of Aesfonment - 03 Ghat ove the different 4 types qv materfals used for brtcbFton oy optfcat qtber ‘and thety edoutvemenig P f & + Most 4 the (ebers ave made up ¥ lace congtettng * efther se CéQy) OF «Pifcate - Hegh = loss glee ve axe used chost- teat l—gmessfon dfstances and low- locs gloss 033 ase used was dfstance appifeations. Plastle 4fbere axe auced because gy thely hires atenuatfon than jess flere Glass fee are made fer oabdep » Ole Agee finder fe 1 452- of 850: &| che. common oxfoe Ps ifca whoce se frac am, Go get diferent fPoclee - f2bere: the dopants poo a geo Pad aie odded 10 Sifca. Ged, & FeO, fncvease the vefractive Pndea Pole, © hereas fluorine ov 03 decreases the repsa.ctve Few feoer compostfone are geen below as pee t G) Geq- CPO, Core + 80, claddeng . 5 Gi) Pods - S802. core: 6FO2 clad ; « sPlfGa fe cand+ che glass eonposed he. principle raw materfal f° ee ae aettes oF pure CPiéca Pc wopemred 40 8 ePllca, gfe ed cPieca. some dostsable prpesties ¥ Btllca are, (3) Rectetana +0 J ‘on ok temperature a8 Digph on 1000, Hyd asfctone £0 breauage cfr thermal Mock. (fi) Gpod chem? cat usa bette. ( tty +vangparency fn Bott. the wfctble and Enfee TePony. Baste Reyalterents and, Concidlerations Len fiber qabstcatton opttead joes ghould Aare max, replraclucfbtitey . , saoere should be abrecated wlth good stable tyvoncmfcsfon geeere gould Kare fnvanable trans misePon Royactertes ¢-8, he Cnwnrlavte Hn Sm inna lengths. 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Tove stage Process A OR ROE doPetasry gloss fe pmduced and then comerted Onto perform ov wd, selenfdes, subftdes and metat onder, Gloce seber fy oe mfxture % 4t can be cae fed nto, G) Halfde Glass Febers @ Active lacs FPbens @) chalgenide glass geees Glass’ fc mode Fy pare ea, whch aefracteve Pndee 1-458 At PSonq “| che regencttve Pnolez SfOp can be Pheosed won olecreased ad warious oxtoec ave cnown at dopant. che oxtdeo gevnee Po03 Encveares the ‘refeacttve endex and G0; dcleceaces € wpe ecttve Padex oF ofa. vanoue combinations axe, G1) Ged Bi02 Core 5 st Cladiclingg (i) P20g- GIO. Cove 5 S70, cladding Gii). Stoo Cove 4 Bog > S802 Claddin ; (vy Ge02- Ba0q- "SiOz Cove 5 Ga03- Si02 Clad? From above» the aegracttre Pde s% Core fe maxfeusn con pared to the cladding + . 2. 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The PrtrPnetc. locsee % these Qlacrec @c 0.01 & Ie Acttve Glass ffbeas: ve bess ai addéng erbium and “me cay at ie ne fee : bo dbne wo eat yee amp lpye attenuaifon, ja) chatgental le elacs Fees foes: 7 . ot chalgentde var jebere ox aye eccovered Pr over EO more ue wu the cc de contafas efthes “S's Se", OF eon properties lass oat, at the “het nonlineay and et alko conealng one ; eenant 0m veal, apr’, ok, Bo ov St he madiy used chalge an. nfde x Qs My - Sg» -ASuo Ss2Sea te used nn — ° ren cused to mare the claddl raed 6 f& . dhe Pncertion lose fc around 41 dB E ath the destqn and opesatfon of polowisa.tfon Enclependent fsolator. Opttca Fsolators ave devices #at allow igi $0 pace tn ove direction. cthes Fc 4ant tes 0 vonter tanceg fm onl | 4 peek searkered or regtected Lega fom ‘oven fn » he revenge. trectfon. Pcolatos & to Keep cuch Saccuny (eaten . optfcat Om oye OPP from 4,0", a lows diode and _ Potty. coug, dd travel gi mm Oe opttcal mp [ext exket for optical wa. HONS fetdlone C “Re cote ones wore me the ase oy polarization. G- whe Prout Ligue Scanned with CamScanner¥ | However, such a design aemuiir tm a 3-ak loscl half the pouer) og | Sem anpolonzed Oe pased theagh the devte becuse Pt ble mE batt af the eis ¥ |& procte the epttert Frolatot ghould be Pnolependent a he £0P bee aunt sige fn an opie. Lene format fe mot polarized 2 Srtefringant 45" favaclory rtepat ene oka! sotator '- siyed poarotin. Sndependlent eolatot mode thaee anentature optfaat sig | a defn gre polavtatton- Enel percent Ccolatos tot | req. Dest gn “and eperation a, 0 ¥. Hyure. shows : col CO o che Ore o the Pe made of a mentature opif mgonen Pe © pal se este consicts a 48° ¢a! 2 epringenk ‘plates OF walk off polastrers. + - shaped brie; ‘he na , r smoatertad fac az YVoy ov TPOQ. a consicts es . en 4 former oltvectfon bc separated &nto or) a | dtgok tavern steam a and Teeny our ty the fist pger me mm dag aorator “afen wotates the pobrigation plane ¥ ead + [te a al After extting the faredoy wotakn, the ad, - ma 4 cocond Tag sing ent ihe. athe astg a th P uy aa wo that the velatiora clan{zex plate ts oriented of Foe potnboined. Teneren che two Fypes gf vay Scanned with CamScannerx [chug » wohen ‘ey etl dhe polaryes, 1 ey both axe neprocted rn an Pdentical pavaiter directions going the vevore ieee the velattonship gy the oadtmary and ea traordinong ged, tofen ea the Feradag! soiatos cat to oe wheat the Faraday rotation, ene aivege aed eft left hand eg p plate vel ona ¢ reece led! 10 the fires cegeees es 1310, 1550 Ao 30 polart zation . dependent lars” Pelax{garion- inode OlRspersion atge | Cdfametes xterg th) “Gable. Typfcal parameter values commercialta Available " “or m F ¥ f P th (onnet be ertobltched on a Snr useng a cfngie toavelength channa PH PC weferved to ac ow wavelength conrfniuity comet vabnt, | Hence the neon setup usec tu ave! ang th ctages 0 Pnteyonnect qodes) ands. Such netwrors phech employ warelengih wovercion de -vecees (00 ewPtches) ase known os Wwavel Ingeh converttble metwosks, + | Fox example, the — kopmace wavelength convenes chorges On coming Ar § Prto Az whch & then connected to a meuttplexes, chere Ps nb need, however, &t wavelength conversion of the lot add/ dep cfannols. 1 + | zt te tor always ulved +0 provide the soveergth convertion t Pac tive Pwpl wtthtn ev ework Node and Pr & more -ement mands ohh and hence chared wowelendgth converte. fi conver ble Networ axchPtectutre erupio fo caled = spares wavele use a number of waveleny th converters O82 a Wavelength converter ee cscs) gometfontn on’ a ehored backe per l@nk and per node ar shown Pn fegure C and @) ‘wespecttrety. be A. longe umber bavelength chonnels on the network (&nke, Nowee * : % exe guttth Png nodes Pn ordlenas OxC's 19h ~p , Pncrwase the Comp’ ‘4 woven (evel, fie complbn con be % on = cute si walben channels” are QruUped Pneo ome oft vetuced switched aa Unique chommel, Gy conmporision WEA a to be node -equirs only a single Yip waveband 8: lsove length ConvertPbel Nito node a te Pade pendant’ oy te chy on 4 art freorporated fncide +e, Scanned with CamScannerote | Expl Om: opttear swoPiched Network wth neat dfagrani: = 32 Ag. Optteal Corcuft cwltehedl network ® | On cireuke - cwPeched networks a connection & ectabltshed cafrg sivas able metwovk remurces the pall duration o% the teanshtesfor Q mescage. Once the complete mecsoge Ps caceess brewncmitt ed then the connection fs Temoved. # | A carcule - ewttched envivonment requires that On end-to-eed ch -wik be cee up bepore the actual troncmescton con tke place. A f2xed hore of networr mecoustee Ps then seserved " the whith > other tansmiccion Gn use. ‘request: travel Grom the coure +0 the decttnation ‘and ed begore the evanorfcsion begtns. specific trancmiccion signal muct, however, et should alo be acenowled9) “d. an opttou eiscecPt - aye provides o beck APagsom = Elluctwa tie «| @ . etthed (cs) networks An thee conse guval stz opttcat nodes «i e, atof) axe enter connec ted and a ested —LogPcad aonnechiyn wo Ay» fe ectOblished —psoduc? opttcal efgnak wavelength, A, > uc? ox pauh got opiteak 849 ¢ a ecreut path spugh netwost mode a, b,d and f. an oc “Networe contain optical swtiches 20h curtpore optteat suftthes oT an oxc ave used to ertabhbik lowe Ww \ Connections between the decixed Pnpat and eutput portz, * eequse Piluctvates théc functonali at optical Todes b ond a. far example, Axa optical Cwtich ak mode b enables crest - Ip * a nodes 0, Scanned with CamScannerConnection ucfn Oit 2aond 3, rece connection for ns and a. eens vol nex ouplags a te -ulr from node a to f created jor he oT an opts wavelength. & i) Poth using «q Tt Choutd be noted that OM oplical cwilch can fondie 1704; fe fro" both sDH/SONET and TP Metworra wrth the Limitation Lever thar on tn cewtce cignals con use the available networp rKouncel dn generol OCS petworke ave cuttable Pmplerentation Pn pablo telecommunictitione networks Whee a Wage voluea of baaptte 8 ire, to be cwltched fm reat efme. A steadveniage Ocs fc that Pt cannot ebf cern hondie burs fapfte a Gn such tan. conditons the data “ft sen nr optical op differen lengths and therefore te rebouws connot be rood awigned. Burt trafgte ec therepre chovactenrjed ‘4 both peal ond’ avérege Vbandwidth, and m o the bonclusictn Temotos unuttd with the bronsmission of burteg tragic In O4 Occ networt, Explatn IPv6 Packer with extencion header, IPvG packet has a mPntmum 40 bytes (220 bits) long basic packet header. the reve packet heades optionally have extension headers tobPch Contains the supplementard Peyormation abouk the network devfies. , fou Teve packets, flow procectin branspont tages headers Pn the gorrowtng nog? a hop- by- hop heades, a routing and ment header, PE continues to fesse —— j passes the extension headess and df the sofiware encounters decttnation header, or 0 +94 the nett extension header. af eh Counters the mo- neat-headet extension heades, the sort weave detecte tha the paciee Pf ¢hak of AN ynknowN Protocc (protocol equals 0). : —t] fos othe extencion headers, the sSoftWare pores the header and Pdentifies the packet Of belonging to the protocol Pndlicated by the eztenston header. : Scanned with CamScanner6 Porter Next? Heades ex Header freton rq. Trve Extension Headers Teve extension headers contains Suppl | Srformation Used b metworr devices (euch of sputers, switches, And endpoint hocts) to deride how +0 direct of procs an PVE packet che th each extension header && an Pneeqer multiple oy & octetss hts allows Subsequent ettencion acers to use @ octet Structay Any header sfo lowed. bq an ettencion headers contains a tert Header value that edentifies the eatenston heades types Extenston een the Zpve header anc the upper— dew may be ploced betw' hen e equ Shows am Lpve packer whth the foyer header fn a pocket. hop- by~ hop options header. : extension viavig on TPG headey C00 com Sere» one, oT more ° fonts, each Pdeneified by the Trent Header field of the preceding benders Extencton headers alway follow the boetc Ive. head. on the odes as thon tn gegure, Specifies det’y parameters at each hop on the poth . hop- by-hop option can appears on clectgnation host. A hep- by- hop |* the TPVv6 basic heades: Tf %t fs used, % should be q gene entencion heades. dt cannot oppeat Otter another eetennin e bandon ttop-by - Hop? Scanned with CamScannerYestinabON options ¢ y re “ao Species pacree deliv parameters r either ne acket lecttmation devices oF the fe destination “pact + sshon a p uses thts header. : 35 Routing + | fe Degenes stilek Source routing and looce Pounce routing Gor the pace. Cwith ett courte Pntermedtare clestinatin dovie murg be a single op awoy, with loora coune routing » fratem ediate olectination devices can be one or more Aops away). Fragment ; N a4 Specifies how to rege TPv6 fragmentak'on and reassem —bly services. A Soutee node Uses "the fr ene — enetencion hander to ted the clestination node the ye qf edb pacror Ehok” ws frogmented co that the destination node can renemble the paover. Authentication : Provides authentication 5 dato tateqnid and anti- reply protection. Encapsulating Security payload : provider data. confidentiabaty , dotn authenticating » ara anti aeplay pro tection ot encapsuated fecunk paxytoad Cesp) packets. Dectnation Ip Address? Tdentifies the host device on a node €0 ishtch ibe PVG packet fs to be sont. ww tute, the fist Pretance after the hop Smit & an extenston header. che destration addvecs copper ot the source IP address and the Scanned with CamScanner