DEFLECTIONS: GEOMETRIC METHODS

! Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

! Elastic-Beam Theory
! Moment-Area Method
! Conjugate Beam Method

1
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve

θ
θ

∆=0 θ
roller or rocker

θ fixed-connected joint

∆=0
pin θ1

θ2

∆=0
θ=0
fixed support
pin-connected joint 2
fixed-connected joint
3
fixed-connected joint
4
 P

-M

5
 P

inflection point

+M

-M

6
 P

-M

7
 inflection point

inflection point

8
P

inflection point

9
 P1

B C D
A

P2

M
+M
x
-M

inflection point

10
 P1

P2

+M
x
-M

inflection point

11
Elastic-Beam Theory

ν
P
w
M
x
dx
x θ

O´

∆θ

∆s = ∆x ∆s´
M M
y ∆x y ∆x
Before
After
deformation
deformation
12
 • Moment-curvature relationship

O´
∆θ

y ∆s´ ∆θ
∆s = ∆x
∆x
y ∆x
∆x ≈ ∆s = (∆θ ) ρ ∆x' = ( ∆θ ) y

Before After
deformation deformation
Curvature
M 1
= ------(8-1)
EI ρ Radius of
Curvature
13
 O´
∆θ

dx = ρdθ
ρ
1
dθ = dx
ρ

y ∆s´ ∆θ M
∆s = ∆x θ =∫ dx ------(8-2)
∆x EI
y ∆x
∆x ≈ ∆s = (∆θ ) ρ

Before After
deformation deformation

14
If we chose the υ axis positive upward, and if we can express the curvature (1/ρ) in
terms of x and , we can then determine the elastic curve for the beam.

1 d 2υ / dx 2
=
ρ [1 + (dυ / dx) 2 ]3 / 2

Therefore,

M d 2υ / dx 2
=
EI [1 + (dυ / dx) 2 ]3 / 2

dυ 2
( ) ≈0
dx
d 2υ M
2
= ------(8-3)*
dx EI

* Small deflection theory

15
The Double Integration Method

P
w
A D
B C
x1

x2

x3

d 2υ M
2
= ------(8-3)
dx EI

16
• Sign Convention

ν O'
+w +ρ elastic curve
+ρ
+M ds +dθ
+M
+dυ +θ
+V +V +υ
x
+x +dx

17
• Boundary condition • Continuity Conditions

υ1,υ2
θ P
a b
B
∆=0 A C
roller or rocker υ
θ
x1
θ x2

∆=0
pin
at point B, x1 = x2 = a,

θ1 (a ) = θ 2 (a )

∆=0 υ1 ( a) = υ 2 (a )
θ=0
fixed support
18
integration Constants
P
d 2υ M
PL
2
=
dx EI
P
Slope (θ) dυ M V L
= ∫ dx = ( I1 ) + C1
dx EI
x
Deflection (∆) υ = ∫ (I 1 + c1 )dx = I 2 + C2
M
EI x
I1
dυ
dx
C1
x
I2

υ C2
x

19
• Cantilever Beam Moment-curvature relationship
P
PL x
A B d 2υ M
2
=
dx EI
P d 2υ 1
L = ( − PL + Px)
V P P dx 2
EI
dυ 1 Px 2
+ Px x = (− PLx + ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx EI 2
M 1 PLx 2 Px 3
x υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI 2 6
-PL + Px Boundary Condition
dυ -PL
C1 = 0 dυ
dx • ( ) x =0 = 0
x dx
PL2 0 0 0
− dυ 1 Px 2
2 EI = (− PLx + ) + C1 − −− > C1 =0
υ dx EI 2
C2 = 0 x
• (υ ) x =0 = 0
0 0
PL3 0 1 0
− PLx 2 Px 3
3EI υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − > C2 = 0
EI 2 6 20
• Simply Support Moment-curvature relationship
P
x d 2υ M
A B 2
=
dx EI
P/2 L/2 L/2 P/2 d 2υ 1 Px
2
= ( )
V P/2 dx EI 2

x dυ 1 Px 2
= ( ) + C1 − − − (1)
-P/2 dx EI 4
P
M x PL/4 1 Px 3
2 υ= ( ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
x EI 12
Boundary Condition
dυ
dx x • (υ ) x =0 = 0
0 0
2 2
1 Px 3 0
C1 1 Px PL
( − ) υ= ( ) + C1 x + C2− −− > C2 =0
EI 4 16 EI 12
υ C =0
2
x dυ
• ( ) x =L / 2 = 0
PL3 dx
−
0 L/2
1 Px 3 PxL2 48EI dυ 1 Px 2 PL2
( − ) = ( ) + C1 − −− > C1 = −
EI 12 16 dx EI 4 16 EI 21
• Simply Support Moment-curvature relationship
x w
B d 2υ M
A 2
=
dx EI
wL/2 L wL/2 d 2υ 1 wx 2 wLx
wx wx 2 wLx 2
= (− + )
M= − + dx EI 2 2
A 2 2
dυ 1 wx 3 wLx 2
= (− + ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx EI 6 4
wL/2 V
x 1 wx 4 wLx 3
V wL/2 υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI 24 12
x Boundary Condition
2
wx wLx
M 2 − wL/2
2 wL2/4 • (υ ) x =0 = 0
x 0 0 0
dυ 1 wx 4 wLx 3 0
dx x υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − −− > C2 = 0
EI 24 12
C1 • υ x =L = 0

υ C2 = 0 0
x wL3
1 wx 4
wLx 3
− > C1 = −
5wL4 υ= (− + ) + C1 x 24 EI
− EI 24 12 22
384 EI
Example 8-1

The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.

B C
A
2a a

23
 x1 x2
P • Double Integration of x1
B C d 2υ1 M x1 Px1
A 2
= = −
dx1 EI 2 EI
2a a dυ1 Mx 2
P/2 = ∫ ( 1 )dx = − Px1 + C − − − (1)
3P/2 dx1 EI 4 EI
1

V P P
M x1
+ x υ1 = ∫ ( ∫ ) dx)dx
P - EI
− P
2 − Px
3
2 υ1 = − 1 + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2)
M 12 EI
x Boundary conditions
-
P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2 υ1 = 0; C2 = 0
2 − Pa x1 = 0

Pa 2
υ1 x1 = 2 a = 0; C1 =
3EI

24
 x1 x2
P • Double Integration of x2
θB B C d 2υ 2 M x 2 Pa Px2
A 2
= = − +
θB dx2 EI EI EI
2a a dυ 2 M x2 2
P/2 = ∫( )dx = − Pax Px
2
+ 2
+ C3 − −(3)
3P/2 dx2 EI EI 2 EI
V P P
M x2
+ x υ2 = ∫ (∫ dx)dx
P - EI
− P
2 − 2 3
2 Pax2 Px
M υ2 = − + 2 + C3 x2 + C4 − − − ( 4)
2 EI 6 EI
x Boundary conditions
-
P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2 υ2 = 0; C4 = 0
2 − Pa x2 = 0

dυ1 dυ 2 Pa 2
• Deflection and Slope at C x1 = 2 a = 2 x2 = 0 ; C3 = −
dx1 dx2 3EI
Pa 3 Pa 3 2 Pa 3 − Pa 3
υC = υ 2 x2 = a =− + − =
2 EI 6 EI 3EI EI

dυ Pa 2 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 7 Pa 2
θC = 2 x2 = a =− + − =−
dx2 EI 2 EI 3EI 6 EI 25
 x1 x2
P
• Conclusion
θA B C
A
Pa 2 2a a θC
dυ1
2
Px1 P/2
=− + C1 3EI 3P/2
dx1 4 EI P
V P
Pa 2
0 + x
Px
3 3 EI P -
υ1 = − 1 + C1 x1 + C2 − P
2 −
12 EI 2
2 Pa 2 M
− x
dυ 2
2
Pax2 Px2
=− + + C3 3EI -
dx2 EI 2 EI P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2
2 Pa 2 2 − Pa
−
3EI 0
θ C1 = θA
2 3
Pax2 Px2 − Px1
2
υ2 = − + + C3 x2 + C4 θ x1 = θ A +
2 EI 6 EI 4 EI x

y C3 = θB 7 Pa 2
=−
θC 6 EI
x
− Pa 3
C2 = 0 = ∆A C4 = 0 = ∆B ∆C = EI 26
Example 8-2

The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical load P at its end.

Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.

A B C
L L

27
 P • Moment-curvature relationship
PL
B d 2υ M
=
A Cubic Straight line C dx 2
EI
P
L L d 2υ 1
= ( − PL + Px)
V dx 2
EI
P P dυ 1 Px 2
+ = (− PLx + ) + C1
x dx EI 2
M
x1 1 PLx 2 Px 3
υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2
x EI 2 6
-
Boundary condition :
-PL -PL+ P(x1) = Mx dυ
• ( ) x =0 = 0 − −− > C1 = 0
dx
PL A
Mx • (υ ) x =0 = 0 − −− > C2 = 0

P Vx dυ 1 Px 2
x1 = (− PLx + ) − − − (1)
dx EI 2
1 PLx 2 Px 3
υ= (− + ) − − − (2)
EI 2 6
28
 P
PL dυ 1 Px 2
B = (− PLx + ) − − − (1)
dx EI 2
A θB C 1 PLx 2 Px 3
P
L L υ= (− + ) − − − (2)
EI 2 6

• Elastic Curve Equation ; x : 0 - L

1 PL3 PL3 PL3

(υ ) x = L = (− + )= − ,↓ ∆B
EI 2 6 3EI

dυ 1 PL2 PL2
( ) x=L = ( − PL +
2
)=− θB
dx EI 2 2 EI

• Elastic Curve Equation ; x : L - 2L

υ BC = υ B + θ B ( x − L)

PL3 PL2
= (− )+( )( x − L)
3EI 2 EI 29
 P
• Conclusion PL

A B C
P
L L
dυ PL 2
( ) x=L = −
dx 2 EI V P
3
PL -
(υ ) x = L = − x
3EI
PL3 PL2 M
(υ ) x:L −2 L = (− )+( )( x − L) x
3EI 2 EI -

-PL
dυ
( )
dx x
-
PL2 PL2
Parabola − Horizontal −
υ 2 EI 2 EI

x
-
Cubic PL3 5PL3
− −
3EI Straight line 6 EI 30
Example 8-3

The simply supported beam shown is subjected to the concentrated force P.

Determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.

A B
C
2a a

31
 P
x1 x2
A B • Segment AC
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3 d 2υ1 M 1 1 P
2
= = ( x1 )
dx1 EI EI 3
V
P/3 dυ1 1 P 2
x = ( x1 ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx1 EI 6
P -2P/3 1 P 3
M 1 = x1 2Pa/3 M = 2 P a − 2 P x υ1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2)
M 3 2 2 EI 18
3 3
x

• Segment AC
d 2υ 2 M 2 1 2 Pa 2 P
2
= = ( − x2 )
dx2 EI EI 3 3

dυ 2 1 2 Pa 2P 2
= ( x2 − x2 ) + C 3 − − − (3)
dx2 EI 3 6

1 2 Pa 2 2 P 3
υ2 = ( x2 − x 2 ) + C 3 x2 + C 4 − − − (4)
EI 6 18
32
 P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a θC θC a 2P/3
dυ1 1 P 2 dυ 2 1 2P 2P 2
= ( x1 ) + C1 − − − (1) = ( ax2 − x2 ) + C3 − − − (3)
dx1 EI 6 dx2 EI 3 6
1 P 3 1 2P 2P 3
υ1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − (2) υ2 = (
2
ax2 − x2 ) + C3 x2 + C4 − − − (4)
EI 18 EI 6 18
• Boundary Conditions
• (υ1 ) x1 =0 = 0 ; 0 = 0 + 0 + C2 − − − (1*)
1 2P 3 2P 3
• (υ 2 ) x2 =a = 0 ; 0= ( a − a ) + C3 a + C4 − − − (2*)
EI 6 18
1 P
• (υ1 ) x1 = 2 a = (υ 2 ) x2 =0 ; ( ( 2a ) 3 ) + C1 (2a) + 0 = 0 − 0 + 0 + C4 − − − (3*)
EI 18
dυ1 dυ 2 1 P
• = ; ( (2a) 2 ) + C1 = 0 − 0 + C3 − − − (4*)
dx1 x1 = 2 a
dx2 x2 = 0 EI 6

Solving for (1*) to (4*) :

4 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3
C1 = − C2 = 0 C3 = C4 = −
9 EI 9 EI 9 EI 33
 P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3

• Elastic Curve Equation

dυ1 1 P 2 4 Pa 2 dυ 2 1 2 Pa 2 P 2 2 Pa 2
= ( x1 − ) = ( x2 − x2 + )
dx1 EI 6 9 dx2 EI 3 6 9
1 P 3 4 Pa 2 1 2P 2 P 3 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3
υ1 = ( x1 − x1 ) υ2 = (
2
ax2 − x2 + x2 − )
EI 18 9 EI 6 18 9 9

• Maximum Deflection
0
dυ1 dυ1 1 P 2 4 Pa 2
• = 0; = ( x1 − )
dx1 υ dx1 EI 6 9
max

x1 = 1.633a

1 P 4 Pa 2 Pa 3
υ max x1 =1.633 a
= [ (1.633a) −
3
(1.633a)] = −0.484
EI 18 9 EI
34
• Summary P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3
V
P/3
x

P -2P/3
M 1 = x1 P/3(2a) M = 2 P a − 2 P x
M 3 2 2
3 3
EI x
2 Pa 2
dυ C3 =
1.633a 9 EI
dx x
4 Pa 2
C1 = −
9 EI
υ C2 = 0
x
3
Pa 4 Pa 3
υ max = −0.484 C4 = −
EI 9 EI 35
Example 8-4

From the beam shown determine the slope at supports , the maximum
deflection of the beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa and
INA = 15(106) mm4.

1 kN/m

A
B C
3m 1m

36
 1 kN/m

A θBR
B C • Boundary condition
θBL
1.333 kN 2.667 kN
3m 1m 1) Deflection at support is zero
x1 x2 (a) υ1| x1= 0 = 0
V (kN)
(b) υ1| x1= 3 = 0
1.333 1
+ + x (c) υ2| x = 0 = 0
- 2

1.333 m -1.667
2) The left of slope and the right of
M (kN•m) slope at B are equivalent
0.888 dυ1 dυ2
+ (d) =
dx1 x1=3 dx2 x2=0
- x
-0.5

37
Segment AB E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
x1
1 kN/m 1 kN/m Mx1

A A
B C + ΣMx1 = 0:
Vx1
2.667 kN 1.333 kN 2
0.0058 rad 4 x 1x
1.333 kN 3m 1m x1 M x1 = 1 − 1
3 2
x1 x2

• Moment Curvature • The Slope at A

d 2υ
2
1 4 x1 1x1
2
= ( − ) from (1) : at x1 = 0 ,
dx1 EI 3 2
0 0
dυ1
2 3
1 2 x1 x dυ 1 2 x1 x
2 3
= ( − ) + C1
1
− − − (1) θ A = ( 1 ) x1 =0 = ( − 1 ) + C1
dx1 EI 3 6 dx1 EI 3 6
3 4
1 2 x1 x1
υ1 = ( − ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2) 7
EI 9 24 θ A = C1 = −
8 EI
• Boundary Condition
7
(a) υ1 x =0 = 0 : C2 = 0 θA = −
1 8(10 × 10 6 kPa )(15 × 10 −6 m 4 )
7 = −0.005833 rad
(b) υ1 x =3 = 0 : C1 = − 38
1
8 EI
 E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
1 kN/m
dυ1
2 3
1 2 x1 x 7
= ( − 1 )− − − − (1)
A dx1 EI 3 6 8 EI
υmax B C 3 4
1.333 kN θ= 0 1 2 x1 x1 7
2.667 kN υ1 = ( − )− x1 − − − (2)
3m 1m EI 9 24 8 EI
x1 x2

• The Maximum Displacement

dυ1 dυ
υ max when = 0; substute 1 = 0 in (1)
dx1 dx1
2 3
1 2 x1 x1 7
0= ( − ) −
(10 ×10 + 6 )(15 × 10 −6 ) 3 6 8[(10 × 10 + 6 )(15 × 10 − 6 )]
x1 = 1.427 m

Substitute x1 = 1.427 m, E = 10x106 kPa and I = 15(10-6) m4 in (2)

υmax = -5.171 mm

39
Segment BC
x2
1 kN/m 1 kN/m Mx2
0.5 kN•m
A 0.0042 rad
B C Vx2
1.333 kN 2.667 kN 1 kN
3m 1m x2
2
x1 x2 −1 x
+ ΣMx2 = 0: M x2 = + x2 − 2
2 2
• Moment Curvature • Boundary Condition

d 2υ 2 1 −1 x2
2 (c ) υ 2 x2 = 0
= 0 : C4 = 0
2
= ( + x 2 − )
dx2 EI 2 2 dυ1 dυ 2
=
dx1 x1 =3
dx2 x2 = 0
dυ 2
2 3
1 − x2 x2 x
= ( + − 2 ) + C3 3 3 0 0 0
dx2 EI 2 2 6 2 3 2 3
1 2 x1 x 7 1 − x2 x2 x
( − 1 )− = ( + − 2 ) + C3
1 − x2
2
x x
3 4 EI 3 6 8 EI EI 2 2 6
υ2 = ( + 2 − 2 ) + C3 x 2 + C 4 5
EI 4 6 24 C3 =
8EI
dυ 5
θ B = ( 2 ) x 2 = 0 = C3 = = 0.004167 rad
dx2 8(10 ×15) 40
 1 kN/m
2 3 4
1 − x2 x x 5
υ2 = ( + 2 − 2 )+ x2
A 3.33 mm EI 4 6 24 8 EI
B C

3m 1m
x1 x2

• Displacement at C
1 1 1
2 3 4 1
1 − x2 x2 x2 5
υ C = υ 2 x2 =1 = ( + − )+ x2
EI 4 6 24 8 EI

3 5 12
=− + =
24 EI 8 EI 24 EI

12
υC = = 3.333 mm , ↑
24(10 × 15)

41
 x1 x2
• Conclusion 1 kN/m

A θBR
θBL B C
1.333 kN 2.667 kN
3m 1m
V (kN) 1.333 1
+ + x
-
1.333 m -1.667
M (kN•m) 0.888
+
- x
-0.5 θ = C = 0.004167 rad
1.427 m B 3
θ (rad)
x

θ A = C1 = −0.005833 rad
∆ (mm) υC = 3.33 mm
x
C2 = 0 C4 = 0
υmax = -5.171 mm inflection point 42
Moment - Area Theorems
• The angle between the tangents
Theorem 1: θB/A = The area under the M/EI diagram between B and A
w
d 2υ
M = EI 2 θ If slope is small
dx
A dx B
d dυ dθ
M = EI ( ) = EI
dx dx dx
M
dθ = dx
B EI
A
tangent B θB/A tangent A MB
θB/ A = ∫ dx
M A EI
M/EI
EI

θB/A
A B x
dx

43
 • The vertical deviation

Theorem 2: tA/B = The moment area under the M/EI diagram between B and A, this
moment is computed about A.

w w

A B A B

A B
A B
tangent B tangent A
tangent A tB/A
tangent B tA/B

M/EI M/EI

x A B x
A B xB
xA

B M M
t A/ B = xA ∫
B

A EI
dx t B / A = xB ∫ dx
A EI
44
 General form

w dt = xdθ
M
dt = x dx
A B EI
x + dx M
t=∫ x dx
x dx x EI
Q M
tP / Q = ∫ x dx
A B
P EI
P Q
M
= xP ∫ dx
xdθ=dt dθ EI
M x
M/EI t A/ x = ∫ dx
A EI

M
= xA ∫ dx
P Q x EI

xP

45
Example 8-5

The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

B C
A υC
2a a

46
SOLUTION
g e nt A
tan

tB / A 3
θA = θC/A tB/A tB / A tC/A
2a P 2
C
A
∆C
2a B a θC
tan
ge n
tC
M
diagram
- EI

− Pa

tB / A
θC = θC / A −θ A = θC / A − ----------(1)
2a
3
∆ C = tC / A − t B / A ----------(2)
2
47
 M B
1 Pa − Pa 2 M C
1 Pa − Pa 2
( ) = (2a )(− ) = ( ) = (a )(− ) =
EI A
2 EI EI B EI B
2 EI 2 EI
2a a M
A C diagram
- EI
x CBC
x BAB − Pa
tB / A 2a 1 2
θC = θC / A −θ A = θC / A − -----(1) a a
2a 3 3 3
3 5
∆ C = tC / A − t B / A -----(2) x CAB = a
2 3

M C
M B
M C
− Pa 2 − Pa 2 3Pa 2
θC / A =( ) =( ) +( ) = + =−
EI A
EI A
EI B
EI 2 EI 2 EI
M B Pa 2 2a 2 Pa 3
tB / A = ( ) • x B = (−
AB
)( ) = −
EI A EI 3 3EI
3Pa 2 1 2 Pa 3 7 Pa 2
• θC = − − (− )=−
2 EI 2a 3EI 6 EI
M B M C
Pa 2 5a Pa 2 2a 2 Pa 3
tC / A = ( ) • x CAB + ( ) • xC
BC
= (− )( ) + ( − )( ) = −
EI A EI B
EI 3 2 EI 3 EI
2 Pa 3 3 2 Pa 2 Pa 3
• ∆C = − − (− )=− ,↓
EI 2 3EI EI 48
Example 8-6

Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the
figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4

9 kN

A B C
4.5 m
9m

49
SOLUTION 9 kN

A B C
81 kN•m
4.5 m
9 kN
9m

M /EI
4.5 m 9m
x (m)

-40.5/EI
-81/EI

B
C
50
M /EI 4.5 m M /EI 9 m
B C C
A x (m) A x (m)

-40.5/EI
-81/EI -81/EI
θB/A A
A θC/A tangent A
tangent A
θB B
B tangent B θC
C
C
tangent C
θB = θB/A = the area under the M/EI diagram θC = θC/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
between point A and B between point A and C
1 40.5 81 1 81
=− ( + )(4.5) = (− )(9)
2 EI EI 2 EI
273.38 364.50
=− kN • m 2 =− kN • m 2
EI EI
273.38 kN • m 2 364.5 kN • m 2
=− =−
kN kN
(200 ×10 6 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 ) ( 200 × 10 6 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m m
θB = -0.00547 rad θC = -0.00729 rad 51
 M /EI 4.5
81 40.5 182.25
−( − )(4.5) = − 2 B C
EI EI EI
A x (m)
1 81 40.5 91.125
− (4.5)( − )=−
2 EI EI EI -40.5/EI
2
-81/EI 4.5
3
4.5 m

A ∆B = tB/A
tangent A
B tangent B
C
∆B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.

182.25 4.5 91.125 2

= (− kN • m 2 )( m) + ( − kN • m 2 )( 4.5 m)
EI 2 EI 3

683.44 kN • m 3
683.44 kN • m 3 =−
=− kN
EI (200 ×106 2 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m

∆B = -0.01367 m = -13.67 mm 52
 M /EI 9m
C
A x (m)
1 81 − 364.5
(− )(9) =
2 EI EI
2
-81/EI 9
3

A
tangent A
B ∆C = tC/A
C
tangent C
∆C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
364.5 2
= (− kN • m 2 )( 9 m)
EI 3
2187 kN • m 3
2187 kN • m 3
=−
=− kN
EI (200 ×106 2 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆C = -0.04374 m = -43.74 mm
53
Example 8-7

Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the
figure. Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in the
figure.
Take E = 200 GPa.

A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m

54
 SOLUTION
500 N•m
A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m

IAB = 2IBC
θB = θB/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
between A and B
500
250
EI BC 250 N • m
EI BC =( )(4 m)
EI BC
x (m)
250 1000
( )(4) = 100
EI BC EI BC = N • m2
EI BC
θB=θB/A C tangent B
A θB/A B 100 N • m 2
=
tangent A N
(200 ×109 2 )(4 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m

θB = 0.00125 rad
55
 A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m

IAB = 2IBC
θC = θC/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
500 between A and C
250
EI BC
EI BC 100 N • m 2 1500 N • m 2
= +
EI BC EI BC
x (m)
250 1000 500 1500
( )( 4 ) =
EI BC EI BC ( )(3) = 2500 N • m 2
EI BC EI BC
=
EI BC

C tangent C 2500 N • m 2
A B =
θC = θC/A N
( 200 × 109 2 )(4 × 10 −6 m 4 )
θC/A tangent A m

θC = 0.00313 rad
56
 A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m

IAB = 2IBC
∆B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
500 between A and B computed about
250 (
250
)( 4 ) =
1000 point B.
EI BC EI BC EI BC
EI BC
• 1000 N • m 2
x (m) = ( 2 m)
2m EI BC
2000
= N • m3
EI BC
C tangent B
A B 2000 N • m 3
tangent A =
∆B = tB/A N
( 200 × 109 2 )(4 ×10 − 6 m 4 )
m
∆B = 0.0025 m = 2.5 mm
57
 A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m

IAB = 2IBC
∆C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
500 between A and C computed about
500 1500
250 ( )(3) = point C.
EI BC EI BC EI BC
EI BC
• • 1000 N • m 2 1500 N • m 2
x (m) = (5 m) + (1.5 m)
250 1000 1.5 m EI BC EI BC
( )( 4 ) =
EI BC EI BC
5m 7250
= N • m3
EI BC
tangent C
C 7250 N • m 3
A B =
tangent A N
( 200 × 109 2 )(4 ×10 − 6 m 4 )
∆C = tC/A m
∆C = 0.00906 m = 9.06 mm
58
Example 8-8

Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4

20 kN

A B
C D
3m 3m 6m

59
 SOLUTION
• Elastic Curve

20 kN
3m 3m 6m
tangent B
A B
A B ∆C ∆'
C D D
tC/A tangent C
10 3m 3m 6m 10 kN C
tB/ A

M /EI 10(6)=60 /EI ∆' t B / A tangent A

=
x (m) 3 12

3 1
∆' = tB / A = tB / A
12 4
A θC = θD/C B ∆ C = ∆'−tC / A
D
horizontal
C tangent D 1
θD/C ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A − − − −(2)
tangent C 4

θC = θD/C --------(1)
60
 • Moment-Area Theorem
M /EI 60 /EI 1 30 60 135 6m 6m
( + )(3) =
2 EI EI EI
30 /EI
x (m) M /EI
A
B 1 60 180
(6)( ) = 60 /EI 1 60 180
C D 2 EI EI
(6)( ) =
3m 3m 6m 2 EI EI

A x (m)
θD/C = the area under the M/EI diagram C D B
2
between C and D 6=4
3
1
6+ 6 =8
135 kN • m 2
3
θ D/C =
EI
tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
M /EI 60 /EI between A and B computed about point B.
30 /EI
A x (m)
180 kN • m 2 180 kN • m 2
C D B tB / A =( )](4 m) + ( )](8 m)
EI EI
1m
2160
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram tB / A = kN • m 3
between A and C computed about point C. EI

1 30 kN • m 45
tC / A = [ (3 m)( )](1 m) = kN • m 3
2 EI EI 61
Substitute θD/C in (1): Substitute tB/A and tC/A in (2) :

1
135 kN • m 2 ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A
θC = θ D/C = 4
EI
1 2160 45
= ( )−
135 kN • m 2 4 EI EI
=
kN
(200 × 10 6 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 ) 495
m =
EI

495
θC = 0.01125 rad =
(200)(60)

∆C = 0.04125 m = 41.25 mm,

∆C = 41.25 mm
A B

C
θC = 0.01125 rad tangent C
62
Example 8-9

Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 6(106) mm4

5 kN•m
A B
C
4m 4m

63
 SOLUTION • Elastic Curve

5 kN•m
tangent B
A B
A B
∆ ' C∆C
C tangent C
tC/A
4m 4m tB/A

M /EI tangent A
4m 4m
5 /EI

x (m) ∆' t B / A
=
tangent B 4 8
A θA B
θC
C 1
tangent C ∆' = t B / A
θC/A 2
tB/A
tB / A tangent A ∆ C = ∆'−tC / A
θA =
8
θC = θA - θC/A 1
So; ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A − − − −(2)
2
tB / A
So; θ C = −θC / A (1)
8
64
 • Moment-Area Theorem
M /EI 1 5 20
M /EI 1 5 2.5 5
( )(8)( ) = (4)( − )=
5 /EI 2 EI EI 5 /EI 2 EI EI EI
2.5 /EI
B
x (m) x (m)
A 2 A 2 2 C 2.5 10
B
8 4 ( 4) =
3 3 EI EI
8m 4m

tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram θC/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
between A and B computed about between A and C
point B.
10 5 15 kN • m 2
θC / A = + =
20 kN • m 2 2 EI EI EI
tB / A = ( × 8 m)
EI 3 tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about point C.
106.667 kN • m 3
= 10 kN • m 2 5 kN • m 2 2
EI tB / A = ( 2 m) + ( 4 m)
EI EI 3
33.333 kN • m 3
=
EI
65
Substitute tB/A and θC/A in (1) : Substitute tB/A and tC/A in (2) :

tB / A 1
θC = −θC / A ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A
8 2

1 106.667 15 1 106.667 kN • m 3 33.333 kN • m 3

θC = ( )−( ) = ( )−
8 EI EI 2 EI EI

1.667 kN • m 2 20 kN • m 3
=− =
EI EI
1.667 kN • m 2 20 kN • m 3
=− =
kN kN
(200 × 10 6 2 )(6 × 10 −6 m 4 ) (200 × 10 6 2 )(6 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m m

= -0.0014 rad ∆C = 0.01667 m = 16.67 mm,

∆C = 16.67 mm
A B
θC= 0.0014 rad
tangent C
C 66
Example 8-10

Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4

1 kN/m
B
A
C

8m 8m

67
 SOLUTION • Elastic Curve
tangent A
1 kN/m
tangent B
B ∆´
A C tB/A tC/A
A
4 kN 12 kN ∆C
8m 8m B
C
8m 8m tangent C
M /EI B C
A x (m)
∆' t B / A
-32/EI =
tangent C tangent A 16 8

tA/C ∆' = 2t B / A
A
B ∆ C = tC / A − ∆ '
C
∆C θC
∆ C = tC / A − 2 t B / A − − − ( 2)
t A/ C + ∆C
θC = − − − (1)
16
68
 1 32 85.333
• Moment-Area Theorem 1 32 85.333
(8)(− ) = − (8)(− ) = −
3 EI EI 3 EI EI

M /EI B C M /EI B C
8m 8m 8m 8m
A x (m) A x (m)
1 − 32 128 1 − 32 128
(8)( )=− (8)( )=−
2 EI EI 3 2 EI EI
-32/EI 8 -32/EI
4 2
8
8 3
8 1
3 8+ 8
4
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram tA/C = the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about between A and C computed about
point C. point A.
− 85.333 3 − 128 1 − 128 2 − 85.33 1
tC / A = ( )( 8) + ( )(8 + 8) t A/C = ( )( 8) + ( )(8 + 8)
EI 4 EI 3 EI 3 EI 4
− 1877.37 kN • m 3 − 1536 kN • m 3
= =
EI EI
− 128 1 Note
tB / A =( )( 8) b 1
EI 3 A = bh
3
h
− 341.33 kN • m 3 3
= x x= b
EI 4 69
Substitute tC/A and θB/A in (2) : Substitute tA/C and ∆C in (1) :

∆ C = tC / A − 2t B / A 1
θC = ( t A/ C + ∆C )
16 m

1877.37 341.33
= − 2( ) 1 1536 kN • m 3 1194.71 kN • m 3
EI EI θC = ( + )
16 m EI EI

1194.71 kN • m 3 170.67 kN • m 2
= =
EI EI
1194.71 kN • m 3 170.67 kN • m 2
= =
kN kN
(200 × 106 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 ) (200 × 106 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m m

∆C = 0.02389 m = 23.89 mm, θC = 0.00341 rad

A
∆C= -23.89 mm
B
C θC = 0.00341 rad
tangent C 70
Example 8-11

(a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B.

(b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve.

E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4

10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge

A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m

71
 10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge

A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10 kN•m 2.5 kN
0
20 kN

2.5 kN 0 75 kN•m

2.5 kN 22.5 kN

V (kN) - x (m)
-2.5 -2.5 -
-22.5 -22.5
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)

-7.5 -

-75 72
Moment-Area Method
20 kN
10 kN•m Hinge

A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)

-7.5 -
10
M
diagram EI + -75
EI x (m)
− 3.75 -
EI − 37.5
R EI
n g e nt B
t a θC/B tangent C = horizontal
Deflected Curve
∆B = tB/C
θBR = θC/B
θBL tangent B
tB / C + tB / A tB/A L
θA = θB/A
4 θA
tB / C + tB / A tang
θ BL = θ A − θ B / A = −θ B / A ent
A
4 73
 4m 3m 3m
− 5 . 25 − 11.25
10
M EI
diagram EI + B EI C
EI x (m)
A 20 − 3.75 - − 50.625
EI
2 m EI EI
2 − 37.5
4 4.5 m
3 EI
5m

− 5.625 − 11.25 − 50.265 67.5 67.5

θ BR = θ B / C = + + = = = 0.00168 rad
EI EI EI EI ( 200)(200)
− 5.625 − 11.25 − 50.265 315 315
∆ B = tB / C = (2) + (4.5) + (5) = = = 7.875 mm
EI EI EI EI ( 200)(200)
315 20 2
tB / C + tB / A + ( )( 4) 72.08
θ BL = −θ B/ A =( EI EI 3 ) − 20 = 72.08 =
( 200)(200) = 0.0018 rad
4 4 EI EI
∆B = 7.875 mm
A B C
θBR = 0.00168 rad
θBL = 0.0018 rad 74
Conjugate-Beam Method

dV d 2M
= −w 2
= −w
dx dx

dθ M d 2υ M
= =
dx EI dx 2 EI

Or integrating,

V = − ∫ wdx M = ∫ [− ∫ wdx ]dx

M M
θ = ∫( ) dx υ = ∫ [∫ ( ) dx]dx
EI EI

75
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to
the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.

Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically

equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.

A B
L
real beam

M/EI

A' B'
L

conjugate beam
76
• Conjugate - Beam Supports
Real Beam Conjugate Beam

1) θ V
external pin pin
∆=0 M=0

2) θ V
external roller roller
∆=0 M=0

3) θ V
internal pin hinge
∆=0 M=0

4) θ V
internal roller hinge
∆=0 M=0

5) θ V
hinge internal roller
∆ M

6) θ = 0 V =0
fixed free
∆=0 M=0

7) θ V
free fixed
∆ M 77
Real Beam Conjugate Beam

hinge

hinge

hinge
hinge

78
Example 8-10

The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

B C
A υC
2a a

79
SOLUTION θ
P
θ ∆=0
∆=0 B C
A Real Beam
EI θ
2a a ∆
M
diagram
EI
Pa 2 Pa 2
Pa
EI − 2 EI
EI Pa 3
V´ Hinge EI
M´ = 0 Conjugate Beam
V´ V´
2
Pa 2 M´ = 0 M´ 7 Pa
Pa 2 3EI 6 EI
3EI
V´
θ diagram
2 Pa 2
− 7 Pa 2
3EI −
6 EI
M´
Pa 3
− ∆ diagram 80
3EI
 Conjugate Beam 2
a
3
1 a
( 2a )
3
2a V´B
B B C M´C
A N´B = 0 0 = N´B
V´B
Pa 2 Pa 2 R´C
R´A Pa
EI − 2 EI
EI

Member AB: Member BC:

Pa 2 1 2 Pa 2 Pa 2
+ ΣMB = 0: ( 2a ) − R ' A ( 2 a ) = 0 + ΣFy = 0: − − + R 'C = 0
EI 3 3EI 2 EI

Pa 2 7 Pa 2
R' A = R'C =
3EI 6 EI

Pa 2 Pa 2 Pa 2 2 2 Pa 2
+ ΣFy = 0: − − V 'B = 0 + ΣMC = 0: − M 'C + ( a) + (a ) = 0
3EI EI 2 EI 3 3EI

2 Pa 2 Pa 3
V 'B = − M 'C =
3EI EI 81
Example 8-11

Use the conjugate beam method for

Determine the slope and deflection at points B of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4.

10 kN

A B

3m 3m

82
 SOLUTION

Real Beam Conjugate Beam

10 kN 225
30 kN•m 3m 3m
EI
A B B
A
3m 3m 30
− 45
10 kN EI 45
− EI
EI 5m
V 10 10
(kN) 10(3) = 30 V´
x (m) (kN•m2)
x (m)
-
M
-45/EI -45/EI
(kN•m)
x (m)
- M´
(kN•m3)
-30 x (m)

∆Β -225/EI
Deflected Curve θΒ 83
B
 Conjugate Beam
225
3m 3m
EI
B
A 45
θ B = V 'B = −
EI
30
− 45
EI 45 45kN • m 2
− EI =−
EI 5m kN
(200 ×106 2 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
V´ m
(kN•m2) θB = -0.0009 rad
x (m)
-
-45/EI -45/EI 225
M´ ∆ B = M 'B = −
EI
(kN•m3)
x (m) 225kN • m 3
=−
kN
(200 ×10 6 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m
-225/EI
Real Beam ∆B = -0.0045 m = -4.5 mm

∆B = 4.5 mm
θB = 0.0009 rad
B 84
Example 8-12

Use the conjugate beam method for

Determine the maximum deflection , the slope and deflection at points C of the
beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4.

8 kN

A B
C
9m 3m

85
 SOLUTION

Real Beam Conjugate Beam

27
8 kN 81
18/EI EI
EI
A B A B
C C
9m 3m 45 9m 3m 63
2 kN 6 kN EI EI
6m
10 m
M 18
(kN•m) 63/EI
x (m)
V´ 36/EI
(kN•m2) x +
x (m)
-
B V´ = θ = 0
A
∆C -45/EI
θC M´
(kN•m3)
x (m)

∆ = ∆max 86
 • maximum deflection • slope and deflection at point C
x2 x 18 2x 81
( )( ) = 18/EI M´
EI 9 EI EI EI C

A M´ A
x C V´C
9m
45 x V´ = 0 45
EI 3 EI 3m
45 x 2 45 81
+ ΣFy = 0: − + =0 + ΣFy = 0: − + − V 'C = 0
EI EI EI EI
x = 6.71 m 36
V 'C =
+ ΣMx = 6.71 = 0: EI
Note : V´C is the same value from previously
(6.71) 2 6.71 45 obtained V´ diagram.
M '− ( )+ (6.71) = 0
EI 3 EI + ΣMC = 0:
201.246 81 45
M '= − M 'C − (3) + (9) = 0
EI EI EI
201.246 162
∆ max = M ' = − M 'C = −
EI EI 87
 201.25 201.25 kN • m3
∆ max = M '= − =−
EI kN
(200 ×106 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆max = -0.01677 m = -16.77 mm

81 81 kN • m 2
θ C = V 'C = =
EI (200 ×106 kN )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m2
θC = 0.003 rad

162 162 kN • m 3
∆ C = M 'C = − =−
EI kN
(200 ×106 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆C = -0.0135 m = -13.35 mm

∆C = 13.35 mm B
A

∆max = 16.77 mm C θC = 0.003 rad

88
Example 8-13

Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4

1 kN/m
B
A
C

8m 8m

89
SOLUTION
1 kN/m
B
A C Real beam

4 kN 12 kN
8m 8m

M B C
A x (m)

-32

B
A C Conjugate beam

-32/EI
8m 8m

90
 B´y 85.33/EI
B 8m M´C
A B´x B
Ax

Ay C
-32/EI V´C
128/EI -32/EI
8m (3/4)(8) = 6 m
1 32 85.33
(8)( ) =
3 EI EI
+ ΣMA = 0:
+ ΣFy = 0:
128 2 170.67
8B' y − ( 8) = 0 V 'C = θ C = −
EI 3 EI
85.33 170.67
B' y = = = −0.00341 rad
EI (200)(250)
+ ΣMC = 0:
85.33 85.33
+ M 'C + (8) + (6) = 0
EI EI
1194.62 1194.62
M 'C = ∆ C = − =− = −0.024 m
EI (200)(250)
91
 1 kN/m
B
A C Real beam

8m 8m

A
∆C= 24 mm
B
C θC = 0.00341 rad
tangent C

92
Example 8-14

(a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B.

(b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve.

E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4

10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge

A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m

93
 SOLUTION
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge

A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10 kN•m 2.5 kN
0
20 kN

2.5 kN 0 75 kN•m

2.5 kN 22.5 kN
V (kN) - x (m)
-2.5 -2.5 -
-22.5 -22.5
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)
-7.5 -
-75
Deflected Curve
94
 10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge

A Real Beam
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)

-7.5 -

10
M -75
diagram EI +
EI x (m)
− 3.75 -
EI − 37.5
10 EI
EI
Conjugate Beam
− 3.75
EI − 37.5
EI 95
 20
(EI)
B C
A Conjugate Beam

92.08 139.58
(EI) (EI) -5.625
-11.25
(EI) -50.625
(EI)
(EI)
4m 3m 3m
67.5
0.00168 = = θ BR 61.875
(200)(200) 67.5 EI
V´ EI +
(kN•m2)
-
− 72.08 − 72.08
= θ BL = = -0.0018 rad.
EI ( 200)(200)
− 92.08
M´ EI θBR = 0.00168 rad
(kN•m3)
θBL = 0.0018 rad
96
 • Slope before support B • Slope after support B

20 20
(EI) (EI)
M´B M´B
B B
A A
V´BL 139.58 V´BR
92.08 92.08
(EI)
(EI) (EI)
92.08 20 92.08 20 139.58
+ ΣFy = 0: − + − V ' BL = 0 + ΣFy = 0:− + + − V ' BR = 0
EI EI EI EI EI
72.08 67.5
V ' BL = − V 'BR =
EI EI
72.08 67.5
θ BL = V ' BL = − = −0.0018 rad θ BR = V 'BR = = 0.00168 rad
(200)(200) (200)(200)

A B C
θBR = 0.00168 rad
θBL = 0.0018 rad 97
 20
• Deflection at point B
(EI)
M´B
B + ΣMB = 0:
A
V´BR 20 92.08
M 'B − (2.667) + ( 4) = 0
92.08 139.58 EI EI
(EI) (EI) 315
M 'B = −
EI
4m
315 315
2.667 m M 'B = − =− = −7.88 mm
EI ( 200)(200)

∆B = 7.88 mm
A B C

98
Example 8-15

The girder in the figure below is made from a continuous beam and reinforced at
its center with cover plates where its moment of inertia is larger. The 3 -m end
segments have a moment of inertia of I = 60(106) mm4, and the center portion has
a moment of inertia of I´ = 120(106) mm4. Determine the slope and deflection at
point C, the maximum deflection. Take E = 200 GPa.

6 kN 8 kN 6 kN

C D E
A B
I = 120(106) mm4.
I = 60(106) mm4. I = 60(106) mm4.

3m 1.5 1.5 3m

99
 SOLUTION Conjugate Beam
Real Beam
6 kN 8 kN 6 kN 30 15 18 15 30
EI EI EI EI EI
C D E
A B A B
I = 120(106) mm4. C D E
I = 60(106) mm4. I = 60(106) mm4.
10 kN 1.5 1.5 10 kN 1.5 1.5
3m 3m 3m 3m

2.25 2.25
V 10 10
4 EI EI
(kN) +30 +6
-6 x (m) 22.5 22.5
-4 -30 45 45
-10 EI EI EI
-10 EI

36 A B
M 30 30 C D E
(kN•m) + 69.75 69.75
x (m)
EI EI
Deflected curve
B
A
100
 2.25 2.25
• Slope and deflection at point C
EI EI
45 22.5 22.5 1m
45
EI EI EI
EI 45
A B EI
M´C
C D E
69.75 69.75 A
C
EI EI 69.75 V´C
3m 1.5 1.5 3m
EI
3m
24.75
69.75
V´ EI 45 69.75
EI + ΣMC = 0: M 'C − (1) + (3) = 0
(kN•m2) + EI EI
x (m)
-
− 69.75 164.25 164.25
− 24.75 ∆ C = M 'C = − =− = -13.69 mm
EI EI (200)(60)
EI
M´ − 24.75 − 24.75
∆C= 13.69 mm θ C = V 'C = = = -0.002063 rad
(kN•m3) EI ( 200)(200)
x (m)
θC=0.002063 rad
101
 2.25 2.25 2.25
• Maximum deflection
EI EI EI
22.5 22.5 45 22.5
45 45
EI EI EI EI
EI EI M´D
A B A
C D E C D
69.75 69.75 69.75 V´D = 0
EI EI EI 0.5 m
3m 1.5 1.5 3m 0.75 m
2.5 m
24.75 4.5 m
69.75 + ΣMD = 0:
V´ EI
(kN•m2) EI 2.25 22.5
+ M 'D − (0.5) − (0.75)
x (m) EI EI
- V´ = 0
− 69.75 − 24.75 45 69.75
− (2.5) + ( 4.5) = 0
EI EI EI EI
183.375
M´ M 'D = −
EI
(kN•m3)
x (m) 183.375
∆ max = ∆ D = M 'D = − = -15.3 mm
(200)(60)
∆ = ∆max = 15.3 mm 102