University of Anbar

College of engineering

Civil Engineering Depermant

ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL OF INCORPORATION THE

GEOPOLYMER TO COLD BITUMINOUS EMULSION
MIXTURES (BEMs)

A Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering

student's name

1-Abd Alhmeed Majed Abd

2-Maryam Hamid Faihan

Supervisor

1-Dr.Taher M. Ahmed

2-Mr.Saif Saad Mansoor

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 DECLARATION STATEMENT

We, the undersigned students, hereby declare that the project work entitled
“Producing novel cold mix asphalt ” submitted to University of Anbar, is entirely
our own work and has not been copied from any other source. Any material that
has been used from other sources has been properly cited and acknowledged in
the report. We are fully aware that any copying or improper citation of
references/sources used in this report will be considered plagiarism, which is a
clear violation of the ethics code of University of Anbar.

Signature: Signature:

Student Name: Abd Alhmeed Majed Abd Student Name: Maryam Hamid Faihan

Student ID: 422 Student ID: 368

Date: Date:

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 CERTIFICATION

Approved by:

Signature: Signature:

Supervisor Name: Taher M. Ahmed Co-supervisor Name:

Department: Department:

Date: Date:

Signature:

Format Adherence Committee

Department:

Date:

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 ABSTRACT

Global warming is one of the biggest challenges that we are facing today.
Construction industry is also contributing to the problem by emitting greenhouse
gases. In order to deal with this issue sustainable products are being adopted by all
the industries. Similarly, highway industry is also adopting several measures to
reduce its carbon footprint. One of such measures is cold mix asphalt technology
(CMA). CMA does not require any heating of material. This is achieved by using
asphalt emulsion and cutback as binding material. Since these materials are liquid
at room temperature, they do not require any heating for mixing and compaction.
This gives many environmental and economic benefits to CMA over hot mix asphalt
(HMA). Despite having these advantages, inferior performance makes CMA
undesirable to be used in the construction of roads having high density traffic.
Although some studies have been taken to improve the performance of CMA but
those are limited in their scope. Present paper gives an overview of the different
aspects of CMA technology. It discusses materials, design procedure, field
utilisation, performance, effect of different performance enhancing measures of
CMA. In the end benefits, drawbacks and future scope of CMA are also presented.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly and finally, I would like to thank Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful,
for His blessings and for helping me achieve success in every endeavor of my life.
Our sincere thanks go to the main supervisor, Dr. Taher M. Ahmed, for his
guidance, constant support, inspiration, and wonderful patience during our
research. We only have admiration and respect for him. We would also like to
thank the staff civil engineering laboratories of Anbar University for their help
throughout our research, especially Mr. Walid Sabbar Aokia and Mr. Abdul Sattar
We would like to express our profound thanks and gratitude to Mr. Saif Saad
Mansoor for his guidance, encouragement, and advice Our warmest thanks to my
family and friends Muhammad Ali,and Hareth Khaled Al-Asali for their love,
guidance and unconditional encouragement throughout my personal life and
professional life.

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 Table of Content
List of Figures Vi
List of Abbreviations Vii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1General 1
1.2Scope of research 1
1.3Researchsignificance 2
1.4Research layout (research structure) 2
Chapter 2 Literature Review 3
2.1 General 3
2.2 Bitumen 3
2.3 Emulsified 4
2.4 Hot mix asphalt 5
2.4.1 Using of hot asphalt mixture 6
2.4.2 Advantages of Hot Mix Asphalt 6
2.4.3 Disadvantages of Hot Mix Asphalt 7
2.4.4 Objectives of Hot mix Asphalt 8
2.5 Cold Mix Asphalt 9
2.5.1 Using of cold mix Aspalt 9
2.5.2 Advantages of Cold Mix Asphalt 10
2.5.3 Disadvantages of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) 11

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List of Figures

Figure (2-1) Emulsified asphalt………………………………………………………………………….4

Figure (2-2) Hot mix asphalt………………………………………………………………………..…….5

Figure (2-3) show producing bitumen mixtures with different temperatures……11

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List of Abbreviations

HMA Hot mix asphalt

CMA Cold mix asphalt

BEMs Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 general
The term "cold asphalt mixtures" refers to asphalt that is made ambient
temperature with bitumen emulsion as the binder. In many countries, like the USA
and France, reducing waste from aggregate manufacturing processes. The key
priority schemes for environmentally sustainable processes are to reduce land-
filling and CO2 emissions during the manufacture and laying of hot bituminous
mixtures. One of the most appealing methods of processing bituminous mixtures is
using cold asphalt mixtures to address the above drawbacks when adding any
waste or by-product materials into these mixtures individually or collectively.
Recently, Incorporating supplementary cementation materials in the manufacture
of cold asphalt mixtures has piqued the interest of researchers all over the world.
Due to a lack of experience among engineers and the applicability in the industry
sector, the use and production of cold asphalt mixtures were not pursued in Iraq.

1.2 Aims of Research

This research aims to develop and evaluate cold asphalt mixtures, as well as
improve their properties, by integrating Geopolymer technology, with the novelty
of creating a new cold mix known as Cold-Geopolymer Asphalt Mixtures
(CGAM).On the other side, the same aggregate is used to make hot mix asphalt
(HMA) as a comparison point.

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1.3 Research Objectives

The purpose of this study is to identify the mechanical and volumetric properties
for hot , cold and CGAM mixes. The mechanical properties of Marshall stability will
be evaluated, Marshall stiffness and indirect tensile strength are two terms that
are often used to describe the properties of a material; while volumetric properties
will be evaluated using air voids and bulk density.

1.4 Layout (research structure)

Chapter 1

presents a preface for this study, which mainly contains general background for

cold and hot mixes.

Chapter 2

includes the more relevant and up-to-date literature review to the presented
study.

A critical review was carried out whenever is needed and relevant

Chapter 3

displays the details of the used material in this work and their characterizations,

brief description and the basics of the used techniques in addition to present the

detailed followed methodology of the experimental work

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General

This chapter includes a comprehensive analysis of cold emulsified asphalt mixtures

and the factors that influence their performance and production. Materials and
production processes, as well as the historical context, have all been presented in
detail. The possibility of using cold emulsified asphalt mixtures instead of hot
asphalt mixtures for road construction and maintenance has been investigated,
due its realistic, technological, and environmental characteristics. This research
focused on analyze and test the properties of emulsified asphalt material for use as
a paving mixture. Air voids, bulk density, wet Marshall stability, dry Marshall
stability and maintained Marshall stability were among the properties of the
emulsified asphalt mixture that were evaluated. Measurements of flow and results
were compared to the commonly used specification. Optimal percentages of the
initial residual bitumen were found to produce adequate results for the coating
test, mixing, compaction and other tests by means of several test mixtures. curing
and Marshall stability were ranged from (2.5%, 3%,3.5%,4% and 4.5%), Finally, the
emulsified asphalt mixture can be considered as a safe option For road
construction and maintenance as an alternative to hot asphalt mixture.[1]

2.2 Asphalt Cement (Bitumen)

Bitumen, also known as asphalt cement is a heavy, dark brown to black mineral
substance, one of the hydrocarbon mixtures It can be contained in natural deposits
or processed from crude oil by distractive distillation. Bitumen, also known as

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asphalt cement, has a viscous and elastic behavior, complex material, The time,
temperature and load quantity all affect on the response of bitumen to stress. At

high temperatures or long loading of time, bitumen acts like a viscous material,
while At very low temperatures or for short periods of loading, it acts as an elastic
(brittle) solid.To determine optimal development and paving temperatures, as well
as to forecast asphalts in-service action for a long time. It is important to
understand the properties of bitumen and how it affects viscoelasticity of the
binder.

2.3 Emulsified Asphalt

It's a tiny atom made entirely out of bitumen. It may be dissolved in water by a
special element known as the emulsion. The emulsion is a foaming substance such
as soap that makes bitumen atoms distributed in water in one degree as long as
the emulsion is in the form of a liquid and after using the emulsion the water
steam leaving the bitumen covering the surface with an equal degree. The
emulsion is obtained by segmentation of the cement asphalt into small particles
with a positive (cationic)or negative effect (anionic) so that they stay suspended in
an aqueous medium, Fixed materials are added to it to keep it in a suspended state
after removing an effect of fixation, Asphalt particles adhere to each other, forming
a coherent layer that increases water levels

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(A) Natural picture (B) Image under the microscope[ 10 ].

Figure( 2-1) Emulsified asphalt

2.4 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)

It is a mixture of approximately 95% stone, sand or gravel bound together by

asphalt cement, a crude oil-derived product. At the HMA plant, the asphalt cement
is heated to form a mixture of concrete and aggregates. The Hot Mix Asphalt is
then loaded into trucks and delivered to the pavement site. Hot Mix Asphalt is
dumped by trucks in hoppers at the front of the paving machines. The asphalt is
laid down and then compacted with the help of a large roller which is rolled over it.
Usually, as soon as the pavement has cooled, traffic is allowed on it.[8]

Figure(2-2):hot mix asphalt.[11]

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2.4.1 Using of hot asphalt mixture (HMA) :

Hot mix asphalt is best suited for large-scale paving projects, such as

1- Roads

2- parking lots

3- driveways

4- There are hundreds of thousands of square miles of sidewalks that make up the
world's roads.[9]

2.4.2 Advantages of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)

1- Weather-Resistant: Asphalt is used all over the world because it can resist all
kinds of weather. Hot mix asphalt can withstand wind, flood, and heat absorbent
asphalt melt snow and ice faster than other paving materials

2- Quick Cool Down: Hot mix asphalt is poured at over 300 degrees, but cools down
quickly, allowing minimal road closure times. Since hot mix asphalt cools rapidly,
the road can be open and traffic moving in as little as a few hours.

3- Strength: Hot mix asphalt is the most durable grade of paving asphalt, which is
why it’s used for high traffic roads and highways. Cold mix asphalt isn’t strong
enough for regular vehicle traffic

4- Bend but Not Break: Asphalt is more flexible than it’s paving counterpart
concrete. Asphalt’s flexibility and malleability allow it to shrink and expand during
different temperatures without cracking or becoming damaged. This flexible factor
makes it a great paving choice in areas that suffer wild temperature swings like the
Midwest or Mountain West.

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2.4.3 Disadvantages of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)

1- Temperature Window: Hot mixture asphalt is only used when the outside
temperature is 40 degrees or higher.

2- More Expensive: Hot mix asphalt is the most expensive asphalt paving
alternative, even though it is cheaper than concrete. Since hot mix asphalt lasts
longer than other pavement options, consider the cost versus serviceable life
before making a decision.

2.4.4 Objectives of Hot mix Asphalt (HMA)

Hot max asphalt design should Be developed with the following objectives in mind:

1- Resistance to Permanent Deformation: The mix should not customer or displace

when subjected to traffic. At high temperatures, resistance to permanent
deformation (rupture) becomes critical In the hot summer months When the
viscosity of the asphalt cement binder is poor and the traffic load is borne mainly
by the mineral aggregate structure. resistance to permanent deformation is
controlled by selecting quality aggregates with proper gradation and selecting the
asphalt content so that adequate voids exist in the mixresistance to permanent
deformation is controlled by selecting

2- Fatigue Resistance: The mixture should not break when subjected to repeated
loads over time, complex repeated load either constant stress or constant strain
controlled

3- Resistance to Moisture: When exposed to moisture or water, a hot mixture of

asphalt loses adhesion between the aggregate surface and the asphalt cement
bond. The properties of aggregates are responsible for this phenomenon, although
some cement is more susceptible to moisture damage (peeling) than others. Anti-
stripping agents should be used if a hot asphalt mixture is vulnerable to stripping.

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The moisture wettability of the hot mixture is also reduced by making the mixture
impermeable to water.

4- Durability: The amount of asphalt cement in the mixture should be sufficient to

ensure a sufficient thickness of the film around the aggregate of the particles. As a
result, the hardening or aging of the asphalt cement is reduced during production
and service. The pressed mixture should not contain a lot of air voids (high
permeability) as this accelerates the aging process.[2]

2.5 Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA)

Cold bituminous emulsion mixtures for road pavements are one of cold asphalt
technology Means the production of asphalt at ambient temperature using
emulsified bitumen as bonding agent. Various products, preparatory procedures
and techniques are included in the Cold Mix Asphalt. Standard emulsion or
emulsion with polymer or solvent modifications. Its properties can also be
improved by the addition of fiber and cement. CMA can be produced in a factory,
on-site with special equipment, or by hand. CMA may or may not be stored before
final laying, spreading and laying by:

a) hand
b) asphalt pavers or graders

CMA could be used as structural layers in highly trafficked base layers. wearing
courses, and non-structural layers in surface treatment layers.

2.5.1 Using of cold mix Aspalt (CMA)

1- Cold mixture asphalt is best suited for repairs such as small cracks, pits or
stains.
2- CMA is best used when the weather outside is very cold. This is according to
what was recommended by the Asphalt Institute .[10]

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2.5.2 Advantages of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA)

1- Environmentally friendly, as it reduces harmful environmental impacts, saves

energy and is considered to be safer during manufacturing and construction.
That encouraged its use instead of the hot asphalt mixture

2-In comparison to (HMA), it can be stored or transported over longer

distances, and it is not mandatory to use insulated trucks for short trips.

3- CMA does not contain any gaseous emissions that could affect health or the
environment, Because at any stage of production there is no need to heat
materials. Compared to (HMA) CO2 emission 14%
4- CMA production is cheaper than HMA, because CMA production does not
require drying and heating processes for aggregate, also CMA
transportation costs are cheaper than HMA transportation costs
5- Cold mixtures are not expected to produce waste, as can HMA, if the loss in
mixing temperature exceeds an unacceptable level.Cold mixtures are not
expected to produce waste, as can HMA, if the loss in mixing temperature
exceeds an unacceptable level. [3],[4],[5].

2.5.3 Disadvantages of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) (HMA)

1- Previous studies showed. To achieve optimum efficiency, this type of CMA

requires a longer processing time (trapped water evaporation). In addition,
the early strength was weak (due to the presence of water). According to
studies, CMA needs a period of (2-24) months depending on the ingredients
in the mixture.
2- Even after the compression process, the CMA contains air voids, which is a
source of concern for resistance.
3- Other issues with CMA include insufficient percentage of coating due to
incompatibility between aggregates and emulsion, Binder drainage during
storage due to low viscosity of the emulsion and binder stripping of the

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aggregate due to high water sensitivity and poor adhesion of the emulsion.
[3],[6],[7]

Figure (2-4 ) shows three main techniques used to produce bituminous

mixtures at different mixing and applying temperatures, these are hot
asphalt, warm asphalt, and cold asphalt technology.[12].

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REFRENCES

[1] Dr. Shakir Salih and Hussein Hamel Zghair, January 2014.. "Some Properties of
Emulsified Asphalt Paving Mixture at Iraqi Environmental Conditions"

[2] Federal Highway Administration, Report No.FHWA-IP-79-1,January 1979 .A

basic Asphalt Emulsion Manual-Volume 1-Understanding and Using Emulsion .

[3] Thanaya, I. . 2003. Improving the Performance of Cold Bituminous Emulsion

Mixtures (CBEMs) Incorporating Waste Materials. Ph. D thesis, , University of
Leeds, UK

[4]Thanaya, I., Forth, P. & Zoorob, S. Utilisation of coal ashes in hot and on cold
bituminous mixtures. International Coal Ash Technology Conference, Paper ref.A9.,
2006 Birmingham, UK..

[5]Thanaya, I., Zoorob, S. & Forth, P. A laboratory study on cold-mix, cold-lay

emulsion mixtures. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 2009.

[6] Needhem, D. 1996. Developments in Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures for Roads.

PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.

[7] Leech, D. 1994. Cold Bituminous Materials for Use in the Structural Layers of
Roads. Project Report 75. UK: Transportation Research Laboratory

[8] http://www.apa-mi.org/what_is_hot_mix_asphalt_paveme.php

[9] https://trid.trb.org/view/725954

[10] James, A. 2006. Overview of Asphalt Emulsions, Asphalt Emulsion Technology,

Asphalt Emulsion Technology, Figure (2.2.b)Transportation Research Circular E-
C102. Washington DC,USA: Transportation Research Board.

[11]. https://http2.mlstatic.com/carpeta-asfaltica-bacheo-asfalto-caliente-frio-
pavimento-D

[12] Abbas May 2014 " High strength cold rolled asphalt surface course mixtures"

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