Q1

Ans:

1. Demographic Balancing

An equation that is used to calculate population changes from one year to the next in a given area,
based on number of births, deaths, and migrations. The general form of the equation is a mass balance
equation, in which end population = starting population ± natural increase ± net migration, where
natural increase = births – deaths, and net migration = immigrants – emigrants. At the global scale there
is no net migration (unless the Earth is invaded by aliens from another planet, or people permanently
leave the Earth to set up home in space), so the balancing equation is then simply end population =
starting population ± natural increase.

2. Migration

Migration is defined as a movement of population involving a change of permanent residence of

substantial duration. Migration may be divided into various categories but two are very important as
under.

a. Internal migration: The rural to urban ot vice versa movement of people.

b.External migration: The cross border movement of people.

Migration has both adverse and positive effects on demographic balancing.

3. Pakistan's case in forcus

Migration has both costs and benefits for demographic balancing.

a. The invasion of Sindh 711.

The roots of the same go back to the invasion of Sindh. Muslim domination increased. The Islam as a
religion influenced the lifestyle of people in the Indian sub-continent. There was a shift in demographic
balancing as the Muslims increased in sub-continent, rule of Raja Dahir terminated. Thus, in a nutshell,
Muslim domination changed the demographic balancing in Pakistan. This we may count as a positive
impact of migration.

b. The Muslim Rulers

The rule of Ghaznis, Ghauris, Slave dyansty, Khilji dynasty, Tughluk, Syed and Mughal dyansty greatly
impacted the demographics of subcontinent.

c. The Independence Paradox

The partition displaced between 10 and 20 million people along religious lines, creating overwhelming
refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions.

Negative Effects of Migration:

1. Drain on resources.

2. Domination of a single community

3. Possible exploitation of a minority

4. Increase in population

5. Need for extra allocation of development funds

6. Security issues related to migrants.

Positive effects:

1. Increase in labor force

2. If properly managed, the population can be transformed into a high level and skillful labor force.

3. May lead to economic growth

4. Strong military might

Q2

Ans.

Until recently, the negative association between fertility and development was both common empirical
and theoretical knowledge. The substantial declines in fertility during the last century coincided with
substantial increases in economic and social development.

Regardless of the long history of research, there is no consensus on the relative importance of different
human development components for fertility change. Traditionally, the main focus has been placed on
economic fertility determinants in Western societies.

Regardless of the long history of research, there is no consensus on the relative importance of different
human development components for fertility change. Traditionally, the main focus has been placed on
economic fertility determinants in Western societies. However, recent publications also focus on the
social, non-economic components of human development, including education, health, and gender
equity as predictors of trends in fertility, at least in developed countries.
In my opinion, the fertility rate cannot be the sole indicator of socio economic development of a
country. TFR can explain only a part but the large share of the issue might remain unsolved.

Modern social and economic development is more humane. It focuses on a higher life expectancy
period, health facilities, literacy rate, infant mortality rate and like.

Q3

Ans.

• Birth rate is a parameter of the entire population, while fertility rate is a parameter of a group of
individuals in the population.

• Fertility rate determines the birth rate but, not the other way around.

• Fertility rate applies for females in the reproductive age, but there is no such restriction for birth rate.

• Birth rate is expressed in relation to a time interval, while fertility rate is expressed in relation to the
number of females in the reproductive age

The total fertility is expressed as the number of children per woman. Total Fertility (TF) is computed as
the sum of age-specific fertility rates weighted by the number of years in each age group, divided by
1,000.