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If'a user makes 4 request for, or later uses a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use”, that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. 2m Please include the information below for resends 6 Resend requests received after 3 business days may be delayed due to reshelving of materials, Page(s) to resend: Reason: CHARGE: $11.00 Imprint: ILL Number: 30233401 CONTA LT call #: 4 & weiea:sese0s [MINIT DEC O By Location: 22010 Lending string: Item #: 8 g Journal Title: Neuro endocrinology letters Borrower: WAUBUH © 3 Volume: 27 Issue: 1-2 Shipping Address: 3 Month/Year, 2006 Bastyr University ‘ages: 247-1 Library = ILL Dept. g 14500 Juanita Dr NE g .O Article Author: Kilic M;Baltaci A;Gunay M;Gdkbet Kenmore, WA 98028 SFE HiOhudan Nicietog Fax: 425-502-3188 c ibrary@bastyr.edi ZS anicerite: me cfocototausionsxecseon — Odyesey BO roid horme = § MAX COST:$11.00 oO 9 Zz PpCen ‘Neuroendocrinology Letters Yolume27 Nos. 1-2 February-April 2006 The effect of exhaustion exercise on thyroid i . hormones and testosterone levels of elite athletes receiving oral zinc Mehmet Kr1ic!, Abdulkerim Kasim BALTAct?, Mehmet GuNAv?, Hakki Gorn ?, Nilsel OKUDAN? & Ibrahim CrcroGLu? 1 School of Physical Education and Sports Selguk University, Konya Turkey. 2 Department of Physiology, Meram School of Medicine, Seleuk University, Konya Turkey. 3 §chool of Physical Education and Sports, Gai University, Ankara, Turkey. Correspondence to: Dr. Mehmet Kilic School of Physical Education and Sports, Seleuk University, 42080 Konya, TURKEY EMAIL: kmkilic@yehoo.com.tr Submitted: November 14, 2005 Submitted: November 29, 2005 Key words: wrestlers; exhaustion; exercise; zinc supplementation Feuoendoctnal en 2006;27112)247-252 PMID: IG6ASTID NELZTIOGANS ONeuroendocrinclogy Letters worw.nel.edu Y~o Abstract OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to investigate how exhaustion exercise affects s thyroid hormones and testosterone levels in elite athletes who are supplemented with oral zine sulfate for 4 weeks. METHODS: The study included 10 male wrestlers, who had been licensed wrestlers ? for at least 6 years Mean age ofthe wrestlers who volunteered in the study was 18.70 wr 34 years. All subjects were supplemented with oral zine sulfate (3 ma/ka/day) ford peeks in addition to their normal diet. Thyroid hormone and testosterone levels ofall subjects were determined as resting and exhaustion before and after zinc supplementation. RESULTS: Resting TT3, 7 4 and TSH levels of subjects were higher than the parameters measured after exhaustion exercise before zine supplement tion (pe0.05) Both resting and exhaustion TT3, 4 and FT3 values ater 4-week dnc supplementation were found significantly higher than both of the parameters (resting and exhaustion) measured before zinc supplementation (p<0.05), Resting {otal lextosterone and free testosterone levels before zinc supplementation were significantly bigher than exhaustion levels before zine supplementation (p<0.05), Beth resting and exhaustion total and frve testosterone levels following 4-week zinc supplementation were found significantly higher than the levels (both resting and exhaustion) measured before zinc supplementation (p<0.05). \ CONCLUSION: Findings of our study demonstrate that exhaustion exercise lel to a significant inhibition of both thyrotd hormones and testosterone concentrations bat that 4-week zinc supplementation prevented this inhibition in wrestlers. In conclusion, physiological doses of zinc administration may benefit performance, ~~ ATOILUVY TVNIOITUO ye Ne inal 006 270-253248 Mehmet Kile, Abdulkerim Kasim Boltacl, Mehmet Gunay, Hakki Gokbel, sel Okudan & Ibrahim Cleogl Introduction “Many researchers concentrate on the relation between nutrition, growth and enduring performance. There are two methods that are commonly used to determine the interaction between physical activity and nutrition. One of these is to give food with various nutrients to those engaging in physical activity and to examine theie physi- ological and performance responses and the other is to determine the effects of physical activity on nutrition [8,37]. Thezefore it can be stated that there is an increas- ing interestin the relation between exercise and minerals, and elements [16]. There is limited information about the effects of zinc, which is known to be an important trace element in energy metabolism, on performance Studies on the relation between zine and exercise mainly focus on the distribution of this element in the body in response to exercise (9, 5]. Previous studies show a decrease in plasma levels following exercise [12,21,24] As a result of low plasma zinc levels, there may be a decrease in muscle zinc concentrations. Since zinc is necessary for the activity of a number of enzymes in the energy metabolism, low muscle zinc levels may lead to a reduction in endurance capacity [10]. It may well be that zine deficiency observed in athletes doing resistance exercise is a factor that stimulates various functional changes in different systems and tissues associated with the pathogenesis of exhaustion [11]. ‘There isa certain relation between testosterone and thyroid hormones, which have important effects on ‘energy metabolism, and exercise. However, results of studies on this topic are contradictory. Souza et.al. [13] reported that total and free testosterone levels following exercise fll considerably in long-distance runners when compared to short-distance runners and sedentary people. Similarly, Broocks et.al. [7] stated that testos- terone levels decreased in exercised rats. In contrast, there are also findings to the effect that total and free testosterone levels significantly increased just after acute exercise [6] and that total and free testosterone levels did not change in rats which were made to do swimming, exercise for 5 months [41]. Similar contradictions are observed in studies examining the relation between thyroid hormones and exercise. In a study investigating the effect of different rates of oxygen consumption (47, ‘7 and 100%) and extended exhaustive treadmill exercise ‘on hormonal response in 8 male subjects, it was reported ‘that TSH increased depending on intensity and duration of exercise, while T3 and Té levels did not change [19]. It was stated that limited ischemia procedure during bicycling exercise (for 45 minutes) led to an increase in 73 levels, but did not alter TSH and free T4 levels [39] However, it was also reported that acute exercise signifi- cantly increased thyroid hormone levels and it wes noted that this increase was a result of exhaustion [6]. Zinc, which is an important trace element, is the only metal found in almost all enzyme classes [38]. With, this characteristic it is essentially required for many reactions associated with nucleic acid synthesis, protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms (38). Zinchormones or counter hormones at physiological or biochemical levels may influence zinc metabolism [33]. This interac- tion is explained by the zinc-binding property of many hormone receptors [26]. Thyroid hormones and testos- terone can be cited among the most important hormones, Which are studied in terms oftheir relation with zinc [26, 33], Description of low zinc levels in hypothyroidism and high zinc levels in hyperthyroidism points out the pres- ence of a relation between zinc and thyroid hormones (26,27). High concentrations of zinc in testes and acces- sory sex glands show that it also hasan important part in reproductive system [28,33]. Itis known that zinc ensures sperm membrane integrity, increases sperm motility and regulates spiral movements of sperm tail [28,33]. ‘When the information on this topic is holistically ‘evaluated, it seems certain that there isa relation between zine and exercise, among exercise, thyroid hormones and testosterone and among zinc, thyroid hormones and testosterone. The aim of the present stud is to examine hhow exhaustion exercise affects thyroid hormone ancl testosterone levels in elite athletes who are supplemented coral zinc for 4 weeks. Materials and methods Physical characteristics of subjects and zine administration ‘The study was carried out on 10 male wrestlers who volunteered to take part in the study. Mean age of the subjects, who actively exercised, was 18.70 + 2.4 years, ‘Mean height of the subjects was 173.4 + 6.2.cmandmean body weight was 73.54 11.48 kg, The wrestlers included in the study have been licensed athletes of Konya Seker Sports Club for at least 6 years. Individuals in the study. group were exercised for 90-120 minutes,5 days a week. ‘The exercise included one day cross, one day weight li ing and three days technical exercise. All subjects were supplemented oral zinc sulfate (3 mg/kg/day) in addition to their normal diet for 4 weeks, Exercise Test A Sensor Medics 2900 Metabolic Measurement art Device was used to perform exercise exhaustion (cerobic) tests atthe Department of Physiology of Selcuk University, ‘The subjects’ maximal respiratory gas parameters ‘were registered for about one minute each and then the subjects did a 3-minute, 40 Watt load warm-up. The initial load heart rates of the subjects were taken 4 Polar Sport Tester 60 that heart rate after one minute following warm-up would be 120-130. After warm-up, an initial load was applied according to the weight and height of subjects in the range 9-14 W and then the load was increased each minute, The pedaling speeds of subjects were set at 60 rpm and the test was continued until the pedal rate fell below 50 rpm or until the subject ‘was unable to continue pedaling. ‘Neuroendocrinology Letters Vol.27 Nox 1-2, Feb-Apr 2006 + Copyright© Neuroendocinology Letters SSNOI72-78OK wwwineli@dlti f et a el we... °° °°» Theetfect of exhaustion exerci on thyroid hormones ond testosterone levels of elt athletes eelving ra zi Collection of Blood Samples Blood samples were collected for four times from each subject for hormone analyses. ‘Total T, analyses: The analyses were carried out in Im- rmulite 2000 auto-analyzer using Immulite brand (cat- alogue number L2KT32) test kit according to com- ca ent blood was taken to determine esting pie enayime immunoassay method Ress were ‘hormone parameters before zinc supplementetion was started, 238d measurement: Blood samples were collecte for hor ‘mone analysis just after exhaustion exercise before zinc supplementation. 3x1 measurement: Blood samples were taken for resting, ‘hormone analyses following 4-week oral zinc sulfate supplementation (3 mg/kg/day). 42h measurement: Blood samples were collected for hos- mone analyses immediately after exhaustion exercise following 4-week oral zinc sulfate supplementation (3 rmplkgiday). Blood samples were taken in the same time intervals in both resting periods (9.30 a.m.) and after exhaustion exercise (just after resting measurements). Biochemical Analyses ood samples collected from the subjects were centtifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 rpm. TT TTy FT, Fy TSH, free and total testosterone analyses were con~ ducted in the serum samples. Analyses were carried out in Central Biochemistry Laboratory of Selcuk University ‘Meram School of Medicine. Table Serum Thyold Hormone Levelsin Subject presented as ng/dl ‘Total T, analyses: The measurements were made in Im- ‘mulite 2000 auto-anaiyzer using Immulite brand (cat- alogue number L2KT42) test kit according tocompeti- tive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay method. Values were expressed as yg/dl. FreeT, analyses: The measurements were carried outin Tmmalite 2000 auto-analyzer using Immulite brand (catalogue number L2KF32) test it according to com- paltive analogue-based immunoassay method. Values ‘were presented as pg/ml. Free T, analyses: The analyses were conducted in Im- ‘multe 2000 auto-analyzer using Immulite brand (cat- logue number L2KP42) test kitaccording to compet- itive analogue immunoassay method and results were expressed as ng/dl ‘TSH analyses: The analyses were carried out in Immulite 2000 auto-analyzer using Immulite brand (catalogue ‘number L2KTS2) tet kit according to immunometric assay method. Results were presented as MIU/mL ‘otal testosterone analyses: The analyses were carried ‘out in Immulite 2000 auto-analyzer using Imunulite brand (catalogue number LAKTT2) test kitaccording, easements TouatTy gia TotalTvo/ah—FreeTyippm)—FreeTs(gl)_TSH(MVIn Pacproesing taro 926s ti onstam® 0 aasoe “presvpplement atloue) 100,63 + 20.21¢ 837 £134 3.404 0.78 14140308 1954074 Pesaupemet ing yar 29074 omsoay aveso® tessa D0" otappenentaige) versie soiteTas ——asizgan tagsoen D508 “Diferen tts in same column are significant a statistic (P<0 05), Table 2, serumTotal and Free Testosterone Levels in subject Measurements Tota Testosterone (ofl Free Testosterone (pra Pre-supplement (Resting period) $16.20 136.18 a 25.1543.25b Presupplament Fatgue 728702 180% 20024266 “ssa esta ; 7oaoo 2 ts24t0 349923684 Pos supplement aie) 735308 161.184 324523558 “Diferenettersin same column are significant a tatiste (P<095), FNearoendocrinlogy Leer Vol27 Nos. 1-2 Feb-Apr 2006 Copyright© Newoendocrnolgy Letters 1S5N0172-780K www neledu eames250 ‘Mehmet Kit, Abdullerin Kasim Batacl, Mehmet Gunay, HakKi Gokbel Nisel Okudan & Ibrahim Clcioglu to competitive immunoassay method. Results were presented as ng/d Free testosterone analyses: The analyses were made in ‘gamma counter using Coat-A-Count brand (catalogue no: TKTF1) test kit by RIA method and results were ‘expressed as pg/ml. Statistics Statistical evaluation of the results was conducted using software ‘Minitab’ for MS Windows release 13.0. Arithmetic mean values and standard deviations (SD) of all parameters were calculated. Variance analysis was used to establish the differences among groups. The least significant difference (LSD) was used to compare mean values of groups that were found statistically significant by variance analysis. The level of statistical significance Was set at p0.05, Results Resting TT3, TT4, FT3, FI4 and TSH levels of the subjects were significantly higher than exhaustion levels before zine supplementation (p<0.05, Table 1). Both resting and exhaustion TTS, TT4 and FT3 levels after zinc supplementation were found significantly higher than both of these parameters (resting and exhaustion) measured before zinc supplementation (p<0.05, Table 1). Both resting and exhaustion FT4 and TSH levels measured after zinc supplementation were higher than exhaustion levels before zinc supplementation (p<0.05), but were not different from resting levels before supple- mentation (Table 1), Resting TT3, TT4, ETS, FT4 and ‘TSH levels ater zinc supplementation were not different from exhaustion levels measured after zinc supplementa- tion (Table 1). Resting free testosterone and total testosterone levels, ‘were higher than the exhaustion levels before zinc supple- mentation (p<0.05, Table 2), Both resting and exhaus- tion free testosterone and total testosterone levels after 4-week zinc supplementation were found significantly higher than those parameters (both resting and exhaus- on) measured before zinc supplementation (p<0.05, ‘Table 2). Resting free testosterone and total testosterone levels ater zinc supplementation were not different than exhaustion levels of these parameters measured after zinc supplementation (Table 2) Discussion Results ofthe studies investigating how thyroid hor- mones are affected from exercise are contradictory. Ina study on weight lifters, McMurray et. al. [30] found that exercise did not change T3 levels and T4 concentration increased for 20 minutes immediately after exercise, In contrast, it was noted that TSH, FT3, FT4,TT3 and TT4, concentrations significantly increased immediately after acute exercise and that this increase was attributable to exhaustion [6]. However, it was noted that mild exercise {for along petiod of time did not have an important effect ‘Neuroendocrinlogy letters Vol.27 Nos 1-2 Feb-Apr 2006 » Copyright © Neuroendocrinology Letes iSSNO1T72-780X www. ‘on thyroid hormones [5]. It was shown that ischemia pro- cedure (15-208 decrease in blood flow) ducing bicycling exercise (for 45 minutes) increased FT3 concentrations, but did not change TSH and FT4 concentration (39). A similar finding to the effect that thyroid hormones were not affected by exercise was reported by Woody et, al, [41] who made rats to do swimming exercise for 5 months, Inthe present study, resting TT3, TTS, FT3,FT4 and TSH levels measured before zinc supplementation ‘were significantly higher than these parameters mea- sured during exhaustion before zinc supplementation. ‘This finding of ours demonstrates that thyroid hormones, are significantly suppressed just afer exhaustion exercise in wrestlers, which is inconsistent with the findings of above-mentioned researchers, Nevertheless, Jahreis eal. [23] showed that intense exercise for 3 days significantly decreased T3 concentration in girl gymnasts. Exercise coupled with diet restriction in rats was also reported. to inhibit T3 concentrations (7]. Additionally, it was reported in another study that physically active males had lower thyroid hormone levels than sedentary males (35), Findings of researchers who stated that thy hormones were teduced after exercise are consistent with, lower thyroid hormone concentrations we obtained after exercise. Results of the previous studies point to a positive relation between zinc and thyroid hormones [26, 27). The proposition that lower free and total T3 levels in zine-deficient individuals returned to normal levels after zinc supplementation and that r73 levels, which ‘were high before supplementation, decreased thereafter [31] indicates that zinc plays a role in thyroid hormone metabolism. Establishment of a 67% decrease in type S'- deiodinase enzyme activity ofthe liver in zinc deficiency [25] is evidence that zinc has an important part in T4’s conversion to T3. Reports to the effect that thyroid hor- ‘mones were reduced in zinc deficiency [3] or that there ‘was an inctease in thyroid hormone levels inzinc supple- ‘mentation {1] impressively exemplify the effect zinc has on thyroid hormones, Our study showed that 4-week zinc supplementation increased thyroid hormones in wrestlers. This increase was more evident in TT3, TT and PTS levels. These findings are in harmony with the reports of the researchers cited above. The increase we found in the resting periods after zinc supplementation did not change following exhaustion exercise after zine supplementation. On the contrary, significant suppres sion was observed in these parameters after exhaustion exercise before zine supplementation. ‘This finding dem- ‘onstrates that zinc supplementation prevents the inhibi- tion of thyroid hormones brought about by exhaustion exercise in wrestlers. In out study, resting free and total testosterone levels measured before zinc supplementation were significantly higher than those measured after exhaustion exercise. ‘This result reveals that exhaustion exercise results in a substantial inhibition of free and total testosterone levels in wrestlers, In fact, results of studies examining the relation between exercise and testosterone illustrates duRR EE —C—~—~—~=*S q that there is no agreement on this topic. Besides the studies reporting that free and total testosterone levels ddid not change with exercise [5,35,39,41), there are also those noting that free and total testosterone levels significantly increased with exercise (6119.22). The jahibition we obtained in free and total testosterone levels immediately after exhaustion exercise before zinc supplementation isin contrast with the findings ofthese researchers, Dobrzanski et.al, [14] showed that there ‘vas an important decrease in serum testosterone of the {ubjects following sub-maximal exercise and that this increase in testosterone did not change after 45 minutes following exercise, This study of Dobreanski etc. [14] is the most appropriate study with which we can compare fours in terms of study method and exercise type. The results ofthis study are consistent with our findings. A {ectease in testosterone concentrations was reported in doth mountaineers {17] and wrestlers {36}. "Zinc, an important trace element, is the only metal that is found in almost all enzyme classes [38),Presence of high concentrations of zincin the testes andaccessory ex glands indicates that zinc has en important role in the reproductive system [40], It was reported that zinc, deficient diet alone could lead to hypogonadism (33] and that there was a positive relation betwveen zincand tes- tosterone [18].A similar finding was reported by Prasad {Bil Tt was also noted that borderline zinc deficiency for 6 weeks led to a decrease in testosterone levels, but did not affect LH and FSH levels (20). It was shown that LH and FSH production was significantly suppressed in female rats fed on a zinc-deficient det [4}, while Om ‘and Chung [32] found that zinc deficiency significently inhibited both testosterone and LH in male rats. Martin tt al, (29} also reported a similar finding, The findings Of our study demonstrated that resting free and total tes- tosterone levels after 4-week zine supplementation were significantly higher than those before zinc supplementa- tion. The increase found in testosterone levels asa result of zine supplementation is consistent withthe findings of researchers who studied the relation between zincand testosterone. What needs to be emphasized here is that whereas exhaustion exercise before zinc supplementa- tion leads to an inhibition of free and total testosterone levels, this inhibition disappeared in exhaustion exercise after zinc supplementation. ‘Exercise hasa significant impact on zinc metabolism cor vice versa [2]. Requirement of zinc for the activity of some enzymes in the energy metabolism and the decrease in muscle zinc levels in exercise causes a decline in resistance capacity and can lead to muscle tiredness. ‘The relation between tiredness and zinc, particularly in exercise, comes to the fore as a topic to be stressed. In conclusion, 1. Exhaustion exercise brings about a significant inhibi tion in both thyroid hormones and testosterone con- centrations in wrestlers. cect of exhaustion exercise on thyroid hormones and osterone levels of lt athletes receving ral zine 2. Zinc supplementation (3 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks re sulls in an increase in thyroid hormones and testos- terone levels. 4, Zine supplementation prevents the inhibition of thy- roid hormones and testosterone levels after exhaustion exercise in wrestlers. 4, Physiologicel doses of zine supplementation can prove beneficial to performance. REFERENCES 4 Baltac AK, Mogulkoc R, Bedi CS, Kul A, Ugur A. 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