a + ay + az
x
= xa – b . xb – c . xc – a = x0 = 1
a 2z az
Choice (D) =
a 2z + a x + z + a y + z ax + ay + az
 ab + bc 
ab − bc
 
bc − ac ∴ The given expression can be written as
x  . x ac + bc  .
ax ay az
15.    
+ +
 ab + ac 
ac − ab a x + a y + az a x + a y + az a x + a y + az
x 
= a +a +a
x y z
  =1 Choice (D)

x ( ab + )( ) ( bc + )( bc − ). az + ay + az
⇒ bc ab − bc .
x ac ac

x( )( ac − ab )
ac + ab x y z
 y2   z2   x2 
3  3  3 
⇒ x( ) −(
bc )
. x ( bc ) − ( ac ) . x ( ac ) ( ab ) 22.    xy   yz 
2 2 2 2 2 2
ab −
 3 xz  3  3 
(∵ (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2)      
⇒ xab – bc + bc – ac + ac – ab = x0 = 1 Ans: (1)

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 x y z i.e.
 2   z 2 − xy   x 2 − yz 
=  3 y − xz  3  3  1 1 1 1
      + + + ... +
     
     
16 + 17 17 + 18 18 + 19 99 + 100
x  y 2 − xz  + y  z 2 − xy  + z  x 2 − yz 
= 3       = 17 − 16 + 18 − 17 + 19 − 18 + ... + 100 − 99
xy2 −x2z+yz2 −xy2 +x2z−yz2 = − 16 + 100 = 10 – 4 = 6 Ans: (6)
= 3 = 30 = 1 Ans: (1)

5 30. 10+ 2 15 + 2 6 + 2 10 =
23. 115 115 11 ...... ∞ = 13312x
(5 + 3 + 2) + 2 5 3 +2 3 2 +2 5 2
11(1331
)2x = 13312x =
⇒
5

⇒ [11 (113)2x]1/5 = (113)2x

6x +1 1
= ( 5) + ( 3) + ( 2) + 2 5
2 2 2
3 +2 3 2 +2 5 2
⇒ = 6x ⇒ x = Choice (A)
5 24 = 5+ 3+ 2 Choice (B)

24. x = 8 + 2 7 22 24
31. 22 =2 =2 16

x = 8+2 7 As 22 lies between 24 and 25,

2222 lies between 288 and 2110

= ( 7 )2 + (1)2 + 2. 7 . 1 As 222 lies between 27 and 28, (222)2 lies between 214 and 216.
Hence the greatest of the given expressions is 2222

x = ( 7 + 1) = 7 + 1
Choice (D)
2
32. LCM of 4, 3, 2, 12 is 12
12
1 7 −1
1 7 −1  1  12
and = = 1
  1
x 7 +1 7 −1 6 3 4 = 3 4 
1
=  3 3  12 = 27 12
 
( )
x+6  
∴ = x +
6
=  
x x 12
1  1  12
( )
 1
7 − 1   
7 + 1 + 6 =2 7 Choice (B) 5 3 = 5 3 
1
=  5 4  12 = 625 12
 
( )
 6   
   
1
4 12 = (4) 12
1
1 1
25. 3 3 + 3 2 = 3 3 + 2 3
12
The rationalizing factor (RF) of 1  1  12  6  112
= (64) 12
1
1 1 2 2 = 2 2  = 2 
   
a 3 +b 3 is a
2
3 − (ab ) 13 +b
2
3 as their product is  
a+b 1

( ) (3.2) 13 + (22 ) 3
1 1 1 1 Clearly, 4 12 is the least Choice (C)
3−
∴ RF of 3 3 + 2 3 is 32
1
− 6
1
+ 4
1 33. ( 4 + 15)2 =19+ 2 60 =19+ 240
( 2 + 17)2 =19+2 34 =19+ 136
i.e. 9 3 3 3 Choice (C)

26.
18 17 − 11
( 4 + 12)2 =16+ 2 48 =16+ 192
17 + 11
( 17 −
17 − 11
) = 3 ( 17 − ( 5 + 11 ) = 16 + 2 55 = 16 + 220
= 18
17 − 11
11
11 ) Choice (C)
⇒ Clearly, 19 + 240 i.e, 4 + 15 is the greatest
Choice (A)
5+ 3 5− 3
27. − 34. z = 7 – 4 3 ∴
1
=7+4 3
5− 3 5+ 3 z

⇒
( 5 + 3 )2 − ( 5 − 3 )2 = 4 5 3 = 2 15 z2 –
1  1  1 
=  z +  z −  = (14) − 8 3 = –112 3 ( )
( 5 − 3 )( 5 + 3 ) 5−3 z2  z  z 
Choice (B)
Choice (A)
x 243
35. =
32 3x
28. 7 + 4 3 = 7 + 2 12
⇒ x
1 1
= 32 (243)
( 4 ) + ( 3 ) + 2.
2 x 3
2 2
= 4. 3 5
⇒ x 6 = 25 . 35
= ( 4 + 3 )2 = 2 + 3 Choice (C) ⇒ x = (65)6/5 = 66 Choice (D)

1 1 1 5 43
+ + 36. x
29. + …… (upto
17 + 16 17 + 18 19 + 18
84 terms)
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 3.×1
=log10   = log10 102 = 2
.
1
543 1  1  3
= ( x) 2 = 5 4  x 2  5∵ logM + logN – logP = log 
MN
6 Ans: (2)
  P

1 1 4. log125 + log8 – 2.log10 10

 1 4  1  5 1
   
5
= x 6  =  x 24  = x 120 Choice (C) = log 
125×8
 = log10 10 = 1 Ans: (1)
    100
   
1 ( √.) 3 – log10  
1
5.
37. x = 4 ⇒x= 100
+ – √.,+ √., = 3 – log10 10–2
3− 5
x = 3 + √5 3 – (–2)log10 10 = 5. Ans: (5)
x – 3 = √5 6. 2logx + log5 = log125
= 3 + 5 (x – 3) = 5 ⇒ logx2 + log5 = log125
⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 = 5 ⇒ log10 (5x2 ) = log10 (125)
⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 – 13 = 5 – 13 ⇒ 5x2 = 125 ⇒ x2 = 25 ⇒ x = 5 Choice (C)
⇒ x2 – 6x – 4 = –8 Ans: (–8)
7. log(2x–1) + log(2x+1) = log143
⇒log(2x–1)(2x+1) = log143
38. x = 3 + 3 5 ⇒ 4x2–1 = 143
(x – 3)3 = 5 ⇒ 4x2 = 144 ⇒ x2 = 36 ⇒ x = 6 Choice (D)
x3 – 9x2 + 27x – 27 = 5
x3 – 9x2 + 27x – 27 + 13 = 5 + 13 log4096 12 log 2
8. = logx ⇒ = log x
x3 – 9x2 + 27x – 14 = 18 Ans: (18) log256 8 log 2
⇒ 3/2 = logx
39. x = 17 + 4 15 3
⇒ x= 102 = 10√10 Choice (B)
⇒ x = 17 + 2 60
9. log6 36 + log6 900 – log6 25 – 2log6 6

= ( 12 + 5 ) 2
= log 6
36(900 )
25 (36 )
= log 6 36 = log 6 6 2 = 2 . Ans: (2)

x = 12 + 5
10. Let x = 0.4log6 62 + 0.04log6 62 + 0.004log6 62 + – – – –
1 1 12 − 5 12 −
= × = 5 = 0.8 + 0.08 + 0.008 + – – – –
x 12 + 5 12 − 5 7 = 0.8888 – – – –
7 x = 0. 8
x − = 12 + 5 − 12 + 5 = 2 5 Choice (B)
8
x ∴x = 9 Choice (B)

40. Let the other surd be x = a + b 21 11. log6 + log12 – log(32000) + log16 4096

Arithmetic mean : x + 2 3 ( 3 +2 7) = log

6(12)
+ log 2 46
4
2 32000
x+2 3 ( 3 +2 7) =8+3  9   9 
 + 3 = log10  4000  + log10 10
21 = log
3
2
 4(1000)   
⇒ x + 6 + 4 21 = 16 + 6 21
= log10 
9(1000)  9
⇒ x = 10 + 2√21  = log 4  Choice (A)
 4000   
⇒ a + b 21 = 10 + 2√21
a = 10 b = 2 12. log36 73 – log36 49 + log36 53 – log36 875
∴ The other surd x = 10 +2 21  73 (125 ) 
= log36   = log36 1 = 0 Choice (D)
Its square root is 7+ 3 Choice (B)  49(875) 

Exercise – 23 log7 343 log7 73 3log7 7 3

(Logarithms) 13. = = = Choice (B)
log5 3125 log5 55 5log5 5 5
Solutions for questions 1 to 30:
14. 71+log74 = 7log77+log74
3 3 = 7log7 28 = 28 Ans: (28)
1. log81 729 = log 93 = log9 9 =
92 2 2
15. The given expression (say E) is of the form xy/x + y
m m 78 
(∵ log n x
m i.e, E = =9 9
= logx x = ) Ans: (1.5) 78
: ;

x n n  
Where = log 1 = = log . .
7 8
 
 25   1  ∴ + = 1 and E = 1.
7 8
2. log25   = log25  25 
 625    [Note: The product of two numbers is equal to their sum, if
= log2525–1 = –1log2525 = –1 Ans: (–1) and only if, the sum of the reciprocals of the number is 1)
Ans: (1)
3. log625 + log4 – log25
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16. log7(log4(log3x)) = log71
⇒ log4(log3x) = 1 Solutions for questions 1 to 30:
⇒ log3x = 4
⇒ x = 34 = 81 Choice (C) 1. The number of ways of picking the required balls is
3
C15C16C1= 90. Choice (A)
17. log5x + log5(x – 2)= 0
⇒ log5 (x (x–2)) = log51 2. The possible ways of getting a sum of 9 when two dice are
⇒ x(x5 –2) = 1 rolled are (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4) (6, 3). We can get a sum of
x2–2x = 1 or 9 in 4 ways. Ans: (4)
x2–1 = 2x Choice (A)
18. (7776)125 = x (say) 3. The possible ways of picking two different flowers are –
⇒ [25 (35)]125 = x (1 Jasmine and 1 Marygold) or (1 Jasmine and 1 Lilly) or
⇒ [2 (3)]625 = x (1 Marygold and 1 Lilly).The number of ways =
4
Taking logs on both sides, we get C1 5 C1 + 4
C1 3 C1 + 5
C1 3 C1 = 20 + 12 + 15 = 47
625 [log2 + log3] = logx Ans: (47)
⇒ 625[0.3010 + 0.4771] = logx
⇒ 625 (0.7781) = logx 4. As one particular man is always excluded and one
∴ logx = 486.3125 particular woman is always included we have to select
∵ The characteristic of x is 486. 3 people from 4 men and 5 women
x has 487 digits Choice (B) 9 ? (@)(A)
C3 = = 84. Choice (B)
 () ()
log 8 + log( x − 4 x )
2
19. =2 5. There are 9 letters. Of them T and I occur two times each.
log 96
9!
The number of words that can be formed =
⇒ log 8( x 2 − 4 x ) = 2 log 96 2!2!
⇒ 8(x2–4x) = 96 = 90,720.
⇒ x2–4x–12 = 0 Choice (C)
⇒ (x–6)(x+2) = 0
⇒ x = 6 (∵ x > 0) Choice (C) 6. As no two girls are to sit together, we first seat the 4 boys in
4 places. This can be done in 24 ways.
20. log0.3(log4x) < 0 b1 b2 b3 b4
⇒ log0.3(log4x) < log0.31
⇒ log4x > 1 (∵ base is < 1) There are 5 places for the 5 girls to sit as shown by
⇒x>4 marks above. They can be seated in 5! ways.
∴ Range of x is (4, ∞) Choice (D) The number of arrangements = 4!5!
= 24 (120) = 2880. Choice (C)
21. log9(log8(log42562))
= log9(log8(log4(44)2)) 7. As two particular boys are to sit together, (in a specified
= log9log8(8log44) order) treat them as one unit. This one unit of two boys and
= log9(log88) (∵ log44 = 1)
the remaining 6 persons (3 boys + 3 girls) can be seated in
=log91 = 0 Ans: (0) 7! ways. Choice (B)

8. As one particular boy and one particular girl are to sit

(12x − 143)
22. log = 0 = log 1 together, treat them as one unit. This one unit of two
4x + 1 persons and the remaining 6 persons (3 boys + 3 girls) can
12x − 143 be seated in 7! ways. But the boy and the girl sitting
⇒ = 1 ⇒ 12x – 143 = 4x + 1 together can interchange seats.
4x + 1 Total number of arrangements = 7!2!. Choice (D)
⇒ 8x = 144 ⇒ x = 18 Ans: (18)
9. In the word EDUCATION, there are 5 vowels and 4
 1 consonants. As all the vowels are together, treat them as
23. 4logx + 2 log  + log3 = log75 one unit. This unit and the remaining 4 consonants can be
x arranged in 5! ways. The 5 vowels themselves can be
⇒ 4logx + 2logx–1 = log75 – log3 rearranged in 5! ways
 75  Total number of ways = 5!5! = 120 (120) = 14400.
⇒ 2logx = log  Choice (A)
 3 
x2 = 25 ⇒ x = 5 Choice (C) 10. Total number of persons to be seated = 10
10 can be seated around a circle in 9! ways ( Q n persons
can be seated around a circle in (n–1)! ways).
24. 52 −log5 35 + 2 log5 7 Choice (A)
2 − log 35 + log 7 2
= 5 log 5 5 5 5
11. For each ring, there are 5 positions (any one of the letters)
 25×49 
log5   Total attempts required = 5 (5) (5) (5) = 54.
= 5  35  = 35 Ans: (35) Choice (D)

25. log7z = log749 + 3log7x 12. Number of diagonals of regular polygon of n sides is
⇒ log7z = log7[(49)(x3)] n(n–3)/2.
⇒ 49x3 = z n(n − 3 )
∴ = 6n
2
z − x3 49x3 − x3
∴ 3
= =1 Choice (B) ⇒ n – 3 = 12 n = 15 Ans : (15)
48x 48x3
12
13. The number of cards required = 2 P = 132. Ans : (132)
Exercise – 24
(Permutations and combinations)
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14. The number of tickets to be printed = 14
P2 = 14 (13) = 182. The four letters can be posted in 64 ways, ie 1296 ways.
Choice (B)
Ans : (182)
24. For each prize, there are 5 options
15. By joining 20 non-collinear points, the number of straight
The three prizes can be given away in 53, i.e. 125 ways.
20
lines that can be formed = C 2 = 190. The number of Ans: (125)
20  (?)(@)
triangles that can be formed = C3 = = 1140 25. The required number of ways = 5 (7) (4) = 140.
 ()
The difference is 950. Choice (D) Choice (D)

4
26. For the passwords, there are no restrictions. Any symbol
16. From 4 boys, 2 can be selected in C2 , i.e., 6 ways. can be used any number of times
5
From 5 girls, 2 girls can be selected in C2 , i.e.,10 ways.
The number of passwords = 8 (8) (8) (8) (8) = 85.
The number of ways of forming the committee as Choice (C)
required:
6(10) = 60. Choice (C) 27. There are 11 symbols. We have to use any four without
11
17. The committee consists of more girls than boys. It has repetition. This is possible in P4 , i.e. 7920 ways.
2 boys, 3 girls (or) 1 boy, 4 girls. The number of ways is Ans: (7920)
4 4 4 4
C3 C2 + C4 C1 = 4(6) + 1(4) = 28. Choice (C)
28. The following are the possible ways for the sum to be 13.

18. The selection can be made as follows : Different Combinations Number of ways
(1) Select the man and do not select the boy (1, 6, 6) 3
(2) Do not select the man and select the boy (2, 5, 6) 6
(3) Do not select either. (3, 4, 6) 6
(4, 4, 5) 3
Case 1: We select the man and leave out the boy. We (5, 5, 3) 3
have to select 3 more from 6. 6 C3 = 20 Total 21
Case 2: Do not select the man but select the boy. We
select 3 more from 6. 6 C3 = 20 Choice (B)
Case 3: Select neither the man nor the boy. We have to
29. As the committee consists of at least 2 boys and one girl,
6
select 4 from 6. C4 = 15 the following are the possible combinations for the same.
(6) Boys (3) Girls No of ways
Total number of ways = 20 + 20 + 15 = 55
6 3
C2 × C3 = 15
Alternate solution : 2 3
6 3
The required number of ways = Total number of selections C3 × C2 = 60
– number of selections where the particular man and the 3 2 6 3
C4 × C1 = 45
particular boy both are selected.
8
4 1
= C4 – 6 C2 = 70 – 15 = 55. Choice (B) Total : 120
Choice (A)
19. Number of apples in the basket = 20
 ( ) 30. As 2 is always to be present and 7 is not, we have to select
Number of apples spoiled = =6

only 3 digits from {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9} and arrange all the four
Number of good apples = 14
7
Number of ways of selecting 4 good and one spoiled apple digits (including 2) This can be done in C 3 (4!) ie 840
14 6 ways. Choice (D)
= C4 C1 = 1001 (6) = 6006. Ans: (6006)

20. From 10 professors, 3 speakers can be selected in 31. The following table gives us the number of questions to
10 select from each section and the number of ways of
C3 ie120 ways selecting them.
From 20 students, 5 participants can be selected in
20
C 5 ie 15504 ways. Number of questions from Number of ways
Required number of ways of selecting the speakers and A B C
participants = 15504 (120) = 1860480. Choice (D) 3 3 3
3
21. The person can invite either 1 or 2 or …… or all of the 2 1 2 C23C13C2 = 27
10 friends to the party. This can be done in 1 2 2 3
C13C23C2 = 27
10
C1 + 10 C2 + ……. + 10 C ,ie (210 – 1) or 1023 ways. Total 54
10
Choice (C) . Choice (B)
22. The girl wants to invite at least 3 of her friends to the party. 32. As there are no conditions. For dropping each ball, there
8 8 8 8 8 are 6 options.
This can be done in C3 + C4 + C5 + C6 + C7 +
8 ∴ The required number of ways
C8 (or) total number of ways of inviting her friends – = 6 (6) (6) (6) = 64. Choice (C)
number of ways of inviting either 0, 1 or 2 of her friends
= 28 – ( 8 C0 + 8 C1 + 8 C2 ) = 256–(1 + 8 + 28) = 256 – 37 33. The required number of ways is 6 (6)(5)(4)(3) = 2160
Ans: (2160)
= 219.
Choice (A)
(n − 1)!
34. N beads can be stung to a necklace in
ways.
23. For each letter, there are 6 options 2
nd
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 ! The number of ways in which they show up different
Here n = 12 ∴ The number of ways = . Choice (D)
 numbers = 6(5)(4).
5
35. There are 5 vowels. 3 can be selected in 5C3, ie 10 ways ∴ The required probability = 6(5)(4) = .
and 2 consonants from 21 of them can be selected in 21C2, 6(6)(6) 9
ie 210 ways. Choice (A)
These 5 letters can be arranged in 5! Ways.
Total number of 5-letter words that can be formed 5. When two dice are rolled total cases = 6(6) = 36
= 10 (210) 5! = 10(210)(120) = 252000 Ans: (252000) The sum has to be 10. They can show (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
3 1
∴ Required probability = = . Choice (C)
36. A number is divisible by 5 when the units digit is 0 or 5 36 12
Case 1: when the unit 1 digit is 0 6. From a pack of cards, two cards can be drawn in
O 52
C2 ways. There are 9 spade numbered cards. Of these,
5
two cards can be drawn in 9C2 ways.
P2 (1) = 20 9
Case 2: when the units digit is 5 C2
∴ The required probability =
5 52
C2
( 4) ( 4) (1) = 16 = 16 ways
The number of 3-digit numbers divisible by 5 is 20 + 16, 9(8) = 6 . Choice (B)
ie 36. Choice (A) 52(51) 221

37. The available digits are 0, 2, 4, 5, 6. 7. Three cards can be drawn from a pack of 52 card in
The units digit is 0 or 5. The first digit can be selected in 52
C3 ways. Three aces, three queen and three numbered
4 ways and each of the other two in 5 ways. cards can be drawn in 4C3 + 4C3 + 36C3 ways.
The number of numbers = 4(5)(5)(2) = 200 Ans: (200) = 4 + 4 + 7140 = 7148
38. The number of teams consisting of 1 boy and 1 girl is 7148 1787
9
∴ The required probability = = .
C112C1 i.e., 108. Ans : (108) 52
C3 5525
Solutions for questions 39 and 40: Choice (C)

39. From 4 boys, 2 can be selected in 6 ways and from 3 girls, 8. Three cards can be drawn from a well shuffled pack of
2 can be selected in 3 ways. cards in 52C3 ways.
∴ The number of selections = 6(3) = 18 Ans: (18) There are 4 suits and in each suits there are 13 cards.
Select any suit and then select 3 cards. This can be done in
40. The following are the different ways of selecting the 4
C1.13C3
required members 4 13
Case 1: 2 boys, 1 girl, 1 woman C1 C 3 22
∴ The required probability = = .
Number of ways = 4C23C15C1 = 90 52
C3 425
Case II: 1 boy, 2 girls, 1 woman
Number of ways = 4C1 × 3C2 × 5C1 = 60 Choice (C)
Case III: 1 boy, 1 girl, two women
Number of ways = 4C13C15C2 = 120 9. From 20 cards, 2 cards can be drawn in 20C2, i.e. 190 ways.
Total number of ways of forming team is There are 4 prime numbers, viz 23, 29, 31, 37 between
90 + 60 + 120, i.e., 270 Ans: (270) 20 and 40. Two cards can be drawn from 4 cards in 4C2 i.e.,
6 ways
Exercise – 25 6 3
∴ The required probability = = .
(Probability) 190 95
Choice (B)
Solutions for questions 1 to 17:
1. When n coins are tossed the probability of getting exactly r 2 3 3
10. P(A) = , P(B) = and P(C) =
n 5 7 4
Cr
heads (or tails) is given by P(Hitting the target) = 1 – P (not hitting the target)
Here n = 5, r = 3
2n
() () ()
=1–P A P B P C
5 = 1 – (1 – P (A)) (1 – P(B)) (1 – P(C))
C3
The required probability =
25  2  3  3 3 4 1
= 1 - 1 −  1 −  1 −  = 1 –    
10 5  5  7  4 5 7 4
= = . Choice (C)
32 16 3 32
=1– = . Choice (B)
2. When a coin is tossed for six times, total cases = 2 6 35 35
Favorable cases 5 Hr or 6 Hr
= 6C 5 + 6C 6 = 7 11. Number of rotten guavas = 20(30) = 6
7 7 100
∴ Required probability = = . Choice (B) Good guavas = 14
26 64
Two guavas can be drawn from the basket in 20C2 i.e,
3. When 8 coins are tossed, total cases = 28 190 ways
Probability of at most 3 tails One good and one rotten guava can be drawn in 14C16C1
= 8C 0 + 8C 1 + 8C 2 + 8C 3 i.e, 84 ways.
= 1 + 8 + 28 + 56 = 93 84 42
93 93 The required probability = = .
∴ Required probability = = . Choice (D) 190 95
28 256 Choice (D)
4. When 3 dice are rolled, total cases = 6(6)(6)
12. Total bulbs = 10

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 Fused ones = 3 12 4
C1 C 2 9
Number of ways drawing 3 bulbs from the basket = 10C3 The required probability = = .
16 70
Let L be the event that the room gets lighted up. C3
P(L) = 1 – P(CD) Choice (A)
3
C2 20. Number of ways of drawing at least two good mangoes
=1– (i.e. 2 good, 1 spoilt or 3 good)
10
C3
= 12C2 4C1+ 12C3 = 4(66) + 220 = 484
∴ The required probability
1 119
=1– = . Choice 484 121
120 120 = = . Choice (C)
16 140
(A) C3
13. Let S be the event that the problem is solved and A, B be
the events that A, B respectively solve the problem. 21. The number of ways of drawing at most 1 spoiled mango
P(S) = P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = 12C2 4C1 + 12C3 4C0 = 484
3 2 1 ∴ The required probability
∴ P(A ∪ B) = + – 484 121
7 5 14 = = . Choice (D)
16
30 + 28 − 5 53 C3 140
= = . Choice (D)
70 70
22. There are only 4 spoiled mangoes. If we draw five,
14. Two cards can be drawn from a pack of cards in 52C2 ways. definitely one good one is picked. It is a definite event.
There are four queens. 2 can be picked in 4C2 ways and ∴ The required probability = 1 Ans: (1)
there are 13 spades 2 can be picked in 13C2 ways.
∴ The required probability Solutions for questions 23 to 28:
4
C2 + 13
C2 14 23. P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= = . Choice (B)
52 221
C2 5
=
3
+ P(B) –
1
8 5 5
15. When two dice are rolled, total cases = 6(6) = 36 5 2 9
∴ P(B) = – = . Choice (A)
Sum Combinations Number of ways 8 5 40
2
3
(1, 1)
(1, 2) (2, 1)
1
2
( )
24. P A ∪ B = 1 – P(A ∪ B)
= 1 – {P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)}

[Qp(B) = 4 / 9]
4 (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1) 3
5 5 1
5 (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1) 4 =1–  + − 
12 9 12 
6 (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) 5
(15 + 20 − 3 )
Total cases 15 =1–
36
8 1
∴ The required probability =1– = . Choice (D)
9 9
15 5
= = . Choice (D)
36 12 25. When the two persons do sit together, we can treat them as
1 unit. The remaining 6 and this 1 unit of two can be
16. When a dice is rolled, total number of cases = 6 arranged in a row in 7! ways. The two can exchange seats.
The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, which are 3 in number. ∴ Number of ways in which the two persons sit together
Numbers less than five are 1, 2, 3, 4 Favorable cases = 5 = 7! 2!
5 Eight persons can sit in 8! ways
∴ Required probability = . Choice (C)
6 7! 2! 3
∴ The required probability = 1 – = .
8! 4
17. When a dice is rolled any number from 1 to 6 can show up. Choice (C)
This is a definite event.
∴ The probability = 1 Ans: (1) 26. Total number of two-digit numbers that can be formed
using the digits 0, 2, 5, 7 = 3(4) = 12
Solutions for questions 18 to 21: The number of two-digit numbers that are divisible by 2 = 3
+2=5
Number of mangoes in the bag 16 5
 1 ∴ The required probability = . Choice (B)
Number of rotten ones = 25% = 16   = 4 12
4
Number of good ones = 16 – 4 = 12 27. Let the two persons sitting together be one unit. With the
remaining four people, we have to arrange five units, which
18. 3 mangoes can be drawn in 12C3 ways can be done in (5 – 1)! 2!
3 rotten ones can be drawn in 4C3 ways 4!2! 2
The required probability = = .
4
C3 4 1 ( 6 − 1)! 5
The required probability = = = .
16
C3 560 140 Choice (C)
Choice (B) 28. When A, B are independent events,
2 3 2
19. Two spoilt ones can be drawn in 4C2 and one good one can then P(A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B) =   = .
be drawn in 12C1 ways. 3 5 5
Choice (D)
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Solutions for question 29 and 30: 9
Probability of drawing a diamond numbered card is
The data is tabulated below 52
White Yellow Blue ∴ The required probability
3 4 2
4  9  9
  =
52  52 
= . Choice (C)
29. Probability of getting 1 white and 1 yellow ball is 676
3( 4) 3( 4 )(2) 1
P(E) = = = 4
9 3 33. Probability of drawing an ace =
C2 9 ( 8 )
52
()
P E =
2
3
Since first card drawn is not replaced, total cards in the
pack is 51.
Odds in favour of obtaining one white and one yellow ball 9
()
Probability of drawing a diamond numbered card =
= P(E) : P E = 1 : 2. Choice (B) 51
4  9  3
∴ The required probability =   =
52  51 
2
.
C2 221
30. Probability of drawing 2 blue balls P(A) =
9 Choice (D)
C2
1 34. The coin is tossed for 5 times
=
36 If a head turns up for 2 times and a tail turns up for 3 times,

()
P A =
35
36
then he neither looses nor gains
The required probability

()
5
C2 5
The odds against drawing two blue balls is P A : P(A) = = . Choice (C)
5 16
2
= 35 : 1. Choice (D)
35. A non leap year consists 52 complete weeks and 1 more
31. When two events are mutually exclusive, P(A∩B) = 0.
day. If that day is Wednesday then the year has
When they are exhaustive, P(A ∪ B) = 1.
53 Wednesdays and all other of the week occur 52 times.
In general, P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B).
1
∴ P(A) + P(B) = 1 ∴ The required probability = . Choice (B)
5 4 7
P(B) = 1 – = . Choice (B)
9 9

4
32. Probability of drawing an ace from the pack =
52
Since the card first drawn is replaced, total cards in the
pack = 52

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