Navigate Activity No. 4 Medically Significant Viruses

NAVIGATE ACTIVITY NO.
MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT VIRUSES
Submitted by:
Flavier, Shanne Julianne
Laplana, Carlos Santana
Leander, Andreina Mychie
Mactal, Rae Marie
Pigtain, Florence Dana
Santing, Rica
Submitted to:
Ms. Leny Saldo

Bio1227 Microbiology and Parasitology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
BIO1227: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF NURSING AND IAS, BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
WEEK 4: MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT VIRUSES
ITEM MSM PROFILE

MICROBIAL PROFILE
I MICROORGANISM/CAUSATIVE Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola)-Ebola virus
AGENT
A GRAM REACTION Negative (-)
B OXYGEN REQUIREMENT Obligate Anaerobes
C SIZE 14,000 nanometers in length with a diameter of 80
nanometers.
D SHAPE Generally appears in a long, filamentous form, it can
also be “U-shaped,” in the shape of a “6” (the
“shepherd's crook” appearance), or even circular.
E HABITAT Ebola viruses are mostly prevalent in primates in
Africa and the Philippines; human Ebola epidemics
are rare. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is mostly found in
Africa, primarily in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Gabon, Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Uganda,
although it can occur in other African nations as well.
F DISCOVERY First discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what
is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
G MICROSCOPIC IMAGE
2
©Biofacultymember2021
II DISEASE PROFILE
A DISEASE/S Ebola Virus (EBOV)
B SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE - Fever.
- Aches and pains, such as severe
headache and muscle and joint pain.
- Weakness and fatigue.
- Sore throat.
- Loss of appetite.
C INCUBATION PERIOD 2 to 21 days, but the average is 8 to 10 days

D MODE OF TRANSMISSION Ebola can spread when individuals come into contact
with contaminated blood or body liquids. Ebola
presents little danger to explorers or the overall
population who have not really focused on or been in
close contact (inside 3 feet or 1 meter) with
somebody wiped out with Ebola.
E DIAGNOSIS It very well may be hard to clinically separate EVD
from other irresistible illnesses like intestinal sickness,
typhoid fever and meningitis. Numerous side effects
of pregnancy and Ebola illness are additionally very
comparable. Due to dangers to the pregnancy,
pregnant ladies ought to preferably be tried quickly if
Ebola is suspected.
- antibody-capture enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- antigen-capture detection tests
- serum neutralization test
- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) assay
- electron microscopy
- ·virus isolation by cell culture.
F TREATMENT In the 2018-2020 Ebola episode in DRC, the first-ever

multi-drug randomized control preliminary was
directed to assess the adequacy and wellbeing of
medications utilized in the treatment of Ebola
3
patients under a moral system created in conference

with specialists in the field and the DRC.
Two monoclonal antibodies (Inmazeb and Ebanga)

were endorsed for the treatment of Zaire (Ebolavirus)
contamination in grown-ups and youngsters by the US
Food and Medication Organization in late 2020.
G PREVENTION Great episode control depends on applying a bundle

of mediations, including case the board,
reconnaissance and contact following, a decent
research center help, safe entombments and social
preparation. Local area commitment is vital to
effectively controlling flare-ups. Bringing issues to
light of hazard factors for Ebola contamination and
defensive measures (counting inoculation) that
people can take is a powerful method to diminish
human transmission.
H NO OF DAYS BEING 8 to 21 days
SYMPTOMATIC
I IMAGE OF INFECTED PATIENT
Reference:
Wiley-VCH GmbH (2018). Clearest ever image of Ebola virus protein. Wiley Analytical Science.
https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/do/10.1002/micro.2707
ALEXANDRA SIFFERLIN (OCTOBER 2014). Ebola: The First Glimpse of a Virus. Spotlight History.
https://time.com/3502740/ebola-virus-1976/
4
Feldmann, H., & Geisbert, T. W. (2011). Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet (London, England),
377(9768), 849–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8

ITEM MSM PROFILE

MICROBIAL PROFILE
I MICROORGANISM/CAUSATIVE SARS CoV-2
AGENT
A GRAM REACTION Negative (-)
B OXYGEN REQUIREMENT Anaerobic
C SIZE 0.1 μm in diameter
D SHAPE Spherical
E HABITAT SARS CoV-2 was reported to originate from horseshoe
bats, making it the likely reservoir for the virus.
According to a study of the commonness of detection
of the virus, the regular habitats of SARS CoV-2 are
the tissues found in the lungs and intestines.
F DISCOVERY Researchers have found that SARS CoV-2 has
originated from a bat species called horseshoe bats.
However, the virus was likely transmitted through
another animal.
G MICROSCOPIC IMAGE
II DISEASE PROFILE
A DISEASE/S Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19)
5
B SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE Most common symptoms:

fever
dry cough
tiredness
Less common symptoms:
aches and pains
sore throat
diarrhea
conjunctivitis
headache
loss of taste or smell
a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes
Serious symptoms:
difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
chest pain or pressure
loss of speech or movement
C INCUBATION PERIOD The incubation period for COVID-19 is thought to
extend to 14 days, with a median time of 4-5 days
from exposure to symptom onset.
D MODE OF TRANSMISSION Contact and droplet transmission
- through direct, indirect or close contact with
infected people through secretions such as saliva and
respiratory secretions or their respiratory droplets.
- Respiratory droplet transmission can occur when a
person is in close contact (within 1 metre) with an
infected person who has respiratory symptoms (e.g.
coughing or sneezing) or who is talking or singing.
- Respiratory droplets that include viruses can reach
the mouth, nose or eyes of a susceptible person and
can result in infection.
Airborne transmission
- Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur
during medical procedures that generate aerosols
(“aerosol generating procedures”).
Fomite transmission
- Respiratory secretions or droplets expelled by
infected individuals can contaminate surfaces and
objects, creating fomites (contaminated surfaces).
6
Viable SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or RNA detected by RT-

PCR can be found on those surfaces for periods
ranging from hours to days, depending on the
ambient environment (including temperature and
humidity) and the type of surface, in particular at high
concentration in health care facilities where COVID-19
patients were being treated.
- Therefore, transmission may also occur indirectly
through touching surfaces in the immediate
environment or objects contaminated with virus from
an infected person (e.g. stethoscope or
thermometer), followed by touching the mouth, nose,
or eyes.
Other modes of transmission

- SARS-CoV-2 RNA has also been detected in other
biological samples, including the urine and feces of
some patients.
E DIAGNOSIS Different tests are usually done to suspected patients

to determine whether they are covid positive or not.
These tests may take a sample from the nose
(nasopharyngeal), throat, or saliva. Coughed up
sputum may also be used as a sample. These tests, in
general, include:
1. Viral Tests - nucleic acid amplification tests
(NAATs) and antigen test
2. Antibody test - tells if you had past infection
7
F TREATMENT There is currently no cure for COVID-19, however,

there are some possible treatments that the FDA has
approved. These include:
1. Antiviral drug remdesivir (Veklury)
2. Intake of Baricitinib drug
3. Convalescent plasma therapy with high
antibody levels
4. Intake of Several monoclonal antibody
medications such as bamlanivimab and
etesevimab, casirivimab and imdevimab, and
sotrovimab (mild to moderate symptoms)
For people with mild symptoms, they are usually

treated with supportive care, which includes:
1. Pain relievers (ibuprofen or acetaminophen)
2. Cough syrup or medication
3. Rest
4. Fluid intake
Moreover, doctors may recommend a mildly
symptomatic person to stay and recover at home, and
avoid interacting with others too closely/directly so as
to avoid further spread.
G PREVENTION Several health protocols were implemented by the

national government that seeks to prevent the
further spread of the diseases. These protocols
include:
1. Social distancing - at least 1 meter away from
others
2. Wearing of face masks (and face shields in
some areas)
3. Hand hygiene - clean hands with soap and
water, or alcohols
4. Avoid touching the eyes, nose, and mouth
5. Cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing
6. As much as possible, stay home; especially
when feeling unwell
H NO OF DAYS BEING An average of 14 - 42 days

SYMPTOMATIC
8
References:
Wei, Y., Silke, J. R., Aris, P., & Xia, X. (2020, December 20). Coronavirus genomes carry the
signatures of their habitats. PLOS ONE, 15(2): e0244025.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244025
Newburger, E. (2020, May 9). Wildlife habitat destruction and deforestation will cause more
deadly pandemics like coronavirus, scientists warn. CNBC.
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/09/coronavirus-wildlife-habitat-destruction-will-cause-more-
pandemics.html
Cheriyedath, S. (2021, January 29). What are the natural origins of SARS-CoV-2?. News Medical.
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210129/What-are-the-natural-origins-of-SARS-CoV-
2.aspx
Murphy, F. (n.d.). Figure 1. A coronavirus viewed under an electron microscope [image]. The
Pathologist. https://thepathologist.com/subspecialties/the-covid-19-pandemic-a-summary (pic)
Mayo Clinic. (2021, June 30). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-
20479976
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, July 2). COVID-19 Testing Overview.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html
World Health Organization. (2021, July 1). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Jarvis, S. (2021, January 8). Coronavirus: how quickly do COVID-19 symptoms develop and how
long do they last?. Patient. https://patient.info/news-and-features/coronavirus-how-quickly-
do-covid-19-symptoms-develop-and-how-long-do-they-last
9
Gustavo Basso. (n.d.). Many very sick COVID-19 patients, like some in this Brazilian intensive
care unit, have obesity [image]. Science. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/why-
covid-19-more-deadly-people-obesity-even-if-theyre-young
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). (2020, October 12). WHO.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-
hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19
Healthcare Workers. (2020, February 11). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-
patients.html#:%7E:text=The%20incubation%20period%20for%20COVID,from%20exposure%20
to%20symptoms%20onset.&text=One%20study%20reported%20that%2097.5,SARS%2DCoV%2
D2%20infection.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions. (2020, July 9).
WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-
implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions

ITEM MSM PROFILE

MICROBIAL PROFILE
I MICROORGANISM/CAUSATIVE varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
AGENT
A GRAM REACTION (+)
B OXYGEN REQUIREMENT Facultative Aerobes
C SIZE 150-200 nm
D SHAPE Icosahedral capsid (shaped like spheres)
E HABITAT Normal flora of skin/Nerve Ganglia

F DISCOVERY The varicella was discovered in 1875, Rudolf Steiner
demonstrated that the chickenpox was caused by an
infectious agent
G MICROSCOPIC IMAGE
10
II DISEASE PROFILE
A DISEASE/S - Chickenpox
- Shingles
B SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE Chickenpox
- Rash that turns into itchy
- Fluid-filled blisters
- Fever
- Tiredness
- Loss of appetite
- Headache
Shingles
- Rashes
- Red patches
- Fluid-filled blisters that break easily
- Rashes around from spine to torso
- Rashes on face and ears
- Itching
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Muscle weaknesses
- Pain or rash that involves the eye
- Loss of hearing
- Intense pain on ear
- Dizziness
- Loss of taste
- Bacterial infection
11
C INCUBATION PERIOD Chickenpox: 14 to 16 days with a range of 10 to 21

days.
Shingles: two to three weeks

D MODE OF TRANSMISSION The virus can be spread from person to person by direct
contact, inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of
skin lesions of acute varicella or zoster, and possibly
through infected respiratory secretions that also may
be aerosolized.
E DIAGNOSIS Shingles is usually diagnosed based on the history of
pain on one side of your body, along with the telltale
rash and blisters. Your doctor may also take a tissue
scraping or culture of the blisters for examination in the
laboratory.
Doctors generally diagnose chickenpox based on the

rash. If there's any doubt about
the diagnosis, chickenpox can be confirmed with lab
tests, including blood tests or a culture of lesion
samples.
F TREATMENT Shingles
There’s no cure for shingles, but there are some
medications to ease symptoms and get rid of the
infection. It includes:
- Antiviral medication; Acyclovir and Famciclovir
- Anti-inflammation; Ibuprofen
- Narcotic medication or Analgesics
- Anticonvulsant or Tricyclic antidepressants
- Antihistamine; Benadryl
- Numbing creams, gels or patches; Lidocaine
- Capsaicin
Chickenpox
- Tylenol for pain and fever
- Antihistamine; Benadryl
- Calamine Lotion for itchy spots
- Immunoglobulin
- Antiviral medication; Acyclovir, Sitavig and
Zovirax
12
G PREVENTION Chickenpox
- Varicella Zoster Vaccine
Shingles
- Vaccine; Zostavax and Shingrix
H NO OF DAYS BEING Shingles: 7 to 10 days
SYMPTOMATIC
Chickenpox: 4 to 7 days
References:
Center, B. S. (2021, June 1). Varicella zoster virus. Retrieved July 8, 2021, from
https://www.bode-science-center.com/center/relevant-pathogens-from-a-
z/varicella-zoster-virus.html
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2021, April 30). Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious
Substances – Varicella-zoster virus - Canada.ca. Retrieved from
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-
13
biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/varicella-zoster-
virus.html
Chicken Pox Treatment: Home Remedies and Medications. (2017, April 27). WebMD.
https://www.webmd.com/children/understanding-chickenpox-treatment
Chickenpox - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2021, May 8). Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chickenpox/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-
20351287#:%7E:text=Doctors%20generally%20diagnose%20chickenpox%20base
d,a%20culture%20of%20lesion%20samples.
Chickenpox for HCPs. (2021a, April 28). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/index.html#:%7E:text=The%20average%2
0incubation%20period%20for,the%20first%20sign%20of%20disease.
Chickenpox for HCPs. (2021b, April 28). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/index.html#:%7E:text=this%20is%20limite
d.-,Transmission,that%20also%20may%20be%20aerosolized.
Chickenpox Signs and Symptoms. (2021, April 28). Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/symptoms.html#:%7E:text=Anyone%20
who%20has%20not%20had,that%20eventually%20turn%20into%20scabs.
Chickenpox (Varicella) | Interpreting Laboratory Tests | CDC. (n.d.). CDC.GOV. Retrieved

July 9, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/lab-testing/lab-
tests.html#:%7E:text=The%20most%20sensitive%20method%20for,are%20the%
20best%20for%20sampling.
Department of Health & Human Services. (2015, October 8). Chickenpox or shingles
(varicella / herpes zoster). Health.Vic. https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/public-
health/infectious-diseases/disease-information-advice/chickenpox-and-
shingles#:%7E:text=The%20incubation%20period%20is%202,is%20usually%2014
%E2%80%9316%20days.
Gotter, A. (2019, November 8). Everything You Need to Know About Shingles. Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/shingles#:%7E:text=Two%20vaccines%20ha
ve%20been%20approved,of%20the%20varicella%2Dzoster%20virus.
Shingles (Herpes Zoster): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic.
Retrieved July 9, 2021, from
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11036-shingles#prevention
14
Signs and Symptoms of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) | CDC. (n.d.). CDC.GOV. Retrieved July 9,
2021, from
https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html#:%7E:text=Signs%20%26%
20Symptoms,-
Espa%C3%B1ol%20(Spanish)&text=Shingles%20is%20a%20painful%20rash,area
%20where%20it%20will%20develop.
15

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NAVIGATE ACTIVITY NO.

MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT VIRUSES

Flavier, Shanne Julianne

Laplana, Carlos Santana

Leander, Andreina Mychie

Mactal, Rae Marie

Pigtain, Florence Dana

Ms. Leny Saldo

BIO1227: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

WEEK 4: MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT VIRUSES

ITEM MSM PROFILE

C INCUBATION PERIOD 2 to 21 days, but the average is 8 to 10 days

F TREATMENT In the 2018-2020 Ebola episode in DRC, the first-ever

patients under a moral system created in conference

Two monoclonal antibodies (Inmazeb and Ebanga)

G PREVENTION Great episode control depends on applying a bundle

I IMAGE OF INFECTED PATIENT

BIO1227: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

WEEK 4: MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT VIRUSES

ITEM MSM PROFILE

B SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE Most common symptoms:

Viable SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or RNA detected by RT-

Other modes of transmission

E DIAGNOSIS Different tests are usually done to suspected patients

F TREATMENT There is currently no cure for COVID-19, however,

For people with mild symptoms, they are usually

G PREVENTION Several health protocols were implemented by the

H NO OF DAYS BEING An average of 14 - 42 days

I IMAGE OF INFECTED PATIENT

BIO1227: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

WEEK 4: MEDICALLY SIGNIFICANT VIRUSES

ITEM MSM PROFILE

E HABITAT Normal flora of skin/Nerve Ganglia

C INCUBATION PERIOD Chickenpox: 14 to 16 days with a range of 10 to 21

Shingles: two to three weeks

Doctors generally diagnose chickenpox based on the

I IMAGE OF INFECTED PATIENT

Chickenpox (Varicella) | Interpreting Laboratory Tests | CDC. (n.d.). CDC.GOV. Retrieved

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