Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G Formulas
Differentiation Formulas
d d d
1. 关cu兴 ⫽ cu⬘ 2. 关u ± v兴 ⫽ u⬘ ± v⬘ 3. 关uv兴 ⫽ uv⬘ ⫹ vu⬘
dx dx dx
vu⬘ ⫺ uv⬘
冤冥
d u d d n
4. ⫽ 5. 关c兴 ⫽ 0 6. 关u 兴 ⫽ nun⫺1u⬘
dx v v2 dx dx
d d u⬘ d u
7. 关x兴 ⫽ 1 8. 关ln u兴 ⫽ 9. 关e 兴 ⫽ e uu⬘
dx dx u dx
d d d
10. 关 sin u兴 ⫽ 共cos u兲u⬘ 11. 关cos u兴 ⫽ ⫺ 共sin u兲u⬘ 12. 关tan u兴 ⫽ 共sec2 u兲u⬘
dx dx dx
d d d
13. 关cot u兴 ⫽ ⫺ 共csc2 u兲u⬘ 14. 关sec u兴 ⫽ 共sec u tan u兲u⬘ 15. 关csc u兴 ⫽ ⫺ 共csc u cot u兲u⬘
dx dx dx
Integration Formulas
Forms Involving u n
1. 冕 un du ⫽
un⫹1
n⫹1
⫹ C, n ⫽ ⫺1 2. 冕 1
u ⱍⱍ
du ⫽ ln u ⫹ C
Forms Involving a ⴙ bu
3. 冕 u
a ⫹ bu
1
ⱍ
du ⫽ 2共bu ⫺ a ln a ⫹ bu 兲 ⫹ C
b ⱍ
4. 冕 u
共a ⫹ bu兲2
1
du ⫽ 2
a
b a ⫹ bu冢⫹ lnⱍa ⫹ buⱍ ⫹ C 冣
5. 冕 u
共a ⫹ bu兲n
1
du ⫽ 2 冤 ⫺1
⫹
a
b 共n ⫺ 2兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺2 共n ⫺ 1兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺1
⫹ C, n ⫽ 1, 2 冥
6. 冕 u2
a ⫹ bu
1 bu
冤
du ⫽ 3 ⫺ 共2a ⫺ bu兲 ⫹ a2 ln a ⫹ bu
b 2 ⱍ ⱍ冥 ⫹ C
7. 冕 u2
共a ⫹ bu兲2
du ⫽
1
b3
bu ⫺冢 a2
a ⫹ bu
⫺ 2a ln a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冣 ⫹ C
8. 冕 u2
共a ⫹ bu兲3
1
du ⫽ 3
2a
冤
⫺
a2
b a ⫹ bu 2共a ⫹ bu兲2
⫹ ln a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冥 ⫹ C
9. 冕 u2
共a ⫹ bu兲n
1
du ⫽ 3 冤 ⫺1
b 共n ⫺ 3兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺3 ⫹
2a
共n ⫺ 2兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺2 ⫺
a2
共n ⫺ 1兲共a ⫹ bu兲n⫺1
⫹ C, 冥 n ⫽ 1, 2, 3
10. 冕 1
u共a ⫹ bu兲
1
du ⫽ ln
u
a a ⫹ bu
⫹C
ⱍ ⱍ
9781133105060_APP_G.qxp 12/27/11 1:47 PM Page G2
G2 Appendix G ■ Formulas
11. 冕 1
u共a ⫹ bu兲2
du ⫽
1 1
冢
1
⫹ ln
u
a a ⫹ bu a a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冣 ⫹C
12. 冕 1
u2共a ⫹ bu兲
du ⫽ ⫺
1 1 b
⫹ ln
u
冢
a u a a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冣 ⫹C
13. 冕 1
u2共a ⫹ bu兲2
1 a ⫹ 2bu
du ⫽ ⫺ 2
a u共a ⫹ bu兲
⫹ 冤
2b
a
ln
u
a ⫹ bu ⱍ ⱍ冥 ⫹C
Forms Involving 冪a ⴙ bu
14. 冕 un 冪a ⫹ bu du ⫽
2
b共2n ⫹ 3兲 冤
un共a ⫹ bu兲3兾2 ⫺ na 冕 un⫺1冪a ⫹ bu du 冥
15. 冕 1
u冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽
1
冪a
ln
冪a ⫹ bu ⫺ 冪a
冪a ⫹ bu ⫹ 冪a ⱍ
⫹ C,
ⱍ a > 0
16. 冕 1
un冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽
⫺1
a共n ⫺ 1兲
冪a ⫹ bu
un⫺1
⫹
2 冤
共2n ⫺ 3兲b
冕 1
un⫺1冪a ⫹ bu
du , n ⫽ 1 冥
17. 冕 冪a ⫹ bu
u
du ⫽ 2冪a ⫹ bu ⫹ a 冕 1
u冪a ⫹ bu
du
18. 冕 冪a ⫹ bu
un
du ⫽
⫺1
a共n ⫺ 1兲
共a ⫹ bu兲3兾2 共2n ⫺ 5兲b
un⫺1冤 ⫹
2 冕 冪a ⫹ bu
un⫺1 冥
du , n ⫽ 1
19. 冕 u
冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽ ⫺
2共2a ⫺ bu兲
3b2
冪a ⫹ bu ⫹ C
20. 冕 un
冪a ⫹ bu
du ⫽
2
共2n ⫹ 1兲b
un冪a ⫹ bu ⫺ na 冢 冕 un⫺1
冪a ⫹ bu
du 冣
Forms Involving u 2 ⴚ a 2, a > 0
21. 冕 1
u2 ⫺ a2
du ⫽ ⫺ 冕 1
a2 ⫺ u2
du ⫽
1
ln
u⫺a
2a u ⫹ a
⫹C
ⱍ ⱍ
22. 冕 1
共u2 ⫺ a2兲n
du ⫽ 2
⫺1 u
2a 共n ⫺ 1兲 共u2 ⫺ a2兲n⫺1 冤
⫹ 共2n ⫺ 3兲 冕 1
共u2 ⫺ a2兲n⫺1 冥
du , n ⫽ 1
23. 冕 冪u2 ± a2 du ⫽
1
2
共u冪u2 ± a2 ± a2 ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 兲 ⫹ C
ⱍ ⱍ
24. 冕 u2冪u2 ± a2 du ⫽
1
8
关u共2u2 ± a2兲冪u2 ± a2 ⫺ a4 ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 兴 ⫹ C ⱍ ⱍ
25. 冕 冪u2 ⫹ a2
u
du ⫽ 冪u2 ⫹ a2 ⫺ a ln
ⱍ a ⫹ 冪u2 ⫹ a2
u
⫹C
ⱍ
26. 冕 冪u2 ± a2
u2
du ⫽
⫺ 冪u2 ± a2
u
⫹ ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 ⫹ Cⱍ ⱍ
27. 冕 1
冪u2 ± a2
ⱍ
du ⫽ ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 ⫹ C ⱍ
28. 冕 u冪u2
1
⫹ a2
du ⫽
a
ln
ⱍ
⫺1 a ⫹ 冪u2 ⫹ a2
u
⫹C
ⱍ
9781133105060_APP_G.qxp 12/27/11 1:47 PM Page G3
29. 冕 u2
冪u ± a
2 2
du ⫽
1
2
共u冪u2 ± a2 ⫿ a2 ln u ⫹ 冪u2 ± a2 兲 ⫹ C
ⱍ ⱍ
30. 冕 1
u2冪u2 ± a2
du ⫽ ⫿
冪u2 ± a2
a2u
⫹C
31. 冕 1
共u2 ± a2兲3兾2
±u
du ⫽ 2 2
a 冪u ± a2
⫹C
32. 冕 冪a2 ⫺ u2
u
du ⫽ 冪a2 ⫺ u2 ⫺ a ln
ⱍ a ⫹ 冪a2 ⫺ u2
u
⫹C
ⱍ
冕 ⱍ
⫺1 a ⫹ 冪a ⫺ u
ⱍ
2 2
1
33. du ⫽ ln ⫹C
u冪a ⫺ u2 2 a u
34. 冕 1
u2冪a2 ⫺ u2
du ⫽
⫺ 冪a2 ⫺ u2
a2u
⫹C 35. 冕 1
共a2 ⫺ u2兲3兾2
du ⫽ 2 2
u
a 冪a ⫺ u2
⫹C
Forms Involving e u
36. 冕
eu du ⫽ eu ⫹ C 37. 冕 ueu du ⫽ 共u ⫺ 1兲eu ⫹ C
40. 冕 1
1 ⫹ enu
1
du ⫽ u ⫺ ln共1 ⫹ enu兲 ⫹ C
n
Forms Involving ln u
43. 冕 un ln u du ⫽
un⫹1
共n ⫹ 1兲2
关⫺1 ⫹ 共n ⫹ 1兲 ln u兴 ⫹ C, n ⫽ ⫺1
44. 冕 共ln u兲2 du ⫽ u关2 ⫺ 2 ln u ⫹ 共ln u兲2兴 ⫹ C 45. 冕 共ln u兲n du ⫽ u共ln u兲n ⫺ n 冕 共ln u兲n⫺1 du
48. 冕 1
sin2 u du ⫽ 共u ⫺ sin u cos u兲 ⫹ C
2
49. 冕 1
cos2 u du ⫽ 共u ⫹ sin u cos u兲 ⫹ C
2
50. 冕 sinn u du ⫽ ⫺
sinn⫺1 u cos u n ⫺ 1
n
⫹
n 冕 sinn⫺2 u du
51. 冕 cosn u du ⫽
cosn⫺1 u sin u n ⫺ 1
n
⫹
n 冕cosn⫺2 u du
G4 Appendix G ■ Formulas
56. 冕 1
1 ± sin u
du ⫽ tan u ⫿ sec u ⫹ C
57. 冕 1
1 ± cos u
du ⫽ ⫺cot u ± csc u ⫹ C
58. 冕 1
sin u cos u ⱍ
du ⫽ ln tan u ⫹ C ⱍ
Forms Involving tan u, cot u, sec u, or csc u
59. 冕 ⱍ
tan u du ⫽ ⫺ln cos u ⫹ C ⱍ
60. 冕 ⱍ
cot u du ⫽ ln sin u ⫹ Cⱍ
61. 冕 ⱍ
sec u du ⫽ ln sec u ⫹ tan u ⫹ C ⱍ
62. 冕 ⱍ
csc u du ⫽ ln csc u ⫺ cot u ⫹ C ⱍ
63. 冕 tan2 u du ⫽ ⫺u ⫹ tan u ⫹ C
67. 冕 tann u du ⫽
tann⫺1 u
n⫺1
⫺ 冕 tann⫺2 u du, n⫽1
68. 冕 cotn u du ⫽ ⫺
cotn⫺1 u
n⫺1
⫺ 冕 cotn⫺2 u du, n⫽1
69. 冕 secn u du ⫽
secn⫺2 u tan u n ⫺ 2
n⫺1
⫹
n⫺1 冕 secn⫺2 u du, n⫽1
70. 冕 cscn u du ⫽ ⫺
cscn⫺2 u cot u n ⫺ 2
n⫺1
⫹
n⫺1 冕 cscn⫺2 u du, n ⫽ 1
71. 冕 1
1 ± tan u
1
ⱍ
du ⫽ 共u ± ln cos u ± sin u 兲 ⫹ C
2 ⱍ
72. 冕 1
1 ± cot u
1
ⱍ
du ⫽ 共u ⫿ ln sin u ± cos u 兲 ⫹ C
2 ⱍ
73. 冕 1
1 ± sec u
du ⫽ u ⫹ cot u ⫿ csc u ⫹ C
74. 冕 1
1 ± csc u
du ⫽ u ⫺ tan u ± sec u ⫹ C
9781133105060_APP_G.qxp 12/27/11 1:47 PM Page G5
Basic Equations
C
R ⫽ xp C⫽ P⫽R⫺C
x
x
x0
Equilibrium quantity
Fixed Break-even
cost point
x x x
Negative of
fixed cost
Revenue Function Cost Function Profit Function
The low prices required to The total cost to produce The break-even point occurs
sell more units eventually x units includes the fixed when R ⫽ C.
result in a decreasing cost.
revenue.
9781133105060_APP_G.qxp 12/27/11 1:47 PM Page G6
G6 Appendix G ■ Formulas
Marginals
dR
⫽ marginal revenue ⬇ the extra revenue from selling one additional unit
dx
dC Marginal
⫽ marginal cost ⬇ the extra cost of producing one additional unit revenue
dx
1 unit
dP
⫽ marginal profit ⬇ the extra profit from selling one additional unit Extra revenue
dx for one unit
Revenue Function
Formulas from Finance
Basic Terms
P ⫽ amount of deposit r ⫽ interest rate
n ⫽ number of times interest is compounded per year
t ⫽ number of years A ⫽ balance after t years
冢 冣
r nt
1. Balance when interest is compounded n times per year: A ⫽ P 1 ⫹
n
2. Balance when interest is compounded continuously: A ⫽ Pert
冤 冢1 ⫹ nr 冣 冥冢 冣
nt n
A⫽P ⫺1 1⫹
r
Initial Deposit for a Decreasing Annuity with n Withdrawals of W per Year for t Years
冢nr冣冦1 ⫺ 冤 1 ⫹ 1共r兾n兲冥 冧
nt
P⫽W
冦 冧
r兾12
M⫽P
冤 冥
12t
1
1⫺
1 ⫹ 共r兾12兲
Amount of an Annuity
冕
erT
T
0
c共t兲e⫺rt dt
c共t兲 is the continuous income function in dollars per year and T is the term of the annuity in years.
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Integration Formulas
1. Common Integrals Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Indefinite Integral ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
Method of substitution
x n +1 x n +1
∫ x ln x dx =
n
ln x − +C
∫ f ( g ( x)) g ′( x)dx = ∫ f (u )du n +1 ( n + 1)
2
Integration by parts
∫e
x
dx = e x + C
∫ f ( x) g ′( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) − ∫ g ( x) f ′( x)dx
bx
∫ b dx =
x
Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions +C
ln b
x n +1
∫ x dx =
n
+C ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C
n +1
1 ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C
∫ x dx = ln x + C
∫ c dx = cx + C
x2
∫ xdx = 2
+C
x3
∫ x dx =
2
+C
3
1 1
∫ x2 dx = − x + C
2x x
∫ xdx =
3
+C
1
∫1+ x 2
dx = arctan x + C
1
∫ 1 − x2
dx = arcsin x + C
∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + C
∫ sec x dx = ln tan x + sec x + C
1
∫ sin ( x − sin x cos x ) + C
2
x dx =
2
1
∫ cos x dx = 2 ( x + sin x cos x ) + C
2
∫ tan
2
x dx = tan x − x + C
∫ sec
2
x dx = tan x + C
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( ax + b )n + 1
n
∫ ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1) ( for n ≠ −1)
1 1
∫ ax + b dx = a ln ax + b
a ( n + 1) x − b
∫ x ( ax + b )
n
dx = 2
( ax + b )n+1 ( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )
a ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
x x b
∫ ax + b dx = a − a 2 ln ax + b
x b 1
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = a 2 ( ax + b ) + a 2 ln ax + b
x a (1 − n ) x − b
∫ ( ax + b )n dx = a 2 ( n − 1)( n − 2)( ax + b )n−1 ( for n ≠ −1, n ≠ −2 )
1 ( ax + b )
2
x2
∫ ax + b dx = − 2b ( ax + b ) + b 2
ln ax + b
a3 2
x2 1 b2
∫ ( ax + b )2 dx = 3 ax + b − 2b ln ax + b −
a
ax + b
x2 1 2b b2
∫ ( ax + b )3 dx = ln ax + b + −
a3 ax + b 2 ( ax + b )2
1 ( ax + b )
3−n 2− n 1−n
x2 2b ( a + b ) b2 ( ax + b )
∫ ( ax + b ) n dx = − + − ( for n ≠ 1, 2,3)
a3 n−3 n−2 n −1
1 1 ax + b
∫ x ( ax + b ) dx = − b ln x
1 1 a ax + b
∫ x 2 ( ax + b ) dx = − bx + b2 ln x
1 1 1 2 ax + b
∫ x 2 ( ax + b )2 dx = − a 2 + 2 − 3 ln
b ( a + xb ) ab x b x
Integrals involving ax2 + bx + c
1 1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a arctg a
1 a−x
2a ln a + x for x < a
1
∫ x2 − a 2 dx = 1 x − a
ln for x > a
2a x + a
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2 2ax + b
arctan for 4ac − b 2 > 0
2
4ac − b 4ac − b 2
1 2 2ax + b − b 2 − 4 ac
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2 ln for 4ac − b 2 < 0
b − 4ac 2 ax + b + b 2 − 4ac
− 2 for 4ac − b 2 = 0
2ax + b
x 1 b dx
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax ∫
2
+ bx + c − 2
2 a ax + bx + c
m 2 2an − bm 2ax + b
ln ax + bx + c + arctan for 4ac − b 2 > 0
2 a a 4ac − b 2
4ac − b 2
mx + n
m 2an − bm 2ax + b
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = 2a ln ax + bx + c + a b2 − 4ac arctanh b2 − 4ac for 4ac − b < 0
2 2
m 2an − bm
ln ax 2 + bx + c − for 4ac − b 2 = 0
2a a ( 2 ax + b )
1 2ax + b ( 2 n − 3 ) 2a 1
∫ n
dx = n−1
+
2 ∫
( n − 1) ( 4ac − b ) ( ax 2 + bx + c )n−1
dx
( ax 2
+ bx + c ) ( n − 1) ( 4ac − b2 )( ax 2 + bx + c )
1 1 x2 b 1
∫x dx = ln 2 − ∫ 2 dx
( ax 2
+ bx + c ) 2c ax + bx + c 2c ax + bx + c
∫
2 cx
x e dx = e
c c 2 + c3
−
1 n cx n n −1 cx
∫x x e − ∫ x e dx
n cx
e dx =
c c
i
ecx ∞ cx
( )
∫ x dx = ln x + ∑ i ⋅ i!
i =1
1 cx
∫e
cx
ln xdx = e ln x + Ei ( cx )
c
ecx
∫ e sin bxdx =
cx
( c sin bx − b cos bx )
c 2 + b2
ecx
∫ e cos bxdx =
cx
( c cos bx + b sin bx )
c 2 + b2
ecx sin n −1 x n ( n − 1)
∫ e sin xdx = ∫e sin n −2 dx
cx n cx
2 2
( c sin x − n cos bx ) + 2 2
c +n c +n
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∫ ln x = ln ln x + ln x + ∑
n =2 i ⋅ i !
dx x 1 dx
∫ ( ln x )n =−
( n − 1)( ln x ) n −1
+
n − 1 ∫ ( ln x )n −1
( for n ≠ 1)
m +1 ln x 1
∫
m
x ln xdx = x − ( for m ≠ 1)
m + 1 ( m + 1) 2
n
n x m+1 ( ln x ) n n −1
∫ x ( ln x ) ∫
m
dx = − x m ( ln x ) dx ( for m ≠ 1)
m +1 m +1
( ln x )n ( ln x )n+1
∫ x
dx =
n +1
( for n ≠ 1)
2
ln x n ln x n ( )
∫ x dx = 2n ( for n ≠ 0 )
ln x ln x 1
∫ xm dx = − ( m − 1) xm−1 − ( m − 1)2 xm−1 ( for m ≠ 1)
( ln x )n ( ln x )n n ( ln x )n−1
∫ xm
dx = −
( m − 1) x m−1 m − 1 ∫ x m
+ dx ( for m ≠ 1)
dx
∫ x ln x = ln ln x
dx ∞
( n − 1)i ( ln x )i
∫ xn ln x = ln ln x + ∑
i
( −1)
i =1 i ⋅ i!
dx 1
∫ x ( ln x )n =−
( n − 1)( ln x )n−1
( for n ≠ 1)
x
∫ ln ( x ) ( )
+ a 2 dx = x ln x 2 + a 2 − 2 x + 2a tan −1
2
a
x
∫ sin ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) − cos ( ln x ) )
x
∫ cos ( ln x ) dx = 2 ( sin ( ln x ) + cos ( ln x ) )
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dx 1 x
dx x ∫ sin x cos2 x = cos x + ln tan 2
∫ sin x xdx = ln tan 2 dx
dx x π ∫ sin 2 x cos2 x = tan x − cot x
∫ cos x xdx = ln tan 2 + 4 sin( m + n) x sin( m − n) x
dx
∫sin mxsin nxdx = − 2( m+ n) +
2( m − n)
m2 ≠ n2
∫ sin 2 x xdx = − cot x
cos ( m + n) x cos ( m − n) x
dx ∫sin mxcos nxdx = − 2( m + n) − m2 ≠ n2
∫ cos2 x xdx = tan x 2( m − n)
sin ( m + n) x sin ( m − n) x
dx cos x 1 x
∫ sin 3 x = − 2sin 2 x + 2 ln tan 2 ∫ cos mxcos nxdx = 2( m + n) +
2( m − n)
m2 ≠ n2
dx sin x 1 x π cos n +1 x
∫ cos3 x = 2 cos2 x + 2 ln tan 2 + 4 ∫ sin x cos xdx = −
n
n +1
1 sin n +1 x
∫ sin x cos xdx =
n
∫ sin x cos xdx = − 4 cos 2 x n +1
1 3
∫ sin x cos xdx = 3 sin x
2 ∫ arcsin xdx = x arcsin x + 1 − x2
1
∫ arctan xdx = x arctan x − 2 ln ( x )
2
+1
x 1
∫ sin x cos xdx = 8 − 32 sin 4 x
2 2
1
∫ arc cot xdx = x arc cot x + 2 ln ( x )
2
+1
∫ tan xdx = − ln cos x
sin x 1
∫ cos2
x
dx =
cos x
sin 2 x x π
∫ cos x dx = ln tan 2 + 4 − sin x
∫ tan xdx = tan x − x
2