Roll No.

ANNA UNIVERSITY(UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS)

B.E (Full Time) END SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS – NOV / DEC 2020

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VII Semester
EC8701 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
(Regulation –2012)
Time:3Hours AnswerALLQuestions Max. Marks100
PART- A (10 x 2 = 20Marks)

Q.No Questions Marks

1. What are the requirements that are to be satisfied by the materials used for making 2
optical fiber.
2. Write expressions for the Electric field component Ez inside the core and cladding 2
regions of a step index fiber.
3. Commonly available single- mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 2
10cm<Lp<2m. What range of refractive-index differences does this correspond to
for λ= 1300 nm.
4. Sketch the dispersion characteristics of the three single mode fibers that illustrate the 2
comparison of Standard Single Mode Fiber, Dispersion Shifted Fiber and Dispersion
Flattened Fibers.
5. Compare the P-I characteristics of LED and Laser diodes. 2
6. Mention the methods used for current confinement in Double Heterojunction Laser 2
Diodes.
7. What are the factors that influence the response time of photo diodes. 2
8. What are the advantages of Coherent detection over Direct detection in optical 2
receivers.
9. What are the applications of Optical Amplifiers. 2
10. Obtain the basic signaling rate (STS-1/OC-1) of SONET. 2

PART- B (5 x 16 = 80Marks)

Q.No Questions Marks

11. (i) Compare the Step Index and Graded Index optical fiber structures. 6
(ii) For a 50/125 µm SI fiber with n1=1.47 and n2= 1.458, determine the value of
ΦC, NA and normalized frequency V at 820nm. How manymodes propagate in
this fiber at 820 nm. What percent of the opticalpower flows in the cladding.
Find the core radius necessary to support single mode operation for this SI fiber 10
at 1300nm .Also find the number of guided modes propagate in a 50/125 µm
parabolic Graded Index fiber with the same values of n1 and n2 at1300nm.
a)(i) Briefly explain the intramodal dispersion in silica optical fibers. Obtainan 12
12. expression for the rms pulse spreading due to material dispersion.
(ii) Calculate the rms pulse broadening per kilometre for a multimode Step-index
andGraded-index fibers having an optimum parabolic index profile, when
4
both fibers arehaving n1=1.49 and relative refractive index difference ∆ =1%.
OR
b)(i) Briefly explain a method of using DCF (Dispersion Compensating Fibers) for 6
compensating dispersion in optical fiber links.
(ii) Briefly explain the non-linear effects that affect the performance characteristics
of longhaul high bit rate optical communication systems. 10
 a)(i) Briefly explain and bring out the features of DoubleHeterostructures that 6
13. areused for optical sources.
(ii) The radiative and non- radiative recombination lifetimes of minority carriers
in the active region of a Double- Heterojunction Ga 1-x Al x As ( x=0.06) LED
are50ns and 100 ns respectively. Determine the 3 dB electrical and optical
modulationbandwidths. Calculate the optical power internally generated 10
within the device at adrive current of 36 mA. If the refractive index of the
active region material is 3.6, find the external quantum efficiency and hence
the optical power emitted from theLED. The light output from the LED is
coupled into a step index fiber with a numerical aperture of 0.2. Estimate the
light power coupled into the fiber.
OR
b)(i) Derive the Lasing threshold condition for a Fabry Perot Laser diode. Hence 12
obtain the frequency spacing of the longitudinal modes.
(ii) A GaAs laser diode operating at 820 nm has a 500 μm length and a refractive
index of the active layer material of 3.6.What are the frequency and 4
wavelength spacings between the longitudinal modes of this multimode laser.
a)(i) Draw the equivalent circuit model of an optical receiver. What are the 8
14. advantages of a Trans- impedance pre amplifier.
(ii) A silicon PIN photo diode incorporated into an optical receiver has a quantum
efficiency of 90% when operating at 1300 nm. The dark current in the device is
3 nAand the load resistance is 1kΩ. The surface leakage currentis negligible. 8
The incidentoptical power at this wavelength is 240nW and the receiver
bandwidth is 10 MHz.Find the various noise currentsof the receiver at 200C.
[ h= 6.625x10-34J.s; q=1.602x10-19C; kB=1.38x10-23J/K]
OR
b)(i) Briefly explain the concept of coherent detection used in optical receivers with 10
relevant diagram and mathematical expressions.
(ii) A 90 Mbps NRZ data transmission system that sends two DS3(44.736Mbps)
Channelsuses a GaAlAs laser diode that has a 1nm spectral width. The rise
time of the lasertransmitter output is 2ns.The transmission distance is 8km
over a graded index fiberthat has a 900MHz.km bandwidth distance product. 6
If the receiver bandwidth is 90MHz and Dmat=0.07ns/nm.km and the mode
mixing factor q=0.7, what is the system rise time? Does this rise time meet
the NRZ data requirement ?.

a)(i) Draw the energy level diagram along with the various transition processes in 10
15. an Erbium doped silica fiber. With the diagram, bring out the features of dual
pumping configuration of EDFA architecture.
(ii) A four port (2x2) FBT coupler has an input(at port 1) optical power level of
60µW.The measured optical powers atports 2,3 and 4 are0.004,26.0 and 6
27.5µW respectively. Determine thesplitting (coupling) ratio, excess loss,
insertionloss (ports 1 to 3) and crosstalkfor the device.
[ Input ports-1,2 ; Output ports-3,4 ].
OR
b) With diagrams, briefly explain how protection switching is achieved using 16
UPSR-2 and BLSR-4 rings in SONET/SDH networks.

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