Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

Nordic and Baltic
Grid Disturbance
Statistics 2018
Regional Group Nordic
European Network of
Transmission System Operators
for Electricity
Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018
Copyright © 2019 ENTSO-E AISBL
Report rendered September 13, 2019

European Network of
for Electricity
Executive Summary
The Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 gives both an overview of the disturbances, faults and energy not
supplied (ENS) in the Nordic and Baltic transmission systems, as well as a deeper dive into the statistics of individual HVAC
components used in the power system. To explain the results of the statistics, it is important to understand the definitions
and the scope of a fault within it.
A fault is defined as the inability of a component to perform its required function, with the addition that faults only are
reported when they result in a trip of one or several breakers. A disturbance is an event including one or more faults. In
short, a disturbance is a combination of one or several faults as long as they occur at the same area and time. Disturbances
always focus on the fault initiating the disturbance.
Year 2018 compared to the 10-year average

The year 2018 was considerably warmer than previous years, which can be seen as an increased percentage of disturbances
occurring during the summer period. However, the number of disturbances in 2018 is lower compared to the 10-year average
(1377 vs 1816), as well as the number of disturbances causing energy not supplied (366 in 2018 vs the 10-year average of 406
disturbances causing ENS).
Energy not supplied (ENS) in 2018 is continuing its decreasing trend, and was only 2686 MWh in 2018 (10-year average
6947 MWh). However, ENS did not show correlation with warmer months in the way disturbances did in 2018. This is a
result of the grid being most often constructed according to the N-1 principle and thus being well protected against loss
of supply. ENS was caused most by other and unknown causes, 55 % of the total ENS and 24 % compared to the 10-year
average, while other environmental causes have been the most usual cause during the last 10-years.
Secondary faults, which are closely connected to disturbances with multiple faults, caused approximately 9 % of the total
Nordic and Baltic ENS in 2018. Over half of the secondary faults were due to operation and maintenance and technical
equipment causes in 2018. However, the ENS caused by secondary faults due to operation and maintenance and technical
equipment only stand for approximately 25 % of the ENS caused by secondary faults. The dominating cause of ENS due to
secondary faults is other causes.
The most vulnerable HVAC component type, as seen from the statistics, is overhead line causing 58 % of all faults (10-year
average 63 %) and 29 % of the ENS (10-year average 52 %). However, this is explained by overhead lines being the most
exposed HVAC component used in the transmission grid. Still, the number of overhead line faults per 100 km of line are
decreasing. Faults in 100–150 kV and 220–330 kV control equipment are increasing slightly.
Finally, it should be noted that the response rate for Finland and Sweden was lower than usual. The statistics cover only
about 82 % (normally 94 %) of the 110 kV transmission lines and 73 % (normally 93 %) of the 110 kV main transformers in
Finland, and in Sweden, two regional grids that normally participate in the statistics did not take part in 2018.
Baltic summary
The number of grid disturbances in 2018 in the Baltic area decreased slightly compared to 2017 and was lower than the 10
year average. Furthermore, the amount of energy not supplied (ENS) is also decreasing.
ENS in 2018 in the Baltic area. Over 68 % of the secondary faults were due to operation and maintenance and technical
equipment causes in 2018, and they caused nearly all of the Baltic secondary faults ENS.
The power system component that were most prone to faults in 2018 in the Baltic area were overhead lines and substation
components, causing 56 % and 28 % of the faults respectively. Compared to the 10-year average, overhead line faults de-
creased by 10 %. However, the percentage of control equipment faults was significantly higher while the other substation
components showed an overall decrease. This evolution is not directly related to the energy not supplied (ENS) in 2018. In-
stead, the ENS caused by overhead line faults decreased by half while ENS caused by substation faults was more than double
than the 10-year average (59 % vs the 10-year average of 24 %). Control equipment faults caused 30 % of all ENS during 2018.
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Nordic summary
The number of grid disturbances in 2018 in the Nordic area increased slightly compared to 2017 but was still lower than the
10 year average. Furthermore, the amount of energy not supplied (ENS) is also decreasing.
ENS in 2018 in the Nordic area. Over a third of the secondary faults were due to other causes in 2018, however, they caused
nearly all of the Nordic secondary faults ENS.
The power system component that were most prone to faults in 2018 in the Nordic area were overhead lines and substation
components, causing 58 % and 30 % of the faults respectively. Compared to the 10-year average, overhead line faults did not
change significantly. However, the percentage of control equipment faults was significantly higher while the other substation
components showed an overall decrease. This evolution is not directly visible in the energy not supplied (ENS) in 2018.
Instead, the ENS caused by overhead line faults decreased while ENS caused by faults in the adjoining grid was 18 % higher
than the 10-year average (3 % of all ENS).
Conclusion
In 2018, 75 % of the disturbances in the Nordic and Baltic area occurred in the Nordic area, which includes the Danish,
Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish transmission grids. Furthermore, 95 % of the energy not supplied in the Nordic
and Baltic area was caused in the Nordic transmission grid. However, this is understandable due to the Nordic grid being
significantly larger than the Baltic grid. The Nordic and Baltic transmission grids are very comparable when the energy not
supplied is scaled according to, for example, each country’s consumption.
The year 2018 was an unusually warm year, which resulted in the number of disturbances concentrating to the summer
period. Nevertheless, the total number of disturbances, as well as the amount of energy not supplied (ENS) caused by them,
has decreased during the recent years.
Secondary faults, which are closely connected to disturbances with multiple faults, in the Nordic and Baltic areas have not
shown to cause a significant portion of energy not supplied (ENS) in the whole area. However, they caused nearly half of all
the Baltic ENS in 2018.
The most vulnerable HVAC component type in the Nordic and Baltic transmission grid is overhead line. Still, the number
of overhead line faults per 100 km of line are decreasing while the number of control equipment faults showed an increase
in 2018. Furthermore, ENS caused by faults in an adjoining grid was significantly higher in 2018 compared to the 10-year
average.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents
Executive Summary i
The year 2018 compared to the 10-year average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Baltic summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Nordic summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Table of contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Scope and limitations of the statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Available data in the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.1 Fault categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Voltage levels in the Nordic and Baltic networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Contact persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Summary 7
2.1 Summary of Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Summary of Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Summary of Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Summary of Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Summary of Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6 Summary of Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.7 Summary of Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8 Summary of Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Disturbances 11
3.1 Annual number of disturbances during the period 2009–2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Disturbances distributed per month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Disturbances distributed per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Energy not supplied (ENS) 16
4.1 Overview of energy not supplied (ENS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Energy not supplied and total consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Energy not supplied distributed per month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.4 Energy not supplied distributed per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.5 Energy not supplied per voltage level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6 Energy not supplied distributed per component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5 Secondary faults and disturbances with multiple faults 26

5.1 Overview of secondary faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2 Secondary faults and their ENS distributed per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6 Faults in power system components 28
6.1 Overview of faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 Faults distributed per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.3 Faults in cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.4 Faults on overhead lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.5 Faults in circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.6 Faults in control equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.7 Faults in instrumental transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.8 Faults in power transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.9 Faults in compensation devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.9.1 Faults in reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.9.2 Faults in series capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.9.3 Faults in shunt capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.9.4 Faults in SVC devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References 68
Appendices 70
A Calculation of energy not supplied 71
B Policies for examining the cause of line faults 72
C Contact persons 73
D Contact persons for the distribution network statistics 74

E Additional figures 75
E.1 Trends of faults per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
E.2 Overhead line fault trends per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
E.3 Annual number of units per HVAC component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
E.4 ENS compared to consumption and line length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
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LIST OF FIGURES
List of Figures
1.1.1 The Nordic and Baltic main grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1 A graphical representation of the included power system components in the statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.1 The annual number of grid disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.1 5-year moving average of energy not supplied divided by consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.5.1 Percentage distribution of energy not supplied (ENS) per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5.2 Average 10-year percentage distribution of Energy not supplied per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3.1 5-year moving average of faults per 100 km of 100–150 kV cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

6.3.4 5-year moving average of the permanent faults to number of faults ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.4.1 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV overhead line faults per 100 km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.4.4 5-year moving average of the permanent faults to number of faults ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.5.1 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV circuit breaker faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.6.1 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV control equipment faults per 100 devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.7.1 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV instrumental transformer faults per 100 devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.8.1 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV power transformer faults per 100 devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
E.1.1 Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for other environmental faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
E.1.2 Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for operation and maintenance faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
E.2.1 Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for overhead line other environmental causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
E.2.2 Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for overhead line operation and maintenance faults . . . . . . . . . . . 79
E.3.1 Annual installed length of cables in kilometres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
E.3.2 Annual number of installed circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
E.3.3 Annual number of installed control equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
E.3.4 Annual number of installed instrumental transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E.3.5 Annual installed length of overhead lines in kilometres, with all voltage levels combined, . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
E.3.6 Annual number of installed power transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
E.4.1 ENS, consumption and length of lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
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LIST OF TABLES
List of Tables
1.4.1 The fault cause categories used in the Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.1 Nominal voltage levels (UN ) included in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5.2 Percentage of national networks included in the statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1 The number of disturbances and disturbances causing ENS in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2.1 Percentage distribution of grid disturbances per month in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2.2 Average 10-year percentage distribution of grid disturbances per month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1 Percentage distribution of grid disturbances per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.2 Average 10-year distribution of grid disturbances per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.3 Percentage distribution of grid disturbances causing ENS per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.4 Average 10-year distribution of grid disturbances causing ENS per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1.1 Energy not supplied (ENS) and the 10-year average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.2.1 Consumption and energy not supplied (ENS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2.2 Energy not supplied (ENS) in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018 and the annual average for the period
2009–2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3.1 Percentage distribution of ENS per month in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.2 Average 10-year percentage distribution of ENS per month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4.1 Percentage distribution of ENS per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4.2 Average 10-year percentage distribution of ENS per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5.1 Energy not supplied (ENS) and its distribution per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6.1 Energy not supplied (ENS) and its distribution per installation type in 2018 and during 2009–2018 . . . . . . 23
4.6.2 Percentage distribution of energy not supplied per HVAC component in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.6.3 Average 10-year percentage distribution of energy not supplied per HVAC component . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1.1 Faults, secondary faults and ENS in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.2.1 Percentage distribution of secondary faults per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2.2 Percentage distribution of ENS caused by secondary faults per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.1 Number of faults and amount of energy not supplied (ENS) in 2018 and during 2009–2018 . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1.2 Number of faults and grid disturbances in 2018 and during 2009–2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1.3 Percentage distribution of faults per HVAC component in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.1.4 Average 10-year percentage distribution of faults per HVAC component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.1 Percentage distribution of faults per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2.2 Average 10-year distribution of faults per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2.3 Percentage distribution of faults causing ENS per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2.4 Average 10-year distribution of faults causing ENS per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.3.1 Number of units, faults and permanent faults in cables per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.3.2 Percentage distribution of faults in cables per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.3.3 Average 10-year distribution of faults in cables per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.4.1 Number of units, faults and permanent faults in overhead lines per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.4.2 Percentage distribution of faults in overhead lines per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.4.3 Average 10-year distribution of faults in overhead lines per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.5.1 Number of units and faults in circuit breakers per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.5.2 Percentage distribution of faults in circuit breakers per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.5.3 Average 10-year distribution of faults in circuit breakers per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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LIST OF TABLES
6.6.1 Number of units and faults in control equipment per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.6.2 Percentage distribution of faults in control equipment per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.6.3 Average 10-year distribution of faults in control equipment per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.7.1 Number of units and faults in instrumental transformers per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.7.2 Percentage distribution of faults in instrumental transformers per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.7.3 Average 10-year distribution of faults in instrumental transformers per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.8.1 Number of units, faults and permanent faults in power transformers per voltage level in 2018 . . . . . . . . . 61
6.8.2 Percentage distribution of faults in power transformers per cause in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.8.3 Average 10-year distribution of faults in power transformers per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.9.1 Overview of reactor faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.9.2 Overview of series capacitor faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.9.3 Overview of shunt capacitor faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.9.4 Overview of SVC device faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | vii

European Network of
for Electricity
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
This report is an overview of the Nordic and Baltic HVAC transmission grid disturbance statistics for the year 2018. Trans-
mission System Operators providing the statistical data are Energinet in Denmark, Elering in Estonia, Fingrid Oyj in Finland,
Landsnet in Iceland, Augstsprieguma tīkls in Latvia, Litgrid in Lithuania, Statnett SF in Norway and Svenska kraftnät in Swe-
den. The statistics can be found at ENTSO-E website, www.entsoe.eu. The disturbance data of the whole Denmark is
included in this report, although only the grid of eastern Denmark belongs to the Nordic synchronous grid. Figure 1.1.1
presents the grids of the statistics.
The report includes the faults causing disturbances in the 100–420 kV grids and is made according to the Guidelines for
Classification of Grid Disturbances above 100 kV [1], which is published by ENTSO-E.
The report is organised as follows:
• Chapter 2 summarises the statistics, covering the consequences of disturbances in the form of energy not supplied
(ENS) and covering the total number of disturbances in the Nordic and Baltic power system. In addition, each Trans-
mission System Operator has presented the most important issues of the year 2018.
• Chapter 3 presents the disturbances and focuses on the analysis and allocation of the causes of disturbances. The
distribution of disturbances during the year 2018 for each country is presented; for example, the consequences of the
disturbances in the form of energy not supplied.
• Chapter 4 presents the tables and figures of energy not supplied for each country.
• Chapter 5 presents secondary faults and their impact on the Nordic and Baltic power systems.
• Chapter 6 presents the faults in different components. A summary of all the faults is followed by the presentation of
more detailed statistics.
The Disturbance, Energy Not Supplied and Secondary Fault sections are to be considered on a general level. The faults
in power system components section contains detailed information and is aimed towards experts working with primary
equipment. The power system components included are: Overhead lines, cables, power transformers, breakers, instrument
transformers, control equipment, disconnectors and compensation devices.
1.1 History
The Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics has a long history with common rules made already in 1964. In the begin-
ning, the statistics covered Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and was published by Nordel1 in Swedish “Driftstörn-
ingsstatistik” (Eng. Fault statistics) along with a short summary in English. Iceland joined in 1994.
In 2007, the statistics were translated to English and the name became Nordic Grid Disturbance Statistics. In 2014, the Baltic
countries joined the report and the report changed its name to Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics, which is also
the name of the report today.
1 Nordel was the co-operation organization of the Nordic Transmission System Operators until 2009.
Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | 1

European Network of
for Electricity
1.1. HISTORY
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019
Figure 1.1.1: The Nordic and Baltic main grids [2]. The disturbance data of the whole Denmark is included in this report,
although only the grid of eastern Denmark belongs to the Nordic synchronous grid.
2 | Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

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1.2. THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STATISTICS
1.2 The Scope and limitations of the statistics

The scope of the statistics, per the guidelines [1], is the following:
The statistics comprise:
• Grid disturbances
• Faults causing or aggravating a grid disturbance
• Disconnection of end users in connection with grid disturbances
• Outage in parts of the electricity system in conjunction with grid disturbance
The statistics do not comprise:
• Faults in production units
• Faults detected during maintenance
• Planned operational interruptions in parts of the electricity system
• Behaviour of circuit breakers and relay protection if they do not result in or extend a grid
disturbance
• HVDC units. However, DISTAC produces a separate report with HVDC statistics called Nordic
and Baltic HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics [3].
The statistics cover the main systems and associated network devices with a voltage level of more than 100 kV. Control
equipment and installations for reactive compensation are also included in the statistics. Figure 1.2.1 presents a graphical
interpretation of the components included in the statistics.
Not included in the statistics
Included in the statistics

380–420 kV 20 kV
100–150 kV
HVDC SVC
Figure 1.2.1: A graphical representation of the included power system components in the statistics.
Although the statistics are built upon common guidelines [1], there are slight differences in the interpretations between
different countries and companies. However, these differences are considered to have a minor impact on the statistical
material. Nevertheless, readers should – partly because of these differences, but also because of the different maintenance
and general policies in each company – use the appropriate published average values. Values concerning control equipment
and unspecified faults or causes should be used with wider margins than other values.

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1.3. AVAILABLE DATA IN THE REPORT
1.3 Available data in the report

Most charts and tables include data for the period 2009–2018. In some cases, where older data has been available, even
longer periods have been used. However, not all of the participating TSO’s have data for the whole period 2009–2018. In
these cases, the tables and figures show all the available data. In this report, Latvia and Lithuania have reported for the
period 2012–2018.
1.4 Definitions
This chapter defines terms and key concepts that are essential when examining this report. Each concept has its own
section.
1.4.1 Fault categories

Each disturbance and fault must have a cause reported to it. For faults, the cause is the cause that has the most significant
impact on the fault, while for disturbances, the reported cause is the same as the cause of its primary fault. The used causes
are lightning, other environmental causes, external influences, operation and maintenance, technical equipment, other and
unknown, as presented and detailed in Table 1.4.1. The exact definitions are listed in Section 4.2.9 in the HVAC Guidelines [1].
It should be noted, that there are some minor differences in the definitions of fault causes and disturbances between coun-
tries. Some countries use up to 40 different options, and others differentiate between primary and underlying causes. The
guidelines [1] describe the relations between the detailed fault causes and the common Nordic cause allocation. Further-
more, that each country in these statistics has its own detailed way of determining the cause of each fault. Appendix B
describes how each TSO in the Nordic and Baltic power systems examines the cause of line faults.
Table 1.4.1: The fault cause categories used in the Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics as defined in the HVAC
Guidelines for classification of disturbances above 100 kV [1].
Fault cause Explanation
Lightning The category Lightning is separated from the environmental

causes because its impact is insignificant from a maintenance
perspective. This is mainly because the Nordic grid is well pro-
tected against lightning.
Other environmental causes Moisture, ice, low temperatures, earthquakes, pollution, rain,
salt, snow, vegetation, wind, heat, forest fires etc.
External influences Fire due to a third party, animals and birds, aircraft, excavation,
collision, explosion, tree felling, vandalism.
Operation and maintenance Lack of monitoring, fault in settings, fault in connection plan, fault
in relay plan, incorrect operation, fault in documentation, human
fault.
Technical equipment Dimensioning, fault in technical documentation (e.g., guidelines,
manuals), design, corrosion, materials, installation, production,
vibration, ageing.
Other Operating problems, faults at customers’, faults in other net-
works, problems in conjunction with faults in other components,
system causes, other
Unknown Unknown causes

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1.5. VOLTAGE LEVELS IN THE NORDIC AND BALTIC NETWORKS
1.5 Voltage levels in the Nordic and Baltic networks

Table 1.5.1 presents the transmission system voltage levels of the networks in the Nordic and Baltic countries. In the statis-
tics, voltage levels are grouped as statistical voltages per the table. Table 1.5.2 presents the coverage of the statistics in
each country. The network statistics of each country cover data from several grid owners, and the representation of their
statistics is not fully consistent.
Table 1.5.1: Nominal voltage levels (UN ) in the respective statistical voltages and the percentage of the grid at the respective
nominal voltage level (P).
Statistical voltage range, kV

Country 380–420 kV 220–330 kV 100–150 kV
Denmark UN / P % 400 kV / 100 % 220 kV / 100 % 150 kV / 62 %
132 kV / 38 %
Estonia UN / P % - 330 kV / 92 % 110 kV / 100 %
220 kV / 8 %
Finland UN / P % 400 kV / 100 % 220 kV / 100 % 110 kV / 100 %
Iceland UN / P % - 220 kV / 100 % 132 kV / 100 %
Latvia UN / P % - 330 kV / 100 % 110 kV / 100 %
Lithuania UN / P % 400 kV / 100 % 330 kV / 100 % 110 kV / 100 %
Norway UN / P % 420 kV / 100 % 300 kV / 90 % 132 kV / 98 %
220 kV / 10 % 110 kV / 2 %
Sweden UN / P % 400 kV / 100 % 220 kV / 100 % 130 kV / 100 %
Table 1.5.2: Percentage of national networks included in the statistics. The percentage of the grid
is estimated per the length of lines included in the statistics material divided by the actual length of
lines in the grid. The network statistics of each country cover data from several grid owners, and the
representation of their statistics is not fully consistent.
Voltage level
Country 380–420 kV 220–330 kV 100–150 kV
Denmark 100 % 100 % 100 %
Estonia - 100 % 100 %
Finland1,2 100 % 100 % 94 %
Iceland3 - 100 % 100 %
Latvia - 100 % 100 %
Lithuania 100 % 100 % 100 %
Norway4 100 % 100 % 100 %
Sweden 100 % 100 % 100 %
1 Finland’s 110 kV network is not fully covered because some regional grid owners did not deliver data.
2 Finland’s data from 2018 covers approximately 82 % of the Finnish 110 kV lines and approximately 73 %
of the 110/20 kV transformers.
3 Iceland’s network statistics cover the whole 220 kV and 132 kV voltage levels.
4 A large part of Norway’s 110 and 132 kV network is resonant earthed. This category is combined with the
100–150 kV solid earthed network in these statistics.

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1.6. CONTACT PERSONS
1.6 Contact persons

Each country is represented by at least one contact person, responsible for his/her country’s statistical information. The
contact person can provide additional information concerning the ENTSO-E Nordic and Baltic disturbance statistics. The
relevant contact information is given in Appendix C.
There are no common Nordic and Baltic disturbance statistics for voltage levels lower than 100 kV. However, Appendix D
presents the relevant contact persons for these statistics.

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2 Summary
2 Summary
In 2018, the number of disturbances in the Nordic and Baltic 100–420 kV grids amounted to 1377, which is below the 10-year
average of 1815.5 disturbances. The energy not supplied (ENS) due to faults in the Nordic main grid reached 2.6 GWh and
127 MWh in the Baltic main grids. Totally, there was 2.7 GWh of ENS in the Nordic and Baltic main grid, which is below
the ten-year average 6.9 GWh. Out of these disturbances, 371 caused ENS, which is also below the 10-year average of 388.8
disturbances causing ENS.
The following sections present the summaries for each Nordic and Baltic country. This includes an overview of the number
and causes of disturbances and the resulting energy not supplied. Furthermore, secondary faults, which are closely related
to disturbances with multiple faults, are shortly included. Lastly, the summaries present the most important issues in 2018
referred by the country’s Transmission System Operator.
2.1 Summary of Denmark

In Denmark, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 11.7 MWh in 2018 (10-year average 26.9 MWh).
There were 43 grid disturbances (10-year average 55.7) and 3 of them caused ENS. On average, 7.0 disturbances per year
caused ENS in 2009–2018.
In 2018, 100.0 % of the total ENS was caused by substation faults. The most significant reason of ENS caused by disturbances
was operation and maintenance (100.0 %). Disturbances were caused most by operation and maintenance (41.9 %) and
external influences (30.2 %).
Secondary faults in Denmark only accounted for 7 % of all faults in 2018 and caused 3 % of the total ENS. They were all
caused by operation and maintenance.
The three most influential disturbances in 2018 were the following:
• During testing of a new component at a 150 kV station in West-Jutland 17 December, the whole station got discon-
nected due to wrong settings in the said electrical component. The outage lasted 15 minutes and caused 11 MWh of
ENS.
• A reactor caught fire at a critical 400 kV station west of Copenhagen 23 July. The fire was caused by a failed bushing
to the reactor. The disturbance did not cause any ENS, but raised the system to an alert state with a risk of severe
consequences. All 400 kV lines from the station had to be disconnected due to fire extinction.
• Three failed circuit breakers connected to reactors during 21 October, 11 November and 2 December. Two distur-
bances at 400 kV and one at 150 kV. All due to reignition in the breakers after disconnection of the reactors. No ENS,
but high focus due to risk of personal injury.
2.2 Summary of Estonia

In Estonia, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 29.5 MWh in 2018 (10-year average 173.4 MWh). There
were 111 grid disturbances (10-year average 204.8) and 43 of them caused ENS. On average, 30.9 disturbances per year caused
ENS in 2009–2018.
In 2018, 27.5 % of the total ENS was caused by substation faults and 9.9 % was caused by overhead line faults. The most sig-
nificant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were other causes (62.6 %) and technical equipment (23.9 %). Disturbances
were caused most by technical equipment (22.5 %) and operation and maintenance (18.0 %).
Secondary faults in Estonia only accounted for 7 % of all faults in 2018 and caused 1 % of the total ENS. They were all
caused by operation and maintenance (75 %) and technical equipment (25 %), and the ENS was solely due to operation and
maintenance.
• Two 110 kV transformers at substation Järve switched out from relay protection 10 March 2018. The secondary circuit
had a connector failure on the client side.

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2.3. SUMMARY OF FINLAND
• A 330 kV joint fastener on the 330 kV cross-border transmission line L358 was damaged and required emergency
maintenance 30 March 2018.
• A 110 kV separator (primary equipment) fault at single-ended substation occurred 30 October 2018. Emergency main-
tenance had to be conducted and this event was the incident that caused the highest amount of energy not supplied
(ENS) in 2018.
2.3 Summary of Finland

In Finland, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 99.0 MWh in 2018 (10-year average 357.2 MWh). There
ENS in 2009–2018.
In 2018, 60.7 % of the total ENS was caused by substation faults and 34.9 % was caused by overhead line faults. The most sig-
nificant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were other causes (53.4 %) and technical equipment (21.5 %). Disturbances
were caused most by other causes (34.4 %) and other environmental causes (26.0 %).
Secondary faults in Finland only accounted for 3 % of all faults in 2018 and caused approximately 33 % of the total ENS. They
were mainly caused by operation and maintenance (33 %) and other causes (33 %), and the ENS was solely due to other
causes.
The three most influential disturbances of 110–400 kV grids in 2018 were:
• 110 kV transmission line and 110 kV substation main power transformer tripped due to lightning and caused sec-
ondary faults. The incident caused 26.5 MWh of ENS.
• Current transformer fault in a 110 kV main transformer caused 19.2 MWh of ENS.
• A fault in a 110 kV main transformer caused 17.5 MWh of ENS.
The response rate in 2018 was lower than usual. The statistics cover only about 82 % (normally 94 %) of the 110 kV trans-
mission lines and 73 % (normally 93 %) of the 110 kV main transformers in Finland.
2.4 Summary of Iceland

In Iceland, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 475.6 MWh in 2018 (10-year average 877.2 MWh).
Registered grid disturbances were 46 compared to last year’s 31, but ENS was dramatically lower. One disturbance caused
the majority of ENS this year (425 MWh).
In 2018, 9.5 % of the total ENS was caused by substation faults and 1.2 % was caused by overhead line faults. The most
significant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were other causes (94.7 %) and operation and maintenance (5.2 %). Dis-
turbances were caused most by other causes (78.3 %) and operation and maintenance (10.9 %).
Secondary faults in Iceland accounted for 28 % of all faults in 2018, and none of them caused any ENS. They were mostly
caused by other causes (83 %).
The three most influential disturbances in the 220 and 132 kV network in 2018 were the following:
• A potline at an aluminium smelter tripped during maintenance work on a 220 kV transmission line 17 February.
Unfortunately, the protection scheme did not work properly in these circumstances and caused a second potline to
trip at the aluminium plant. This resulted in a trip of around 25 % of the system load and a widespread trip of other
loads and all units of one geothermal station. The total amount of ENS of the incident was 425 MWh.
• A faulty surge arrestor tripped the 132 kV transmission line FI1 20 February. This caused widespread disturbances to
distribution consumers and 19.7 MWh of ENS.
• Wrong relay settings in a substation caused a power transformer to trip 9 July. The incident resulted in 17 MWh of
ENS.

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2.5. SUMMARY OF LATVIA
2.5 Summary of Latvia

In Latvia, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 63.0 MWh in 2018 (7-year average 86.9 MWh). There
ENS in 2012–2018.
significant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were external influences (38.5 %) and other environmental causes (35.3 %).
Disturbances were caused most by external influences (26.4 %) and other environmental causes (22.7 %).
Secondary faults in Latvia accounted for 16 % of all faults in 2018 and caused approximately 54 % of the total ENS. They
were mainly caused by technical equipment (40 %) operation and maintenance (35 %), and the ENS was predominantly due
to operation and maintenance (98 %).
• A fault on a 110 kV overhead line close to 330 kV substation and due to other environmental causes caused two
multiple faults on a 330 kV power transformer control equipment (commissioned short time before). The faults caused
outages for one busbar and 14 units. Due to reconstruction works, supply reservation was not possible and resulted
in 15.1 MWh of ENS.
• Other environmental cause fault on 110 kV overhead line that, due to reconstruction works, was only supplying point
cause blackout of substation for 3 hours and ENS 18.9 MWh.
• Technical equipment fault on 110 kV power transformer that, due to planed maintenance, was only feeding point on
substation caused interruption of supply for 2 hours and ENS 7.5 MWh.
2.6 Summary of Lithuania

In Lithuania, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 34.1 MWh in 2018 (7-year average 40.0 MWh). There
ENS in 2012–2018.
significant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were other causes (52.8 %) and external influences (35.2 %). Disturbances
were caused most by unknown causes (30.1 %) and other causes (24.4 %).
Secondary faults in Lithuania accounted for 13 % of all faults in 2018 and caused approximately 74 % of the total ENS. They
were mainly caused by unknown causes (37 %), technical equipment (26 %) and operation and maintenance (21 %), and the
ENS was predominantly due to technical equipment (83 %).
The two most influential disturbances in 2018 were the following:
• A multiple fault situation occurred on 27 July 2018. Because of a fault in the distribution network, a transformer’s
110 kV circuit breaker failed to trip in Saugos substation. As a result of circuit breaker failure, energy supply to Saugos
and Silute substations were interrupted. The incident caused 54.4 % of total ENS in 2018 and was most influential.
• A multiple fault situation occurred on 21 April 2018. 110 kV transmission line supplying energy to Paberze substa-
tion tripped because a rotten tree fell on it. One of two transformers in the substation was switched off normally
and second one lost energy supply because of the trip on the line. As a result, energy supply for energy consumers
was interrupted. During energization of transformers from other 110 kV transmission line, surge arrester in Paberze
substation exploded. The incident caused 26.4 % of total ENS.

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2.7. SUMMARY OF NORWAY
2.7 Summary of Norway

In Norway, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 588.6 MWh in 2018 (10-year average 3493.6 MWh).
significant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were operation and maintenance (36.3 %) and unknown causes (30.6 %).
Disturbances were caused most by other environmental causes (30.7 %) and lightning (20.6 %).
Secondary faults in Norway accounted for 11 % of all faults in 2018 and caused approximately 22 % of the total ENS. They
were mostly caused by operation and maintenance (29 %) and technical equipment (24 %), and the ENS was mainly due to
other causes (97 %).
Norway had no major disturbances in 2018, only medium disturbances and many with insignificant consequences. On 28 of
February a fire in a small station auxiliary transformer in Blinheimsbreivika resulted in 172 MWh of ENS due to long repair
time. On 4 February a breaker explosion on Dolvik Transformer 2 tripped the full busbar and the surrounding stations
correctly and resulted in 171 MWh of ENS in total.
2.8 Summary of Sweden

In Sweden, the energy not supplied (ENS) caused by disturbances was 1384.5 MWh in 2018 (10-year average 1891.8 MWh).
There were 369 grid disturbances (10-year average 490.1) and 157 of them caused ENS. On average, 148.9 disturbances per
year caused ENS in 2009–2018.
In 2018, 49.0 % of the total ENS was caused by overhead line faults and 46.7 % was caused by substation faults. The most signif-
icant reasons of ENS caused by disturbances were unknown causes (47.5 %) and technical equipment (23.6 %). Disturbances
were caused most by lightning (40.1 %) and unknown causes (28.7 %). The reason of Sweden having more disturbances and
ENS due to unknown causes is that if the cause of a disturbance is not 100 % certain, which might be case with lightning,
it will be assigned as an unknown cause as explained in Appendix B. Additionally, the disturbance that caused the largest
amount of ENS in 2018 was categorized with unknown as the cause.
Secondary faults in Sweden only accounted for 2 % of all faults in 2018, and none of them caused any ENS. They were mostly
caused by technical equipment (43 %).
Sweden had one significant disturbance in 2018. It was caused by a trip on a 220 kV transmission line, which in turn caused
an outage in a transformer substation that was being fed radially due to temporary switching configuration. The incident
caused 277.2 MWh of ENS.
The response rate for the 2018 statistics was lower than usual with two regional grids not participating.

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3 Disturbances
3 Disturbances
This chapter presents an overview of disturbances in the European countries included in this report. It also presents the
connection between disturbances, energy not supplied, causes of faults, and distribution during the year 2018, together with
the development of the number of disturbances over the 10-year period 2009–2018.
Grid disturbances are defined as:
Outages, forced or unintended disconnection or failed manual reconnection as a result of faults in
the power grid [1] [4].
It is important to note the difference between a disturbance and a fault. A disturbance is initiated by a fault, called the
primary fault, and may include zero or more faults that are related to the incident. Furthermore, a fault may have multi-
ple primary faults. However, this report considers the primary fault with the largest impact to be the primary fault of the
disturbance. The voltage level of a disturbance is determined by the voltage level of its primary fault.
3.1 Annual number of disturbances during the period 2009–2018

Table 3.1.1 presents the sum of disturbances during the year 2018 and the annual average for the period 2009–2018. All
voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
The number of grid disturbances is not directly comparable between countries because of the large differences between
external conditions in the transmission networks of the European countries included in this report.
Table 3.1.1: The number of disturbances and disturbances causing ENS in 2018.
Disturbances Disturbances causing ENS

Count Average Count Average
Country 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 111 204.8 43 30.9
Latvia1 110 140.0 15 17.6
Lithuania1 123 158.3 17 19.1
Baltic total 344 503.1 75 67.6
Denmark 43 55.7 3 7.0
Finland 308 439.2 55 78.0
Iceland 46 33.7 10 17.4
Norway 267 293.7 66 86.8
Sweden 369 490.1 157 148.9
Nordic total 1033 1312.4 291 338.1
Nordic & Baltic 1377 1815.5 366 405.7
1 The average values of Latvia and Lithuania use the period 2012–2018.

European Network of
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3.1. ANNUAL NUMBER OF DISTURBANCES DURING THE PERIOD 2009–2018
Figure 3.1.1 show the annual number of disturbances during the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic and Baltic countries.
Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
gri
ddi
st
ur
ban
cesa
nnu
all
y Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
7
50 I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
7
00 L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
6
50 Swe
den
6
00
5
50
5
00
es
4
50
dit
sub
rac
n
4
00
of
S
wed
en
mb
Nu r
e
3
50
F
inl
and
3
00
No
rwa
y
2
50
2
00
1
50
L
it
huan
ia
Es
ton
ia
1
00 L
atv
ia
I
ce
la
nd
5
0
De
nma
rk
0
2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure 3.1.1: The annual number of grid disturbances in each Nordic country and Estonia during 2009–2018 and during
2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. Finnish data covers 83 % of 110 kV grid in 2018 while it has normally covered 94 %.

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3.2. DISTURBANCES DISTRIBUTED PER MONTH
3.2 Disturbances distributed per month

Table 3.2.1 presents the percentage distribution of grid disturbances per month for each Nordic country and Estonia dur-
ing 2009–2018 and during 2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. Table 3.2.2 presents the 10-year percentage distribution of
grid disturbances per month for each Nordic country and Estonia during 2009–2018 and during 2012–2018 for Latvia and
Lithuania. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Table 3.2.1: Percentage distribution of grid disturbances per month in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country. The number of
disturbances is usually largest during the summer period for all countries except Iceland. This is often caused by the amount
of lightning strokes during summer.
Mo
nth
lyd
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
fgr
i
ddi
st
ur
ban
cesi
n20
18
Re
gio
ns Co
unt
r
y J
an F
eb Ma
r A
pr Ma
y J
un J
ulAu
g Se
p Oc
t No
v De
c
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 4
% 3
% 7
% 7
% 1
0% 1
2% 1
7% 1
5% 9
% 9
% 4
% 4
%
L
atv
ia 4
% 4
% 5
% 1
0% 7
% 1
6% 1
2% 2
1% 1
2% 4
% 4
% 3
%
L
it
hua
nia 2
% 2
% 6
% 5
% 1
2% 7
% 2
8% 2
0% 5
% 6
% 6
% 2
%
T
ota
l 3
% 3
% 6
% 7
% 1
0% 1
2% 1
9% 1
9% 8
% 6
% 4
% 3
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
6% 7
% 9
% 2
% 7
% 5
% 1
4% 1
2% 5
% 7
% 7
% 9
%
F
inl
and 5
% 3
% 4
% 7
% 1
0% 8
% 1
8% 2
1% 9
% 4
% 4
% 6
%
I
ce
la
nd 7
% 1
7% 7
% 1
3% 7
% 2
% 1
3% 4
% 7
% 1
3% 2
% 9
%
No
rwa
y 1
7% 4
% 4
% 3
% 7
% 1
0% 1
8% 1
0% 9
% 6
% 6
% 6
%
Swe
den 8
% 4
% 5
% 2
% 7
% 1
1% 2
7% 2
0% 6
% 4
% 5
% 4
%
T
ota
l 1
0% 4
% 5
% 4
% 8
% 9
% 2
1% 1
7% 7
% 5
% 5
% 5
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 8
% 4
% 5
% 5
% 8
% 1
0% 2
0% 1
7% 8
% 5
% 5
% 5
%
Table 3.2.2: Average 10-year percentage distribution of grid disturbances per month during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country
and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. The number of disturbances is usually largest during the summer
period for all countries except Iceland. This is often caused by the amount of lightning strokes during summer.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
emo
nth
lyd
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
fgr
i
ddi
st
ur
ban
ces
Re
gio
ns Co
unt
r
y J
an F
eb Ma
r A
pr Ma
y J
un J
ulAu
g Se
p Oc
t No
v De
c
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 3
% 2
% 4
% 4
% 8
% 1
2% 2
3% 2
3% 6
% 6
% 3
% 5
%
L
atv
ia 4
% 3
% 5
% 5
% 1
0% 1
1% 1
5% 2
2% 7
% 7
% 6
% 7
%
L
it
hua
nia 2
% 2
% 5
% 6
% 9
% 1
0% 1
9% 2
9% 5
% 6
% 3
% 4
%
T
ota
l 3
% 2
% 4
% 5
% 9
% 1
1% 2
0% 2
4% 6
% 6
% 4
% 5
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 6
% 6
% 6
% 6
% 1
0% 1
0% 8
% 9
% 1
0% 1
0% 9
% 1
1%
F
inl
and 6
% 4
% 3
% 6
% 1
0% 1
3% 2
4% 1
4% 7
% 4
% 4
% 5
%
I
ce
la
nd 1
1% 1
2% 1
3% 6
% 6
% 4
% 6
% 4
% 6
% 8
% 9
% 1
5%
No
rwa
y 1
3% 7
% 8
% 3
% 5
% 8
% 1
3% 9
% 6
% 6
% 7
% 1
5%
Swe
den 5
% 4
% 4
% 5
% 8
% 1
2% 2
5% 1
6% 6
% 5
% 5
% 6
%
T
ota
l 7
% 5
% 5
% 5
% 8
% 1
1% 2
1% 1
3% 7
% 5
% 5
% 8
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 6
% 4
% 5
% 5
% 8
% 1
1% 2
1% 1
6% 6
% 5
% 5
% 7
%

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3.3. DISTURBANCES DISTRIBUTED PER CAUSE
3.3 Disturbances distributed per cause

This chapter presents disturbances according to cause, with the cause of a disturbance defined as the cause of the distur-
bance’s primary cause. The used causes are lightning, other environmental causes, external influences, operation and main-
tenance, technical equipment, other and unknown. The fault categories used are explained in more detail in Chapter 1.4.1.
Many disturbances caused by unknown reasons probably have their real cause in the categories other environmental cause
and lightning.
Table 3.3.1 presents disturbances per cause in terms of the primary fault distributed for the year 2018 for each Nordic and
Baltic country. Table 3.3.2 presents the respective average values for the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and
Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV,
220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Table 3.3.1: Percentage distribution of grid disturbances per cause in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
Gr
i
ddi
st
ur
ban
cesa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
usei
n20
18
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 11% 13% 12
% 18% 23
% 12% 13%
L
atv
ia 6
% 2
3% 2
6% 6
% 6
% 1
2% 2
0%
L
it
hua
nia 7
% 2
% 2
3% 8
% 6
% 2
4% 3
0%
T
ota
l 8
% 1
2% 2
0% 1
1% 1
1% 1
6% 2
1%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 5
% 3
0% 4
2% 7
% 5
% 1
2%
F
inl
and 1
5% 2
6% 3
% 7
% 6
% 3
4% 9
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 7
% 0
% 1
1% 0
% 7
8% 4
%
No
rwa
y 2
1% 3
1% 3
% 1
9% 1
5% 7
% 5
%
Swe
den 4
0% 2
% 3
% 7
% 1
4% 6
% 2
9%
T
ota
l 2
4% 1
7% 4
% 1
2% 1
1% 1
8% 1
5%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
0% 1
6% 8
% 1
1% 1
1% 1
7% 1
6%
Table 3.3.2: Average distribution of grid disturbances per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and
during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
edi
st
ri
but
i
ono
fgr
i
ddi
st
ur
ban
cesa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
use
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 10% 22% 5
% 16% 18
% 10% 18%
L
atv
ia 1
0% 2
1% 2
4% 7
% 9
% 1
0% 1
8%
L
it
hua
nia 9
% 4
% 2
3% 7
% 7
% 1
3% 3
7%
T
ota
l 1
0% 1
7% 1
4% 1
2% 1
3% 1
1% 2
3%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
1% 1
0% 2
1% 1
8% 1
7% 1
0% 1
4%
F
inl
and 2
3% 2
6% 1
% 6
% 5
% 1
6% 2
3%
I
ce
la
nd 3
% 4
0% 2
% 1
2% 1
8% 2
4% 1
%
No
rwa
y 2
1% 3
3% 2
% 1
2% 1
8% 1
0% 5
%
Swe
den 3
6% 4
% 2
% 8
% 1
4% 1
1% 2
6%
T
ota
l 2
6% 1
9% 2
% 9
% 1
2% 1
3% 1
9%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
2% 1
9% 5
% 9
% 1
2% 1
2% 2
0%

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3.3. DISTURBANCES DISTRIBUTED PER CAUSE
Table 3.3.3 presents disturbances that caused ENS distributed by its cause for the year 2018. Table 3.3.4 presents the respec-
tive average values during 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Table 3.3.3: Percentage distribution of grid disturbances causing ENS per cause in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
Gr
i
ddi
st
ur
ban
cesc
aus
ingE
NSa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
usei
n20
18
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 9% 16% 7
% 19% 19
% 21% 9%
L
atv
ia 0
% 4
0% 2
7% 1
3% 7
% 1
3% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 6
% 0
% 3
5% 2
4% 1
2% 2
4% 0
%
T
ota
l 7
% 1
7% 1
7% 1
9% 1
5% 2
0% 5
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 1
5% 9
% 4
% 4
% 1
5% 3
1% 2
4%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 1
0% 0
% 3
0% 0
% 6
0% 0
%
No
rwa
y 2
6% 2
9% 3
% 2
6% 8
% 5
% 5
%
Swe
den 3
9% 1
% 2
% 9
% 1
4% 2
% 3
3%
T
ota
l 3
0% 9
% 2
% 1
3% 1
2% 1
0% 2
3%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
5% 1
1% 5
% 1
4% 1
3% 1
2% 2
0%
Table 3.3.4: Average distribution of grid disturbances causing ENS per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and
Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
edi
st
ri
but
i
ono
fgr
i
ddi
st
ur
ban
cesc
aus
ingE
NSa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
use
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 4% 8% 11
% 28% 21
% 19% 8%
L
atv
ia 1
% 3
0% 2
5% 2
0% 1
6% 5
% 3
%
L
it
hua
nia 5
% 1
0% 3
6% 2
2% 1
3% 4
% 1
0%
T
ota
l 3
% 1
4% 2
0% 2
5% 1
8% 1
3% 8
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 4
% 7
% 1
% 4
4% 2
3% 1
3% 7
%
F
inl
and 1
9% 1
6% 3
% 9
% 8
% 1
2% 3
3%
I
ce
la
nd 4
% 4
5% 2
% 1
3% 1
6% 1
8% 1
%
No
rwa
y 2
3% 2
8% 2
% 1
6% 1
3% 1
2% 6
%
Swe
den 3
8% 3
% 2
% 1
0% 1
2% 7
% 2
8%
T
ota
l 2
7% 1
5% 2
% 1
2% 1
2% 1
0% 2
1%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
4% 1
4% 5
% 1
4% 1
3% 1
1% 1
9%

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4 Energy not supplied (ENS)
4 Energy not supplied (ENS)
This chapter presents energy not supplied (ENS) caused by faults and disturbances in the Nordic and Baltic power systems.
This includes the amount of ENS in 2018 and the average during 2009–2018. Furthermore, ENS has been compared with
consumption and line length in Section 4.2, distributed per month in Section 4.3, distributed per cause in Section 4.4, divided
according to voltage level in Section 4.5 and finally examined at component level in Section 4.6.
Energy not supplied is defined as:
The estimated energy, which would have been supplied to end users if no interruption and no
transmission restrictions had occurred [1].
One should remember that the amount of ENS is always an estimation. The accuracy of the estimation varies between
companies in different countries and so does the calculation method for energy not supplied, as can be seen in Appendix A.
4.1 Overview of energy not supplied (ENS)

Table 4.1.1 shows the amount of energy not supplied in 2018 and the annual average for the period 2009–2018. It should be
noted that this table includes ENS caused by faults outside the statistical area of each country. Therefore, the amount of
ENS in Table 4.1.1 may be higher than in the rest of the tables in this report.
Table 4.1.1: Energy not supplied (ENS) due to faults in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018 and the annual average for the
period 2009–2018. The ENS also includes ENS caused by faults outside the TSO's statistical area.
ENS (MWh)
Country 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 29.5 173.4
Latvia1 63.0 86.9
Lithuania1 34.1 40.0
Baltic total 126.6 300.3
Denmark 11.7 27.0
Finland 147.2 374.1
Iceland 475.6 925.4
Norway 588.6 3493.6
Sweden2 1384.6 1884.8
Nordic total 2607.6 6704.8
Nordic & Baltic 2734.1 7005.1
2 One Swedish regional grid delivered incomplete data in 2012. The details of the origin of the fault were not reported and therefore
750 MWh of ENS is not included from that year.

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4.2. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED AND TOTAL CONSUMPTION
4.2 Energy not supplied and total consumption

Table 4.2.1 shows the energy not supplied in relation to the total consumption of energy in each Nordic and Baltic country.
Ppm (parts per million) represents ENS as a proportional value of the consumed energy, which is calculated: ENS × 106 /
consumption. The value of ENS is the total amount of ENS caused by all faults, that is, faults inside the statistical area and
faults from outside the own grid that effect other statistical area.
Table 4.2.1: Consumption and energy not supplied (ENS) due to faults in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018 and the
average for the period 2009–2018. The ENS value is the total amount of ENS caused by all faults, that is, faults inside the
statistical area and faults from outside the own grid that impact the other statistical area.
Consumption (TWh) ENS (MWh) ENS / consumption (ppm)

Country 2018 2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 8.7 29.5 3.4 22.3
Latvia1 7.4 63.0 8.5 12.4
Lithuania1 12.1 34.1 2.8 3.8
Baltic total 28.2 126.6 4.5 11.9
Denmark 33.6 11.7 0.3 0.8
Finland 85.8 147.2 1.7 4.4
Iceland 18.7 475.6 25.5 52.2
Norway 135.4 588.6 4.3 26.2
Sweden 141.1 1384.6 9.8 13.5
Nordic total 414.5 2607.6 6.3 16.4
Nordic & Baltic 442.7 2734.1 6.2 16.2
Table 4.2.2: Energy not supplied (ENS) in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018 and the annual average for the period
2009–2018
Consumption (TWh) ENS (MWh) ENS / consumption (ppm)

Country 2018 2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 8.7 29.5 3.4 22.3
Latvia1 7.4 63.0 8.5 12.4
Lithuania1 12.1 34.1 2.8 3.8
Baltic total 28.2 126.6 4.5 11.9
Denmark 33.6 11.7 0.3 0.8
Finland 85.8 147.2 1.7 4.4
Iceland 18.7 475.6 25.5 52.2
Norway 135.4 588.6 4.3 26.2
Sweden 141.1 1384.6 9.8 13.5
Nordic total 414.5 2607.6 6.3 16.4
Nordic & Baltic 442.7 2734.1 6.2 16.2
1 The average values Latvia and Lithuania use the period 2012–2018.
Figure 4.2.1 presents the 5-year moving average of ENS scaled by consumption since 1995 in the Nordic countries, since 2007

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4.2. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED AND TOTAL CONSUMPTION
in Estonia and since 2012 in Latvia and Lithuania. The total line length is the sum of the lengths of overhead lines and cables.
One should note that there is a considerable difference from year to year depending on occasional events, such as storms.
These events have a significant effect on each country’s yearly statistics.
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fENSp
erc
ons
ump
ti
on Denma
rk
1
00 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
9
5
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
9
0 No
rwa
y
Swe
den
8
5
Av
era
ge
8
0
7
5
7
0
6
5
6
0
5
5
to
i p
n(pm)
5
0
s
nump
I
ce
la
nd
Co
4
5
NS/
E
4
0
3
5
3
0
2
5
2
0
1
5
Norway
Swede
n
1
0 Ave
rag
e
Lat
vi
a
Est
oni
a
5
L
it
huan
ia
F
inl
and
0 De
nma
rk
-
5
2
005 2
007 2
009 2
011 2
013 2
015 2
017
Ye
aro
fYe
ar
Figure 4.2.1: 5-year moving average amount of ENS divided per consumption (ppm) since 1995 in the Nordic countries,
since 2007 in Estonia and since 2012 in Latvia and Lithuania. Denmark’s low values are a result of various elements such as
having a meshed grid and compared to the other Nordic countries, a mild climate. Iceland’s high values are a result of power
intensive industries that cause substantial amounts of ENS even during short interruptions. The unusually high ENS divided
by consumption during 2011–2015 in Norway was caused by extreme weather conditions in December 2011 (aka the storm
named Dagmar).

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4.3. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED DISTRIBUTED PER MONTH
4.3 Energy not supplied distributed per month

This section presents energy not supplied (ENS) distributed per month. Table 4.3.1 presents the distribution of energy not
supplied per month for the year 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country. Table 4.3.2 presents the respective average values
during 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. All voltage level ranges
have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Mo
nth
lyd
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
fENSi
n20
18
Re
gio
ns Co
unt
r
y J
an F
eb Ma
r Ap
r Ma
y J
un J
ul Au
g Se
p Oc
t No
v De
c
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 2
% 9
% 4
3% 0
% 1
5% 3
% 0
% 1
9% 6
% 2
% 0
% 0
%
L
atv
ia 1
4% 0
% 0
% 0
% 2
4% 2
% 1
% 2
8% 3
0% 0
% 1
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 2
% 2
3% 1
6% 4
% 5
0% 1
% 1
% 1
% 3
% 0
%
T
ota
l 8
% 2
% 1
0% 6
% 2
0% 3
% 1
4% 1
8% 1
7% 1
% 1
% 0
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
% 2
% 0
% 9
6%
F
inl
and 1
% 1
% 3
% 0
% 1
8% 2
% 4
5% 2
% 7
% 4
% 1
% 1
5%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 9
5% 0
% 0
% 1
% 0
% 4
% 0
% 0
% 1
% 0
% 0
%
No
rwa
y 1
2% 5
8% 1
% 2
% 2
% 3
% 7
% 1
% 1
1% 0
% 1
% 2
%
Swe
den 7
% 8
% 2
% 7
% 1
2% 5
% 6
% 1
2% 3
% 2
5% 2
% 1
0%
T
ota
l 7
% 3
5% 2
% 4
% 8
% 4
% 8
% 7
% 4
% 1
4% 1
% 7
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 7
% 3
4% 2
% 4
% 9
% 3
% 8
% 7
% 5
% 1
3% 1
% 7
%
Table 4.3.1: Percentage distribution of ENS per month in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
emo
nth
lyd
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
fENS
Re
gio
ns Co
unt
r
y J
an F
eb Ma
r Ap
r Ma
y J
un J
ul Au
g Se
p Oc
t No
v De
c
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 2
% 4
% 2
% 2
% 4
% 4
% 8
% 7
% 2
% 1
1% 1
2% 4
2%
L
atv
ia 2
% 0
% 2
% 1
% 4
% 5
% 1
0% 1
1% 9
% 4
5% 5
% 6
%
L
it
hua
nia 3
% 1
0% 2
% 5
% 7
% 3
0% 1
5% 9
% 2
% 1
3% 1
% 3
%
T
ota
l 2
% 3
% 2
% 2
% 4
% 7
% 9
% 8
% 3
% 1
9% 9
% 3
0%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 6
% 1
6% 7
% 1
% 1
3% 4
% 0
% 4
% 0
% 3
4% 4
% 1
0%
F
inl
and 6
% 4
% 9
% 6
% 3
% 6
% 1
6% 1
0% 1
6% 3
% 8
% 1
3%
I
ce
la
nd 4
6% 1
0% 5
% 2
% 4
% 6
% 3
% 1
% 5
% 5
% 4
% 8
%
No
rwa
y 8
% 8
% 3
0% 3
% 1
% 5
% 2
% 2
% 2
% 1
% 4
% 3
6%
Swe
den 3
% 6
% 2
% 5
% 9
% 1
1% 2
2% 1
0% 5
% 8
% 1
4% 6
%
T
ota
l 1
1% 8
% 1
7% 4
% 4
% 7
% 8
% 5
% 4
% 4
% 7
% 2
2%
Gr
andT
ota
l 1
1% 7
% 1
7% 4
% 4
% 7
% 8
% 5
% 4
% 4
% 7
% 2
3%
Table 4.3.2: Average percentage distribution of ENS per month during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and

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4.4. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED DISTRIBUTED PER CAUSE
4.4 Energy not supplied distributed per cause

This section presents energy not supplied (ENS) due to faults, distributed per cause. The cause of a fault is determined as
the cause with the most significant impact. The used causes are lightning, other environmental causes, external influences,
operation and maintenance, technical equipment, other and unknown. The fault categories used are explained in more
detail in Chapter 1.4.1.
Table 4.4.1 presents the distribution of energy not supplied per cause in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country. Table 4.4.2
presents the respective average values during 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia
and Lithuania. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Di
st
ri
but
i
ono
fENSa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
usei
n20
18
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
R
egi
ons Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
B
alt
i
c E s
ton
ia 0% 0% 2
% 10% 24
% 63
% 0%
L
atv
ia 0
% 3
0% 2
% 5
4% 1
3% 0
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 1
1% 7
% 6
8% 1
4% 0
%
T
ota
l 0
% 1
5% 4
% 3
1% 3
0% 1
8% 0
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 3
% 9
% 2
% 0
% 1
4% 6
9% 3
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
% 0
% 9
5% 0
%
No
rwa
y 2
% 1
4% 0
% 3
5% 9
% 2
5% 1
6%
Swe
den 1
7% 0
% 3
% 7
% 2
3% 6
% 4
4%
T
ota
l 1
0% 4
% 2
% 1
3% 1
5% 3
0% 2
7%
Gr
andT
ota
l 9
% 4
% 2
% 1
4% 1
6% 2
9% 2
6%
Table 4.4.1: Percentage distribution of ENS per cause in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country. The unusually high amount
of ENS due to unknown causes in Sweden was caused by a single incident with 277 MWh of ENS, which in turn stands for
almost half of the total ENS due to unknown causes.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
edi
st
ri
but
i
ono
fENSa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
use
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
R
egi
ons Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
B
alt
i
c E s
ton
ia 3% 5% 25% 10% 30
% 25
% 2%
L
atv
ia 0
% 5
0% 1
5% 2
4% 1
0% 0
% 1
%
L
it
hua
nia 2
% 1
6% 3
5% 7
% 3
4% 4
% 2
%
T
ota
l 2
% 1
6% 2
4% 1
3% 2
6% 1
7% 2
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
% 7
% 0
% 5
3% 2
9% 7
% 4
%
F
inl
and 9
% 2
5% 8
% 1
1% 2
1% 1
9% 7
%
I
ce
la
nd 3
% 4
6% 1
% 1
6% 1
4% 2
0% 0
%
No
rwa
y 4
% 6
4% 0
% 6
% 1
2% 1
1% 2
%
Swe
den 2
4% 2
% 6
% 8
% 2
4% 1
5% 2
2%
T
ota
l 9
% 4
2% 3
% 8
% 1
6% 1
4% 8
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 9
% 4
1% 3
% 8
% 1
7% 1
4% 7
%
Table 4.4.2: Average percentage distribution of ENS per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and
during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. The reason of Sweden having more disturbances and ENS due to unknown causes
is that if the cause of a disturbance is not 100 % certain, which might be the case with lightning, it will be reported as an
unknown cause as explained in Appendix B. Additionally, the disturbance that caused the largest amount of ENS in 2018 was
categorized with unknown as the cause.

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4.5. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED PER VOLTAGE LEVEL
4.5 Energy not supplied per voltage level

This section presents energy not supplied (ENS) per voltage level. The used voltage levels are 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and
380–420 kV. Table 4.5.1 shows the amount of energy not supplied and its distribution per voltage level. The voltage level of
a disturbance is determined by the voltage level of its primary fault.
Table 4.5.1: Energy not supplied (ENS) in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018 and the annual average during 2009–2018.
Furthermore, the average percentage distribution of ENS per voltage level during 2009–2018 is shown. The voltage level is
determined by the voltage level of each individual fault. It should be noted, that the ENS in this table includes ENS caused by
faults outside the TSO's statistical area. This table is therefore not directly comparable to Figure 4.5.2. The percentages may
slightly deviate from 100 % due to rounding.
ENS (MWh) Average ENS (%) per voltage levels during 2009–2018
Country 2018 2009–2018 100–150 kV 220–330 kV 380–420 kV Other1
Estonia 29.5 173.4 78 % 1% 0% 21 %
Latvia2 63.0 86.9 97 % 3% 0% 0%
Lithuania2 34.1 40.0 96 % 3% 0% 2%
Baltic total 126.6 300.3 85 % 2% 0% 13 %
Denmark 11.7 27.0 94 % 0% 0% 6%
Finland 147.2 374.1 85 % 2% 3% 9%
Iceland 475.6 925.4 28 % 55 % 0% 18 %
Norway 588.6 3493.6 35 % 7% 58 % 0%
Sweden 1384.6 1884.8 80 % 12 % 3% 4%
Nordic total 2607.6 6704.8 49 % 15 % 31 % 5%
Nordic & Baltic 2734.1 7005.1 51 % 15 % 29 % 5%
1 The category Other contains energy not supplied from system faults, auxiliary equipment, lower voltage level networks and
the connections to foreign countries, etc. Additionally, it is not included in the total ENS. Instead, it shows the degree of
effect from the outside grid to the 100–420 kV grid. This is described further in the guidelines [1].

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4.5. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED PER VOLTAGE LEVEL
Figure 4.5.1 presents the energy not supplied per the different voltage levels in 2018 and Figure 4.5.2 summarises the energy
not supplied per the different voltage levels during 2009–2018. The values only account for faults and the caused ENS inside
each country’s own statistical area. Therefore, the presented values may differ to the values in Table 4.5.1.
Di
st
ri
but
i
ono
fENSa
cco
rdi
ngt
ovo
lt
agel
ev
eli
n20
18
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 1
00%
L
atv
ia 7
2% 2
8%
L
it
hua
nia 9
8%
T
ota
l 8
2% 1
8%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
00%
F
inl
and 9
9%
I
ce
la
nd 5
2% 4
8%
No
rwa
y 9
8%
Swe
den 7
7% 2
2%
T
ota
l 8
3% 1
6%
Gr
andT
ota
l 8
3% 1
6%
0
% 1
0% 2
0% 3
0% 4
0% 5
0% 6
0% 7
0% 8
0% 9
0% 1
00%
%o
fENSi
nsi
deo
wns
ta
ti
st
ic
ala
rea
1
00–1
50k
V 2
20–3
30k
V 3
80–4
20k
V
Figure 4.5.1: Percentage distribution of energy not supplied (ENS) per voltage level in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
It should be noted, that the ENS in this figure only includes ENS caused by faults inside the TSO's statistical area.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
edi
st
ri
but
i
ono
fENSa
cco
rdi
ngt
ovo
lt
agel
ev
el
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 9
9%
L
atv
ia 9
7%
L
it
hua
nia 9
7%
T
ota
l 9
8%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
00%
F
inl
and 9
4% 3
%
I
ce
la
nd 3
3% 6
7%
No
rwa
y 3
5% 7
% 5
8%
Swe
den 8
4% 1
3%
T
ota
l 5
2% 1
6% 3
2%
Gr
andT
ota
l 5
3% 1
6% 3
1%
0
% 1
0% 2
0% 3
0% 4
0% 5
0% 6
0% 7
0% 8
0% 9
0% 1
00%
%o
fENSi
nsi
deo
wns
ta
ti
st
ic
ala
rea
1
00–1
50k
V 2
20–3
30k
V 3
80–4
20k
V
Figure 4.5.2: Average percentage distribution of Energy not supplied per voltage level during 2009–2018 in the Nordic coun-
tries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. It should be noted, that the ENS in this figure only includes
ENS caused by faults inside the TSO's statistical area.

European Network of
for Electricity
4.6. ENERGY NOT SUPPLIED DISTRIBUTED PER COMPONENT
4.6 Energy not supplied distributed per component

Table 4.6.1 presents the distribution of energy not supplied per installation. The sum of the ENS divided per installation may
not be exactly 100 % because all the ENS is not always connected with a cause. Table 4.6.2 shows the distribution of energy
not supplied per component in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018, and Table 4.6.3 show the respective average values
for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for the period 2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania.
Table 4.6.1: Energy not supplied (ENS) due to faults in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018 and the average during
2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. Additionally, ENS divided by
installation type is presented for the Nordic countries and Estonia for the period 2009–2018 and for the period 2012–2018
for Latvia and Lithuania. It should be noted, that the sum of the ENS divided per installation may not be exactly 100 %
because all the ENS is not always connected with a cause. Furthermore, some countries register the total amount of energy
not supplied in a disturbance in terms of the primary fault. Therefore, the data is not necessarily comparable. The ENS in this
table includes ENS caused by faults outside the TSOs statistical area.
ENS (MWh) Average ENS (%) per installation during 2009–2018

2009– Substation Compensation
Country 2018 2018 Lines components devices Other
Estonia 29.5 173.4 59 % 17 % 2% 23 %
Latvia1 63.0 86.9 65 % 35 % 0% 0%
Lithuania1 34.1 40.0 51 % 47 % 0% 2%
Baltic total 126.6 300.3 60 % 26 % 1% 13 %
Denmark 11.7 27.0 3% 91 % 1% 6%
Finland 147.2 374.1 61 % 28 % 1% 10 %
Iceland 475.6 925.4 21 % 60 % 0% 19 %
Norway 588.6 3493.6 70 % 29 % 0% 0%
Sweden 1384.6 1884.8 39 % 56 % 0% 5%
Nordic total 2607.6 6704.8 54 % 41 % 0% 5%
Nordic & Baltic 2734.1 7005.1 54 % 40 % 0% 5%

24
|
Per
cent
agedi
st
ri
but
i
onofENSperHVACcomponenti
n2018
Ba
lt
ic No
rdi
c
Re
gio
n R
egi
on No
rdi
c&
E
s t
oni
a Lat
vi
aLi
t
huan
ia tot
al De
nmark F
inl
and I
ce
la
nd Nor
way S
weden to
tal Bal
t
ic
L
ine
s Cabl
es 0% 0% 6% 2% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 1% 1%
Over
headli
nes 10% 32% 11% 21% 0% 23% 1% 10% 49% 30% 29%
To
tal 10% 32% 17% 23% 0% 23% 1% 14% 49% 31% 30%
for Electricity
Sub
sta
ti
on Busba
rs 0% 1% 0% 1% 96% 9% 0% 4% 0% 2% 2%
European Network of
co
mponent
s Ci
rcui
tbrea
kers 1% 1% 48% 14% 0% 0% 0% 15% 3% 5% 6%
Commo nanci
ll
ar
yequi
pment 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 29% 0% 7% 6%
Cont
rolequ
ipment 11% 53% 4% 30% 0% 3% 5% 22% 18% 15% 16%
Di
sconnect
or
sandeart
hcon
nect
or
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1%
I
nstr
umenta
ltr
ansf
ormer
s 1% 0% 2% 1% 0% 15% 0% 1% 10% 7% 6%
Ot
herhi
g hvol
ta
geappl
ia
nce
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 2% 2% 2%

Powert
rans
for
me r
s 15% 12% 0% 9% 4% 14% 0% 1% 3% 2% 3%
Sur
gearr
est
ersandspa
rkga
ps 0% 0% 14% 4% 0% 0% 4% 1% 10% 6% 6%
Tot
al 28% 67% 69% 59% 100% 41% 10% 76% 47% 46% 47%
Compen
sat
i
on Rea
cto
rs 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
de
vic
es Ser
ie
scapaci
t
o r
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Shun
tcapac
it
ors 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SVCandsta
tcom 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Syn
chro
n o
usc o
mp e
nsat
or
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Tot
al 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Ot
her Adj
oi
ninggr
id 63% 0% 14% 18% 0% 36% 89% 0% 4% 21% 21%
Sy
ste
mfa
ult
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 2% 2%
To
tal 63% 0% 14% 18% 0% 36% 89% 10% 4% 23% 23%
Table 4.6.2: Percentage distribution of energy not supplied per HVAC component in 2018 each Nordic and Baltic country. It should be noted that some countries register the
total amount of energy not supplied in a disturbance in terms of the primary fault. Therefore, the data is not necessarily comparable.
10-
yearaver
agedi
st
ri
but
i
onofENSperHVACcomponent
Ba
lt
ic No
rdi
c
Re
gio
n R
egi
on No
rdi
c&
E
ston
ia Lat
vi
aLi
t
huan
ia tot
al De
nma
rk F
inl
and I
ce
la
nd Nor
way S
wede
n to
tal Bal
t
ic
L
ine
s Cabl
es 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 2% 4% 2% 2%
Over
headli
nes 58% 65% 50% 59% 2% 61% 21% 68% 35% 52% 52%
To
tal 59% 65% 51% 59% 3% 61% 21% 70% 39% 54% 54%
Sub
sta
ti
on Busba
rs 1% 3% 1% 1% 50% 1% 0% 3% 2% 3% 3%
co
mponent
s Ci
rcui
tbrea
kers 2% 0% 8% 2% 6% 3% 33% 1% 3% 6% 6%
Commo nanci
ll
ar
yequi
pment 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Cont
rolequ
ipment 1% 23% 32% 10% 6% 10% 18% 8% 5% 9% 9%
Di
sconnect
or
sandeart
hcon
nect
or
s 0% 4% 1% 1% 8% 2% 0% 3% 1% 2% 2%
I
nstr
umenta
ltr
ansf
ormer
s 1% 0% 1% 1% 7% 4% 0% 2% 6% 3% 3%
Ot
herhi
g hvol
ta
geappl
ia
nce
s 8% 0% 0% 5% 0% 2% 5% 6% 31% 12% 12%
Powert
rans
for
me r
s 4% 5% 2% 4% 14% 3% 3% 3% 7% 4% 4%
Sur
gearr
est
ersandspa
rkga
ps 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 2% 0% 3% 1% 2% 2%
Tot
al 17% 35% 47% 24% 91% 28% 60% 29% 56% 41% 40%
Compen
sat
i
on Rea
cto
rs 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
de
vic
es Ser
ie
scapaci
t
o r
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Shun
tcapac
it
ors 2% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
SVCandsta
tcom 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Syn
chro
n o
usc o
mp e
nsat
or
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Tot
al 2% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Ot
her Adj
oi
ninggr
id 23% 0% 2% 15% 6% 9% 9% 0% 4% 3% 3%
Sy
ste
mfa
ult
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 2% 2%
To
tal 23% 0% 2% 15% 6% 10% 19% 0% 5% 5% 5%
for Electricity
European Network of
Table 4.6.3: Average percentage distribution of energy not supplied per HVAC component in during 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in
Latvia and Lithuania. It should be noted that some countries register the total amount of energy not supplied in a disturbance in terms of the primary fault. Therefore, the
data is not necessarily comparable.

|
25
European Network of
for Electricity
5 Secondary faults and disturbances with multiple faults
5 Secondary faults and disturbances with mul-

tiple faults
This chapter presents statistics about secondary faults, that is, faults that originate from primary faults. A term closely
related to secondary faults is disturbances with multiple faults. A disturbance with multiple faults occurs when a disturbance
has one or more secondary faults. The probability of a disturbance having more than one fault is significantly smaller than it
having only a single fault. However, these disturbances tend to cause more ENS partly because the main grids are designed to
withstand a single fault without degrading the performance. It may therefore be valuable to register and analyse secondary
faults separately.
Section 5.1 gives an overview of secondary. Section 5.2 presents secondary faults and their produced ENS distributed per
cause.
It should be noted, that this chapter is still new to this report and therefore under development. Therefore, only data for
2018 is presented as there is not enough historical data available. Average values and trend curves will be presented when
a sufficient amount of data about secondary faults has been collected.
5.1 Overview of secondary faults

Table 5.1.1 presents the number of faults, faults causing energy not supplied (ENS), total ENS (MWh) and the number of
secondary faults and amount of ENS (MWh) caused by them in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country. As can be seen, the
number of secondary faults and faults with ENS is significantly smaller than the total number of faults. Secondary faults
caused approximately 9 % of the total Nordic and Baltic ENS in 2018.
Table 5.1.1: The number of faults, faults causing ENS, total ENS (MWh) and the number of secondary faults and amount of
ENS (MWh) caused by them in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
Faults in 2018 Secondary faults in 2018

Country Count causing ENS ENS (MWh) Count ENS (MWh)
Estonia 119 45 29.5 8 0.3
Latvia 125 17 63.0 20 34.1
Lithuania 142 18 34.1 19 25.2
Baltic total 386 80 126.6 47 59.6
Denmark 46 3 11.7 3 0.3
Finland 315 55 147.2 9 48.2
Iceland 64 10 475.6 18 0.0
Norway 301 69 588.6 34 131.3
Sweden 376 157 1384.6 7 0.0
Nordic total 1102 294 2607.6 71 179.7
Nordic & Baltic 1488 374 2734.1 118 239.3

European Network of
for Electricity
5.2. SECONDARY FAULTS AND THEIR ENS DISTRIBUTED PER CAUSE
5.2 Secondary faults and their ENS distributed per cause

Table 5.2.1 presents the percentage distribution of secondary faults faults per cause in 2018. Table 5.2.2 presents the per-
centage distribution of energy not supplied (ENS), caused by secondary faults, per cause in 2018. As can be seen, over half
of the secondary faults were caused by operation and maintenance and technical equipment in 2018. However, the ENS
caused by secondary faults due to operation and maintenance and technical equipment only stand for approximately 25 %
of the ENS caused by secondary faults. The dominating cause of ENS due to secondary faults were other causes.
Table 5.2.1: Percentage distribution of secondary faults per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018.
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
fse
con
dar
yfa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18
Nu
mbe
rof
sec
ond
aryf
aul
t
spe
rca
use
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 0% 0% 0
% 75% 25
% 0
% 0%
L
atv
ia 0% 0% 0
% 35% 40
% 15% 10%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 0
% 2
1% 2
6% 1
6% 3
7%
To
tal 0
% 0
% 0
% 36% 3
2% 1
3% 1
9%
No
rdi
c Den
mark 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0% 0%
F
inl
and 1
1% 1
1% 0
% 3
3% 0
% 3
3% 1
1%
I
ce
la
nd 0% 0
% 0
% 1
7% 0
% 8
3% 0
%
No
rwa
y 2
1% 3
% 0
% 2
9% 2
4% 1
5% 9
%
Swede
n 1
4% 0
% 0
% 1
4% 4
3% 1
4% 1
4%
Tot
al 1
3% 3
% 0
% 2
8% 1
5% 3
4% 7%
Gr
andT
ota
l 8% 2
% 0
% 3
1% 2
2% 2
5% 1
2%
Table 5.2.2: Percentage distribution of ENS caused by secondary faults per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018.
Iceland and Sweden had no ENS caused by secondary faults in 2018.
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
fENSc
aus
edb
yse
con
dar
yfa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18
E
NS,
sec
ond
aryf
aul
t
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E
sto
nia 0% 0% 0
% 100% 0
% 0
% 0%
L
atv
ia 0
% 0
% 0
% 9
8% 2
% 0
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 0
% 4
% 8
3% 1
3% 0
%
To
tal 0
% 0
% 0
% 58% 3
6% 6
% 0
%
No
rdi
c Den
mark 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0% 0
%
No
rwa
y 0
% 0
% 0
% 3
% 0
% 9
7% 0
%
Swede
n 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
%
Tot
al 0
% 0
% 0
% 2
% 0
% 9
8% 0
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
6% 9
% 7
5% 0
%

European Network of
for Electricity
6 Faults in power system components
6 Faults in power system components

This chapter presents an overview of all faults in the Nordic and Baltic transmission grid. Furthermore, faults for each type
of power system component are presented. It should be noted, that the grid in each country contains a different set of
components. To keep the data comparable, the values have been scaled according to the length of the component type
or the amount of installed components in each country. Readers who need more detailed data should use the national
statistics published by the national regulators.
A component fault is defined as:
The inability of a component to perform its required function [4].
A fault in a component implies that the component is not able to perform its function properly. This may be caused by several
reasons, for example manufacturing defects or insufficient maintenance. In this report, the cause of a fault is defined as the
cause that has the most significant impact on the fault. The fault causes used in these statistics are presented in Chapter 1.4.1.
Furthermore, only faults resulting in a trip are reported.
Section 6.1 gives an overview of all faults registered in the component groups used in these statistics, followed by more
detailed statistics relating to each specific component group. Furthermore, the chapters present fault trends for each com-
ponent.
It should be noted, that some countries are not able to provide fault statistics on a component level because they do not
own those components. Therefore, some figures may be missing values. This is informed in the figure captions if relevant.
6.1 Overview of faults

This chapter presents an overview of fault in the Nordic and Baltic countries. This includes a a brief presentation of faults
and the ENS caused by them, a comparison of faults and disturbances and a summary of faults distributed according to the
type of the component.
One should take note of both the causes and consequences of the fault when analysing the fault frequencies of different
devices. Overhead lines, for example, normally have more faults than cables. On the other hand, cables normally have
considerably longer repair times than overhead lines. Furthermore, it should be noted that all countries do not own every
type of equipment in their network. For example, static VAR compensators (SVCs) or STATCOM installations do not exist
in every country. The distribution of the number of components can also vary from country to country, so one should
be careful when comparing countries. Note that statistics also include faults that begin outside the voltage range of the
statistics (typically from networks with voltages lower than 100 kV) but still influence the statistical area.
Table 6.1.1 presents the number of faults and the ENS caused by them in 2018 for each Nordic and Baltic country and the
average during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. Table 6.1.2
presents the number of faults and disturbances and their average ratio.

European Network of
for Electricity
6.1. OVERVIEW OF FAULTS
Table 6.1.1: Number of faults and amount of energy not supplied (ENS) in 2018 and their averages 2009–2018 in each Nordic
country and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
Number of faults ENS (MWh)

Country 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 119 209.1 29.5 173.4
Latvia1 125 152.9 63.0 86.9
Lithuania1 142 169.9 34.1 40.0
Baltic total 386 531.8 126.6 300.3
Denmark 46 62.5 11.7 27.0
Finland 315 461.0 147.2 374.1
Iceland 64 48.2 475.6 925.4
Norway 301 339.1 588.6 3493.6
Sweden 376 503.8 1384.6 1884.8
Nordic total 1102 1414.6 2607.6 6704.8
Nordic & Baltic 1488 1946.4 2734.1 7005.1
Table 6.1.2: Number of faults and grid disturbances in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country and the average during 2009–
2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. Furthermore, the average ratio
between faults and disturbances is shown.
Number of faults Disturbances Ratio

Country 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018 2009–2018
Estonia 119 209.1 111 204.8 1.0
Latvia1 125 152.9 110 140.0 1.1
Lithuania1 142 169.9 123 158.3 1.1
Baltic total 386 531.8 344 503.1 1.1
Denmark 46 62.5 43 55.7 1.1
Finland 315 461.0 308 439.2 1.0
Iceland 64 48.2 46 33.7 1.4
Norway 301 339.1 267 293.7 1.2
Sweden 376 503.8 369 490.1 1.0
Nordic total 1102 1414.6 1033 1312.4 1.1
Nordic & Baltic 1488 1946.4 1377 1815.5 1.1
Table 6.1.3 shows the distribution of faults per component in each Nordic and Baltic country in 2018, and Table 6.1.4 show
the respective average values for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for the period 2012–2018
for Latvia and Lithuania. The component groups used in these statistics are further described in the guidelines [1].

30
|
Per
cent
agedi
st
ri
but
i
onoff
aul
t
sperHVACcomponenti
n2018
Ba
lt
ic No
rdi
c
Re
gio
n R
egi
on No
rdi
c&
E
ston
ia Lat
vi
aLi
t
huan
ia tot
al De
nma
rk F
inl
and I
ce
la
nd Nor
way S
wede
n to
tal Bal
t
ic
L
ine
s Cabl
es 0% 0% 1% 0% 7% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Over
headli
nes 46% 65% 55% 56% 37% 79% 14% 46% 60% 58% 58%
To
tal 46% 65% 56% 56% 43% 80% 14% 47% 61% 59% 58%
for Electricity
Sub
sta
ti
on Busba
rs 3% 2% 1% 2% 9% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1%
European Network of
co
mponent
s Ci
rcui
tbrea
kers 6% 1% 4% 3% 7% 1% 6% 5% 2% 3% 3%
Commo nanci
ll
ar
yequi
pment 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1% 0%
Cont
rolequ
ipment 14% 14% 15% 15% 7% 6% 19% 27% 19% 17% 16%
Di
sconnect
or
sandeart
hcon
nect
or
s 4% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
I
nstr
umenta
ltr
ansf
ormer
s 2% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 0% 3% 2% 2%
Ot
herhi
g hvol
ta
geappl
ia
nce
s 2% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 2% 3% 2% 1% 1%

Powert
rans
for
me r
s 11% 4% 1% 5% 17% 6% 0% 3% 2% 4% 4%
Sur
gearr
est
ersandspa
rkga
ps 0% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Tot
al 41% 24% 23% 29% 41% 15% 31% 43% 30% 30% 30%
Compen
sat
i
on Rea
cto
rs 2% 0% 0% 1% 9% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1%
de
vic
es Ser
ie
scapaci
t
o r
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 0% 0% 1% 0%
Shun
tcapac
it
ors 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2% 0% 1% 1%
SVCandsta
tcom 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 5% 1% 2% 1%
Syn
chro
n o
usc o
mp e
nsat
or
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Tot
al 2% 0% 0% 1% 11% 3% 2% 8% 3% 4% 3%
Ot
her Adj
oi
ninggr
id 11% 10% 22% 15% 4% 2% 41% 0% 6% 5% 8%
Sy
ste
mfa
ult
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13% 3% 0% 2% 1%
To
tal 11% 10% 22% 15% 4% 2% 53% 3% 6% 7% 9%
Table 6.1.3: Percentage distribution of faults per HVAC component in 2018 each Nordic and Baltic country.
10-
yearaver
agedi
st
ri
but
i
onoff
aul
t
sperHVACcomponent
Ba
lt
ic No
rdi
c
Re
gio
n R
egi
on No
rdi
c&
E
ston
ia Lat
vi
aLi
t
huan
ia tot
al De
nma
rk F
inl
and I
ce
la
nd Nor
way S
wede
n to
tal Bal
t
ic
L
ine
s Cabl
es 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Over
headli
nes 64% 66% 68% 66% 46% 80% 38% 48% 60% 62% 63%
To
tal 64% 66% 69% 66% 52% 80% 38% 50% 61% 63% 64%
Sub
sta
ti
on Busba
rs 2% 1% 1% 1% 4% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1%
co
mponent
s Ci
rcui
tbrea
kers 3% 2% 5% 3% 5% 1% 5% 4% 2% 2% 3%
Commo nanci
ll
ar
yequi
pment 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Cont
rolequ
ipment 3% 14% 10% 8% 13% 8% 16% 18% 8% 11% 10%
Di
sconnect
or
sandeart
hcon
nect
or
s 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1%
I
nstr
umenta
ltr
ansf
ormer
s 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% 1% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1%
Ot
herhi
g hvol
ta
geappl
ia
nce
s 8% 0% 0% 4% 3% 2% 2% 12% 7% 6% 6%
Powert
rans
for
me r
s 5% 5% 1% 4% 7% 2% 4% 3% 6% 4% 4%
Sur
gearr
est
ersandspa
rkga
ps 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Tot
al 25% 24% 20% 23% 37% 14% 29% 44% 26% 27% 26%
Compen
sat
i
on Rea
cto
rs 1% 1% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1% 1%
de
vic
es Ser
ie
scapaci
t
o r
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 3% 2% 1%
Shun
tcapac
it
ors 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0%
SVCandsta
tcom 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 2% 2% 1%
Syn
chro
n o
usc o
mp e
nsat
or
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Tot
al 1% 1% 0% 1% 3% 2% 2% 6% 7% 5% 4%
Ot
her Adj
oi
ninggr
id 10% 10% 11% 10% 8% 4% 13% 0% 5% 4% 5%
Sy
ste
mfa
ult
s 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 19% 0% 1% 1% 1%
To
tal 10% 10% 11% 10% 8% 4% 31% 0% 6% 5% 6%
for Electricity
European Network of
Table 6.1.4: Average percentage distribution of faults per HVAC component in during 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and
Lithuania.

|
31
European Network of
for Electricity
6.2. FAULTS DISTRIBUTED PER CAUSE
6.2 Faults distributed per cause

This chapter presents faults according to cause, with the cause of a fault defined as the cause with the most considerable im-
pact. The used causes are lightning, other environmental causes, external influences, operation and maintenance, technical
equipment, other and unknown. The fault categories used are explained in more detail in Chapter 1.4.1.
Many faults caused by unknown reasons probably have their real cause in the categories other environmental cause and
lightning.
Table 6.2.1 presents faults per cause the year 2018 for each Nordic and Baltic country. Table 6.2.2 presents the respective
average values for the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
Table 6.2.1: Percentage distribution of faults per cause in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
F
aul
t
sac
cor
di
ngt
oca
usei
n20
18
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 10% 12% 11
% 22% 23
% 11% 12%
L
atv
ia 6
% 2
0% 2
3% 1
0% 1
0% 1
0% 2
0%
L
it
hua
nia 6
% 1
% 2
0% 1
0% 8
% 2
3% 3
1%
T
ota
l 7
% 1
1% 1
8% 1
4% 1
3% 1
5% 2
2%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 4
% 2
8% 4
6% 7
% 4
% 1
1%
F
inl
and 1
5% 2
5% 3
% 8
% 6
% 3
5% 9
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 5
% 0
% 1
3% 0
% 8
3% 0
%
No
rwa
y 2
1% 2
8% 3
% 1
9% 1
6% 9
% 5
%
Swe
den 3
9% 2
% 3
% 7
% 1
4% 9
% 2
7%
T
ota
l 2
3% 1
6% 4
% 1
3% 1
1% 2
0% 1
4%
Gr
andT
ota
l 1
9% 1
5% 7
% 1
3% 1
2% 1
9% 1
6%
Table 6.2.2: Average distribution of faults per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and during 2012–
2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
edi
st
ri
but
i
ono
ffa
ult
sac
cor
di
ngt
oca
use
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 10% 22% 5
% 16% 19
% 10% 18%
L
atv
ia 9
% 1
9% 2
2% 1
0% 1
2% 1
0% 1
7%
L
it
hua
nia 8
% 4
% 2
1% 8
% 8
% 1
3% 3
8%
T
ota
l 1
0% 1
6% 1
4% 1
3% 1
4% 1
1% 2
3%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
0% 1
0% 1
9% 2
0% 1
7% 1
1% 1
3%
F
inl
and 2
2% 2
5% 2
% 7
% 5
% 1
6% 2
3%
I
ce
la
nd 2
% 3
2% 2
% 9
% 1
8% 3
6% 0
%
No
rwa
y 2
0% 3
0% 2
% 1
4% 1
8% 1
1% 6
%
Swe
den 3
5% 4
% 2
% 8
% 1
5% 1
2% 2
5%
T
ota
l 2
5% 1
9% 2
% 1
0% 1
3% 1
4% 1
8%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
1% 1
8% 5
% 1
0% 1
3% 1
3% 1
9%

European Network of
for Electricity
6.2. FAULTS DISTRIBUTED PER CAUSE
Table 6.2.3 presents faults that caused ENS distributed by its cause for the year 2018. Table 6.2.4 presents the respective
average values during 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. All
Table 6.2.3: Percentage distribution of faults causing ENS per cause in 2018 in each Nordic and Baltic country.
F
aul
t
sca
usi
ngE
NSa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
usei
n20
18
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 9% 16% 7
% 22% 18
% 20% 9%
L
atv
ia 0
% 2
4% 1
8% 4
1% 1
2% 6
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 2
2% 3
9% 2
2% 1
7% 0
%
T
ota
l 5
% 1
4% 1
3% 3
0% 1
8% 1
6% 5
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 1
5% 9
% 4
% 4
% 1
5% 3
1% 2
4%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 1
0% 0
% 3
0% 0
% 6
0% 0
%
No
rwa
y 2
2% 2
6% 3
% 2
8% 7
% 1
0% 4
%
Swe
den 3
8% 1
% 2
% 9
% 1
3% 8
% 2
9%
T
ota
l 2
8% 9
% 2
% 1
4% 1
1% 1
5% 2
1%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
3% 1
0% 5
% 1
7% 1
3% 1
5% 1
8%
Table 6.2.4: Average distribution of faults causing ENS per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
edi
st
ri
but
i
ono
ffa
ult
sca
usi
ngE
NSa
cco
rdi
ngt
oca
use
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nalOp
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
ca
l
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s maint
ena
nce e
qui
pmen
t Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 4% 8% 1
1% 2
9% 2
1% 19% 8%
L
atv
ia 1
% 2
2% 1
5% 2
9% 2
6% 2
% 4
%
L
it
hua
nia 4
% 1
0% 3
4% 2
4% 1
5% 5
% 8
%
T
ota
l 3
% 1
2% 1
7% 2
8% 2
1% 1
2% 7
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 4
% 7
% 1
% 4
2% 2
4% 1
6% 7
%
F
inl
and 1
7% 1
5% 3
% 1
2% 8
% 1
4% 3
2%
I
ce
la
nd 4
% 4
3% 2
% 1
2% 1
7% 2
3% 1
%
No
rwa
y 2
2% 2
6% 2
% 1
8% 1
4% 1
2% 6
%
Swe
den 3
5% 3
% 2
% 1
1% 1
4% 9
% 2
7%
T
ota
l 2
5% 1
4% 2
% 1
3% 1
3% 1
2% 2
1%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
2% 1
3% 4
% 1
5% 1
4% 1
2% 1
9%

European Network of
for Electricity
6.3. FAULTS IN CABLES
6.3 Faults in cables

This section presents cable faults in 2018 and during 2009–2018 at the voltage levels 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Underground cables and overhead lines are the parts that make country wide power transmission possible in the transmis-
sions grids worldwide. Overhead lines are used more often than cables because they are easier and more economical to
install and repair. However, they are more prone to faults than underground cables.
Table 6.3.1 presents the installed length of cables in kilometres, the number of faults, the 10-year average number of faults
and the number of permanent faults in 2018. Table 6.3.2 presents the percentage distribution of faults faults per cause in
2018. Table 6.3.3 presents the respective average values for the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and
during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. The used causes are lightning, other environmental causes, external influences,
detail in Chapter 1.4.1. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
Figure 6.3.1, Figure 6.3.2 and Figure 6.3.3 present the 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV cable
faults per 100 km in each Nordic and Baltic country. Trend curves are used filter out the annual deviation and make it easier
to follow on trends and decide on whether actions have to be taken in the future.
Figure 6.3.4 presents the 5-year moving average of the permanent faults to number of faults ratio, for all voltage level ranges,
in each Nordic and Baltic country. Permanent faults are only recorded for cables and overhead lines.
Table 6.3.1: Number of units, faults and permanent faults in cables per voltage level in each Nordic and Baltic country. The
average number of faults is presented for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for the period
2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. Estonia, Iceland and Latvia had no faults in their cables in 2018. One unit of cable is
1 km.
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
s,f
aul
t
san
dpe
rma
nen
tfa
ult
sin2
018
,Ca
ble
s
1
00–
150k
V 2
20–
330k
V 3
80–4
20k
V
10
-yea
r Numb
erof 10
-yea
rNumberof 10
-yea
rNumberof
a
ver
age# pe
rman
ent a
ver
age# p
erma
nent a
ver
age# p
erma
nent
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s f
aul
ts #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s f
aul
t
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s f
aul
t
s
Ba
lt
ic Es
ton
ia 65 0 0.
2 0 0 0 0.
0 0 0 0 0.
0 0
L
atv
ia 8
2 0 0
.1 0 1
4 0 0
.1 0 0 0 0
.0 0
L
it
hua
nia 9
4 1 0
.1 1 0 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0
.0 0
T
ota
l 2
41 1 0
.1 1 1
4 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0
.0 0
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 1
,49
2 3 1
.6 3 1
64 0 0
.2 0 1
53 0 0
.1 0
F
inl
and 2
24 1 0
.6 1 0 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0
.0 0
I
ce
la
nd 1
23 0 0
.1 0 1 0 0
.0 0 0 0 0
.0 0
No
rwa
y 4
22 2 1
.7 2 9
8 0 0
.1 0 2
5 0 0
.5 0
Swe
den 5
24 1 1
.3 1 1
80 0 1
.4 0 1
5 3 0
.4 3
T
ota
l 2
,78
5 7 1
.0 7 4
43 0 0
.3 0 1
93 3 0
.2 3
Gr
andT
ota
l 3
,02
6 8 0
.7 8 4
57 0 0
.2 0 1
93 3 0
.1 3

European Network of
for Electricity
Table 6.3.2: Percentage distribution of faults in cables per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018. All voltage level
ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18,
Cab
les
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 0% 0% 0
% 0% 0
% 0% 0%
L
atv
ia 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
%
T
ota
l 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 6
7% 3
3% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
%
No
rwa
y 0
% 5
0% 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
0% 0
%
S
wed
en 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 7
5% 0
% 2
5%
T
ota
l 0
% 1
0% 2
0% 1
0% 3
0% 2
0% 1
0%
Gr
andT
ota
l 0
% 9
% 1
8% 9
% 3
6% 1
8% 9
%
Table 6.3.3: Average distribution of faults in cables per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and
during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and
380–420 kV.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
e%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
use
,Ca
ble
s,a
llv
olt
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
ca
l
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pmen
t Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 0% 0% 5
0% 0
% 5
0% 0% 0%
L
atv
ia 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 5
0% 0
% 5
0% 0
% 0
%
T
ota
l 0
% 0
% 3
8% 0
% 6
3% 0
% 0
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 1
1% 1
1% 7
1% 0
% 6
%
F
inl
and 0
% 0
% 0
% 2
7% 2
7% 2
7% 1
8%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
No
rwa
y 3
% 1
8% 5
% 8
% 3
3% 2
1% 1
3%
S
wed
en 4
% 0
% 4
% 4
% 6
7% 2
% 1
9%
T
ota
l 2
% 5
% 6
% 1
0% 5
4% 9
% 1
3%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
% 5
% 8
% 9
% 5
5% 8
% 1
3%

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin1
00–1
50k
VCa
ble
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
2
.2
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
2
.0 Av
era
ge
1
.8
1
.6
1
.4
10u
0 i
ns
t
1
.2
r
e
No
rwa
y
mb
Nu r
eof
fal
usp
t
1
.0
0
.8
0
.6 E
sto
nia
F
Si
n
wl
a
e
dn
ed
n
Av
era
ge
0
.4
Lat
vi
a
Denmar
k
Li
t
huani
a
0
.2
0
.0 I
ce
la
nd
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.3.1: 5-year moving average of faults per 100 km 100–150 kV cable in each Nordic and Baltic country.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin2
20–3
30k
VCa
ble
s Denma
rk
2
.6 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
2
.4 L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
2
.2
Av
era
ge
2
.0
1
.8
1
.6
L
atv
ia
is
t
1
.4
lsp
t r
e10u
0 n
Swe
den
fau
1
.2
mb
Nu r
eof
1
.0
0
.8
Av
era
ge
0
.6
0
.4
De
nma
rk
0
.2
L
it
Ih
u
c
ea
ln
a
ni
a
d
0
.0 Nor
way
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.3.2: 5-year moving average of faults per 100 km 220–330 kV cable in each Nordic and Baltic country. Estonia has
data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012. Furthermore, Estonia, Finland and Lithuania do not own
220–330 kV cables.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin3
80–4
20k
VCa
ble
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
Swe
den I
ce
la
nd
6
.5 L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
6
.0 Swe
den
Av
era
ge
5
.5
5
.0
4
.5
4
.0
10u
0 i
ns
t
3
.5
mbr
eof
fal
usp
t r
e
3
.0
Nu
2
.5
No
rwa
y
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
Av
era
ge
0
.5
De
nma
rk
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.3.3: 5-year moving average of faults per 100 km 380–420 kV cable in each Nordic and Baltic country. Estonia has data
since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012. 380–420 kV trend lines are missing for Estonia, Finland, Iceland,
Latvia and Lithuania because they do not own cables in the 380–420 kV voltage range, as can be seen from Table 6.3.1.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fpe
rma
nen
tfa
ult
ston
umb
ero
ffa
ult
sra
ti
o,Ca
ble
s Denma
rk
1
05% E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
Nor
way
1
00% SL
wa
t
e
dv
ei
a
n I
ce
la
nd
L
iF
t
hi
n
ul
a
an
nd
i
a
L
atv
ia
9
5% L
it
hua
nia
Av
era
ge
No
rwa
y
9
0% Swe
den
De
nma
rk Av
era
ge
8
5%
8
0%
7
5%
7
0%
6
5%
6
0%
aus
t
l
5
5%
s/u
smf
E
sto
nia
lt
5
0%
n
maet
nfu
a
4
5%
r
Pe
4
0%
3
5%
3
0%
2
5%
2
0%
1
5%
1
0%
5
%
0
% I
ce
la
nd
-
5%
1
996 1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.3.4: 5-year moving average of the permanent faults to number of faults ratio in each Nordic and Baltic country.
Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012.

European Network of
for Electricity
6.4. FAULTS ON OVERHEAD LINES
6.4 Faults on overhead lines

This section presents overhead line faults in 2018 and during 2009–2018 at the voltage levels 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and
380–420 kV. Overhead lines and underground cables are the backbone of the transmission grid, that make country wide
power transmission possible in the transmissions grids worldwide. Overhead lines are used more often than cables because
they are easier and more economical to install and repair. However, they are more prone to faults than underground cables.
Table 6.4.1 presents the installed length of overhead lines in kilometres, the number of faults, the 10-year average number of
faults and the number of permanent faults in 2018. Table 6.4.2 presents the percentage distribution of faults faults per cause
in 2018. Table 6.4.3 presents the respective average values for the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and
Figure 6.4.1, Figure 6.4.2 and Figure 6.4.3 present the 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV
overhead line faults per 100 km in each Nordic and Baltic country. Trend curves are used filter out the annual deviation and
make it easier to follow on trends and decide on whether actions have to be taken in the future.
Figure 6.4.4 presents the 5-year moving average of the permanent faults to number of faults ratio, for all voltage level ranges,
in each Nordic and Baltic country. Permanent faults are only recorded for cables and overhead lines.
Table 6.4.1: Number of units, faults and permanent faults in overhead lines, separated by voltage level, in each Nordic and
Baltic country. The average number of faults is presented for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and
for the period 2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. One unit of overhead line is 1 km.
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
s,f
aul
t
san
dpe
rma
nen
tfa
ult
sin2
018
,Ov
erh
eadl
i
nes
1
00–
150k
V 2
20–
330k
V 3
80–4
20k
V
10
-yea
r Numb
erof 10
-yea
rNumberof 10
-yea
rNumberof
a
ver
age# pe
rman
ent a
ver
age# p
erma
nent a
ver
age# p
erma
nent
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y #uni
ts #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s f
aul
ts #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s f
aul
t
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s f
aul
t
s
Ba
lt
ic Es
ton
ia 3
,42
4 51 59.
9 8 1,
859 4 14.
3 0 0 0 0.
0 0
L
atv
ia 3
,81
8 7
2 4
5.5 3
2 1
,33
3 1
1 1
0.0 0 0 0 0
.0 0
L
it
hua
nia 4
,97
2 7
1 5
1.8 7 1
,75
9 6 1
2.0 0 1
03 1 0
.6 1
T
ota
l 1
2,2
14 1
94 5
3.3 4
7 4
,95
1 2
1 1
2.4 0 1
03 1 0
.2 1
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 2
,80
9 1
6 1
2.5 1 6
5 0 0
.4 0 1
,36
1 1 3
.2 0
F
inl
and 1
3,9
20 2
32 1
71.
5 2
4 1
,60
5 1
3 1
5.0 7 5
,92
7 6 9
.8 1
I
ce
la
nd 1
,24
8 4 7
.6 2 8
57 5 3
.0 4 0 0 0
.0 0
No
rwa
y 1
0,7
36 8
4 4
6.0 2
4 5
,35
5 2
1 3
9.4 6 3
,26
6 3
3 3
2.8 0
Swe
den 1
4,7
10 1
54 1
14.
9 8 4
,02
8 4
2 3
1.6 2 1
0,5
64 3
1 3
7.1 2
T
ota
l 4
3,4
23 4
90 7
0.5 5
9 1
1,9
09 8
1 1
7.9 1
9 2
1,1
18 7
1 1
6.6 3
Gr
andT
ota
l 5
5,6
37 6
84 6
4.9 1
06 1
6,8
60 1
02 1
6.1 1
9 2
1,2
21 7
2 1
1.3 4

European Network of
for Electricity
Table 6.4.2: Percentage distribution of faults in overhead lines per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018. All voltage
level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18,
Ove
rhe
adl
i
nes
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 22% 24% 18
% 13% 5
% 0% 18%
L
atv
ia 8
% 3
0% 3
4% 0
% 0
% 0
% 2
8%
L
it
hua
nia 1
2% 3
% 3
6% 1
% 1
% 1
% 4
6%
T
ota
l 1
3% 1
9% 3
1% 4
% 2
% 0
% 3
2%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 5
9% 1
2% 6
% 0
% 2
4%
F
inl
and 1
8% 3
1% 3
% 1
% 2
% 3
4% 1
1%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 3
3% 0
% 0
% 0
% 6
7% 0
%
No
rwa
y 4
3% 5
0% 1
% 2
% 0
% 1
% 2
%
S
wed
en 6
0% 0
% 3
% 2
% 1
% 0
% 3
3%
T
ota
l 3
8% 2
4% 4
% 2
% 1
% 1
5% 1
7%
Gr
andT
ota
l 3
2% 2
2% 1
1% 2
% 1
% 1
1% 2
1%
Table 6.4.3: Average distribution of faults in overhead lines per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia
and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV
and 380–420 kV.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
e%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
use
,Ov
erh
eadl
i
nes
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
ca
l
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pmen
t Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 16% 32% 7
% 1
4% 6
% 0% 25%
L
atv
ia 1
4% 2
9% 2
9% 1
% 1
% 0
% 2
4%
L
it
hua
nia 1
2% 6
% 2
9% 2
% 3
% 1
% 4
8%
T
ota
l 1
4% 2
4% 1
9% 8
% 4
% 0
% 3
1%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 2
1% 1
6% 3
5% 4
% 0
% 1
% 2
3%
F
inl
and 2
7% 3
2% 1
% 2
% 1
% 1
3% 2
5%
I
ce
la
nd 6
% 8
0% 3
% 1
% 6
% 3
% 1
%
No
rwa
y 3
7% 5
4% 1
% 1
% 2
% 3
% 2
%
S
wed
en 5
2% 5
% 2
% 4
% 4
% 2
% 3
2%
T
ota
l 3
6% 2
7% 2
% 2
% 2
% 7
% 2
2%
Gr
andT
ota
l 3
1% 2
6% 7
% 4
% 2
% 5
% 2
5%

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin1
00–1
50k
VOv
erh
eadl
i
nes Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
5
.0 I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
4
.5
Av
era
ge
4
.0
3
.5
3
.0
of
fal
usp
t r
e10u
0 i
ns
t
2
.5
mb
Nu r
e
L
atv
ia
E
sto
nia
2
.0 F
inl
and
L
it
hua
nia
Av
era
ge
1
.5
I
ce
la
nd
Swe
den
1
.0 No
rwa
y
De
nma
rk
0
.5
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.4.1: 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV overhead line faults per 100 km in each Nordic and Baltic country. Estonia
has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin2
20–3
30k
VOv
erh
eadl
i
nes Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
1
.2 L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
.1
Av
era
ge
1
.0
De
nma
rk
0
.9
0
.8 No
rwa
y
L
atv
ia
s
t
0
.7
i
Swe
den
0u
0 n
Av
era
ge
al
usp
t r
e1
0
.6
f
F
inl
and
rof
L
it
hua
nia
mb
Nu e
I
ce
la
nd
0
.5
0
.4 E
sto
nia
0
.3
0
.2
0
.1
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin3
80–4
20k
VOv
erh
eadl
i
nes Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
2
.0 F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
1
.9
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
1
.8 Swe
den
Av
era
ge
1
.7
1
.6
1
.5
1
.4 No
rwa
y
L
it
hua
nia
1
.3
1
.2
0u
0 i
ns
t
1
.1
fal
usp
t r
e1
1
.0
mb
Nu r
eof
0
.9
0
.8
0
.7
0
.6
0
.5
Av
era
ge
0
.4
Swe
den
0
.3
0
.2 De
nmark
F
inl
and
0
.1
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012. 380–420 kV trend lines are missing for Estonia, Iceland
and Latvia because they do not own overhead lines in the 380–420 kV voltage range, as can be seen from Table 6.4.1.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fpe
rma
nen
tfa
ult
ston
umb
ero
ffa
ult
sra
ti
o,Ov
erh
eadl
i
nes Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
3
8%
F
inl
and
L
atv
ia I
ce
la
nd
3
6% L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
3
4% No
rwa
y
Swe
den
3
2% Av
era
ge
3
0%
2
8%
2
6%
2
4%
2
2%
a
mfus
t
l
2
0%
u
als/
t u
s
1
8%
r
Pe n
maet
nf
1
6% E
sto
nia
1
4%
No
rwa
y
1
2% L
it
hua
nia
Av
era
ge
1
0%
8
%
DF
i
e
nn
ml
a
an
rd
k
6
%
I
ce
la
nd
4
%
Swe
den
2
%
0
%
1
996 1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.4.4: 5-year moving average of the permanent faults to number of faults ratio in each Nordic and Baltic country.

European Network of
for Electricity
6.5. FAULTS IN CIRCUIT BREAKERS
6.5 Faults in circuit breakers

This section presents circuit breaker faults in 2018 and during 2009–2018 at the voltage levels 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and
380–420 kV. Circuit breakers are used to protect the grid when it is experiencing faults. When functioning correctly, they
break the power flow to the faulty part of the grid, thereby isolating the fault and preventing an outage from spreading further
into the grid. Therefore, it is essential to keep the circuit breakers in good working condition.
Table 6.5.1 presents the number of installed circuit breakers, the number of faults, the 10-year average number of faults
and the number of permanent faults in 2018. Table 6.5.2 presents the percentage distribution of faults faults per cause in
2018. Table 6.5.3 presents the respective average values for the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and
Figure 6.5.1, Figure 6.5.2 and Figure 6.5.3 present the 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV circuit
breaker faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic country. Trend curves are used filter out the annual deviation and
make it easier to follow on trends and decide on whether actions have to be taken in the future.
Table 6.5.1: Number of units and faults in circuit breakers, separated by voltage level, in each Nordic and Baltic country. The
average number of faults is presented for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for the period
2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. One unit of circuit breaker is 1 device.
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
dfa
ult
sin2
018
,Ci
r
cui
tbr
eak
ers
1
00–1
50k
V 2
20–
330k
V 3
80–
420k
V
10
-yea
r 10
-yea
r 10
-yea
r
a
ver
age# a
ver
age# a
ver
age#
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s
Ba
lt
ic Es
ton
ia 615 5 4.
7 114 2 2.
0 0 0 0.
0
L
atv
ia 6
11 1 2
.4 9
9 0 0
.1 0 0 0
.0
L
it
hua
nia 8
76 4 7
.4 1
13 1 0
.7 5 0 0
.0
T
ota
l 2
,10
2 1
0 4
.8 3
26 3 1
.1 5 0 0
.0
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 9
74 1 2
.5 1
6 0 0
.0 2
25 2 0
.5
F
inl
and 2
,21
0 1 4
.1 7
4 0 0
.2 3
49 1 0
.6
I
ce
la
nd 1
76 2 1
.8 8
0 2 0
.7 0 0 0
.0
No
rwa
y 2
,49
1 5 8
.6 7
30 6 4
.3 4
53 5 2
.3
Swe
den 2
,57
6 4 3
.6 3
37 2 1
.3 6
49 3 3
.7
T
ota
l 8
,42
7 1
3 4
.1 1
,23
7 1
0 1
.3 1
,67
6 1
1 1
.4
Gr
andT
ota
l 1
0,5
29 2
3 4
.4 1
,56
3 1
3 1
.2 1
,68
1 1
1 1
.0

European Network of
for Electricity
Table 6.5.2: Percentage distribution of faults in circuit breakers per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018. All
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18,
Cir
cui
tbr
eak
ers
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 0% 0% 0
% 14% 57
% 0% 29%
L
atv
ia 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
%
T
ota
l 0
% 0
% 0
% 8
% 7
7% 0
% 1
5%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
0% 5
0% 0
% 0
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
%
No
rwa
y 6
% 6
% 0
% 3
1% 5
0% 0
% 6
%
S
wed
en 2
2% 0
% 0
% 1
1% 5
6% 0
% 1
1%
T
ota
l 9
% 3
% 0
% 2
9% 4
1% 1
2% 6
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 6
% 2
% 0
% 2
3% 5
1% 9
% 9
%
Table 6.5.3: Average distribution of faults in circuit breakers per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia
and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
e%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
use
,Ci
r
cui
tbr
eak
ers
,al
lvo
lt
age
l
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Co unt
ry L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E st
oni
a 1% 0% 0
% 9% 81
% 0% 9%
Lat
vi
a 0% 0% 6
% 6% 89
% 0% 0%
Li
th
u a
nia 2% 0% 4
% 30% 40
% 5% 19%
Tot
al 1% 0% 2
% 17% 65
% 2% 12%
No
rdi
c De nmar
k 0% 0% 0
% 70% 27
% 0% 3%
Fi
nl
and 6% 2% 2
% 20% 35
% 10% 24%
I
cel
and 0% 8% 4
% 16% 56
% 16% 0%
Nor
way 3% 2% 2
% 42% 30
% 7% 15%
Sweden 12% 1% 1
% 13% 65
% 0% 8%
Tot
al 5% 2% 2
% 32% 41
% 6% 13%
Gr
andTo
tal 4% 1% 2
% 28% 48
% 5% 12%

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin1
00–1
50k
VCi
r
cui
tbr
eak
ers Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
1
.5 F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
1
.4 L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
.3 Av
era
ge
1
.2
E
sto
nia
I
cel
and
1
.1
1
.0
0
.9
r
e10u
0 i
ns
t
0
.8
mbr
eof
fal
usp
t
0
.7
Nu
0
.6
L
it
hua
nia
0
.5 L
atv
ia
No
rwa
y
0
.4 Av
era
ge
De
nma
rk
0
.3
0
.2 Swe
den
Fi
nl
and
0
.1
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.5.1: 5-year moving average of faults per 100 devices of 100–150 kV circuit breakers in each Nordic and Baltic country.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin2
20–3
30k
VCi
r
cui
tbr
eak
ers Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
7
.0
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
6
.5
Swe
den
Av
era
ge
6
.0
5
.5
5
.0
4
.5
is
t
4
.0
l
usp
t r
e10u
0 n
3
.5 E
sto
nia
mb
Nu r
eof
fa
3
.0
2
.5
2
.0
1
.5
I
ce
la
nd
1
.0
Aver
age
L
it
h
Nu
o
ra
wn
i
aa
y
0
.5
Swe
den
L
atv
ia
0
.0 De
nmark
F
inl
and
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.5.2: 5-year moving average of faults per 100 devices of 220–330 kV circuit breakers in each Nordic and Baltic country.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin3
80–4
20k
VCi
r
cui
tbr
eak
ers Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
2
.6 F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
2
.4
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
2
.2 Av
era
ge
2
.0
1
.8
1
.6
0ui
ns
t
1
.4
of
fal
usp
t r
e10
1
.2
mb
Nu r
e
1
.0
0
.8
No
rwa
y
0
.6
S
Aw
v
ee
d
re
a
gn
e
0
.4
De
nma
rk
0
.2
F
inl
and
L
it
hua
nia
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.5.3: 5-year moving average of faults per 100 devices of 380–420 kV circuit breakers in each Nordic and Baltic
country. Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012. 380–420 kV trend lines are missing for
Estonia, Iceland, Latvia and Lithuania because they do not own circuit breakers in the 380–420 kV voltage range, as can be
seen from Table 6.5.1.

European Network of
for Electricity
6.6. FAULTS IN CONTROL EQUIPMENT
6.6 Faults in control equipment

This section presents control equipment faults in 2018 and during 2009–2018 at the voltage levels 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV
and 380–420 kV. Control equipment are the components that help the grid owner to monitor their power grid. However,
control equipment integrated in other components are not included in this category.
For control equipment, it is important to distinguish between faults in technical equipment and faults made by human
errors. Human errors include, for example, erroneous settings in an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED). In these statistics,
human errors are registered under operation and maintenance, separated from the category technical equipment.
In apparatus where the control equipment is integrated, which is typical for SVCs, there is an uncertainty whether faults
are registered in the control equipment or in the actual apparatus. When the control equipment is integrated in another
installation, faults should normally be categorised as faults in the installation and not in the control equipment. However,
this definition is not yet fully applied in all countries.
Table 6.6.1 presents the number of installed control equipment, the number of faults, the 10-year average number of faults
and the number of permanent faults in 2018.
Table 6.6.2 presents the percentage distribution of faults faults per cause in 2018. Table 6.6.3 presents the respective average
values for the period 2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. The used
causes are lightning, other environmental causes, external influences, operation and maintenance, technical equipment,
other and unknown. The fault categories used are explained in more detail in Chapter 1.4.1. All voltage level ranges have
been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
control equipment faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic country. Trend curves are used filter out the annual
deviation and make it easier to follow on trends and decide on whether actions have to be taken in the future.
Table 6.6.1: Number of units and faults in control equipment per voltage level in each Nordic and Baltic country. The average
number of faults is presented for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for the period 2012–2018
for Latvia and Lithuania. One unit of control equipment is 1 device.
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
dfa
ult
sin2
018
,Co
ntr
ole
qui
pme
nt
1
00–1
50k
V 2
20–
330k
V 3
80–
420k
V
10
-yea
r 10
-yea
r 10
-yea
r
a
ver
age# a
ver
age# a
ver
age#
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s
Ba
lt
ic Es
ton
ia 615 14 5.
7 114 3 0.
9 0 0 0.
0
L
atv
ia 6
11 1
3 1
8.3 9
9 5 3
.0 0 0 0
.0
L
it
hua
nia 8
76 1
2 1
3.4 1
13 1
0 3
.0 5 0 0
.0
T
ota
l 2
,10
2 3
9 1
1.6 3
26 1
8 2
.1 5 0 0
.0
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 9
74 3 6
.2 1
6 0 0
.1 2
25 0 1
.7
F
inl
and 2
,21
0 1
3 2
6.6 7
4 2 2
.8 3
49 4 7
.0
I
ce
la
nd 1
76 5 4
.6 8
0 7 3
.3 0 0 0
.0
No
rwa
y 2
,49
1 4
3 2
8.8 7
30 2
1 1
9.0 4
53 1
7 1
2.1
Swe
den 2
,57
6 3
4 1
1.5 3
37 2
3 9
.8 6
49 1
5 2
0.1
T
ota
l 8
,42
7 9
8 1
5.5 1
,23
7 5
3 7
.0 1
,67
6 3
6 8
.2
Gr
andT
ota
l 1
0,5
29 1
37 1
4.3 1
,56
3 7
1 5
.4 1
,68
1 3
6 5
.5

European Network of
for Electricity
Table 6.6.2: Percentage distribution of faults in control equipment per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018. All
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18,
Con
tr
ole
qui
pme
nt,
all
vol
t
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 0% 0% 0
% 71% 24
% 0% 6%
L
atv
ia 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
6% 3
1% 0
% 1
3%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
0% 1
4% 5
% 3
2%
T
ota
l 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
8% 2
2% 2
% 1
8%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00% 0
% 0
% 0
%
F
inl
and 0
% 5
% 0
% 6
8% 1
6% 1
1% 0
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 5
8% 0
% 4
2% 0
%
No
rwa
y 1
% 5
% 7
% 4
8% 2
5% 7
% 6
%
S
wed
en 6
% 6
% 0
% 2
2% 4
3% 7
% 1
7%
T
ota
l 3
% 5
% 3
% 4
2% 2
9% 1
0% 9
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
% 4
% 2
% 4
5% 2
7% 8
% 1
1%
Table 6.6.3: Average distribution of faults in control equipment per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and
Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
e%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
use
,Co
ntr
ole
qui
pme
nt,
all
vol
t
age
l
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Co unt
ry L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E st
oni
a 0% 0% 0
% 47% 47
% 0% 6%
Lat
vi
a 0% 1% 1
% 49% 41
% 1% 7%
Li
th
u a
nia 0% 0% 8
% 40% 16
% 5% 31%
Tot
al 0% 0% 3
% 45% 33
% 2% 16%
No
rdi
c De nmar
k 5% 4% 5
% 49% 25
% 8% 5%
Fi
nl
and 1% 1% 1
% 54% 22
% 7% 14%
I
cel
and 0% 1% 0
% 38% 51
% 10% 0%
Nor
way 2% 5% 3
% 45% 30
% 10% 5%
Sweden 1% 4% 0
% 28% 54
% 5% 8%
Tot
al 1% 3% 2
% 42% 35
% 8% 8%
Gr
andTo
tal 1% 3% 2
% 43% 35
% 7% 9%

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin1
00–1
50k
VCo
ntr
ole
qui
pme
nt Denma
rk
6
.0 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
5
.5 L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
5
.0 Av
era
ge
4
.5
4
.0
3
.5
10u
0 i
ns
t
I
ce
lan
d
r
3
.0
e
La
tv
ia
mb
Nu r
eof
fal
usp
t
2
.5
2
.0
L
it
h
Eu
s
ta
on
i
n
ia
a
1
.5 No
rwa
y
Av
era
ge
1
.0
Denmar
k
Swed
en
Fi
nla
nd
0
.5
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.6.1: 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV control equipment faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic
country. Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin2
20–3
30k
VCo
ntr
ole
qui
pme
nt Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
1
8 F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
1
7
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
1
6 Swe
den
Av
era
ge
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
is
t
1
0
spr
e10u
0 n
9
mbr
eof
fal
ut
8
Nu
6 I
ce
la
nd
Swe
den
4
L
ith
uani
a
Lat
vi
a
Avera
ge
3 Nor
way
2
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
1
0 De
nma
rk
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin3
80–4
20k
VCo
ntr
ole
qui
pme
nt Denma
rk
1
7 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
1
6
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
1
5 No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
4 Av
era
ge
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
0
i
ns
t
9
lsp
t r
e10u
0
8
mb
Nu r
eof
fau
5
No
rwa
y
4 Swe
den
Av
era
ge
2
De
nmark
F
inl
and
1
L
it
hua
nia
0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
country. Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012. 380–420 kV trend lines are missing
for Estonia, Iceland and Latvia because they do not own control equipment in the 380–420 kV voltage range, as can be seen
from Table 6.6.1.

European Network of
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6.7. FAULTS IN INSTRUMENTAL TRANSFORMERS
6.7 Faults in instrumental transformers

This section presents instrumental transformer faults in 2018 and during 2009–2018 at the voltage levels 100–150 kV, 220–
330 kV and 380–420 kV. Instrumental transformers provide the necessary power to metering and protection devices in the
power grid. These, in turn, trigger the necessary protection relays when needed and allow the grid owner to monitor the
state of the system. Both current and voltage transformers are included in instrumental transformers.
Table 6.7.1 presents the number of installed instrumental transformers, the number of faults, the 10-year average number of
instrumental transformer faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic country. Trend curves are used filter out the
annual deviation and make it easier to follow on trends and decide on whether actions have to be taken in the future.
Table 6.7.1: Number of units and faults in instrumental transformers per voltage level in each Nordic and Baltic country.
The average number of faults is presented for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for the period
2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. One unit of instrumental transformer is 1 device.
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
dfa
ult
sin2
018
,In
str
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s
1
00–1
50k
V 2
20–
330k
V 3
80–
420k
V
10
-yea
r 10
-yea
r 10
-yea
r
a
ver
age# a
ver
age# a
ver
age#
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y #uni
ts #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s #u
nit
s #f
aul
t
s fa
ult
s
Ba
lt
ic Es
ton
ia 2
,88
4 2 0.
9 785 0 0.
6 0 0 0.
0
L
atv
ia 2
,28
9 3 0
.9 3
96 0 0
.1 0 0 0
.0
L
it
hua
nia 3
,21
9 1 0
.9 6
57 0 0
.4 2
7 0 0
.0
T
ota
l 8
,39
2 6 0
.9 1
,83
8 0 0
.4 2
7 0 0
.0
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 2
,92
2 1 1
.5 4
8 0 0
.1 6
75 0 0
.4
F
inl
and 7
,54
3 4 2
.6 4
34 0 0
.1 2
,01
0 1 0
.2
I
ce
la
nd 6
11 1 0
.1 4
44 0 0
.0 0 0 0
.0
No
rwa
y 7
,76
8 1 3
.4 2
,80
5 0 1
.9 9
30 0 1
.5
Swe
den 2
,44
7 1
0 4
.0 1
,61
6 0 0
.2 3
,43
8 0 1
.8
T
ota
l 2
1,2
91 1
7 2
.3 5
,34
7 0 0
.5 7
,05
3 1 0
.8
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
9,6
83 2
3 1
.9 7
,18
5 0 0
.4 7
,08
0 1 0
.5

European Network of
for Electricity
Table 6.7.2: Percentage distribution of faults in instrumental transformers per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in
2018. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
%dis
tr
ib
uti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18,
Ins
tr
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s,a
llv
olt
age
l
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Co unt
ry L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Oth
er Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E st
oni
a 0% 0% 0
% 50% 50
% 0% 0%
Lat
vi
a 0% 0% 0
% 0% 100% 0% 0%
Li
th
u a
nia 0% 0% 0
% 100% 0
% 0% 0%
Tot
al 0% 0% 0
% 33% 67
% 0% 0%
No
rdi
c De nmar
k 0% 0% 0
% 100% 0
% 0% 0%
Fi
nl
and 0% 0% 0
% 20% 60
% 20% 0%
I
cel
and 0% 0% 0
% 0% 0
% 1
00% 0%
Nor
way 0% 0% 0
% 0% 0
% 0% 100%
Sweden 20% 0% 0
% 0% 80
% 0% 0%
Tot
al 11% 0% 0
% 11% 61
% 11% 6%
Gr
andTo
tal 8% 0% 0
% 17% 63
% 8% 4%
Table 6.7.3: Average distribution of faults in instrumental transformers per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country
and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania.
1
0-ye
arav
era
ge%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
use
,In
str
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s,a
ll
v
olt
agel
ev
els
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Co unt
ry L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Oth
er Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E st
oni
a 0% 0% 0
% 13% 87
% 0% 0%
Lat
vi
a 0% 0% 0
% 0% 100% 0% 0%
Li
th
u a
nia 0% 0% 0
% 11% 89
% 0% 0%
Tot
al 0% 0% 0
% 10% 90
% 0% 0%
No
rdi
c De nmar
k 0% 0% 5
% 10% 65
% 5% 15%
Fi
nl
and 7% 0% 0
% 3% 62
% 10% 17%
I
cel
and 0% 0% 0
% 0% 0
% 1
00% 0%
Nor
way 13% 3% 1
% 19% 37
% 19% 7%
Sweden 7% 0% 2
% 7% 80
% 0% 5%
Tot
al 8% 1% 2
% 11% 58
% 10% 9%
Gr
andTo
tal 7% 1% 1
% 11% 63
% 9% 8%

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin1
00–1
50k
VIn
str
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
0
.21 F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
0
.20 L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
0
.19 No
rwa
y
Swe
den
0
.18 Av
era
ge
0
.17
0
.16
0
.15
0
.14
0
.13
0
.12 Swe
den
is
t
Est
oni
a
0un
De
nma
rk
0
0
.11
lsp
t r
e1
L
atv
ia
au
0
.10
mb
Nu r
eof
f
0
.09
0
.08 L
it
hua
nia
Av
era
ge
0
.07
0
.06
Fi
nl
and
0
.05 Nor
way
0
.04
I
ce
la
nd
0
.03
0
.02
0
.01
0
.00
-
0.
01
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.7.1: 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV instrumental transformer faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin2
20–3
30k
VIn
str
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
1
.8
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
1
.7 L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
.6
Av
era
ge
1
.5
1
.4
1
.3
1
.2
1
.1
i
ns
t
1
.0
spr
e10u
0
0
.9
mbr
eof
fal
ut
0
.8
Nu
0
.7
0
.6
0
.5
0
.4
E
sto
nia
0
.3
0
.2
0
.1 Lat
vi
a
L
ith
uani
a
Fi
nl
and
A v
e
Nor
ra
g
wae
y
DeI
c
ne
l
ma
n
ad
r
k
0
.0 Swede
n
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.7.2: 5-year moving average of 220–330 kV instrumental transformer faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and
Baltic country. Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012. Denmark's high values during
2007–2016 are caused by 1 fault in 2012, as can be seen in Figure 6.5.4. The values seem to be extreme because Denmark
owns significantly less instrumental transformers than the other countries.

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin3
80–4
20k
VIn
str
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s Denma
rk
0
.90 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
0
.85
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
0
.80 No
rwa
y
Swe
den
0
.75 Av
era
ge
0
.70
0
.65
0
.60
0
.55
0
.50
r10u
0 i
ns
t
0
.45
rof
fal
usp
t e
0
.40
mb
Nu e
0
.35
0
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De
nma
rk
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0
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Aw
v
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re
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F
inl
and
L
it
hua
nia
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1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.7.3: 5-year moving average of 380–420 kV instrumental transformer faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic
Estonia, Iceland and Latvia because they do not own instrumental transformers in the 380–420 kV voltage range, as can be
seen from Table 6.7.1.

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6.8. FAULTS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS
6.8 Faults in power transformers

This section presents power transformer faults in 2018 and during 2009–2018 at the voltage levels 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV
and 380–420 kV. Power transformers are essential when power needs to be transferred from where power is generated or
imported to where power is consumed or exported. They allow the grid owner to optimize the voltage level in order to
minimize transmission losses. The rated voltage of a power transformer is defined in these statistics as the winding with
the highest voltage, as stated in the guidelines in Section 6.2 [1].
Table 6.8.1 presents the number of installed of power transformers, the number of faults, the 10-year average number of
Figure 6.8.1, Figure 6.8.2 and Figure 6.8.3 present the 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV power
transformer faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic country. Trend curves are used filter out the annual deviation
and make it easier to follow on trends and decide on whether actions have to be taken in the future.
Table 6.8.1: Number of units, faults and permanent faults in power transformers per voltage level in each Nordic and Baltic
country. The average number of faults is presented for the period 2009–2018 for the Nordic countries and Estonia and for
the period 2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. Iceland had no faults in their power transformers in 2018. One unit of power
transformer is 1 device.
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
dfa
ult
sin2
018
,Po
wer
tr
ans
for
mer
s
1
00–1
50k
V 2
20–
330k
V 3
80–
420k
V
10
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r 10
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r 10
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r
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it
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Gr
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,77
1 4
3 6
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97 1
0 1
.7 2
77 6 0
.8

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for Electricity
Table 6.8.2: Percentage distribution of faults per cause in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2018. All voltage level ranges
have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
%d
ist
r
ibu
ti
ono
ffa
ult
spe
rca
usei
n20
18,
Powe
rtr
ans
for
mer
s,a
llv
olt
agel
ev
el
s
Ot
her
e
nvi
r
onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
era
ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Cou
ntr
y L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E s
ton
ia 0% 0% 8
% 23% 69
% 0% 0%
L
atv
ia 0
% 0
% 2
0% 4
0% 4
0% 0
% 0
%
L
it
hua
nia 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 1
00%
T
ota
l 0
% 0
% 1
1% 2
6% 5
8% 0
% 5
%
No
rdi
c De
nma
rk 0
% 2
5% 0
% 3
8% 2
5% 0
% 1
3%
F
inl
and 0
% 0
% 6
% 2
2% 6
% 6
7% 0
%
I
ce
la
nd 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
% 0
%
No
rwa
y 0
% 5
0% 0
% 0
% 3
8% 1
3% 0
%
S
wed
en 1
7% 0
% 0
% 5
0% 1
7% 0
% 1
7%
T
ota
l 3
% 1
5% 3
% 2
5% 1
8% 3
3% 5
%
Gr
andT
ota
l 2
% 1
0% 5
% 2
5% 3
1% 2
2% 5
%
Table 6.8.3: Average distribution of faults per cause during 2009–2018 in each Nordic country and Estonia and during 2012–
2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and 380–420 kV.
1
0-y
ear
ave
rag
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ist
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ti
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ult
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ans
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el
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onment
al Ex
ter
nal Op
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ti
onand Tec
hni
cal
Re
gio
ns Co unt
ry L
igh
tni
ng cau
ses i
nflu
ence
s ma int
ena
nce e
qui
pment Ot
her Un
kno
wn
Ba
lt
ic E st
oni
a 1% 3% 3
% 23% 69
% 0% 1%
Lat
vi
a 0% 0% 29
% 31% 37
% 0% 4%
Li
th
u a
nia 0% 0% 0
% 33% 33
% 0% 33%
Tot
al 1% 2% 11
% 26% 57
% 0% 4%
No
rdi
c De nmar
k 2% 23% 0
% 30% 34
% 5% 7%
Fi
nl
and 7% 2% 7
% 23% 23
% 24% 15%
I
cel
and 0% 17% 0
% 11% 72
% 0% 0%
Nor
way 7% 24% 1
% 15% 24
% 21% 9%
Sweden 21% 1% 2
% 22% 23
% 6% 26%
Tot
al 14% 8% 2
% 21% 26
% 11% 18%
Gr
andTo
tal 11% 6% 4
% 22% 33
% 9% 15%

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin1
00–1
50k
VPo
wer
tr
ans
for
mer
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
7
.5
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
7
.0
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
6
.5 Av
era
ge
6
.0
5
.5
5
.0
E
sto
nia
4
.5
0u
0 i
ns
t
4
.0
of
fal
usp
t r
e1
3
.5
r
e
I
ce
la
nd
mb
Nu
3
.0
Swe
den
2
.5
2
.0
Lat
vi
a
De
nmar
k
1
.5
Av
era
ge
1
.0
F
inl
and
0
.5 No
rwa
y
L
it
hua
nia
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Figure 6.8.1: 5-year moving average of 100–150 kV power transformer faults per 100 devices in each Nordic and Baltic

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Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin2
20–3
30k
VPo
wer
tr
ans
for
mer
s Denma
rk
1
8 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
1
7 I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
1
6 No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
5 Av
era
ge
1
4
1
3
E
sto
nia
1
2
1
1
1
0
r10u
0 i
ns
t
9
of
fal
usp
t e
8
mb
Nu r
e
L
atv
ia
7
I
ce
la
nd
6
5
Swe
den
F
inl
and
3 Denmar
k
Av
era
ge
2
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
ffa
ult
sin3
80–4
20k
VPo
wer
tr
ans
for
mer
s Denma
rk
6
.5 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
6
.0
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
5
.5
De
nma
rk Av
era
ge
5
.0
4
.5
4
.0
is
t
3
.5
fal
usp
t r
e10u
0 n
3
.0
mb
Nu r
eof
2
.5 Av
era
ge
Swe
den
2
.0 F
inl
and
No
rwa
y
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
1
998 2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
E
ndy
ear
ofmo
vin
gwi
ndo
w
Estonia, Iceland, Latvia and Lithuania because they do not own power transformers in the 380–420 kV voltage range, as can
be seen from Table 6.8.1.

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6.9. FAULTS IN COMPENSATION DEVICES
6.9 Faults in compensation devices

The sections in this chapter present fault statistics for compensation devices. Compensation devices are used to reduce
reactive and capacitive power and for stabilizing voltage and frequency in the power system. The following compensation
devices are presented in this chapter: reactors, series capacitors, shunt capacitors and SVC devices. The statistics include
the number of devices and faults in 2018, number of faults per 100 devices and ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.
6.9.1 Faults in reactors

Reactors add reactance to the power grid and limit short circuit currents. Table 6.9.1 presents the number of reactors and
faults in 2018, the number of faults per 100 devices and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.
Table 6.9.1: Overview of reactor faults. This includes number of devices and the number of reactor faults in 2018, the number
of reactor faults per 100 devices and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.
Units Faults Faults per 100 devices ENS (MWh)

Country 2018 2018 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 26 2 7.69 8.73 0.0 0.0
Latvia2 17 0 0.00 6.19 0.0 0.0
Lithuania2 2 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Baltic total 45 2 4.44 6.41 0.0 0.0
Denmark 93 4 4.30 1.99 0.0 0.2
Finland1 72 0 0.00 0.28 0.0 1.0
Iceland 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Norway 36 0 0.00 2.22 0.0 0.0
Sweden 777 6 0.77 5.75 0.0 0.0
Nordic total 978 10 1.02 3.39 0.0 1.2
Nordic & Baltic 1023 12 1.17 3.68 0.0 1.2
1 In Finland, reactors compensating the reactive power of 380–420 kV lines are connected to the
20 kV tertiary winding of the 380–420/100–150/20 kV power transformers.

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6.9.2 Faults in series capacitors

Series capacitors compensate for the inductance created by long transmission lines. This reduces voltage drop and trans-
mission losses, increases the transmission capacity and improves voltage stability. Table 6.9.2 presents the number of series
capacitors and faults in 2018, the number of faults per 100 devices and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.
Table 6.9.2: Overview of series capacitor faults. This includes number of devices and the number of series capacitor faults
in 2018, the number of series capacitor faults per 100 devices and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.

Country 2018 2018 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 14 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Latvia1 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Lithuania1 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Baltic total 14 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Denmark 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Finland 11 5 45.45 57.73 0.0 1.9
Iceland 1 1 100.00 20.00 0.0 0.0
Norway 3 0 0.00 3.33 0.0 0.0
Sweden 9 1 11.11 152.38 0.0 0.0
Nordic total 24 7 29.17 90.50 0.0 1.9
Nordic & Baltic 38 7 18.42 85.55 0.0 1.9
6.9.3 Faults in shunt capacitors

Shunt capacitors provide the grid with reactive power to the grid, thus decreasing transmission losses and increasing trans-
mission capacity. Table 6.9.3 presents the number of shunt capacitors and faults in 2018, the number of faults per 100 devices
and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.

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Table 6.9.3: Overview of shunt capacitor faults. This includes number of devices and the number of shunt capacitor faults in
2018, the number of shunt capacitor faults per 100 devices and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.

Country 2018 2018 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 0 0 0.00 7.94 0.0 3.0
Latvia1 2 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Lithuania1 2 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Baltic total 4 0 0.00 6.02 0.0 3.0
Denmark 26 0 0.00 0.47 0.0 0.0
Finland 62 3 4.84 3.33 0.0 0.0
Iceland 13 0 0.00 5.93 0.0 0.0
Norway 194 5 2.58 1.86 0.0 0.0
Sweden 179 1 0.56 0.70 0.0 7.0
Nordic total 474 9 1.90 1.63 0.0 7.0
Nordic & Baltic 478 9 1.88 1.78 0.0 10.0
6.9.4 Faults in SVC devices

SVCs, or static VAR compensators, provide the power grid with fast and dynamic reactive power to stabilize the voltage
levels, the power factor and harmonics. However, SVC devices are often subjects to temporary faults. A typical fault is an
error in the computer of the control system that leads to the tripping of the circuit breaker of the SVC device. After the
computer is restarted, the SVC device works normally. This explains the high number of faults in SVC devices.
Table 6.9.4 presents the number of shunt capacitors and faults in 2018, the number of faults per 100 devices and the amount
of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.
Table 6.9.4: Overview of SVC device faults. This includes number of devices and the number of SVC faults in 2018, the
number of SVC faults per 100 devices and the amount of ENS in 2018 and 2009–2018.

Country 2018 2018 2018 2009–2018 2018 2009–2018
Estonia 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Latvia1 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
Lithuania1 11 0 0.00 2.68 0.0 0.0
Baltic total 11 0 0.00 2.68 0.0 0.0
Denmark 1 1 100.00 30.00 0.0 0.0
Finland 5 1 20.00 16.67 0.0 0.0
Iceland 2 0 0.00 16.67 0.0 0.0
Norway 25 15 60.00 85.56 0.0 0.0
Sweden 3 2 66.67 320.00 0.0 0.0
Nordic total 36 19 52.78 99.24 0.0 0.0
Nordic & Baltic 47 19 40.43 71.30 0.0 0.0

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REFERENCES
References
[1] DISTAC, “Guidelines for the Classification of Grid Disturbances above 100 kV.” https://docstore.entsoe.eu/
Documents/Publications/SOC/Nordic/HVAC_guidelines_2017_04_13.pdf, April 2017.
[2] ENTSO-E, “The ENTSO-E Interconnected System Grid Map 2019.” https://docstore.entsoe.eu/Documents/
Publications/maps/2019/Map_Northern-Europe-3.000.000.pdf. [Online; accessed 31.05.2019].
[3] DISTAC, “Nordic and Baltic HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics.” https://www.entsoe.eu/
publications/system-operations-reports/, September 2018.
[4] International Electrotechnical Commission, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, iec 60050-191:1990 ed. Note that
the IEC standard 60050-191 Dependability and quality of service was canceled on 27 April 2015. Since the statistics have
been prepared by using this defintion, it is used as a reference.

Appendices
70
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A Calculation of energy not supplied
A Calculation of energy not supplied
Every country calculates their energy not supplied (ENS) in their own way. This appendix describes how the calculations
are done.
In Denmark, the ENS of the transmission grid is calculated as the transformer load just before the grid disturbance or inter-
ruption multiplied by the outage duration. Transformer load covers load/consumption and generation at lower/medium
voltage.
In Estonia, ENS calculation is based on interruption time for the end user. When the outage duration is less than two
hours, ENS is calculated by cut-off power (measured straight before the outage) multiplied by the interruption time. When
the outage duration is more than two hours, the load data of previous or next day shall be taken into account and ENS is
calculated per these load profiles.
In Finland, the ENS in the transmission grid is counted for those faults that caused outage at the point of supply, which is the
high voltage side of the transformer. ENS is calculated individually for all connection points and is linked to the fault that
caused the outage. ENS is counted by multiplying the outage duration and the power before the fault. Outage duration is
the time that the point of supply is dead or the time until the delivery of power to the customer can be arranged via another
grid connection.
In Iceland, ENS is computed per the delivery from the transmission grid. It is calculated at the points of supply in the
220 kV or 132 kV systems. ENS is linked to the fault that caused the outage. In the data of the ENTSO-E Nordic and Baltic
statistics, ENS that was caused by the generation or distribution systems has been left out. In the distribution systems, the
outages in the transmission and distribution systems that affect the end user and ENS are also registered. Common rules
for registration of faults and ENS in all grids are used in Iceland.
In Latvia, the ENS is linked to the end user. This means that ENS is not counted as long as the end user receives energy
through the distribution grid. Note that the distribution grid is 100 % dependent of the TSO supply due to undeveloped
energy generation. The amount of ENS is calculated by multiplying the load before the outage occurred with the duration
of the outage.
In Lithuania energy not delivered (END) is treated as the energy not supplied (ENS). The END of the transmission grid is
calculated at the point of supply of the end customer. The point of supply means the low voltage side of the 110/35/10 kV or
110/10 kV transformer at the low voltage customer connection point. If an outage is in a radial 110 kV connection, END is
calculated by the distribution system operator (DSO), who considers the possibility to supply energy from the other 35 kV
or 10 kV voltage substations. The DSO then uses the average load before the outage and its duration in the calculations. All
events with the energy not supplied shall be investigated together with the DSO or Significant User directly connected to
110 kV network. Both parties shall agree and confirm the amounts of not supplied energy.
In Norway, ENS is referred to the end user. ENS is calculated at the point of supply that is located on the low voltage side of
the distribution transformer (1 kV) or in some other location where the end user is directly connected. All ENS is linked to
the fault that caused the outage. ENS is calculated per a standardized method that has been established by the authority.
In Sweden, the ENS of the transmission grid is calculated by using the outage duration and the cut-off power that was
detected at the instant when the outage occurred. Because the cut-off power is rarely registered, some companies multiply
the rated power at the point of supply by the outage duration.

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B Policies for examining the cause of line faults
B Policies for examining the cause of line faults

This appendix is added to explain the effort each TSO puts into finding the most probable cause of each disturbance.
In Denmark, the quality of data from disturbance recorders and other information that has been gathered is not always good
enough to pinpoint the cause of the disturbance. In this case it leads to a cause stated as unknown. It is also a fact that every
line fault is not inspected, which may lead to a cause stated as unknown.
In Estonia, the causes of line faults are found by inspections or by some identifying or highly probable signs. Fault location
is usually categorised as it is measured by disturbance recorders although the accuracy may vary a lot. The 110 kV lines
have many trips with a successful automatic reclosing at nights during summer months. The reasons were examined and it
was found out that stork contamination on insulators causes these flashovers. In these cases, the fault sites are not always
inspected. Elering has access to lightning detection system, which allows identifying the line faults caused by lightning. If
there are no signs referring to a certain cause, the reason for a fault is unknown.
In Finland, Fingrid Oyj changed the classification policy of faults in July 2011 and more effort is put into clarifying causes.
Even if the cause is not 100 % certain, but if the expert opinion is that the cause is for example lightning, the reported
cause will be lightning. Additionally, the category other environmental cause is used more often. Therefore, the number of
unknown faults has decreased.
In Iceland, disturbances in Landsnet‘s transmission system are classified into two categories: sudden disturbances in the
transmission network and sudden disturbances in other systems. Every month the listings for interference are analysed by
the staff of system operation and corrections are made to the data if needed. In 2016, Landsnet started to hold meetings
three times a year, with representatives from the asset management and maintenance department to review the registration
of interference and corrections made if the cause was something else than what was originally reported. This also leads to
a better understanding how disturbances are listed in the disturbance database for these parties.
In Latvia, disturbance recorders, relay protection systems, on-sight inspections and information from witnesses are used
to find the cause of a disturbance. If there is enough evidence for a fault cause, a disturbance will be counted as known.
Unfortunately, there are many cases ( for example lightning, other environmental causes or external influences), where it is
difficult to find the right cause. In those cases, we use our experience to pinpoint the most probable cause and mark it as
such.
In Lithuania, disturbances in the transmission system are mainly classified into two categories: disturbances that affected
the consumers (Significant users and the DSO) connected to the transmission network and disturbances that did not. All
disturbances are investigated per the internal investigation procedures of Litgrid. To detect line faults, TSO analyses the
data from disturbance recorders, relay protection terminals and the post-inspection of the line. Litgrid does not have access
to the data of the lightning detection system.
In Norway, primarily for these statistics, the reporting TSO needs to distinguish between six fault categories and unknown.
Norway has at least a single sided distance to a fault on most lines on this reporting level and all line faults are inspected.
The fault categories external influence (people), operation and maintenance (people), technical equipment and other will
normally be detected during the disturbance and the post-inspection of the line. To distinguish between the remaining
two categories lightning and other environmental faults, Statnett uses waveform analysis on fault records, the lightning
detection system and weather information to sort out the lightning. If the weather was good and no other category is
suitable, unknown is used.
In Sweden regarding lightning, data from disturbance recorders and other gathered information might not be enough to
pinpoint the cause of the disturbance in many cases. Svenska kraftnät does not have full access to raw data from the lightning
detection system and if a successful reclosing has taken place Svenska kraftnät prefers to declare the cause unknown instead
of lightning, which may be the most probable cause.

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C Contact persons
C Contact persons
Denmark: Energinet Lithuania: Litgrid AB
Tonne Kjærsvej 65 A.Juozapavičiaus g. 13
DK-7000 Fredericia, Denmark LT-09311, Vilnius
Anders Bratløv Valdas Tarvydas

Tel. +45 51 38 01 31 Tel. +370 7070 2207
E-mail: anv@energinet.dk E-mail: valdas.tarvydas@litgrid.eu
Jeppe Meldgaard Røge Vytautas Šatinskis

Tel. +45 21 38 96 83 Tel. +370 7070 2196
E-mail: jeg@energinet.dk E-mail: vytautas.satinskis@litgrid.eu
Estonia: Elering AS Norway: Statnett SF

Kadaka tee 42 Nydalen allé 33, PB 4904 Nydalen
Tallinn, Estonia NO-0423 Oslo
Irene Puusaar Jørn Schaug-Pettersen

Tel. +372 508 4372 Tel. +47 23 90 35 55
E-mail: irene.puusaar@elering.ee E-mail: jsp@statnett.no
Kaur Krusell
Tel. +372 564 86011 Sweden: Svenska kraftnät
E-mail: kaur.krusell@elering.ee Sturegatan 1, P.O. Box 1200
SE-172 24 Sundbyberg
Finland: Fingrid Oyj Hampus Bergquist

Läkkisepäntie 21, P.O. Box 530 Tel. +46 10 475 84 48
FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland Mobile: +46 72 515 90 70
E-mail: hampus.bergquist@svk.se
Markku Piironen
Tel. +358 30 395 4172 Tarek Tallberg
Mobile +358 40 351 1718 Tel. +46 10 475 86 79
E-mail: markku.piironen@fingrid.fi Mobile: +46 72 244 96 97
E-mail: tarek.tallberg@svk.se
Iceland: Landsnet
Gylfaflöt 9, IS-.32 Production of the Hillner Consulting
Reykjavik, Iceland report:
Henrik Hillner
Ragnar Stefánsson Tel. +358 41 505 7004
Tel. +354 863 7181 or +354 825 2395 E-mail: henrik.hillner@hillner.fi
E-mail: ragnars@landsnet.is
ENTSO-E AISBL: Avenue Cortenbergh 100
Latvia: AS “Augstsprieguma tīkls” 1000 Brussels, Belgium
86 Darzciema Str. Tel. +32 2 741 09 50
Riga, LV-1073, Latvia info@entsoe.eu
www.entsoe.eu
Anrijs Maklakovs
Tel. +371 293 352 216
E-mail: anrijs.maklakovs@ast.lv

European Network of
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D Contact persons for the distribution network statistics
D Contact persons for the distribution network

statistics
ENTSO-E Regional Group Nordic provides no statistics for distribution networks (voltage voltages lower than 100 kV). How-
ever, there are more or less developed national statistics for these voltage levels.
More detailed information regarding these statistics can be obtained from the representatives of the Nordic and Baltic coun-
tries, which are listed below:
Denmark: Danish Energy Association R&D Latvia: AS “Augstsprieguma tīkls”

Rosenørns Allé 9, 86 Darzciema Str., Riga, LV-1073, Latvia
DK-1970 Frederiksberg
Anrijs Maklakovs
Louise Carina Jensen Tel. +371 293 352 216
Tel. +45 35 300 775 E-mail: anrijs.maklakovs@ast.lv
E-mail: LCJ@danskenergi.dk
Lithuania: Litgrid AB
Estonia: OÜ Elektrilevi A.Juozapavičiaus g. 13,
Kadaka tee 63, Tallinn LT-09311, Vilnius
Taivo Tonne Valdas Tarvydas

Tel. +372 5078921 Tel. +370 7070 2207
E-mail: Taivo.Tonne@elektrilevi.ee E-mail: valdas.tarvydas@litgrid.eu
Finland: Energiateollisuus ry, Norway: Statnett SF

Finnish Energy Industries Nydalen allé 33,
P.O. Box 100, FI-00101 Helsinki PB 4904 Nydalen, NO-0423 Oslo
Visiting address:
Jørn Schaug-Pettersen
Fredrikinkatu 51–53 B, 5th floor
Tel. +47 23 90 35 55
Jonna Hakala E-mail: jsp@statnett.no
Tel. +358 44 510 6238
E-mail: jonna.hakala@energia.fi Sweden: Svensk Energi
SE-101 53 Stockholm
Iceland: Samorka
Matz Tapper
Sudurlandsbraut 48, IS-108 Reykjavík
Tel. +46 8 677 27 26
Sigurdur Ágústsson E-mail: matz.tapper@svenskenergi.se
Tel. +354 588 4430
E-mail: sa@samorka.is

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E Additional figures
E Additional figures
This appendix was introduced to allow experimenting with new kinds of figures without affecting the rest of the report.
Furthermore, it shows what kind of statistical data can be derived from the data collected by the DISTAC group.
Section E.1 shows fault trends for other environmental causes and operation and maintenance. Section E.2 shows fault
trends for operation and maintenance faults for overhead lines.
E.1 Trends of faults per cause

This section presents trend curves specifically for other environmental causes and operation and maintenance faults. This
lets us see if either one of them is a dominating cause of faults in a country. Other environmental causes was selected
because it is the main reason for higher maintenance costs and depends significantly on the weather conditions in a country.
Furthermore, faults due to other environmental causes can be decreased through increased maintenance and by improving
work procedures. Operation and maintenance was selected because it may be interesting to see whether changes in work
procedures or investments in system upgrades have impacted the fault rates of the grid. Furthermore, trend curves for
operation and maintenance might be connected to the increase in digital technology inside the substations and to the
amount of work orders being performed in the grids. There are a total of 7 fault categories, which are defined in Chapter 1.4.1.
Figure E.1.1 shows the trend curves for other environmental causes for each Nordic and Baltic country. Figure E.1.2 shows
the same but for operation and maintenance causes. The trends are calculated by 5-year moving averages during 1995–2018.
With the help of the trend curve, it may be possible to estimate the number of faults in the future.

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E.1. TRENDS OF FAULTS PER CAUSE
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fot
her
env
ir
onme
nta
lfa
ult
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
4
0% L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y No
rwa
y
Swe
den
s
t
l
3
0%
au
F
inl
and
lf
Av
era
ge
fal
I
ce
la
nd
ntg
aeo
E
sto
nia
rce
2
0%
Pe
L
atv
ia
Av
era
ge
1
0%
De
nma
rk
Swe
den
0
% Li
th
uan
ia
2
004 2
009 2
014 2
019
E
ndy
ear
of5
-ye
arwi
ndo
w
Figure E.1.1: Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for other environmental faults in each Nordic and Baltic country. Other
environmental causes are the main reason for higher maintenance costs and depends significantly on the weather conditions
in a country. Furthermore, faults due to other environmental causes can be decreased through increased maintenance and
by improving work procedures.
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fop
era
ti
ona
ndma
int
ena
ncef
aul
t
s Denma
rk
De
nma
rk E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
2
5%
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
2
0%
No
rwa
y
No
rwa
y Swe
den
la
fus
t
l
Av
era
ge
al
1
5% E
sto
nia
ntg
a f
eo
A
ver
age
rce
Lat
vi
a
Pe
1
0% L
it
huani
a
I
cel
and
Swede
n
F
inl
and
5
%
0
%
2
004 2
009 2
014 2
019
E
ndy
ear
of5
-ye
arwi
ndo
w
Figure E.1.2: Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for operation and maintenance faults in each Nordic and Baltic country.
Operation and maintenance faults are directly connected to changes in work procedures and grid investments. Furthermore,
trend curves for operation and maintenance might be connected to the increase in digital technology inside the substations
and to the amount of work orders being performed in the grids.

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E.2. OVERHEAD LINE FAULT TRENDS PER CAUSE
E.2 Overhead line fault trends per cause

This section presents trend curves for overhead line faults according to other environmental causes and operation and
maintenance. This lets us see if either one of them is a dominating cause of faults in overhead lines in a country. Other
environmental causes was selected because it is the main reason for higher maintenance costs and depends significantly
on the weather conditions in a country. Furthermore, faults due to other environmental causes can be decreased through
increased maintenance and by improving work procedures. Operation and maintenance was selected because it may be
interesting to see whether changes in work procedures or investments in system upgrades have impacted the fault rates of
the grid. Furthermore, trend curves for operation and maintenance might be connected to the increase in digital technology
inside the substations and to the amount of work orders being performed in the grids. There are a total of 7 fault categories,
which are defined in Chapter 1.4.1.
Overhead line fault trends for other environmental causes and operation and maintenance causes are shown in Figure E.2.1
and Figure E.2.2, respectively. The trends are calculated by 5-year moving averages for the period 1995–2018 for the Nordic
countries, 2007–2018 for Estonia and 2012–2018 for Latvia and Lithuania. With the help of the trend curve, it may be possible
to estimate the number of faults in the future.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fop
era
ti
ona
ndma
int
ena
ncef
aul
t
sinOv
erh
eadl
i
nes
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
1
6% I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
1
5%
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
4% Av
era
ge
1
3%
1
2%
1
1%
s
t
l
E
sto
nia
a
efu
1
0%
i
dmane
tnn
ac
9
%
ea
ri
tna
o n
8
%
p
De
nma
rk
ulsd
t et
u oo
7
%
cn
etg
a f
eofa
6
%
r
Pe
5
%
4
%
3
%
Av
era
ge
2
% L
it
huani
a
Swe d
en
L
atvi
a
Fi
nland
1
% Norway
I
ce
la
nd
0
%
1
999 2
004 2
009 2
014 2
019
E
ndy
ear
of5
-ye
arwi
ndo
w
Figure E.2.1: Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for overhead line other environmental causes in each Nordic and Baltic
country. Other environmental causes are the main reason for higher maintenance costs and depends significantly on the
weather conditions in a country. Furthermore, faults due to other environmental causes can be decreased through increased
maintenance and by improving work procedures.

European Network of
for Electricity
Co
untr
y
5
-ye
armo
vin
gav
era
geo
fot
her
env
ir
onme
nta
lca
usef
aul
t
sinOv
erh
eadl
i
nes
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
9
5%
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
9
0% L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
8
5%
Swe
den
Av
era
ge
8
0%
I
ce
la
nd
7
5%
7
0%
6
5%
No
rwa
y
6
0%
n
metl
acu
ass
e
5
5%
r
eev
nio
rn
5
0%
sdet
u t
ooh
4
5%
tg
a f
eofu
alt
4
0%
n
E
sto
nia
r
Pece
3
5%
F
inl
and
L
atv
ia
3
0%
Av
era
ge
2
5%
2
0%
1
5%
De
nma
rk
1
0%
5
%
L
it
hua
niSwe
a den
0
%
1
999 2
004 2
009 2
014 2
019
E
ndy
ear
of5
-ye
arwi
ndo
w
Figure E.2.2: Fault trends as 5-year rolling averages for overhead line operation and maintenance faults in each Nordic and
Baltic country. Operation and maintenance faults are directly connected to changes in work procedures and grid investments.
Furthermore, trend curves for operation and maintenance might be connected to the increase in digital technology inside the
substations and to the amount of work orders being performed in the grids.

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E.3. ANNUAL NUMBER OF UNITS PER HVAC COMPONENT
E.3 Annual number of units per HVAC component

This section presents the annual number of units for cables, circuit breakers, control equipment, instrumental transformers,
overhead lines and power transformers. Cables and overhead lines are counted in kilometres and circuit breakers, control
equipment and instrumental and power transformers are counted in number of devices.
Figure E.3.1 presents the length of installed cables in kilometres, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic
country. Figure E.3.2 presents the number of installed circuit breakers, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and
Baltic country. Figure E.3.3 presents the number of installed control equipment, with all voltage levels combined, in each
Nordic and Baltic country. Figure E.3.4 presents the number of installed instrumental transformers, with all voltage levels
combined, in each Nordic and Baltic country. Figure E.3.5 presents the length of installed overhead lines in kilometres,
with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic country. Figure E.3.6 presents the number of installed power
transformers, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic country.

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
nua
ll
y,Ca
ble
s,a
llv
olt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
1
900 E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
De
nma
rk
1
800 I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
1
700
No
rwa
y
Swe
den
1
600
1
500
1
400
1
300
1
200
1
100
1
000
rou
fns
t
i
9
00
mb
Nu e
8
00
Swe
den
7
00
6
00
No
rwa
y
5
00
4
00
3
00
2
00 F
inl
and
I
cel
and
L
it
huan
ia
1
00 L
atv
ia
E
sto
nia
2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure E.3.1: Annual installed length of cables in kilometres, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
nua
ll
y,Ci
r
cui
tbr
eak
ers
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
3
800
F
inl
and
No
rwa
y
I
ce
la
nd
3
600 Swe
den L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
3
400
Swe
den
3
200
3
000
2
800
2
600 F
inl
and
2
400
2
200
uns
t
i
2
000
mb
Nu r
eof
1
800
1
600
1
400
De
nma
rk
1
200
L
it
hua
nia
1
000
8
00
E
s
Lt
ao
n
t
via
6
00
4
00
I
ce
la
nd
2
00
0
2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure E.3.2: Annual number of installed circuit breakers, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic country.

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
nua
ll
y,Co
ntr
ole
qui
pme
nt,
all
vol
t
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
3
800
F
inl
and
No
rwa
y
I
ce
la
nd
3
600 Swe
den L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
3
400
Swe
den
3
200
3
000
2
800
2
600 F
inl
and
2
400
2
200
uns
t
i
2
000
mb
Nu r
eof
1
800
1
600
1
400
De
nma
rk
1
200
L
it
hua
nia
1
000
8
00
E
s
Lt
ao
n
t
via
6
00
4
00
I
ce
la
nd
2
00
0
2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure E.3.3: Annual number of installed control equipment, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic

European Network of
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Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
nua
ll
y,I
nst
r
ume
nta
ltr
ans
for
mer
s,a
llv
olt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
1
2K I
ce
la
nd
No
rwa
y L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
1
1K
Swe
den
F
inl
and
1
0K
9
K
8
K
S
wed
en
7
K
mbr
eou
fns
t
i
6
K
Nu
5
K
4
K L
it
hua
nia
De
nmark
E
sto
nia
3
K
L
atv
ia
2
K
I
ce
la
nd
1
K
0
K
2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure E.3.4: Annual number of installed instrumental transformers, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and
Baltic country. Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012.

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Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
nua
ll
y,Ov
erh
eadl
i
nes
,al
lvo
lt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
3
2K
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
L
atv
ia
3
0K
L
it
hua
nia
Swe
den No
rwa
y
Swe
den
2
8K
2
6K
2
4K
2
2K
F
inl
and
2
0K
No
rwa
y
1
8K
r
eou
fns
t
i
1
6K
mb
Nu
1
4K
1
2K
1
0K
8
K
L
it
hua
nia
6
K
L
E
sa
tt
v
o
nia
De
nmark
4
K
I
ce
la
nd
2
K
0
K
2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure E.3.5: Annual installed length of overhead lines in kilometres, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and
Baltic country. Estonia has data since 2007 and Latvia and Lithuania have data since 2012.

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Co
untr
y
Nu
mbe
rof
uni
t
san
nua
ll
y,Po
wer
tr
ans
for
mer
s,a
llv
olt
agel
ev
el
s Denma
rk
E
sto
nia
F
inl
and
I
ce
la
nd
1
300
No
rwa
y L
atv
ia
L
it
hua
nia
No
rwa
y
1
200 Swe
den
1
100
Swe
den
1
000
9
00 F
inl
and
8
00
ou
fns
t
i
7
00
mb
Nu r
e
6
00
5
00
L
it
hua
nia
4
00
De
nma
rk
3
00
L
atv
ia
E
sto
nia
2
00
1
00
I
ce
la
nd
0
2
000 2
002 2
004 2
006 2
008 2
010 2
012 2
014 2
016 2
018
Ye
ar
Figure E.3.6: Annual number of installed power transformers, with all voltage levels combined, in each Nordic and Baltic

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E.4. ENS COMPARED TO CONSUMPTION AND LINE LENGTH
E.4 ENS compared to consumption and line length

Figure E.4.1 presents the annual amount of ENS compared against the total length of lines and consumption during 2009–
2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. The total line length is the sum of
the lengths of overhead lines and cables. All voltage level ranges have been included, that is 100–150 kV, 220–330 kV and
380–420 kV.
One should note that there is a considerable difference from year to year depending on occasional events, such as storms.
These events have a significant effect on each country’s yearly statistics.
Amo
unt
ofE
NS[
MWh
]
E
NSv
sco
nsu
mpt
i
ona
ndl
i
nel
eng
th 0
5
00
0
No
rwa
y,2
009
1
0 0
00
1
60K
1
3 1
02
No
rwa
y,2
013
No
rwa
y Co
untr
y
1
40K
Denma
rk
Swe
den E
sto
nia
1
20K
F
inl
and
No
rwa
y,2
011
]
I
ce
la
nd
GWh
1
00K
L
atv
ia
o
in[
L
it
hua
nia
mpt
8
0K F
inl
and No
rwa
y
n
Cosu
Swe
den
6
0K
4
0K
De
nma
rk
2
0K
Est
oni
a
I
ce
la
nd
Li
t
hua
nia
0
K L
atv
ia
0
K 5
K 1
0K 1
5K 2
0K 2
5K 3
0K
T
ota
lle
ngt
hof
li
nes[
km]
Figure E.4.1: The annual amount of ENS compared against the total length of lines (x-axis) and consumption (y-axis) during
2009–2018 in the Nordic countries and Estonia and during 2012–2018 in Latvia and Lithuania. The most recent statistical
year 2018 is show with the darkest colour with each succeeding previous year show in a slightly lighter colour. The value of
ENS is the total amount of ENS caused by all faults, that is, faults inside the statistical area and faults in adjacent grids that
have caused ENS in the statistical area. This figure has the following remarks:
• Iceland’s high values are a result of power intensive industries that cause substantial amounts of ENS even during short
interruptions.
• The unusually high ENS divided by the consumption in 2011 in Norway was caused by extreme weather conditions in
December (aka the storm named Dagmar).
• Denmark’s low values are a result of various elements such as having a meshed grid and compared to the other Nordic
countries, a mild climate.

Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

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Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

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Nordic and Baltic

Report rendered September 13, 2019

Year 2018 compared to the 10-year average

Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | i

ii | Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | iii

4.4 Energy not supplied distributed per cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5 Secondary faults and disturbances with multiple faults 26

D Contact persons for the distribution network statistics 74

iv | Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

1.1.1 The Nordic and Baltic main grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1.1 The annual number of grid disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.2.1 5-year moving average of energy not supplied divided by consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.3.1 5-year moving average of faults per 100 km of 100–150 kV cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | v

3.1.1 The number of disturbances and disturbances causing ENS in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.1.1 Energy not supplied (ENS) and the 10-year average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.1.1 Faults, secondary faults and ENS in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

vi | Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018

Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | vii

Nordic and Baltic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2018 | 1

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